Determinants and Matrices

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Determinant
a number associated with a square array of quantities called elements, symbolizing the sum of
certain products of these elements
11 12 13 1
21 22 23 2
=

1 2 3
=
. = .
; = , =

Diagonal Method
used when n3

11 12 13
11 12 13 11 12
= 21 22 23 = 21 22 23 21 22
31 32 33
31 32 33 31 32
= 11 22 33 + 12 23 31 + 13 21 32 12 21 33 11 23 32 13 22 31

Example:

1 2
= 0 4
2 5
= 1 4 0 + 2 1 2 + 3 0 5 2
= 23

3
1
0
0 0 1 1 5 3 4 2

Co-factor Theorem
used when n>3
the value of a determinant is equal to the sum of the products of the elements of any row
(or any column) and their corresponding co-factors ( )
Co-factor

= 1 +
=
=

11
= 21
31

12
22
32

13
23 = 11 11 + 21 21 + 31 31
33

Examples
1
= 0
2
= 1 1

1+1

4
5

1
+ 0 1
0

2
4
5
2+1

3
1
0
2
5

3
+ 2 1
0

3+1

= 1 1 0 5 + 0 1 0 15 + 2 1 2 + 12
=

2 3
4 1

Properties:
1.

If all the elements in a row (or column) of a determinant are zero, the value of the determinant
is zero.

= 1

2.

1
2
5
= 0
0
0
10 20 10
0 10 0 20 0 2 10 5 20 + 10
=0

2 0 5 0

If all the elements in two rows (or two columns) are identical or proportional, the value of the
determinant is zero.
1 0
= 3 4
1 2

1
3 =0
1

1 0
= 2 4
1 2

5
4 = 0
2

Properties:
3.

4.

The value of the determinant is not changed if corresponding rows and columns are
interchanged in the same order.
1
= 3
1

0 5
4 2 = 1 8 4 0 6 + 2 + 5 6 + 4 = 62
2 2

1
= 0
5

3 1
4 2 = 1 8 4 3 0 + 10 + 1 0 + 20 = 62
2 2

If any two rows (or two columns) of a determinant are interchanged, the sign of the
determinant is changed.
0
= 4
2

1 5
3
2 = 0 6 + 2 1 8 4 + 5 4 6 = 62
1 2

Properties:
5.

If all the elements in one row (or one column) of a determinant are multiplied by the same
constant , the value of the new determinant is times the value of the given determinant.
1 0 10
= 3 4
4 = 1 16 8 0 12 + 8 + 10 6 + 4 = 124
1 2 4

6.

A factor of the elements in any row (or column) can be placed before the determinant.
1 0
=2 3 4
1 2

5
2 = 2 1 8 4 0 6 + 2 + 5 6 + 4
2

= 124

Properties:
7.

The value of a determinant is unchanged if the elements in a row (or column) are altered by
adding to them any constant multiple of the corresponding elements in any other row (or
column).

1 0 5
= 3 4 2 = 1 8 4 0 6 + 2 + 5 6 + 4 = 62
1 2 2
a.

If an element in a row is changed to zero (0), use column transformation.

1
= 3
1

: 11 = 1
3 = 51 + 3
0 0
4 17
= 1 1 28 34 = 62
4 17 = 1 1 1+1
2 7
2 7

Properties:
7.

The value of a determinant is unchanged if the elements in a row (or column) are altered by
adding to them any constant multiple of the corresponding elements in any other row (or
column).

1 0 5
= 3 4 2 = 1 8 4 0 6 + 2 + 5 6 + 4 = 62
1 2 2
b.

If an element in a column is changed to zero (0), use row transformation.

: 11 = 1
1 0
= 0 4
0 2

2 = 2 31
3 = 1 + 3
5
4 17
= 1 1 28 34 = 62
13 = 1 1 1+1
2 7
7

Application:
1. Solution of System with linear equations
Given: equations, unknowns
11 1 + 12 2 + 13 3 + + 1 = 1
21 1 + 22 2 + 23 3 + + 2 = 2

1 + 2 2 + 3 3 + + =
=
11
= 21
31

12
22
32

13
23
33

1
2
3

Cramers Rule

= ; = 1,2,3

Condition:

1. . = .
2. 0
3. system of equations is nonhomogeneous

Example:
+ 2 = 0
2 + 2 + 2 = 5
3 + = 4
++ = 7
Solution:

1 1
2
2
=
3 1
0
1

1 2
2 1
0 1
1 1

42 = 1
3 = 2 3
4 = 2 4

1 1
2
2
=
3 1
0
1

= 1 1

4+2

1
2
3

2
0
1
0

1
3
2
0

2 1
0 3
1 2

= 1(1) 1 0 3 2 4 (9) + 1 (2

Example:
0 1
5
2
=
4 1
7
1

1 2
2 1
0 1
1 1

13 = 1
2 = 3 + 2
4 = 22 + 4
0 0 1 0
5 4 2 3
=
4 1 0 1
7 2 1 3

5
= 1 1 1+3 4
7
= 1(1) 5 3 + 2

4 3
1 1
2 3
4 (12 + 7)

Example:
1
2
=
3
0

0
5
4
7

1
2
0
1

2
1
1
1

= 1 1

=
=
20
=
=

25
=
Doing the same process as obtaining w
and x, y= ____; z____

Matrices
rectangular array of elements
m may or may not be equal to n
11 12 1
21 22 2

1 2
it is a collection of elements and does not have a single value
associated with it

Types:
1. row matrix
11 12
2. column matrix
11
21
31
3. square matrix
11 12
21 22
31 32
4. diagonal matrix
11
0
0 22
0
0

13

13
23
33

0
0
33

5. unit or identity matrix

1 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 1
6. lower triangular matrix
11
0
0
21 22
0
31 32 33
7. upper triangular matrix
11 12 13
0 22 23
0
0 33

Inverse of a Matrix
the inverse of an matrix A is demoted by 1 and is an
matrix such that
1 = 1 =
if A has an inverse, A is called a nonsingular matrix
if A has no inverse, A is called a singular matrix
if A has an inverse, the inverse is unique

Transposition
the transpose of an matrix A is the matrix that has the first row of
A as its first column, the second row of A as its second column, and so on
11
21
=

12
22

1
2

5 8
4 0

11
12

1
0

5
= 8
1

21
22

1
2

4
0
0

Symmetric Matrix
square matrix whose transpose equals the matrix
=
Skew-symmetric Matrix
square matrix whose transpose equals the negative of the matrix
=

Equality of Matrix
two matrices are considered equal if and only if they are identical
1
= 3
1

2 4
0 5
4 0
33

1
= 3
1

2 4
0 5
4 0
(3 3)

Matrix Operations
1. Addition and Subtraction
=
Example:

1
3
= 4 0
0 5

7 1
= 2 3
5 4

8
+ = 2
5

2
3
1

6
= 6
5

4
3
9

Matrix Operations
2. Multiplication
. = .

=
32
2 4 (3 4)

Matrix Operations
2. Multiplication
Example

2
= 0
3

1
1 1 0 3
=
5
2 6 1 2
2
2 1
1 1 0 3
= 0 5
2 6 1 2
3 2
2 1 + 1 (2)
2 1 + 1 (6)
2 0 + 1 (1)
0 1 + (5)(2)
0 1 + 5 (6)
0 0 + 5 (1)
3 1 + 2 (2) 3 1 + 2 (6) 3 0 + 2 (1)
22
2 6
0+1
62
= 0 + 10
0 + 30
05
0 + 10
3 4
3 12
0+2
9 4
0 8 1
4
= 10 30 5 10
7 9 2 13

2 3 + 1 (2)
0 3 + 5 (2)
3 3 + 2 (2)

Gauss Elimination
- standard method for solving linear systems
Example A. If infinitely many solutions exists
3.0 + 2.0 + 2.0 5.0 = 8.0
0.6 + 1.5 + 1.5 5.4 = 2.7
1.2 0.3 0.3 + 2.4 = 2.1
3.0
0.6
1.2

2.0
1.5
0.3

2.0
1.5
0.3

5.0
5.4
2.4

8.0
2.7
2.1

Step 1. Elimination of from the second and third equation

: 11 = 3.0
2 = 2 0.21
3 = 3 0.41
3.0
0
0

2.0
1.1
1.1

2.0
1.1
1.1

5.0
4.4
4.4

8.0
1.1
1.1

Gauss Elimination
Step 2. Elimination of from the third equation
: 22 = 1.1
3 = 3 + 2
3.0 2.0 2.0 5.0
0 1.1 1.1 4.4
0
0
0
0

8.0
1.1
0

Example B. If a unique solution exists

+ + 2 = 2
3 + = 6
+ 3 + 4 = 4
1 1 2
3 1 1
1 3 4

2
6
4

Step 1. Elimination of from the second and third equation

: 11 = 1
2 = 2 + 31
3 = 3 1
1 1
0 2
0 2

2
7
2

2
12
2

Step 2. Elimination of from the third equation

: 22 = 2
3 = 3 2
1
0
0

1
2
0

2
7
5

2
12
10

= 2, = 1, = 1

Example C. If no solution exists

3 + 2 + = 3
2 + + = 0
6 + 2 + 4 = 6
3
2
6

2
1
2

1
1
4

3
0
6

Step 1. Elimination of from the second and third equations

: 11 = 3
2

2 = 2 1
3

3 = 3 21
3
0
0

2
1

3
2

1
1
3
2

3
2
0

Step 2. Elimination of from the third equation

1
: 22 =
3

3 = 3 62

0
0

2
1

3
0

1
1
3
0

3
2
12

Gauss-Jordan Elimination
variant of Gauss Elimination
reduces the matrix by further elementary row operations to diagonal form to the unit matrix I
1 0 0
= 0 1 0
0 0 1

Example: Find the inverse

1
= 3
1
Solution:
Create an augmented matrix

Apply Gauss Elimination

1
= 3
1

1 2
1 1
3 4

1 2 1 0
1 1 0 1
3 4 0 0

2 = 2 + 31
3 = 3 1
1 1
0 2
0 2

2 1 0 0
7 3 1 0
2 1 0 1

0
0
1

3 = 3 2
1 1
0 2
0 0
Apply Gauss-Jordan Steps

2 1
7 3
5 4

0 0
1 0
1 1

1 = 1
2 = 0.52
3 = 0.2 3
1
0
0

1 2 1 0
0
1 3.5 1.5 0.5
0
0
1 0.8 0.2 0.2

1 = 1 + 23
2 = 2 3.53
1
0
0

1
1
0

0 0.6
0.4 0.4
0 1.3 0.2 0.7
1 0.8
0.2 0.2
1 = 1 + 2

1
0
0

0
1
0

0 0.7 0.2
0.3
0 1.3 0.2 0.7
1 0.8
0.2 0.2

Check:

1 1
3 1
1 3

0.7 0.2
0.3
= 1.3 0.2 0.7
0.8
0.2 0.2

2 0.7 0.2
0.3
1 0
1 1.3 0.2 0.7 = 0 1
4 0.8
0.2 0.2
0 0

1 = 1 =

0
0
1