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Data Converters
Prof. Chih-Hung (James) Chen
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
E-mail: chench@mcmaster.ca
Why Analog?
Analog - advantages
Most physical phenomena of interest are analog
Required for most real situa:ons
Analog - disadvantages
Analog components - dri>, distor:on, noise, osets,
etc.
Errors in analog signals - accumulate during
processing, transmission, and storage
Data Converter
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Prof. C. H. Chen
Digital Circuits
Digital circuits used in
Computers, data processing
Electronic calculators and instrumenta:on
Control devices
Communica:on equipment, telephone networks, cell phones
Entertainment CD, MP3 Players, TV, radio, camera
Medical equipment
Disadvantages
Advantages
Data Converter
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Prof. C. H. Chen
Fig. 1.1 Block diagram representations of (a) A/D converter and (b) D/A converter.
An analog signal vA is applied to the input of the A/D converter and the
output is an N-bit digital signal that can be represented as
where b1, b2, etc. are the bit coefficients that are either a 1 or 0. The bit b1
is the most significant bit (MSB) and the bit bN is the least significant bit
(LSB).
Data Converter R16.11.1
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Prof. C. H. Chen
vA vs. vD Characteristics
Quantization Error : Constant vD for
1
1
(m )LSB < v A < (m + )LSB.
2
2
Rounding
causes
quantization
error.
VREF = 5V
6 bits
VREF
LSB = N (Quantization)
2
Threshold
Fig. 1.2 Digital output versus analog input for a 6-bit A/D converter.
Data Converter R16.11.1
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Prof. C. H. Chen
Low-Pass Filter
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Prof. C. H. Chen
RF = 10 k
RF
voi =
(5V ) Si , where Si = 0 or 1
Ri
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Prof. C. H. Chen
Drawback: The
accuracy for the
large resistances in
LSB becomes more
difficult to
maintain. The size
of this D/A
converter is in
general limited to a
4-bit input.
vo = voi =
i =1
RF
(5V ) Si
Ri
where Si = 0 or 1
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Prof. C. H. Chen
1
1
Therefore,
I
=
I
=
At any node: Rx = 2R, the current splits equally.
N
N 1 N 1 I1
2
2
1 VREF VREF
= N 1
= N
2 2R 2 R
Advantage:
Easy to control R & 2R.
bN
bi RF if RF = R
b1 b2
vo = ( I i ) RF = ( VREF ) i
=
+
+
...
+
(
)
REF
2
N
2
R
2
2
2
i =1
i =1
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Prof. C. H. Chen
Comparators
High
Low
open-loop
open-loop comparator
comparator .
Data Converter
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Prof. C. H. Chen
1
= LSB
2
High/Low
Comparators
Fig. 1.7 A 3-bit flash or parallel A/D converter.
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3
= LSB
2
Prof. C. H. Chen
High/Low
(b)
(a)
Threshold Voltage
Fig. 1.8 (a) Block diagram of a counting A/D converter and (b) the timing diagram of
a 4-bit A/D counting converter for a specific input voltage.
VREF
1
1
vo = LSB + m LSB, where LSB = N , Quantization Error = LSB
2
2
2
Data Converter R16.11.3
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Prof. C. H. Chen
S1 = Opened
S 2 = v A' (sampled v A )
S 2 = VREF
(b)
(a)
Counter Overflows & Reset
Fig. 1.9 (a) Block diagram and (b) timing diagram of a dual-slope A/D converter .
vA'
VREF
T1 =
RC
RC
T2
T1 = 2 N To , T2 = n To
where To = clock period
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Prof. C. H. Chen