Philippine School Doha

Doha, State of Qatar

S.Y. 2015 2016

Avocado Seeds as main component in producing

Printer Ink

Group 3 Citrine Experimental:

Mohammad Alug
Jiyahn Bay
Shalom Cortez
Clint Maramag
Kentjosh Masusi
Aisha Sabtula
Gem Reyes
Lenard Valencia
Jasper Villafuerte

Submitted to: Mr. DonJohn A. Vallesteros, MAT

CHAPTER 1
THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING

Introduction
This study aims to discover the possibility of making printer ink out of
avocado seeds. The avocado fruit belongs to the family of Lauraceae. The
pulp of avocado (Persea americana) has been reported to have beneficial
cardiovascular health effects. The avocado seeds and rich in phenolic
compounds and extracts of avocado seeds were also used as ink for writing.
Since most avocado seeds are usually thrown after eating the avocado itself.
Researchers decided to use this as a main component in the researchers
study. The researchers needed to find out what would be the other uses of
this seed instead of just being thrown. Avocado seeds have substance that
can be used to create ink.
Ink is an organic or inorganic pigment or dye dissolved or suspended in
a solvent. Ink is used for writing and printing. Ink is commonly used in
schools and offices mainly for writing and printing. It is the main content of
cartridges for printers. It is very useful in office works and it is convenient.
Printing inks are further broken down into two subclasses: ink for
conventional printing, in which a mechanical plate comes in contact with or
transfers an image to the paper or object being printed on; and ink for digital
nonimpact

printing,

technologies.

which

includes

ink-jet

and

electro

photographic

New

printing

technology

has

however

brought

its

own

problems:

manufacturers are constantly developing ways to make their products more

environmentally friendly, hence the proliferation of companies who dispose
and recycle old cartridges. The seed in an avocado seeds contains organic
material which the researchers used to make printer ink. By doing this, the
researchers created printer ink. It is environmental friendly as it uses waste
products. It is also economically suitable as it only required the researchers
to spend a small amount of money.

Background of the Study

This study was made to attain two goals. Most people dispose of
avocado seeds once they have eaten avocados. Once they consume the
fruits flesh, they are unable to eat the hard seed. Therefore, the first goal is
to

reuse

waste

products

and

make

them

into

something

that

is

environmentally friendly. Most people think that Avocado seeds are useless
or of no importance. Dr. LeRoy S. Weatherby (1934) conducted a research
study in the composition of avocado seeds. In his article, he stated that
there are several by-products from avocadoes which might be developed.
In this study, the researchers proved that Avocado seeds are not useless and
can be beneficial into making them into an ink for printers. The second goal
is to save economically on other expensive commercially sold printer ink,
both colored and black. Printer is made from different chemicals combined
together. This requires non-environmentally safe colorants combined with

other unsafe chemicals. Many people buy printer ink that was made in a
factory, where the chemical ingredients are mixed and is released outside of
the factory. The released chemicals mingle with the rest of the air outside
and can also hit the ozone layer. This will cause global warming in the world.
In order to avoid any other harsh occurrences, this study used organic
material from avocado seeds. The researchers aimed to help everyone with
this study by making an organic and chemical free printer ink. The people
can benefit greatly, since in this generation people are using printers rather
than writing a rather long file. The people can enjoy their saved money from
using organic and homemade printer ink.

Statement of the Problem

This study aimed to prove that avocado seeds can be used as a main
component in extracting printer ink. Specifically, this aimed to answer the
following questions:
1. Is it possible to extract printer ink out of Avocado Seeds?
2. Is it analogous to an actual printer ink?
3. Is it effective in terms of:
a. Quality
b. Functionality
c. Usability

Hypothesis
It is not possible to make printer ink out of avocado seeds.

Significance of the Study

This study is helpful in promoting Avocado seeds as a main component

in making or producing printer ink. The study can help the people to be ecofriendly and conserve resources. They can also save money by not having to
buy at stores for an actual printer ink.

PSD Students
The importance of this study is that everyone will learn how to
transform the seeds into a much more useful component which is making it a
component producing and preserving ink which is necessary in daily lives.
The researchers studied what seeds can do and what it can be made of. The
researchers re-use the waste product like avocado seeds as the main
component in producing printer ink. This would also beneficial to students as
they can use the researcher's method in making the product that could teach
them to be resourceful which then, can be used in printing any written
output that they would need to submit or do.

PSD Faculty
This study promotes resourcefulness. They had no idea that the waste
materials such as Avocado seeds could still be put into good use. The PSD
Faculty can make use of this study to teach the students how to re-use the
waste material in producing ink. They can use the waste materials in
producing printer ink instead of buying an expensive printer ink. With the
skill of making Avocado seeds as main component in producing ink, people
can save more currency and use it on something much more significant
needs.

PSD Administration
The Administration could benefit a lot from this study as they could use
this revision in producing ink in a much more resourceful way for all the staff
and faculty to use. It keeps the Administrations financial status at ease as it
could save them from spending too much on actual printer inks that are
actually expensive. Financial status would be hoarded and be expended on
much more essential situations.

Filipino Community

It can help make the community print more files and not worry about
saving money. The study motivates the individuals to be resourceful in such
a way that it would be a huge gain on their part. People can use the study to
make more extra income for their family. It can also make the community
stay clean and minimize pollution as the disposal of avocado seeds would
lessen. The populace would prefer to conserve and reuse the disposable
empty cartridges and use them once again without buying a new one.

Scope and Limitations

The researcher aims to prove that avocado seeds can be used as a
component in producing printer ink. The study will be conducted at home
and in school depending upon the availability of the materials needed. In
doing the said investigatory project, the researchers planned to keep the
avocado seed at ease to conserve the remaining ink content it would attain.
The seed should be still somehow fresh and a bit sopping to ensure the
stability of tannin. As of the moment, the researchers would only start the
necessary procedures once the gathering of the seeds from the freshly
harvested Avocadoes would take place to keep the seeds from getting dry.
Once the researchers have done it, they proceeded in performing the
investigatory project. When the researchers have finished their product, they
tried to test if the ink extracted from the avocado seed can be used as a
printer ink.

CHAPTER 2
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
This chapter presents the related literature for ease of understanding of
this study. It was divided into four categories.

A. BOOKS
According to Dr. Mohammad Amin bin Hashim ( 2008), the beginning
of ink making is something of a mystery. It is certain however, that the
development of the art of writing preceded the invention of ink by almost a
thousand years. Today inks are divided into two classes: printing inks and
writing inks. Printing is a process for reproducing text and images, typically

with ink on paper using a printing press. It is often carried out as a large
scale industrial process, and is an essential part of publishing and
transaction printing. Different techniques and printing equipments are
employed for each printing practices. The demand for innovative printing
practices has been on a high in recent times. There are various kinds of
printing processes; lithographic process, the gravure process, offset printing
process etc. different types of inks derived from different processes are ball
pen inks, bleachable inks, fluorescent inks, fast drying ink, automatic press
inks, rotary press inks, coated paper inks, planographic inks, lithographic
inks, offset tin printing inks etc.

The said book also clarified that Printing was also widely used in our
society to pass on information and to decorate objects. Special inks had been
developed for use in these different situations

According to Prof. P.S.T. Sai (2008), Immobilization of biomolecules

and living cells on porous surface is of special interest in biosurface
engineering to manufacture bioassays and low cost paper diagnostics.
Printing biomolecules, such as enzymes, entegenes and antibodies, on
paper

and

scaffold

materials

shows

tremendous

potential.

Ink jet

printing technology can be a technique of choice to deposit biomolecules on

porous materials. Applications include controlling nerve regeneration and

bioactive papers for antimicrobial and diagnostics purposes. Bioassays

and sensors relying on optical and conductive/potential detection require a
lateral resolution better than 100 m.
biomolecules

often

necessitates

the

Therefore
perfect

the

control

deposition
of

the

of

droplet-

surface interaction.

As stated by Prof. Karen Egiazarian (1981), nonimpact printing

techniques can

deliver

the

next

generation

of

materials

extensive set of oval applications. A novel hot melt

useful

ink

for

an

composition,

for Three-dimensional (3D) printing comprising different waxes,

tackier and plasticizer resins, rheology modifiers, and gas releasing agents,
was designed. The behavior of the inks was comparable to commercial hot
melt inks without gas releasing agents. The hot melt ink properties promise
a possibility of use in a conventional phase change printer in order to
create 3D printed structures. Differential Scanning calorimetric was used to
evaluate thermal properties of the ink components

and

the

extensive

study of the thermal behavior of the proposed gas releasing agents has
been

carried

out.

The rheology behavior of inks was measured, and

printability analysis, such as image detail, definition of dots (height,

sharpness of the edges), dot formation, and spreading

were

investigated.

Rub resistance tests were also used together with tape adhesion tests for ink
adhesion monitoring.

Norbert J. Pienta ( 2008) stated that the different compositions of

inks influence their permanence on paper. The iron (II) sulfate content of the
ink is the main cause of variation of written text. Through an experiment, an
examination is done on the Parker Quink ink to determine if it will provide the
permanence necessary for the preservation of documents. The samples
examined are the viscous remainders of spontaneous evaporation of the
Parker Quink ink. The microanalyses have been carried out using two X-rays
techniques, namely, one based on energy-dispersive X-rays (EDAX) and the
other based on total reflection. The conclusion obtained is that although the
Parker Quink ink is rich in sulfates, it is poor in iron (II) sulfate. Because of the
low iron (II) sulfate content, the Parker Quink ink will be relatively stable on
documents. On the contrary, documents written with this ink are partially
erased by water immersion and almost totally erased when minimum
quantities of non-biological detergent are added to the water.

B. MAGAZINES
Based on How-To Geeks editorial it was mentioned that many printer
manufacturers go out of their way to make it difficult for you to use unofficial
ink cartridges, building microchips into their official ink cartridges. If you use
an unofficial cartridge or refill an official cartridge, the printer may refuse to
use it. Lexmark once argued in court that unofficial microchips that enable

third-party ink cartridges would violate their copyright and Lexmark has
argued that creating an unofficial microchip to bypass this restriction on
third-party ink would violate Lexmarks copyright and be illegal under the US
DMCA. Luckily, they lost this argument.
Wisegeek mentioned that numbers of different chemicals are used in
producing newspaper ink, though the most prominent ingredient is
typically soybean oil. This is called the vehicle in the ink and was
previously usually made with petroleum oil, though recently has been made
primarily with soybean oil. A number of other ingredients and chemicals are
then added to this to produce the ink. These include dyes and pigments,
which can be organic or inorganic in nature, as well as other additives such
as paraffin or wax to help the newspaper ink dry faster. The other ingredients
added

prevent

the

soybean

oil-based

ink

from

being

completely

biodegradable, though it is somewhat easier to recycle than petroleumbased ink.

Another article from Nciz.org.nz also stated that Printing was invented
by the Chinese about 3000 years later. They used a mixture of colored earth,
soot and plant matter for pigments, again mixed with gums for a binder. By
1440, when Johannes Guttenberg invented the first printing press with
moveable type, ink was made of soot bound with either linseed oil or varnish
- similar materials to those used for black inks today. Colored inks were

introduced in 1772 and drying agents were first used in the nineteenth
century.
Daily Superfood Love Historically also gave details which stated that
the extracts of avocado seeds were used as ink for writing and as a food dye.
A single avocado seed represents around 18% of the fruit and a waste issue
for avocado processors.

C. RELATED STUDIES
In a previous study conducted by Group 4 of Grade 9 Aquamarine
(2014-2015), they found out that Avocado could give off pigment form its
seed. They used the pigment from Avocado seed as an ink for pens. After
several attempts, the researchers had concluded that it is possible to
produce ink out of Avocado Seeds and they also found out that the product is
surely safe and does not contain any harmful chemicals.
On the other hand, a study conducted by Group 4 of Grade 8 - Amber
(2012-2013), it was mentioned that cleaning the cartridge is a must in
making and printing the ink. They had also recommended to not use the
process of decoction to create the ink for printer will only malfunction.
In addition, a study that was conducted by Group 4 of Grade 8 - Amber
(2012-2013), they found out that using acetone for extraction of chlorophyll

is more effective than using the decoction method. They also mentioned that
it is therefore crucial to find better ways in cleaning an empty cartridge if
other people would try refilling used ink cartridges.

C. INTERNET
As mentioned by National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S.
National Library of Medicine (2015), the pulp of avocado (Persea americana,
Lauraceae) has been reported to have beneficial cardiovascular health
effects. Avocado oil is used for dermatological applications and its
unsaponifiable portion is reported to have beneficial effects against
osteoarthritis. Although the seed represents a considerable percentage of
the total fruit, scientific research on the phytochemistry and biological
effects of avocado seeds is in the nascent stages. Currently, the seed
represents an under-utilized resource and a waste issue for avocado
processors.
Purdue University (2015) also acclaimed that the Avocado seed contains
13.6% tannin. Because of its tannin content, it turns red on exposure,
providing an indelible red-brown or blackish ink which was used to write
many documents in the days of the Spanish Conquest. Documents written
during the Spanish Conquest with avocado seed ink still survive in museums
today; for example many of these are now preserved in the archives of
Popayan. The milky exudate from the seed is indelible and turns dark reddish

brown. The ink has also been used to mark cotton and linen textiles. Avocado
ink sold today is typically named for its green color and has nothing to do
with the red ink of the avocado seed.

A section of the V for Value (2015) stated that the seeds of avocado
possess insecticidal, fungicidal, and anti-microbial activities. The avocado
seed is rich in phenolic compounds, which may play a role in the putative
health effects. The extracts of avocado seeds were also used as ink for
writing and had potential colorant properties. The decoctions of avocado
seeds are used in the Mexican traditional medicine to treat oral bacterial
diseases, and to relieve toothache by putting it into a tooth cavity. The
powdered seed is believed to cure dandruff. The oil extracts of avocado seed
are also used to treat skin eruptions.
California Avocado Commission (2015) had stated that Avocados are
sodium and cholesterol-free, and one 1-ounce serving only has 4.5 grams of
fat and 50 calories. They are also good sources of dietary fiber, potassium,
Vitamin E, B-vitamins, and folic acid. The Aztecs used avocados as an
aphrodisiac, and leaf and seed extracts were used in a variety of medical
applications, including the treatment of diarrhea and dysentery and as an
antibiotic. The conquistadors found that a milky liquid obtained from the
seeds made an excellent reddish-colored ink, and many documents written in

avocado-based ink can still be read today, more than 500 years after they
written.
Royal Society of Chemistry (2015) mentioned that there are probably
as many different definitions of ink as there are types. Perhaps the simplest
description is that ink is a liquid or semi-liquid material used for writing,
printing or drawing. Chemists view it as a colloidal system of fine pigment
particles dispersed in a solvent (Chem. Br., February 2003, p28). The
pigment may or may not be colored, and the solvent may be aqueous or
organic. The earliest black writing inks, developed before 2500BC, were
suspensions of carbon, usually lampblack, in water stabilized with a natural
gum or materials like egg albumen. Modern ink formulations are rather more
complex. In addition to the pigment, they contain many other ingredients in
varying levels.

Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. (2015) brought up that

Ink is used in a number of ways throughout the inkjet printing process. In
general, ink in an ink cartridge is used for printing documents, photographs
and other such materials. Some ink, however, must be used to maintain the
health of the print head; some ink is residual; and some ink evaporates.
These uses of ink are common, in varying degrees, to printers from all inkjet
printer manufacturers. The methodologies used to measure page and photo
yield do not account for all the uses of ink described above and therefore

your actual yield may vary considerably from the published yield (see Inkjet
page yields and Inkjet photo yields). HP designs its inkjet printer systems to
deliver outstanding value in printing customer documents while using
enough ink to maintain a reliable printing system that delivers outstanding
print quality over the life of the printer.

Nature Cures (2015) revealed that the secret benefit of avocado seeds
is quite shocking. Historically, extracts of avocado seeds were used as ink for
writing and as a food dye. A single avocado seed represents around 18% of
the fruit and a waste issue for avocado processors.

Institute of Food Technologists (2015) cited that there is an increasing

consumer demand for and scientific interest in new natural colorants.
Avocado (Persea americana) seed when crushed with water develops an
orange color smile emoticon 480 nm) in a time-dependent manner. Heat
treatment of the seed prevented color development, whereas the addition of
exogenous polyphenol oxidase (PPO), but not peroxidase restored color
development. Color development was also inhibited by the addition of
tropolone, an inhibitor of PPO. Color formation resulted in a decrease in the
concentration of polyphenols indicating utilization for color formation. The
orange color intensified as the pH was adjusted from 2.0 to 11.0, and these
changes were only partially reversible when pH was adjusted from 7.5 to

11.0 in the presence of oxygen, but completely reversible when the pH was
changed in the absence of oxygen. The color was found to be stable in
solution at -18 C for 2 mo. These results suggest that the avocado seed may
be a potential source of natural colorant, and that color development is PPOdependent. There is growing public and scientific interest in the development
of natural alternatives to synthetic colorants in foods. Extracts of turmeric,
paprika, and beets are examples of food-derived natural colorants. Avocado
seeds, which represent an under-utilized waste stream, form a stable orange
color when crushed in the presence of air. Our data indicate that avocado
seed represents a potential source of new natural colorants for use in foods.

Food Technologists (2015) affirmed that Scientists Extract Orange Color

from Avocado Seeds for Natural Colorant Avocado seeds is typically seen as
waste by growers. But a new study in the Journal of Food Science found that
crushing avocado seeds along with air generates an orange color that may
be used as natural coloring for food products in the future. Avocado seeds
account for 16% of the weight of the avocado. The discovery of the natural
orange colorant that the seeds yield represents a potential added value for
avocado growers and companies that process avocado into oil or food
products, like guacamole. While artificial colors are often easy to produce,
stable, less expensive and have better coloring properties than natural

colorants, there has been an increased effort to discover new natural

alternatives in order to keep up with consumer trends.
Further research is underway by the team of scientists from
Pennsylvania State University who conducted this study to assess the
potential colorant qualities of the avocado seed extract in model foods and
to the potential biological (antioxidant and anticancer) activity of the extract.

SPIE (2015) stated that Ink-saving strategies for CMYK printers have
evolved from their earlier stages where the 'draft' print mode was the main
option available to control ink usage. The savings were achieved by printing
alternate dots in an image at the expense of reducing print quality
considerably. Nowadays, customers are not only unwilling to compromise
quality but have higher expectations regarding both visual print quality and
ink reduction solutions. Therefore, the need for more intricate ink-saving
solutions with lower impact on print quality is evident. Printing-related
factors such as the way the printer places the dots on the paper and the inksubstrate

interaction

play

important

and

complex

roles

in

the

characterization and modeling of the printing process that make the ink
reduction topic a challenging problem. In our study, we are interested in
benchmarking ink-saving algorithms to find the connections between
different ink reduction levels of a given ink-saving method and a set of print
quality attributes. This study is mostly related to CMYK printers that use

dispersed dot half toning algorithms. The results of our efforts to develop
such an evaluation scheme are presented in this paper.

FoodReference.com (2015) mentioned that, About 50 million pounds of

avocados are consumed in the U.S. on Super Bowl Sunday. According to
Eating Well magazine, that is enough to cover an entire football field to a
depth of nearly 12 feet. Spanish conquistadors discovered that avocado
seeds yield a milky fluid that turns red when exposed to air. They used this
indelible natural ink in documents that are preserved to this day. (Eating Well
April/May 2006) Avocados are about 22% fat, with the average medium size
avocado containing 300 calories and 30 grams of fat. Avocados are members
of the Laurel family which also includes the bay laurel and cinnamon tree.
Avocados are a good source of both soluble and insoluble fiber. They are also
a good first solid food for babies. Fallbrook, California is the Avocado Capital
of the World. More avocados are grown there than any place else in the U.S.

Recipes4us (2000) also mentioned that Avocado trees and are native to
Mexico and South America and have been cultivated there for over 7,000
years. Indeed, the name is derived from the Aztec word ahuacatl which
means "testicle" - a name given partly because of its shape and partly due to
the ancient belief that the fruit has aphrodisiac and fertility generating
properties. The earliest known written reference to avocado in Europe dates

back to 1519 in a book by Martn Fernndez de Enciso, a Spanish navigator

and geographer. Other early Spanish explorers discovered that the liquid
excreted from the seed becomes red when exposed to air could be used as
ink and some documents written with avocado ink still survive today. A highly
commercial crop from early days, Europeans introduced it to many other
parts of the world including the West Indies and the Philippines by the end of
the 16th Century; the Dutch East Indies and Mauritius by the late 18th
Century; Singapore, India and Hawaii by the late 19th Century. It was also
introduced into Florida and California by the late 19th Century. Today is
grown commercially throughout tropical America, the Caribbean, Australia,
New Zealand, parts of the Mediterranean, the Middle East and Africa.

E. RESEARCH PARADIGM

Avocado Seeds

IV

Injecting the extract to the

printer cartridge (Printer
Cartridge with Extracted
Ink)
DV

The researchers wanted to focus on finding the best method and

manipulating it on the way. In the first method, the researchers would extract
the ink from the Avocado seeds pulp via juicer by means of grinding it. Next
procedure would be storing the extracted ink in a vial and observe the
distinctiveness of the ink. If the method was ineffective, they wanted to know
what procedures they would adjoin to create an enhanced product. Another
example would be, adding Acetone and Alcohol to the extracted ink. The
procedures used for the improved product shall be used by the researchers
for another test to ensure that they get the expected outcome. If the results

will create the right consistency to the extract, the next set of procedures
shall be done which is adding in the extracted ink into an empty ink cartridge
via syringe. The researchers also wanted to know how much extract the
avocado seed will produce to be enough for the ink cartridge.

F. DEFINITON ON TERMS
The researchers have used words that need to be defined. This will let
the readers know any words they cannot understand. Here are the following:
Colorant is a dye, pigment, or other substance that colors something.
Conquistador is a conqueror, especially one of the Spanish conquerors of
Mexico and Peru in the 16th century.
Decoction is the liquor resulting from concentrating the essence of a
substance by heating or boiling, especially a medicinal preparation made
from a plant
Exogenous usually means growing or originating from outside of an
organism.
Lithography is the art of process of producing a picture, writing, or thet like,
on a flat, specially prepared stone, with some greasy or oily substance, and
of taking ink impressions from this as in ordinary printing.

Paraffin is a flammable, whitish, translucent, waxy solid consisting of a

mixture of saturated hydrocarbons, obtained by distillation from petroleum
or shale and used in candles, cosmetics, polishes, and sealing and
waterproofing compounds.
Phenol is a white crystalline, water-soluble, poisonous mass, disinfectant, as
an antiseptic, and inorganic synthesis.
Planography is the art or technique of printing from a flat surface directly
or by offset.
Rheology is the branch of physics that deals with the deformation and flow
of matter, especially the non-Newtonian flow of liquids and the plastic flow of
solids.
Saponofied means used especially of the portion of oils and fats other than
the glycerides.
Soot

is a black, carbonaceous substance a produced during incomplete

combustion of coal, wood, oil, etc., rising in fine particles and adhering to the
sides of the chimney or pipe conveying the smoke: also conveyed in the
atmosphere to other locations.
Tannin is a yellowish or brownish bitter tasting organic substance present in
some galls, barks, and outher plant tissues, consisting of derivatives of gallic
acid, used in leather production and ink manufacture.

Unsaponifiable means incapable of being saponified which is actually used

especially of other portions of oils and fats other than the glycerides.

CHAPTER 3
Methodology

A. Research Design

The researchers categorized their investigatory project as a form of

experimental for the reason that tests and other experimental process
should be done in order to achieve the researchers goal. The researchers
must find suitable ways to extract the ink content from the Avocado seed
itself which then would be transferred into an empty ink cartridge via
syringe. They need to record and test the actual outcome of the product
whether it would be sufficient creation for people to use.

The researchers chose the single group design for this study. The
reason why they chose this design is because they aimed to find the best
possible way on how to execute the study well as they would be
manipulating the different levels of the treatment to ensure a better
outcome.

B. Locale of the Study

Most of the study would be conducted in Philippine School Doha

where they were be guided by their teachers. The researchers chose this
place since it is where the researchers would often meet and teachers can
guide them whenever they start working on the study they would conduct.
The production of the product will be done at Bin Omran, Bldg. 50 Al Tabarri
Street. The researchers had chosen this place as this is the nearest and
safest place where they would perform the trials, which included the
extracting of ink upon the Avocado seeds and the insertion of the extracted
ink upon the empty cartridge.

Illustration

shows

the actual location of

where the researchers
will do their trials.

C. Population
The researchers inquired supervision from the faculty staffs that
already have the existing knowledge about the researchers product (relating
to Science) and the construction of the researchers paper (research). This
includes the high school departments research teacher Mr. Don John
Vallesteros, and the researchers adviser and Physics teacher, Mrs. Myrna
Tiemsin. The researchers would be responsible of the various trials that
would be conducted and followed to ensure its beneficiality upon the public.

D. Materials

Materials

Quantity

Unit

Price

Avocado Seed

50-100 (1-2
seeds)

5 Qatari Riyals

ml

8 Qatari Riyals

Acetone

5-10 (1 tsp-1
tbsp)

E. Equipment

Equipment

Quantity

Syringe

Vial or Container

Empty Printer Cartridge

Electric Juicer

Hammer

F. Procedure
1. Gather the avocadoes
1.1. Wash the avocado thoroughly.
1.2. Cut the avocado in half carefully
2. Use a knife to remove the seed.
3. Clean the empty cartridge.
3.1. Using a syringe that already has a water content, inject it unto the
empty cartridge and shake it for about a minute. (This would eliminate
the minimal dirt in such a way to keep the cartridge clean and
functional.

3.2. After shaking, extract the water content from the empty cartridge
using the syringe once more. (The water would have already absorbed
the ink dirt.)
3.3. Repeat process until the water shows a clear reflection (This would
mean that there were no remains of the old ink from the empty
cartridge.)
4. Extract the ink from the seed by means of using the juicer.
4.1. Use a hammer to crush the seed to make it easier to grind.
4.2. Grind (using the juicer) the seeds onto the juicer carefully to
preserve the ink it would provide as an outcome.
4.3. While grinding, the color content (ink) which would be attained
during the grinding procedure, would be collected and stored in a
container.
5. Place the extracted ink in a vial or container.
6. Add a teaspoon to a tablespoon of acetone/alcohol. (To make the
consistency of the extracted ink.) Shake well and transfer the extract
into a sterile syringe.
7. Inject the extracted ink from the avocado once again using the syringe
a little at a time into the respective hole of the empty printer cartridge.
8. Cover the holes with a piece of tape to avoid leaking.
9. Test out if the ink works well by inserting it to its designated printer.
9.1. Printing pictures/figures which represents the dominant color of
the extracted ink.