(TP) Chapter 10 - Sound in Ducts

Types of Mufflers
1. Dissipative (absorptive) silencer:
Chapter 10 Sound in Ducts
Duct or pipe
Slides to accompany lectures in
Sound absorbing material

(e.g., duct liner)
Vibro-Acoustic Design in Mechanical Systems
Sound is attenuated due to

absorption (conversion to
heat)
2012 by D. W. Herrin
Department of Mechanical Engineering
University of Kentucky
Lexington, KY 40506-0503
Tel: 859-218-0609
dherrin@engr.uky.edu
Dept. of Mech. Engineering

Types of Mufflers
ME 510 Vibro-Acoustic Design
Types of Mufflers
3. Combination reactive and dissipative muffler:
2. Reactive muffler:
Sound absorbing material
Perforated tubes
Sound is attenuated by reflection and
cancellation of sound waves
Sound is attenuated by reflection
and cancellation of sound
waves + absorption of sound
Compressor discharge details
40 mm

Performance Measures Transmission Loss

Performance Measures Insertion Loss

SPL1
Wi
Wr
Wt
Muffler
Anechoic
Termination
IL (dB) = SPL1 SPL2
Transmission loss (TL) of the muffler:
TL (dB) = 10 log10
SPL2
Muffler
Insertion loss depends on :
Wi
Wt
TL of muffler
Lengths of pipes
Termination (baffled vs. unbaffled)
Source impedance
Note: TL is a property of the muffler; IL is a system performance measure.


Example TL and IL
Acoustic System Components
Expansion Chamber Muffler

Inlet Pipe
Outlet Pipe
Source
Su Su
Source
24
12
Zt
P
(sound pressure
reaction)
20
10
TL and IL (dB)
Any acoustic
system
12
0
-10
200
400
600
800
1000
-20
Input or load
impedance
-30
Insertion Loss
-40
z=
Transmission Loss
P
= r + jx
Su
Termination z
impedance t
Pt
= rt + jxt
Sut
-50
Frequency (Hz)
Pipe resonances

Summary 1
The Helmholtz Resonator
Dissipative mufflers attenuate sound by converting sound

energy to heat via viscosity and flow resistance this
process is called sound absorption.
Common sound absorbing mechanisms used in
dissipative mufflers are porous or fibrous materials or
perforated tubes.
Named for:
Hermann von Helmholtz, 1821-1894, German
physicist, physician, anatomist, and physiologist.
Major work: Book, On the Sensations of Tone as a
Physiological Basis for the Theory of Music, 1862.
Reactive mufflers attenuate sound by reflecting a portion

of the incident sound waves back toward the source.
This process is frequency selective and may result in
unwanted resonances.
von Helmholtz, 1848
Impedance concepts may be used to interpret reactive

muffler behavior.

Helmholtz Resonator Model

V
K=
x
L
SB
M
x + Kx = PSB
o c 2 S B2
x = j uB
x=

uB
j
Helmholtz Resonator Example
L is the equivalent length of

the neck (some air on either
end also moves).
F = PSB
"
K%
j $ M ' uB = PSB
#
&
" 1 %"
P
K%
zB =
= j $ 2 '$ M '
SB uB
&
# SB & #
A 12-oz (355 ml) bottle has a 2 cm diameter neck that is 8 cm

long. What is the resonance frequency?
M = o S B L
10
fn =
Damping due to viscosity in the
neck are neglected
z B 0 when =
c
2
SB
343
=
LV
2
(0.02 )2 4
(0.08)(355 10 6 )
f n = 182 Hz
K
SB
=c
M
LV
(resonance frequency of the Helmholtz resonator)

11

12
Helmholtz Resonator as a Side Branch
Network Interpretation
zB
V
z
Anechoic termination
z=
TL (dB)
15
35 Hz
zB =
0
0
50
100
150
200
250
! 1 $!
P
K$
= j # 2 &# M &
SB uB
%
" SB % "
13
z B 0 when =
K
SB
=c
M
LV
300
Frequency (Hz)

Can we make ZB zero?
10
5
fn = 154 Hz
zB z A
zB + z A
zA
zB
zA
20
V = 0.001 m3
L = 25 mm
SB = 2 x 10-4 m2
S = 8 x 10-4 m2
(any system)
2

c 2S

TL (dB ) = 10 log10 1 +
L S B c 2 V

(Produces a short circuit and P is theoretically zero.)

14
Resonances in an Open Pipe
A Tuned Dynamic Absorber

M2
M1
K2
Original System
P = 1 Pa
M1
source
Tuned Dynamic Absorber
K1
Lp= 1 m
K1
First mode
tune
|x/F|
Original system
c
343
f1 =
= 171.5 Hz
f1
2 (1)
Second Mode
2 = L p =
c
343
f2 =
= 343 Hz
f2
1(1)
Tuned dynamic absorber
M2/M1=0.5
etc.
/1
1 = 2L p =
K 2 K1
=
M 2 M1
15
SPL at Pipe Opening No Resonator

16
Example HR Used as a Side Branch*

2

c 2S

TL (dB ) = 10 log10 1 +
L S B c 2 V

Anechoic termination
V = 750 cm3
L = 2.5 cm (L= 6.75 cm)
DB = 5 cm (SB= 19.6 cm2)
D = 10 cm (S = 78.5 cm2)
fn = 340 Hz
_____
* e.g., engine intake systems
17

18
SPL at Pipe Opening with Resonator
The Quarter Wave Resonator

The Quarter-Wave Resonator has an effect similar to the Helmholtz
Resonator:
tan 2 (kl ) + 4(S S B )2
TL = 10 log10
2
4(S S B )
SB
zB
j c
zB = o cot ( L c) = 0 when L c = n 2
SB
n c
n =
2L
"%
nc
nc
fn =
or L =
= n$ '
#4&
4L
4f
19

Summary 2
20
The side-branch resonator is analogous to the

tuned dynamic absorber.
Resonators used as side branches attenuate sound

in the main duct or pipe.
2
1
TL = 10 log10 4 cos 2 (kl ) + m + sin 2 (kl )
where m is the expansion ratio (chamber area/pipe

area) = 9 in this example and L is the length of the
chamber.
30
25
The transmission loss is confined over a relatively

narrow band of frequencies centered at the natural
frequency of the resonator.
20
TL (dB)
The Simple Expansion Chamber

18
n = 1, 3, 5...
15
10
5
0
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
Frequency (Hz)

21

Quarter Wave Tube + Helmholtz Resonator
Extended Inlet Muffler

18
18
2
6
30
30
25
25
20
20
TL (dB)
TL (dB)
22
15
10
(same for extended outlet)
15
10
5
0
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800

23
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
Frequency (Hz)
Frequency (Hz)

24
Two-Chamber Muffler
Complex System Modeling
9
4
We would like to predict the sound pressure level at the termination.

Quarter-wave resonator
50
Source
TL (dB)
40
30
termination
Area change
Engine
Pump
Compressor
(intake or exhaust)
20
10
0
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
Expansion chamber
Helmholtz Resonator
800
Frequency (Hz)

25

The Basic Idea
26
The Straight Tube

L
The sound pressure p and the particle velocity v are the acoustic state variables
For any passive, linear component:
p1, u1
!# p
1
"
$# S1u1
p2, u2
or
%# (
!
A B +# p2
& =*
-"
C
D
)
,
#$ S2 u2
'#
(x = 0)
S1u1 = Cp2 + DS2 u2

%#
&
'#
u ( 0 ) = u1 =
(x = L)
p ( L ) = p2 = Ae jkL + Be+ jkL
Combining Component Transfer Matrices

Ai
Ci
[Ti ] =
Bi
Di 22
u ( L ) = u2 =
Solve for A, B
in terms of p1, u1
then put into
equations for p2, u2.
u1 = p2 ( j o c) sin ( kL ) + u2 cos ( kL )
p1 = p2 cos ( kL ) + u2 ( j o c) sin ( kL )
)
,
j o c
+ cos ( kL )
sin ( kL ) ."
&
S2
$" p1 &$ +
.$ p2 $
#
' =+
'
.#
%$ S1u1 $( + jS1 sin ( kL ) S1 cos ( kL ) .%$ S2 u2 ($
S2
.*+ o c
(note that the determinant A1D1-B1C1 = 1)

28
L
k,zc
(complex wave number and
complex characteristic impedance)
pn
p1
p1
= [Tn ][Ti ][T3 ][T2 ][T1 ] = Tsystem
v1
v1
vn
[T
system
Asystem
=
Csystem

!# p
1
"
$# S1u1
Bsystem
Dsystem
22
29
Straight Tube with Absorptive Material
Transfer matrix of ith component
Ae jkL Be+ jkL

o c
must have plane waves
(A, B, C, and D depend on the component)

27
1 dp
jk o c dx
AB
o c
p2 ,u2
Transfer, transmission, or four-pole matrix

u ( x) =
p ( 0 ) = p1 = A + B
p1, u1
p1 = Ap2 + BS2 u2
any acoustic
component
p ( x ) = Ae jkx + Be+ jkx
A
B
(
%# * cos ( k ' L )
*
& =*
'# * jS1 sin ( k ' L )
*) zc

30
+
-!
-# p2
-" S u
S1
cos ( k ' L ) -$# 2 2
S2
-,
jzc
sin ( k ' L )
S2
%#
&
'#
Area Change

L
S1
p1 = p2
straight
tube
S1u1 = S2 u2
S2
area changes
1
#! p1
"
#$ S1u1
#% ( 1 0 +#! p2
& =*
-"
#' ) 0 1 ,#$ S2 u2
#%
&
#'
!
# cos ( kL )
!
$
[T ] = # 1 0 &## jS '
" 0 1 %
sin ( kL )
#
"# o c
!
#
cos ( kL )
[T ] = ##
jS '
sin ( kL )
#
#" o c

31
$
j o c
sin ( kL ) &
S'
&! 1 0 $
&
&#
cos ( kL ) &" 0 1 %
%&
$
j o c
sin ( kL ) &
S'
&
&
cos ( kL ) &
&%

32
Transfer Matrix of a Side Branch

SB
18
S'
=9
S
!# p
1
"
#$ Su1

33
Helmholtz Resonator Model

V
K=
x
L
SB
M
x + Kx = PSB
u
x= B
j
"
K%
j $ M ' uB = PSB
#
&
" 1 %"
P
K%
zB =
= j $ 2 '$ M '
SB uB
&
# SB & #
0
1
A B
C D
Wr
K
SB
=c
M
LV
(resonance frequency of the Helmholtz resonator)

Anechoic
Termination
Wt
Transmission loss (TL) of the muffler:
TL (dB) = 10 log10
z B 0 when =
%#
&
#'
1
Damping due to viscosity in the
neck are neglected
35
+!# p
-" 2
-,#$ Su2
Performance Measures Transmission Loss
Wi
L is the equivalent length of
the neck (some air on either
end also moves).
Su1 = ( p2 zB ) + Su2
34
o c 2 S B2
M = o S B L
zB = pB SB uB = p2 SB uB
%# (
1
& =*
#' *) 1 zB

F = PSB
x = j uB
p1 = p2 = pB
Su1 = SB uB + Su2
Wi
Wt
2%
#! S
#
S B cC Sout
TL = 10 log10 " in A + out +
+
D &
c
Sin
Sin
#$ 4Sout
#'

36
Derivation Transmission Loss
Performance Measures Insertion Loss

! A
0
Wi
Wr
#% ( A B +#! p2
& =*
-"
#' ) C D ,#$ S2 u2
#%
&
#'
Anechoic
Termination
Wt
#! p1
"
#$ S1u1
#" C0
p1 = p+a + pa
p+a pa
c
p2 = p+b
Wt =
2
p+b
S2
c
TL = 10 log
p
u2 = +b
c
ZT
#! A Z S + B ZT Z S + C + D ZT %#
IL = 20 log10 "
&
$# A0 Z S + B0 ZT Z S + C0 + D0 ZT #'
Wi
Wt
SPL2
Muffler
ZS
p2
Wi = +a S1
c
u1 =

Sound Wave Reflections in Engines
38
Source Impedance
Waves leaving muffler
Waves leaving engine
ZT
! A B $
&
" C D %
[T ] = #
Express p1, p2, u1 and u2 in terms

of incident reflected waves
37
SPL1
ZS

B0 $
&
D0 %&
[T0 ] = #
A B
C D
Waves Leaving Source
Attenuating
Element
(i.e. Load)
Acoustic
Source
Muffler
Reflected from Source
Reflected from
open end
Engine
Reflected from muffler
Source
ps
Resonances can form in the exhaust and tail pipes as well

as within the muffler.
39
p1 p2
pL

ps
p
= L
zs + z L z L
zL
40
Source/Load Concept
Transfer Impedance
Incident Wave
uL
zs
Reflected from
muffler
Reflected from engine
Reflected from
Attenuating Element
Load
Source
zs , ps
Load
zL , pL
L2
L1
zt , pt
Muffler
Reflected Wave
u1 = u2
Transmitted Wave
ztr
p1
zs
p2
ps
ztr =
pL
p1 p2
Su
41

zL
IL = f (TL, zs , zt )
pt = f (TL, zs , zt , ps )
42
Source Impedance Series Impedance
Insertion Loss Prediction

60
ps
p
= L = SuL
zs + z L z L
50
40
Source
IL (dB)
30
zs
20
Load
uL
10
0
ps
Actual source impedance
-10
Pressure source (Zs=0)
-20
Velocity source (Zs=infinite)
pL
ps = SuL zs + pL
zL
Anechoic source (Zs=rho*c)
zs =
-30
0
200
400
600
Frequency (Hz)

800
43
1000

Source Impedance Parallel Impedance
Load
SuL zL = Sus
uL
us
zs
pL

45
zT =
Derivation Insertion Loss

! A
[T0 ] = # 0
#" C0
B0 $
&
D0 &%
B
p2
zT
p1 = ps S1u1zS
"
p %
= ps zS $ Cp2 + D 2 '
zT &
#
"
B
p %
p2 = ps zS $ Cp2 + D 2 '
zT
zT &
#
p2
1
=
ps A + 1 B + z C + zS D
S
zT
zT
Ap2 +

46
IL = 20 log
ps
Determined in same manner as prior slide
p2,no muffler
p2,muffler
=
A0 +
1
1
z
B0 + zS C0 + S D0
zT
zT
p2,muffler
1
=
1
z
ps
A + B + zS C + S D
zT
zT
!# A Z + B Z Z + C + D Z
%#
S
T S
T
IL = 20 log10 "
&
$# A0 Z S + B0 ZT Z S + C0 + D0 ZT '#
p2
1
=
ps A + 1 B + z C + zS D
0
0
S 0
0
zT
zT
47
p1 = Ap2 +
%#
&
#'
p2
p
S2 u2 = 2
S2 u2
zT
p2,no muffler
ZT

ZT

SPL1
ZS
SPL2
!# p %# (
!
A B +# p2
1
"
& =*
-"
#$ S1u1 #' ) C D ,#$ S2 u2
p p
zS = s 1 p1 = ps S1u1zs
S1u1
pL
S (us uL )
Muffler
1
zs z L
= pL
zs + z L
zL
zs =
44

ZS
Source
ps pL
SuL

48
Summary 3
The transfer matrix method is based on plane wave (1-D)

acoustic behavior (at component junctions).
The transfer matrix method can be used to determine the
system behavior from component transfer matrices.
Applicability is limited to cascaded (series) components and
simple branch components (not applicable to successive
branching and parallel systems).

49

(TP) Chapter 10 - Sound in Ducts

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(TP) Chapter 10 - Sound in Ducts

Hochgeladen von

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

Types of Mufflers

1. Dissipative (absorptive) silencer:

Chapter 10 Sound in Ducts

Sound absorbing material

Vibro-Acoustic Design in Mechanical Systems

Sound is attenuated due to

Dept. of Mech. Engineering

ME 510 Vibro-Acoustic Design

Sound absorbing material

Dept. of Mech. Engineering

ME 510 Vibro-Acoustic Design

Performance Measures Transmission Loss

Dept. of Mech. Engineering

ME 510 Vibro-Acoustic Design

Performance Measures Insertion Loss

IL (dB) = SPL1 SPL2

Transmission loss (TL) of the muffler:

Insertion loss depends on :

Note: TL is a property of the muffler; IL is a system performance measure.

ME 510 Vibro-Acoustic Design

Dept. of Mech. Engineering

ME 510 Vibro-Acoustic Design

Acoustic System Components

Expansion Chamber Muffler

ME 510 Vibro-Acoustic Design

Dept. of Mech. Engineering

ME 510 Vibro-Acoustic Design

The Helmholtz Resonator

Dissipative mufflers attenuate sound by converting sound

Reactive mufflers attenuate sound by reflecting a portion

von Helmholtz, 1848

Impedance concepts may be used to interpret reactive

ME 510 Vibro-Acoustic Design

Dept. of Mech. Engineering

Helmholtz Resonator Model

Dept. of Mech. Engineering

Helmholtz Resonator Example

L is the equivalent length of

ME 510 Vibro-Acoustic Design

A 12-oz (355 ml) bottle has a 2 cm diameter neck that is 8 cm

(resonance frequency of the Helmholtz resonator)

ME 510 Vibro-Acoustic Design

Dept. of Mech. Engineering

ME 510 Vibro-Acoustic Design

Helmholtz Resonator as a Side Branch

Dept. of Mech. Engineering

Can we make ZB zero?

(Produces a short circuit and P is theoretically zero.)

ME 510 Vibro-Acoustic Design

Dept. of Mech. Engineering

ME 510 Vibro-Acoustic Design

Resonances in an Open Pipe

A Tuned Dynamic Absorber

Tuned Dynamic Absorber

Tuned dynamic absorber

ME 510 Vibro-Acoustic Design

SPL at Pipe Opening No Resonator

Dept. of Mech. Engineering

ME 510 Vibro-Acoustic Design

Example HR Used as a Side Branch*

ME 510 Vibro-Acoustic Design

Dept. of Mech. Engineering

ME 510 Vibro-Acoustic Design

SPL at Pipe Opening with Resonator