Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
where y p is the particular solution to the original differential equation, that is,
Ly p f (x )
It must be emphasized that we will always begin by finding the general solution of the
homogeneous case Ly = 0.
y"3 y '10 y 0
Characteristic
Eqn
Linear Operator
r 2 3r 10 0
(r 5)(r 2) 0
r 2 6r 9 0
y"6 y '9 y 0
(r 3) 2 0
y"16 y 0
y ( 4) 18 y"81y 0
y ( 4) y (3) 12 y" 0 r
( D 5)( D 2)
L D 2 6D 9
( D 3) 2
r 2 16 0
L D 2 16
(r 2 9) 2 0
L ( D 2 9) 2
r r 12r
4
L D 2 3D 10
( r 4)(r 3) 0
L D 2 ( D 4)( D 3)
General Solution
y c1e 5 x c 2 e 2 x
y c1e 3 x c 2 xe 3 x
y c1 cos 4 x c2 sin 4 x
y c1 cos 3 x c 2 sin 3 x
x (c3 cos 3 x c 4 sin 3 x )
y c1 c 2 x c3 e 4 x c 4 e 3 x
The table of linear operators and solutions gives us a hint as to how to determine the
annihilator of a function. The functions that correspond to a factor of an operator are actually
annihilated by that operator factor.
Table of Annihilators
f(x)
Annihilator
a n x n a n 1 x n 1 a1 x a 0
D n 1
x n e kx
( D k ) n 1
cos bx or sin bx
D2 b2
x n cos bx or x n sin bx
( D 2 b 2 ) n 1
e ax cos bx or e ax sin bx
( D a) 2 b 2
D 2 2aD a 2 b 2
( D a) b
D 2aD a
2
ax
ax
x e cos bx or x e sin bx
Dk
kx
2 n 1
2
b2
n 1
3 x 2 2 x 5 7 e 2 x
D 3 ( D 2)
3 x 5 7 xe 2 x e 4 x
D 2 ( D 2) 2 ( D 4)
n
n
x n e kx , x cos(kx) or x sin(kx)
3 y" y '2 y 2 x 2 6 x 4 .
Let us note that we expect the particular solution to be a quadratic polynomial.
Solution
We first rewrite the differential equation in operator form
(3D 2 D 2) y 2 x 2 6 x 4
We now identify the general solution to the homogeneous case (3D 2)( D 1) y 0 .
Since the characteristic equation is
(3r 2)(r 1) 0 ,
the roots are r = 1 and r 2
y h c1e
2 x
3
c2 e x .
Now we identify the annihilator of the right side of the non-homogeneous equation:
D 3 ( x 2 5 x 7) 0
We apply the annihilator to both sides of the differential equation to obtain a new
homogeneous equation:
D 3 (3D 2)( D 1) y D 3 ( 2 x 2 6 x 4)
giving
D 3 (3D 2)( D 1) y 0
The next step is critical because we must distinguish between the homogenous solution and
the particular solution to the original non-homogeneous case.
y yh y p
c1e
2 x
3
2 x
2
c1e 3 c2e x A Bx
Cx
yh
yp
2
We must substitute y p A Bx Cx into the original differential equation to determine the
'
specific coefficients A, B, and C ( y p B 2Cx and
y"p 2C
):
3(2C ) ( B 2Cx) 2( A Bx Cx 2 ) 2 x 2 6 x 4
(C = 1)
2C 2B = 6
(B = 2)
6C B 2A = 4
giving A = 0, B = 2, and C = 1.
Therefore, the general solution to the original non-homogeneous equation is
2 x
y c1e 3 c2e x ( 2 x x 2 )
yh
yp
Now consider
y"2 y '15 y 5 x 8e 3 x
Because the characteristic equation for the corresponding homogeneous equation is
r 2 2r 15 0 ,
we can write the differential equation in operator form as
( D 2 2 D 15) y 5 x 8e 3 x
which factors as
( D 5)( D 3) y 5 x 8e 3 x .
yh
yp
2
,
45
1
2
B , C .
3
3
y"2 y '15 y 5 x 8e 3 x
which factors as
( D 5)( D 3) y 5 x 8e 3 x .
Note that the particular solution y p corresponds to the repeated factor D + 3 (since e 3 x
appears in the homogeneous solution) and the factor D2:
y p Ax B Cxe 3 x .
We must now substitute y p and its derivatives into the original non-homogeneous
differential equation to determine the coefficients A,B, and C. We have
y p Ax B Cxe 3 x
y ' p A 3Cxe 3 x Ce 3 x
y ' p 9Cxe 3 x 6Ce 3 x
so substitution yields
9Cxe 3 x 6Ce 3 x 2( A 3Cxe 3 x Ce 3 x ) 15( Ax B Cxe 3 x ) 5 x 8e 3 x .
2 A 15 B 0
8C 8
so that A = -1/3, B = -2/45, and C = 1. Thus, the general solution to the differential equation is
y ( x)
1
2
x
xe 3 x c1e 5 x c 2 e 3 x .
3
45