Circuits 1 DC Slides

Cairo University
Faculty of Engineering
Electronics & Comm. Eng.
Dept.
Circuits 1
Lecture #1
Prof. Dr.
Mohamed Fathy
Copyright Prof. Dr. Mohamed Fathy Abu El-Yazeed
Course Importance
Many branches of electrical engineering, such as
power, electric machines, control, electronics,
communications, and instrumentation, are based on
electric circuit theory.
The basic electric circuit theory course is the most
important course for an electrical engineering student.
It is an excellent starting point for a beginning student
in electrical engineering education.
2
Course Objective
1- To covers the fundamental laws & theorems
for both DC and AC circuits .
2- To introduce the concept of frequency response
3- - To introduce the concept of 3-phase circuits
3
Copyright
Prof. Dr. Mohamed Fathy Abu El-Yazeed
Course Syllabus
Syllabus and text-book
Introduction
Basic concepts
1-1 Current
1-2 Voltage
1-3 Resistance and Ohms low
DC circuits
Course Syllabus
Topology of Electric Circuit
Kirchoff's Laws : KVL- KCL
Series and Parallel Combinations of Resistors
Voltage & current Dividers
Copyright 2007
Methods of solution of DC circuits

Simplification :
Source Equivalent
Combination of elements
Star - Delta Transformation
Branch Current Method
Loop Current Method
Nodal Method
Thevenin's and Norton's Theorems
Superposition
Theory of maximum power transfer
6
AC circuits
Analysis of AC circuits in the time domain
Analysis of AC circuits in the frequency domain
Analysis of AC circuits using mesh & node
analysis
Analysis of AC circuits using circuit theorems
Three Phase circuits
Text Book :
J. W. Nilsson and S. A. Riedel, Electric
Circuits, Prentice Hall, 2005.
References:
C. Alexander and M. Sadiku, Fundamental of
Electric Circuits, Mc Graw Hill, 2006.
Grading
Mid-semester exam + activities (30%):

Attendance:
Assignments & reports
Final Exam (70%)
Course Intended Learning Outcomes

ILO's
1- Solve and analyze DC circuits using basic
analysis methods
2- Simplify and analyze DC circuits using star-delta,
delta-star, Thevenins and Nortons theorems.
3- Apply 1 &2 for AC circuits.
4- Apply time domain methods to analyze AC
circuits.
5- Apply frequency domain method to analyze AC
circuits.
6- Calculate active, reactive, complex power and
power factor in AC circuits.
7- Introduce the concept of 3-phase circuits.
10
Course Intended Learning Outcomes

ILO's
1- Solve and analyze DC circuits using basic
analysis methods
2- Simplify and analyze DC circuits using star-delta,
delta-star, Thevenins and Nortons theorems.
3- Apply 1 &2 for AC circuits.
4- Apply time domain methods to analyze AC
circuits.
5- Apply frequency domain method to analyze AC
circuits.
6- Calculate active, reactive, complex power and
power factor in AC circuits.
7- Introduce the concept of 3-phase circuits.
11
Circuits 1
Basic Definitions
&
Basic Laws
Prof. Dr.
Mohamed Fathy
12
Introduction
In electrical engineering, we are often interested in
transferring energy from one point to another.
This requires an interconnection of electrical devices.

Such interconnection is referred to as an electric
circuit, and each component of the circuit is known as
a circuit element.
13
Basic Quantities
Quantity
Symbol
SI units
Charge
Coulombs (C)
Time
Seconds (s)
Work
Joules (J)
Current
Ampare (A)
Voltage
Volt (V)
Power
Watts (w)
14
Introduction
Three basic components: a battery,
a lamp, switch and connecting
wires.
Flash light circuit.
Voltage, Current,
& power.
Free electrons
I
RL
V0
-
15
Current
Electric current results from the movement of
electric charge.
Electric Current is the time rate of change of
charge measured in amperes A)
dq
I=
dt
I (Ampere) =
Charrge (Q) in Coulmbs

time ( t ) in sec onds
For most electronic circuits the ampere is a

rather large unit so the mA unit is more
common.
16
DC & AC Circuits
1- Direct Current Circuits
Currents (I) and voltages (V) are constant with
time.
2- Alternating Current (AC) Circuits
Current (i) and voltage (v) are time varying

17
Copyright
Circuit Elements
Not capable of generating energy
Capable of generating energy
Active elements (DC /AC)
Current
source
Voltage
source
Dependent
Passive elements
Resistor
Capacitor
Inductor
Independent
18
Copyright
DC Circuit
Any combination of DC Active elements and passive
elements (usually resistors).
An active elements is either a voltage or a current
source.
1
1
+
Tube
Pump
Free
I
Electrons
RL
Conservation of energy
Sum of power supplied by sources = sum of power19
dissipated by resistors.
AC Circuit
Any combination of
Active and passive
elements (resistors,
capacitors and coils). Vs
R1
+
IL
VC
R2
The sources are AC

voltage or current
sources
20
Electric circuit of radio receiver
Pspice
software
21
Voltage
To move a charge Q from node
0 to node 1, the source should
do a work (W).
+
I
V0
RL
Voltage is defined as the work done per unit charge

It is the measure of "push" available to motivate
charge
Work (W) in Joules= Volt (V0) in Volts * Charge (Q) in
Coulombs
22
Voltage
+
The SI unit of voltage is Volt (V).
V0
RL
W in Joules
V0 (volts) =
Q in Coulmbs
Current flows in a resistor if there is

difference between its ends.
a potential
Current flows in a resistor from high voltage to low

23
voltage.
Resistance and Ohms low

The Resistance of an object is a function of its
material and shape.
The voltage (V) across an ohmic resistor and

the current (I) through the resistor are related
as follows :
I R
V = I *R
Volts mA k
24
Resistance and Ohms low

3-color code Resistors
1 0 0 0 5%
25
Active Elements
Active elements are either voltage or current
dependent or independent.
DC ideal independent sources
DC voltage source
DC current source
26
AC ideal independent sources
AC voltage source
AC current source
27
Ideal dependent voltage source
Voltage controlled voltage source (VCVS)
v= v x
is dimensionless
Current controlled voltage source (CCVS)
v= i x
is in k
28
Ideal dependent current source
Current controlled current source (CCCS)
i= i x
is dimensionless
Voltage controlled current source (VCCS)
i=
vx
is in (k)-1
1 mho Siemens
29
Basic Circuit laws

Contents
Kirchoff's Laws
KVL
KCL
Series and Parallel Combinations of Resistors
Voltage Divider
Current Divider
30

Circuit : A circuit is built of Active elements
and passive elements
Branch : A part of the circuit whose elements
have the same current
Node : A common terminal of two or more
branches
Loop: A set of branches making a closed path
(starts and ends with the same node)
31
Example
R1
+
+
E1
I1
RL
- +
R2 I2 I3
+5
R3
-
R5
I 4 I5
R4
4
R6
6
E2
0
Node: A common terminal of more than two
branches
N=3 (2, 3, 0) (Non simple nodes)
Loop: A closed path in a circuit
No. of independent loops L=3 12501, 23052, 34603
Branch: A circuit path having the same current
B=5 012, 250, 23, 30, 3460
Why 0 is one node?
In a planer circuit, B=N+L-1
32
Kirchoff's Laws
KCL
KVL
Kirchhoff's Voltage Law (KVL): the algebraic sum

of the voltages around any loop of N elements is
zero
N
V
j 1
KVL is a statement of the conservation of energy

law
33
Loop 12501
R1
+
+
E1
-
I1
RL
- +
I3
I
R2 2
+5
R3
-
R5
I 4 I5
R4
0
Work done by a charge q around a loop =0
qV12 +qV25 +qV50 +qV01 =0
V12 V25 V50 V01 0

I1R1 +I 2 R 2+I 2 R 3 -E1 = 0
4
R6
6
E2
Basic Circuit laws

Kirchhoff's Current Law (KCL): The algebraic sum
of the currents entering any node is zero.
KCL is a statement of conservation of charge.
I = I
in
out
I1 +I 2 I3 +I 4
or I in 0
I1 +I 2 -I3 -I 4 =0
or Iout 0
-I1 -I 2 +I3 +I 4 =0
I1
I2 I
4
I3
35
Series and Parallel Combinations

of Resistors
Circuit elements are in series when a
common current passes through each
element.
Circuit elements are in parallel when a
common voltage exists across each element.
36
Resistors in series
Poof (KVL) Loop 12301
R1
+
+
V12 V23 V30 V01 0
IR1 IR2 IR3 E 0
I R1+R2 +R3 -E=0

KVL Loop 101
V10 V01 0
IReq -E=0
R eq =R1 +R 2 +R 3 = R i
- +
R2
I
-3
+
R3
0
R1
1
+
Req
-
37
Resistors in series
Voltage Division
E
I=
R 1 +R 2 +R 3
+ V12 - 2
1
+
R1
R2 V23
+
I
E
3
R3
0
R1
E
V12 = I * R1
*R1
R 1 +R 2 +R 3
R1
E*
R 1 +R 2 +R 3
R2
V23 E*
R 1 +R 2 +R 3
38
Voltage Divider
1
Vin
R1
Vout VAB
R2 V
out
-
RL
Vin
R2
I R2
R 2 Vin
R1 R 2
R1 R 2
R2
Vin
R1 R 2
What is the effect on Vout when RL is connected?
39
Actual sources
Actual voltage source
R0 :Source internal resistance
V0
I=
R 0 +R L
R0
V0
RL
VL I R L V0
R0 RL
VL V0
if
R0
I VL RL
0
R L
40
Resistors in parallel
+
KCL Node 1
I I1 I 2 I3
E
E
E
R1 R 2 R 3
1
1
1
E
R1 R 2 R 3
E
I=
R eq
I3
R3
I2
R2
I1
R1
+ I
Req
1
1
1
1
1
=
+
+
=
R eq R 1 R 2 R 3
Ri
41
The equivalent resistance of a combination of

resistors connected in parallel is given by :
1
1
=
R
R
eq
i
or G eq G i
G is the conductance in 1(mho) or seimens

The equivalent resistance of two resistors
connected in parallel is : R eq =
R1 R 2
R1 +R 2
The equivalent resistance of N equal parallel

R
resistors each = R connected in parallel is : R eq =
N
42
Current division
1
1
1
1
Re q R 1 R 2 R 3
V = I*R eq
1
+
V
I1
R1
I3
R3
I2
R2
I1
R1
V
I2
R2
V
Ij
Rj
Req
0
43
Current division
R 1R 2
Re q
R1 R 2
V = I*R eq
I2
R2
I1
R1
R 1R 2
= I*
R1 R 2
= I1*R1 = I 2 *R 2
R2
I1 = I*
R1 R 2
R1
I 2 = I*
R1 R 2
1
+
Req
V
-
0
44
Actual sources
Actual Current source
1
R0 :Source internal resistance

I0
I1 +
R0
IL
VL RL
-
R0
I L =I 0
I0
R L +R 0
if R 0 >>R L
45
Power & Energy

Power is the time rate of delivering or absorbing
energy, measured in watts (W).
dw dw dq
p=
=
. V*I
dt dq dt
P=V*I
For a resistor, power is always dissipated.

2
V
For a linear resistor, V I * R P=V*I=I R=
R
2
46
Power & Energy

For a source, power is either delivered or absorbed.
Voltage Source
P (delivered)=E*I
P (delivered)=E*(- I)
(absorbed)
Power balance : Power delivered by sources

= Power dissipated by resistors
47
Power & Energy

Current source.
1
I0
V12
I0
V12
2
P (delivered)=I0 * V12
2
P (delivered)=I0 *V12
P is +ve (delivered)
P is ve (absorbed)
Power balance : Power delivered by sources

= Power dissipated by resistors
48
Circuits 1

Prof. Dr.
Mohamed Fathy
49
Methods of solution of DC
circuits
Definition :
The problem of solution of DC circuits is
finding the response (voltage, current,
power) in any circuit element due to input
excitation (voltage and/or current sources).
50

Method 1:Branch Method : KCL & KVL
Circuit Topology
N Nodes
L Loops
B=N+L-1 Branches
Write N-1 equations at (N-1 nodes) using KCL

Write L equations at (L
independent
Loops) using KVL

Solve the N+L-1 equations to find all branch
currents.
51
Example
R1
+
+
I1
E1
Nodes: N=3
(2,3,0)
RL
- +
R2 I2 I3
-5
+
R3
-
R5
I4 I5
R4
R6
6
E2
0
non simple nodes
Loops: L=3 independent loops 12501, 23052, 34603
Branches B=5
B=N+L-1
012, 250, 23, 30, 3460

52
*****
R1
+
+
E1
-
I1
RL
- +
R2 I2 I3
-5
+
R3
-
R5
I4 I5
R4
4
R6
6
E2
Write N-1 equations

using KCL (usually node 0 is excluded)
Node 2
Node 3
53
*****
R1
+
+
E1
I1
RL
- +
R2 I2 I3
-5
+
R3
-
Loops: L=3i 12501, 23052, 34603

Write L equations using KVL
R5
I 4 I5
4
R6
6
E2
R4
Loop 12501
V12 V25 V50 V01 0

54
*****
Write L
equations E1
using KVL
Loop 23052
R1
+
+
I1
RL
- +
R2 I2 I3
-5
+
R3
-
V23 V30 V05 V52 0
R5
I4 I 5
4
R6
6
E2
R4
Loop 34603
V34 V46 V60 V03 0

55
Example
I1 I 2 I 3 0
(1)
I3 I 4 I5 0
(2)
I1R1 +I 2 R 2 +I 2 R 3 -E1 =0
(3)
I 3 R L +I 4 R 4 -I 2 R 3 -I 2 R 2 =0
(4)
I 5 R 5 +I 5 R 6 +E2 -I 4 R 4 =0
(5)
How to put Equations in a matrix form?
56
For the shown circuit, find all branch currents and

check the power balance
15 k
10 V
10
k
1 k
10
mA
4
k
57
N=
L=
B=
15
I3
I1
10 V
*****
3
10
I2
10
I4
4
k
KCL Node 2
KCL Node 3
KVL loop 1201
KVL loop 2302
58
Solve equations 1-4 to get:
I1 =2
I 2 = -2
I 3 =4
I 4 = -6
59
Power balance
R
k
Power
(mw)
I 2R
1 k
15 k
10 V
2 mA
10
k
4
2
15
10
1
4
Source
Total
10
mA
*****
4
6
k
V
+
Power (mw)
10 V
10 mA
Total
60
Circuits 1
circuits
Simplification Method
Prof. Dr.
Mohamed Fathy
61
Method 2 Step by Step Simplification
1. Transforming current sources into equivalent

voltage sources or visa versa
2. Combination of active elements

3. Replacing series and parallel resistors by its
equivalent (All resistors are assumed linear)
4. Star-Delta or Delta-Star transformation
62
Method 2
Step by Step Simplification
Source Equivalence
Combination of active elements
63
Solution
1
R0
3
V0
I0
R0
V=V12 =V13 +V32 = - IR0 +V0

V= V0 I R0
V
I 0 =I+
R0
V= I0 R0 I R0
V0 =I 0 R 0
64
V I0R 0 IR0
V V0 IR0
V0 R0
I0
V0 =I 0 R 0
65
Example
Convert the shown voltage source
V0 3v & R0 100 into its
equivalent current source.
Solution
V0
3
I0
30mA
R 0 0.1
66

i)
Series Connection
V0 V1 V2 V3
R 0 R1 R 2 R 3
67

ii) Parallel Connection
I
I1
R1 I2
R2
I3
R3
+
V
-
I
I0
R0
V
-
I0=
1
=
R eq
68
Example
Convert the shown current sources
I1 100 mA, R1 50 , I 2 200 mA, and R2 50

into one equivalent current source.
69
****
Solution
I1 100 mA, R1 50 , I2 200 mA,
I0 =
and R2 50
R0
70
Example
For the shown current, use simplification
method to find the load current IL. (All
voltages are in Volts & all resistors are in
k ).
71
Solution
RL=10
2
10
24
24
1.5
6
6
2
RL=10
24
1.5 1/3
72
***
RL=10
24
0.75
0.75
4/3
1.5 1/3
RL=10
RL=10
32
0.75
24
IL
0.75
1
IL =
73
Circuits 1
Simplification Method (Cont.)
Star-Delta Transformation
Prof. Dr.
Mohamed Fathy
74
Copyright
Star - Delta Transformation
Delta (Pi or )
Star (Y or T)
75
to Y Transformation
V12 =V14 -V24 =I1R1 -I 2R2
76
to Y Transformation
V12 +V23 +V31 =0
I12R12 I 23R 23 I31R31 0
I12R12 + I 2 +I12 R 23 + I12 -I1 R 31 =0

R 31
R 23
I12 =I1
-I 2
R12 +R 23 +R 31
R12 +R 23 +R 31
R12 R 31
R12R 23
V12 =I1
-I 2
R12 +R 23 +R 31
R12 +R 23 +R 31
V12 I12 R12
77
to Y Transformation
For the
R12 R 31
R12R 23
V12 =I1
-I 2
R12 +R 23 +R 31
R12 +R 23 +R 31
For the Y
V12 =I1R1 -I 2R 2
R12 R 31
R1 =
R12 +R 23 +R 31
Similarly
R 23 R12
R2 =
R12 +R 23 +R 31
R 31R 23
R3 =
R12 +R 23 +R 31
78
Y to Transformation
I1 +I 2 +I 3 =0
G1 V1 -V4 +G 2 V2 -V4 +G 3 V3 -V4 =0
V4 G1 +G 2 +G 3 =G1V1 +G 2V2 +G 3V3
G1V1 +G 2 V2 +G 3 V3
V4 =
G1 +G 2 +G 3
3
G i Vi
=
i=1
3
Gi
i=1
79
Y to Transformation
V4 =
G1V1 +G 2 V2 +G 3 V3
G1 +G 2 +G 3
G1V1 +G 2 V2 +G 3 V3
I1 =G1 V1 -V4 =G1 V1
G1 +G 2 +G 3
G1V1 +G 2 V1 +G 3V1 -G1V1 -G 2 V2 -G 3V3

=G1
G1 +G 2 +G 3
G 2 V1 -V2 -G 3 V3 -V1
I1 =G1
G1 +G 2 +G 3
80
Y to Transformation
I1 =I12 -I 31 =G12 V1 -V2 -G 31 V3 -V1
81
to Y Transformation
G 2 V1 -V2 -G 3 V3 -V1
For the Y I1 =G1
G1 +G 2 +G 3
For the
I1 =G12 V1 -V2 -G 31 V3 -V1
G 3G 1
G1G 2
G12 =
& G 31 =
G1 +G 2 +G 3
G1 +G 2 +G 3
Similarly
G 2G 3
G 23 =
G1 +G 2 +G 3
82
to Y Transformation
G 3G 1
G1G 2
G12 =
& G 31 =
G1 +G 2 +G 3
G1 +G 2 +G 3
G 2G 3
G 23 =
G1 +G 2 +G 3
G1 +G 2 +G 3
R1 R 2
R12 =
=R1 +R 2 +
G1G 2
R3
83
- Y Transformation
R12 R 31
R1 =
R12 +R 23 +R 31
R 31R 23
R3 =
R12 +R 23 +R 31
R 23 R12
R2 =
R12 +R 23 +R 31
G1V1 +G 2 V2 +G 3 V3
V4 =
G1 +G 2 +G 3
84
-Y Transformation
R12 R 31
R1 =
R12 +R 23 +R 31
R 23 R12
R2 =
R12 +R 23 +R 31
R 31R 23
R3 =
R12 +R 23 +R 31
Special case
R12 =R 23 =R 31 =R
R
R1 R 2 R 3
3
V1 +V2 +V3
V4 =
3
85
Y - Transformation
R1 R 2
R12 =R1 +R 2 +
R3
R 2 R3
R 23 =R 2 +R 3 +
R1
R 3 R1
R 31 =R 3 +R1 +
R2
Special case
R1 =R 2 =R 3 =R
R12 =R 23 =R 31 =3R
86
Example
For the shown circuit , Find:
a) The input resistance between the two terminals
1 and 3
b) V23
87
Solution 1
By converting Y 123-4 123
88
*****
89
*****
R13
V23 =
90
*****
Solution 2
By converting 123 Y 123-4
Can node 4 always be selected as the 4th

91
point for the Y ?
Solution 2
*****
By converting 123 Y 123-4
R
Note that
'
42
'
42
has no effect
R13 =
V23 =
92
Circuits 1

(Cont.)
Method 3: Loop Analysis
Prof. Dr.
Mohamed Fathy
93
Copyright

Method 3 Loop Current Method (Loop Analysis)
1-Convert independent current sources into
equivalent voltage sources
2- Identify the number of independent loop (L) on the
circuit
3- Label a loop current on each loop (Clock wise
direction).
4- Write an expression for the KVL around each loop.
5- Solve the resultant system of algebraic equations
to find the L loop currents.
94
L=3;
R1
E1
R2
I1
2
R3
E2
R4
I2
3
R5
7
E3
R6
I3
4
8
R7
E4
0
Loop 126051 :
V12 +V26 +V60 +V05 +V51 =0

I1R 2 + I1 -I 2 R 3 +E2 -E1 +I1R1 =0
I1 R1 +R 2 +R 3 -I 2R 3 -I 3 0 =E1 -E2
1
95
1
R1
E1
R2
I1
2
R3
E2
R4
I2
Loop 237062 :
3
R5
7
E3
R6
I3
4
R7
E4
V23 +V37 +V70 +V06 +V62 =0

I 2R4 + I 2 -I 3 R5 +E3 -E2 + I 2 -I1 R 3 =0
-I1R 3 +I 2 R 3 +R4 +R5 -I 3R5 =E2 -E3
(2)
96
1
R1
E1
Loop 348073 :
R2
I1
2
R3
E2
R4
I2
3
R5
7
E3
R6
I3
4
8
R7
E4
V34 +V48 +V80 +V07 +V73 =0

I 3R6 +I 3R7 -E4 -E3 + I 3 -I 2 R5 =0
I1 0 -I 2R5 +I 3 R5 +R6 +R7 =E3 +E4 (3)

97
1
R1
5
E1
R2
I1
2
R3
6
E2
R4
I2
3
R5
E3 7
R6
I3
0
I1 R1 R2 R3 I 2R3 I3 0 E1 E2
4
8
R7
E4
(1)
I1R3 I 2 R3 R 4 R5 I3R5 E2 E3
(2)
I1 0 I 2R5 I 3 R5 R6 R7 E3 E4
(3)
R11 -R12
-R
R
21
22
-R -R
32
31
-R13
-R 23
R 33
I1
I
2
I
3
V1

=
V
2
V
3
98
R11 -R12
-R 21 R 22
-R -R
32
31
-R13
-R 23
R 33
I1
I2
I
3
V1

= V2
V
3
Rii Resistance in loop i Self resistance of loop i

Rij =R ji Common Resistance between loops i& j
Vi voltage sources in loop i
A voltage source is assumed +ve if it pushes

current in the loop direction and ve otherwise.
99
1
R1
5
E1
R2
I1
R11 -R12
-R 21 R 22
-R -R
32
31
2
R3
6
E2
R31 =0
I2
R5
I3
E3 7
R12 =R3
R33 =R5 +R6 +R7
4
8
R7
E4
R13 =0
R22 = R3 +R4 +R5

R32 =R5
R6
0
-R13 I1 V1

-R 23 I2 = V2
R 33 I3 V3
R11 = R1 +R2 +R3
R21 =R3
R4
R23 =R5
V1 =E1 -E2
V2 =E2 -E3
V3 =E3 +E4
100
R11 -R12
-R 21 R 22
-R -R
32
31
1
I1
and
-R13
-R 23
R 33
I1
I2
I
3
V1

= V2
V
3
R12
R 22
R13
R 23
R 31 R 32
R 33
V1
1 V2
R12
R 22
R13
R 23
V3
R 32
R 33
R11
where, R12
101
R11 R12
R12 R 22
R
31 R 32
2
I2
3
I3
R13
R 23
R 33
I1
I2
I
3
V1

V2
V
3
R11
2 R12
V1
V2
R13
R 23
R 31
V3
R 33
R12
R 22
V1
V2
R 31 R 32
V3
R11
3 R12
102
Example
For the shown circuit, use loop analysis to:
a) Find the branch currents
b) Check the power balance of the circuit.
2
20
12
3
1
9
18
103
*****
Solution
2
3
20
I1
12
I2
I1
I
2
I
3
3
1
I3
2
18
I1 =2 mA
I 2 =3 mA
I 3 =5 mA
104
Solution3
2
3
1
2
2 2
20
12
2
18
12
20
3
1
5
2
2
18
*****
power dissipated by resistors
Resistance
Power (mw)
I 2R
R15
R12
R26
R23
R37
R34
R48
Total
160
106
*****
power delivered by sources
Source Power (mw)

E*I
E20
E12
E9
E18
Total
160
Power balance
Power delivered by sources
= Power dissipated by resistors = 160 mw
107
Example
For the circuit shown, use loop analysis to
find:
a) The branch currents
b) Check the power balance
0.5 1.5
0.5
0.25
0.5
108
1.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5 1.5
0.5
I1
1.5
0.5
I2
0.25
Convert Independent Current

sources into voltage sources
0.25
1.5

I V

109
0.5 1.5
*****
R11 -R12 I1 V1 0.5

-R 21 R 22 I2 V2 1.5
I1
I =
2
I1 =0.6 mA
I1
0.25
I2
1.5
0.5
I2 =1.2 mA
110
*****
0.6 0.5 1.5
a) Branch Currents
I1 =0.6 mA I 2 =1.2 mA
3
b) Nodal Voltages
2.4
0.6
0.5
1
0.5
1.2
0.25
6
4.8
V1=
V2 =
V3 =
111
***** Power dissipated

by resistors
0.6 0.5 1.5
2.4
0.6
R
R10
R32
R12
R30
R02
Total
3
Dissipated power
(mw)
0.5
0.25
1
0.5
1.2
9.9
6
4.8
112
*****
V1=1.2 V
1
Power supplied
by each source
V2 = - 0.6V
0.6 0.5 1.5
2
2.4
0.6
0.5
1
0.5
1.2
Source Delivered power (mw)

1.5 V
3 mA
6 mA
Total
9.9 mw
0.25
6
4.8
3
V3=0.6 V
113
*****
Loop Analysis With an Ideal Current

Source
CASE 1: When an ideal current source exists in one

4
loop
3
Write loop equation
for loop 1
10
I1
5
I2
For loop 2,
I2
I1
114
*****
Loop Analysis With Current Source

CASE 2: When an ideal current source exists
between two loops
6
20 V
10
2
I1
I2
(1)
115
*****
Loop Analysis With Current Source

Super loop: A loop consisting of 2 or more loops.
6
20 V
10
2
I1
I2
Super loop
(2)
From (1), (2),
I1 3.2 m
I2 2.8 mA
116
*****
Loop Analysis With Dependent

Sources
I1
I =
2
I
3
24
10
I1
I0 I2
24
4
12
I3
+ 4I0
-
Loop 3
I 0 =I1 -I 2
I1 =2.25 mA I2 =0.75 mA I3 =1.5 mA
117
*****

Sources
I1
I =
2
I
3
24
10 V0 I2
+
I1
4
12
I
3
24
+ 4V0
-
Loop 3
V0 =10 I 2 -I1
118
*****

Sources
I1
I =
2
I
3
24
10
I1
I0 I2
24
4
12
4I0
I3
Loop 3
I 0 =I1 -I 2
119
Balanced bridge
For the bridge to be
balanced I =0
V2 = V4
Hence,
V12 = V14
I12 R1= I14 R4
(1)
V23 = V43
I23 R2= I43 R3
(2)
Since I=0, I12 = I23
& I14= I43
1
2
R1 R 4
Hence, R1R3 R 2R 4
R 2 R3
120
Input Resistance
Vi
Ri =
Ii
all circuit sources are cancelled
Voltage sources are SC & current sources are OC

1- Resistance Seen by a source in one Loop (e.g. E1)
R2
R1 I R3
1
E2
E1
R4
I2
R5
E3
R6
I3
R2
R4
R6
R7 R1 I R3 I R5 I
i
2
3
E4 Vi
R7
Input Resistance
R2
R1
Vi
Ii
R3
R6
R4
I2
R5
R7
I3
R11 -R12
-R
R
12
22
-R
31 -R 32
-R13
-R 23
R 33
Ii
I
2
I
3
Vi

=
0

0

122
Input Resistance
R11 -R12
-R12 R 22
-R
31 -R 32
1
Ii =
-R13
-R 23
R 33
Ii
I2
I
3
Vi

=0
0

R11
R12
R13
R12
R 22
R 23
R 31 R 32
R 33
Vi
1 = 0
-R12
R 22
-R13
-R 23 =Vi 11
-R 32
R 33
11
R 22
R 23
R 32
R 33
123
Input Resistance
1
Ii
Vi
1 0
R12
R 22
R 32
R11
R12
R13
R12
R 22
R 23
R 31 R 32
R 33
R13
R 23 Vi
11
R 33
1 Vi 11
Ii
Vi
Ri
Ii 11
124
Input Resistance
2- Resistance Seen by a source common
between two Loops (e.g. E2)
R2
R1
E1
I1
R3
I2
E2
R2
R1
I1
R6
R4
R5
E3
Vi
Ii
I2
E4
R6
R4
R3
I3
R7
R5
I3
R7
125
*****
Input Resistance
R2
R1
I1
R3
Vi
Ii
I2
R11 -R12
-R
R
12
22
-R -R
32
31
Ri =
R6
R4
R5
-R13
-R 23
R 33
I3
I1
I
2
I
3
R7
-Vi

=
V
i
0

126
*****
Input Resistance
R11 - R12
R
R
12
22
-R -R
32
31
- R13
- R 23
R 33
I1
I
2
I
3
- Vi

=
V
i
0

1
I1
Vi
1 Vi
0
R12
R 22
R 32
R13
R 23 =
R 33
127
*****
Input Resistance
R11 -R12
-R
R
12
22
-R -R
32
31
-R13
-R 23
R 33
I1
I
2
I
3
-Vi

=
V
i
0

2
I2
R11 Vi
2 R 21 Vi
R 31
R13
R 23 =
R 33
128
*****
Input Resistance
Vi
Ri = =
Ii 11 + 22 - 12 - 21
129
Example
Find :
1- The Resistance Seen by the 20 V supply .
2- The Resistance Seen by the 12 V supply .
2
1
3
3
20
12
1
9
7 -2 0
R -2 4 -1
0 -1 6
2
18
130
*****
Resistance seen by the 20 V supply
Resistance seen by the 20 V supply =

11
7 -2 0
R -2 4 -1
0 -1 6
7 2 0
2 4 1
0
131
*****

2
20
12
18
3
2
3
20
Ri =
132
*****

7 2 0
2 4 1
0
=
11 + 22 - 12 21
133
*****

2
20
12
18
3
2
3
12
Ri =
134
Circuits 1
Methods of solution of DC circuits (Cont.)

Method 4: Nodal Analysis
Prof. Dr.
Mohamed Fathy
135
Copyright
Method 4 Nodal Analysis

Steps of solution:
1- Convert independent voltage sources into
equivalent current sources
2- Identify the number of nodes (N) of the
circuit
3- Write an expression for the KCL at N-1
nodes (Exclude the ground node).
4- Solve the resultant system of algebraic
equations to find the node voltages.
136
Example
R2
R1
E1
R4
R6
R3
R5
E2
E3
R7
E4
137
R2
R1
E1
R4
R6
R3
R5
E2
E3
R7
E4
Let R'=R1 +R 2 Let R''=R 6 +R 7

R4
R
E1
R3
R5
E2
E3
R
E4
138
R4
R
E1
R3
R5
E2
E3
R
E4
Step 1: Voltage sources Current sources

R4
IA
IB
R3
E1 I = E2
IA =
B
R
R'
IC
R5
E3
IC =
R5
ID
E4
ID =
R''
1
3
Step 2 : N=3
Step 3: KCR at each node
R4
1
IA
I out = 0
IB
R3
IC
2
R5
ID
140
R4
Node 1
I out = 0
IA
IB
R3
I R' +I R3 +I R4 -I A -I B =0
V1 V1 V1 -V2
+
+
-I A -I B =0
R' R 3
R4
G V1 +G 3 V1 +G 4 V1 -V2 -I A -I B =0
'
G +G
'
+G 4 V1 - G 4 V2 =I A +I B
(1)
141
1 R4
Node 2
I out = 0
IC
R5
ID
I R4 I R5 I R'' I C I D 0
G 4 V2 V1 G 5 V2 G V2 I C I D
''
-G 4 V1 G 4 G 5 G
''
IC I D
(2)
142
R4
1
IA
IB
R3
IC
2
R5
ID
0
Equations
'
G
+G3 +G4 V1 - G4V2 =IA +IB
-G 4 V1 G 4 G5 G V2 IC ID
''
(1)
(2)
143
G11
-G 21
-G12 V1 I1

G 22 V2 I 2
Gii Conduc tan ce of node i Self conductance of node i
Gij =G ji Common cnduc tan ces between nodes i& j

I i =Curents sources at node i
A current source is assumed +ve if it pushes current
toward the node direction and ve otherwise. 144
G Conductance Matrix
V Unknown nodal voltages
I Current Vector
145
R4
1
R
IA
R3
IB
IC
R5
ID
G11 -G12 V1 I1

-G 21 G 22 V2 I2
G +G +G V - G V =I
'
+IB
(1)
146
R4
IA
IB
R3
IC
2
R5
ID
G11 -G12 V1 I1

-G 21 G 22 V2 I2
-G 4 V1 G 4 G5 G V2 IC ID
''
(2)
147
R4
1
R
IA
R3
IB
IC
ID
R5
0
1
R2
R1
E1
R4
R3
R5
E2
E3
R6
R7
E4
148
Example
For the shown circuit, Use node method to find
the nodal voltages & the branch currents
2
20
12
1
9
2
18
149
Solution
2
20
12
18
2
9
3.6
0
150
****
4
2
9
G11 -G12 V1 I1

-G 21 G 22 V2 I2
V1
=
V2

V1
=
V2

3.6
V1 =10 V
V2 =7 V
151
****
2 10 V
I1 2
20
12
I1
I3
I4
7V
1
I3
I2
3
I5
1
I4
Branch Currents
2
18
I2
Check KCL at node 1
I5
Check KCL at node 2
152
Example
For the circuit shown, use node analysis to find:

0.5 1.5
0.5
0.25
0.5
a) The nodal voltages and the branch currents

b) Check the power balance
153
Sol.
0.5 1.5
0.5
0.5
3
0.5
0.5
1
0.5
0.25
Independent
VS CS
N=4
2
0.25
I

154
*****
V1 =1.2 V
V2 =-0.6 V
0.5
0.5
0.25
0.5
V3 =0.6 V
V1
V
2
V
3
155
*****
V1=1.2 V
Branch Currents
I1
1.5
0.5
2.4
3
0.5
V2 = - 0.6 V
0.6
6
0.25
1.2
0.5
4.8
V3 = 0.6 V
V12
I1 =
Check KCR at node 1
Check KCR at node 2

Check KCR at node 3
156
Node Analysis With Voltage Source

CASE 1: When a voltage source exists between one
node and the reference node
4
V1 10 V
1
10
5
3
6
157
Node Analysis With Voltage Source

CASE 2: When a voltage source exists between two
non-reference nodes
A super node is formed by enclosing a (dependent or
independent) voltage source connected between two
non-reference nodes
I4
4
Super
and any elements
Node
5
2
2
in parallel with it.
1
3
KVL V2 V3 5 V
KCL
2 10
I1
8
I2
I3
I1 +I 2 +I3 +I 4 =0
V2 -V1 V2 V3 V 3-V1
0
2
8
6
4
158
Example
Find the node voltages for the circuit shown.
10
2
2
159
Example
KVL V V 2 V
2
1
10 Super node
(1)
2
2
1
KCL
I1 I 2 7 2 0
V1 V2
5
2
4
From 1, 2
I1
(2)
I2
22
16
V1 =- V V2 =- V
3
3
160
*****
Node Analysis With Dependent Sources
Node 3:
I out =0
V1
V2 =

V3
1
3
Ix
2
4
2Ix
V1 -V2
Ix =
2
V1 =4.8V V2 =2.4V V3 = - 2.4V
161
*****
3/4 -1/2 -1/4 V1 3

-1/2 7/8 -1/8 V2 = 0
V3 0
Node 3:
1
3
+ Vx - 2
2
1
2Vx
Vx =V1 -V2
I out =0
162
*****
3/4 -1/2 -1/4 V1 3

-1/2 7/8 -1/8 V2 = 0
V3 0
1
3
+ Vx - 2
2
1
2Vx +-
Node 3:
163
*****
3/4 -1/2 -1/4 V1 3

-1/2 7/8 -1/8 V2 = 0

1 -1 -1 V3 0
Node 3:
1
3
Ix
2
1
2Ix +-
V1 V2
Ix =
2
164
Use node analysis to find the node voltages

for the circuit shown.
2
20
1
2
+ V x
2Vx
2
10
+ -
165
Solution
+ V x
20 Super node
1
2
2 10
2Vx
3
+ -
166
Circuits 1
circuits (Cont.)
Network Theorems
Prof. Dr.
Mohamed Fathy
167
Introduction
A large
complex circuits
Simplify
circuit analysis
Circuit Theorems
1. Superposition
2. Thevenins Theorem
3. Nortons Theorem
4. Maximum Power Transfer
168
1. Superposition Theorem
The superposition principle states that: For a
linear circuit containing multiple independent
sources, the voltage across (or current
through) any of its elements is the algebraic
sum of the voltages across (or currents
through) that element due to each
independent source acting alone.
Note :Dependent sources are left unchanged.

169
Linear circuits
A linear circuit is one whose output is linearly
related to its input.
I
Vs
Linear circuit
R
Vs
Linear circuits consist of

linear elements (i.e., resistors V=IR )
linear dependent sources (i.e., Vx=4Ix)
Independent sources (i.e., Is = 4 mA or Vs = 5V)
170
Steps to apply superposition principle:

1. Turn off all independent sources except one
independent source. Find the output (voltage or
current) due to that active source using any
previous circuit solution methods such as branch
method, simplification, loop analysis, and/or node
analysis.
2. Repeat step 1 for each of the other independent
sources.
3. Find the total contribution by adding algebraically
all the contributions due to all the independent
sources.
171
How to turn off independent sources ?

Turn off voltages sources : make its voltage
equal to zero. i.e., replace it by a short circuit
Turn off current sources : make its current
equal to zero. i.e., replace it by an open
current.
Short
circuit
Open
circuit
Note :Dependent sources are left unchanged.
172
Example
Find the current and the power dissipated in the 1k
resistor using superposition theorem.
0.5 1.5
3 0.5
0.25
0.5
173
Solution
*****
a) Due to the 1.5 V voltage source

1.5
1.5
0.5
0.5
3 0.5
0.25 OC
0.5
I
1
OC
0.25
Ia
0.5
0.5
Req =
I=
Ia =
174
b) Due to the 3 mA current source

0.5 1.5
3 0.5
0.25
0.5
1.5
0.5
*****
0.5 SC
1
Ib
OC
0.25
0.5
Req =
I=
Ib =
175
c) Due to the 6 mA current source

0.5 SC
0.5 1.5
3 0.5
0.25 OC
0.5
*****
1.5
Ic I
0.25
0.5
0.5
Req =
I=
Ic =
176
*****
Total Current
I a = 0.45 mA
I b = 0.45 mA
I c = 0.6 mA
It =
Power dissipated in the 1 k resistor
2
(I
)
P = t *R
Ic
1
Ib
Ia
1
It
177
Note: The power relationship to I or V is

nonlinear
If the power is required to be obtained by superposition
Solve for the voltage (or the current) by using the
superposition.
Calculate the power by using the overall (algebraic sum)
of this voltage (or current)
NEVER calculate the power at each superposition step
P = (Ia -Ib +Ic ) R I R-I R+I R

2
2
a
2
b
2
c
178
Network Theorems
2- Thevenins Theorem
A linear two-terminal circuit, can be
replaced by an equivalent circuit consisting
of a voltage source Vth in series with a
resistor Rth
Vth : the open circuit voltage between the two terminals.

Rth :The resistance seen between the two terminals
when all sources are cancelled (voltage sources
are SC and current sources are OC).
179
2-Thevenins Theorem
1
1
Linear
Circuit
RL
2
Vth
Rth
RL
2
18
0
Vth: is the open circuit

voltage between the two
nodes
Linear
Circuit
Vth
-
Rth: is the resistance

seen between the two
nodes
when
all
independent sources are
cancelled
(voltage
sources are SC and
current sources are OC.
1
+
Linear
Circuit with
all sources
canceled
Rth
2
181
Example
For the circuit shown, use Thevenins theorem to
calculate the current in the 1 k resistance.
0.5 1.5
3 0.5
0.25
0.5
182
*****
Thevenin s Resistance
1.5
0.5
3 0.5
0.5 SC
0.25 OC
0.5
OC
0.25
0.5
0.5
Cancel all independent sources
R th =
=
183
Thevenin s Voltage
*****
0.5 1.5
1.5
0.5
3 0.5
1
0.5
0.25 1.5
2
0.25
1.5
0.5
0.5
I=
Vth =V2 =
=
184
1.5
0.5
3 0.5
2
0.25
th
Rth
0.5
RL
6
Vth =
V
7
R th
3
=
k
7
RL = 1k
Vth
6/7
IL =
=
= 0.6 mA
Rth +RL
3/7+1
185
Example
For the shown current, use Thevenins theorem
to find the load current IL .
RL=10 k
1
24
3
24
2
10
1.5
6
6
2
186
*****
RL=10 k
1
24
24
OC
2 1.5
10
2 1.5
RL OC
R th =
=
187
Thevenin s Voltage
RL=10 k
10
24
24
1.5
6
6
2
OC
1
24
24
2
10
1.5
6
6
2
188
Thevenin s Voltage
a
b
2
10
24
24
a
24
1.5
6
2
b
5
1.5 1/3
189
*****
24
1.5 1/3
Va =
32
0.75
4/3
0.75
Vb =
Vth =Vab =
190
aRL=10 k b
1
24
3
24
2 1.5
10
a
6
Vth
Rth
IL
RL
Vth =Vab = 23 V
Rth =1.5 k RL =10 k
Vth
23
IL =
=
= 2 mA
R th +RL
1.5+10
191
3. Nortons Theorem
Nortons theorem states that a linear twoterminal circuit can be replaced by
equivalent circuit consisting of a current
source IN in parallel with a resistor RN
IN is the short-circuit current through the

terminals.
RN is the input or equivalent resistance at the
terminals when the independent source are
turn off.
192
3-Notons Theorem
1
1
Linear
Circuit
Vth
Rth
RL
2
RL
2
RN =R th
IN
RN
RL
2
VTh
IN = Isc =
R Th
193
A Thevenin equivalent circuit is equivalent to a

current source in parallel with a resistor [source
transformation].
A current source in parallel with a resistor is called
a Norton equivalent circuit.
Finding a Norton equivalent circuit requires
essentially the same process as finding a Thevenin
equivalent circuit.
The current source (Isc) can be estimated by
calculating the short circuit between the two nodes.
194
IN = Isc is the short circuit

current between the two
nodes
Linear
Circuit
V=0
2
1
Rth: is the resistance

seen between the two
nodes when all
independent sources are
cancelled (voltage
sources are SC and
current sources are OC
IN
Linear
Circuit
independent
sources are
cancelled
Rth
2
195
Example
Use Noton theorem to calculate the current in the

1 k resistance in the circuit shown.
1.5
0.5
3 0.5
0.25
0.5
196
*****
1.5
0.5
3 0.5
0.5 SC
0.25 OC
0.5
OC
0.25
0.5
0.5
R N = R th =
=
197
*****
Norton Current
0.5 1.5
1.5
0.5
3 0.5
0.5
0.25 1.5
RL SC
0.25
SC
IN
0.5
1.5
0.5
IN = ISC =
198
*****
Norton Current
1.5
0.5
3 0.5
0.25
IL =
Rth
IN
Rth +RL
RN
2
0.5
IN =2 mA
IL
RL
3
RN = k
7
R L =1 k
=
199
Example
For the shown current, use Norton theorem to
find the load current IL .
RL=10 k
1
24
3
24
2
10
1.5
6
6
2
200
*****
RL=10 k
1
24
24
OC
2 1.5
10
2 1.5
RL OC
R th =
=
201
Norton s Current
SC
1.5
10
24
24
24
6
2
1.5 1/3
202
*****
24
32
0.75
4/3
0.75
1.5 1/3
0.75
Isc 0.75
24
IN =Isc =
203
RL=10 k
*****
3
24
24
2
10
a
1.5
6
6
2
IN
IL
RN
RL
IN =15.333 mA RN =1.5 k RL =10 k
IL =
RN
IN
=
RN +RL
204
4-Theory of maximum power

transfer
What is the value of RL for maximum power
transfer?
1
1
Linear
Circuit
RL
2
Vth
Rth
RL
2
205
1
For maximum power transfer,
Vth
Rth
d PL
0
d RL
RL
2
Vth
RL
2
2
=
*
R
PL = IL *RL
L =Vth *
2
R
+
R
th L
R th +RL
d PL
2 R th +RL *1-RL *2 R th +R L = 0
Vth *
4
d RL
R +R
2
th
Rth +RL *1-RL *2 R th +RL =0

Rth +RL R th +RL -2 RL =0
2
RL =R th
206
Vth
Rth
2
th
V
Pin =PVth =Vth *IL =
R th +RL
2
L
Pout =PL =I RL =
2
th
RL
R th +RL
RL
Pout
Power efficiency ( ) =
*100 %
Pin
RL
=
*100 %
R th +RL
207
2
th
2
th
V RL
V
Pin =
Pout =
2 V
R th +RL
R th +RL th
Rth
RL
=
*100 %
R th +RL
At condition of maximum power transfer
2
th
V
Pin =
2R th
Pout =Pnax =
Vth2
4R th
RL
2
RL =R th
= 50 %
208
RL
=
*100 %
R th +RL
Vth2
Pin =
2
R th +RL
Vth RL
Pout =
2
R th +RL
209
Example: For the shown circuit, find the value of RL

required to be terminated between terminals A & B
for maximum power transfer.
5
10
2 VAB
1
B
210
Solution 1
Vth
For maximum power transfer, R =R
L
th
IN
1- Find Vth (The OC voltage between A & B)
2-Find IN ( The SC current between A & B)
5
10
Vth
3- R L =R th
IN
2 VAB
2
1
(Vth =1 V
IN =0.4 mA
R L =R th =2.5 k)
211
Solution 2
For maximum power transfer, R L =R th
To estimate R th
1- Apply a voltage V between A & B.
2- Cancel all other independent sources.
3- Estimate the Current I
5
V
4- R th =
2 VAB
(RL =R th =2.5 k)
10
V
212

Circuits 1 DC Slides

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Cairo University

Copyright Prof. Dr. Mohamed Fathy Abu El-Yazeed

Prof. Dr. Mohamed Fathy Abu El-Yazeed

Prof. Dr. Mohamed Fathy Abu El-Yazeed

Methods of solution of DC circuits

Mid-semester exam + activities (30%):

Course Intended Learning Outcomes

Course Intended Learning Outcomes

This requires an interconnection of electrical devices.

Charrge (Q) in Coulmbs

For most electronic circuits the ampere is a

Current (i) and voltage (v) are time varying

Prof. Dr. Mohamed Fathy Abu El-Yazeed

Capable of generating energy

Active elements (DC /AC)

Prof. Dr. Mohamed Fathy Abu El-Yazeed

The sources are AC

Electric circuit of radio receiver

Voltage is defined as the work done per unit charge

Current flows in a resistor if there is

Current flows in a resistor from high voltage to low

Resistance and Ohms low

The voltage (V) across an ohmic resistor and

Resistance and Ohms low

AC ideal independent sources

Ideal dependent voltage source

Voltage controlled voltage source (VCVS)

Current controlled voltage source (CCVS)

Ideal dependent current source

Current controlled current source (CCCS)

Voltage controlled current source (VCCS)

Basic Circuit laws

Topology of Electric Circuit

Kirchhoff's Voltage Law (KVL): the algebraic sum

KVL is a statement of the conservation of energy

qV12 +qV25 +qV50 +qV01 =0

V12 V25 V50 V01 0

Basic Circuit laws

Series and Parallel Combinations

Poof (KVL) Loop 12301

V12 V23 V30 V01 0

IR1 IR2 IR3 E 0

I R1+R2 +R3 -E=0

What is the effect on Vout when RL is connected?

R0 :Source internal resistance

The equivalent resistance of a combination of

G is the conductance in 1(mho) or seimens

The equivalent resistance of N equal parallel

R0 :Source internal resistance

Power & Energy

For a resistor, power is always dissipated.

Power & Energy

Power balance : Power delivered by sources

Power & Energy

Power balance : Power delivered by sources

Methods of solution of DC circuits

Methods of solution of DC circuits

Write N-1 equations at (N-1 nodes) using KCL

Loops) using KVL

Loops: L=3 independent loops 12501, 23052, 34603

012, 250, 23, 30, 3460

Write N-1 equations

Loops: L=3i 12501, 23052, 34603

V12 V25 V50 V01 0