Ousterhout R Otuken Y Notes On The Monuments of Turkish Thrace Anatolian Studies 39 1989

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NOTES ON THE MONUMENTS OF TURKISH THRACE

By YILDIZ OTUKEN
Hacettepe University, Ankara
and
ROBERT OUSTERHOUT
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
The following notes represent the results of two visits to Turkish Thrace made by
the authors during the summers of 1987 and 1988. In 1987 we visited Edirne, Vize
and Enez, as well as several Byzantine fortifications at other locations. We returned
to Edirne, Vize and Enez in 1988, and in addition we explored the coastal region
southwest of Tekirdag. We encountered numerous monuments of the Byzantine
and post-Byzantine periods in these areas that have not been subjected to scholarly
scrutiny-at least not since the population exchange of 1922-3 dramatically altered
the demographic picture of Thrace. Our purpose in presenting this information is
not to provide the complete documentation for each site visited, nor to provide a
complete listing of the historical monuments of the region. Rather, we would like
to make the scholarly community aware of the unpublished or unstudied monuments of Thrace, as well as the possibilities for further research in the area.
In spite of its historic significance, little research has been undertaken
concerning the Byzantine monuments of Turkish Thrace. Prof. Semavi Eyice has
addressed the problems of Thrace in several studies, as did the late Prof. Feridun
Dirimtekin.' At the end of the last century G. Lampak?s and A. PapadopoulosKerameos recorded the Greek inscriptions from numerous locations, and these
have been useful in the reconstruction of the historical geography of the area, as
have the notes of G. Lampousiades.2 The towns of Ainos/Enez and Herakleia/
Eregli have been the subject of recent archaeological studies.3 But there are many
for permissionto
The authorswould like to thank the VakiflarGenel MiidiirliiWii,
examinemonumentsunder their control. We would also like to thank Erol Qetin, Ch.
Bakirtzis,ThanasisPapaz6tos,Urs Peschlow,Ann Terry,Euniceand HenryMaguire,and
the ArchaeologicalMuseumsof Tekirdagand Edirnefor various assistanceduring the
preparationof this report.
'S. Eyice, "Trakya'daBizansDevrineait Eserler,"Belleten,33, 1969,325-58; idem.,
"Les monumentsbyzantinsde la Thrace turque,"CorsiRav,18, 1971, 293-308; idem.,
"Bizans Devrinde Edirne ve bu Devre ait Eserler," Edirne. Edirne'nin600. Fetih Yild6niimia
Armag'anKitabi,Ankara, 1965, 39-76; idem., "EdirneSaat Kulesi ve UzerindekiBizans

Kitabesi," Giiney-DoguAvrupaAraptirmalartDergisi, 8-9, 1979-80, 1-22 among others. F.
Dirimtekin,"AnastaseSurlari,"Belleten,12, 1948, 1-10; idem., "(atalca Surlari,"AMY,

5, 1963, 41-6; idem, "IncegizmintikasindakiMagara-Manastirve Kiliseleri,"TAD, 7,
1957; idem., "Midye Surlarl ve Aya Nikola Kilisesi," AMY, 5, 1963, 47-65; idem.,
Kalesi,"AMY, 5, 1963,37-40; idem., "La fortressebyzantinede Selymbria,"
"Pminarhisar
ActesduXe Int. Cong.Et. Byz., 1955,Istanbul,1957, 127-9;idem.,"SilivriBizansKalesi,"
AMY, 6, 1965, 19-46; idem., "Vize'deki Ayasofya Kilisesi," AMY, 3, 1961, 18-20; idem.,
"Rock Church at Vize," AMY, 4, 1962, 49-50; idem., "Vize", AMY, 5, 1963, 15-36.
2G. Lampakes,"Periegeseis,"DChAE, 8, 1908, 3-41. A. Papadopoulos-Kerameos,

"Archaiotes kai Epigraphai tes Thrakes," EPhS. Parartema, 16, 1886, 65-113. G.
Lampousiades,"Hodoiporikon,"Thrakika,15, 1941,99-134.
Most recently,A. Erzen, "1986 YihIEnez Kazisi (aligmalari,"IX. Kazi Sonuglari
Toplantisi, Ankara, 1987, II, 279-98; N. Asgari, "Perinthos- 1986 (alismalari," V.
Ara~tirmaSonuglari Toplantist,Ankara, 1987, 135-46.

122
ANATOLIAN STUDIES
more sites in Thrace that require systematic study and that are sufferingthe ravages
of neglect. In addition, the regional museums are too frequently overlooked. Those
at Tekirdag and Edirne, for example, contain outstanding collections of Byzantine
objects, and these would certainly benefit from systematic study and publication.
I. EDIRNE
The Byzantine remains of Edirne (Adrianople) have been discussed by Prof.
Eyice in several studies.4 To his publications we add the following monuments and
observations.
1. Yildirtm Camii. A fragmentary templon architrave is to be found in the
south convent room (tabhane) of the mosque (Fig. 1, P1. XXVI a). In second use
as a window lintel in the south wall, the marble piece was decorated with carving on
at least two surfaces: the front, facing the interior, and the lower surface.5 The
beam measures c. 170 cm. in length, by 27 cm. tall, by 27 cm. wide; it is incomplete, broken at both ends. Its size and the presence of sculpture on two surfaces
suggest that the piece was originally a templon architrave. The lower face has a
trimmed surface 23 cm. wide that may have been for joining with the templon post.
( ~ 1-
Fig 1. Yildirim Camii. Drawing of architrave.
The scene on the front surface was once apparently symmetrical, but in its
incomplete state the main scene is now off-centre. In a round mandorla Christ sits
on a rainbow, gesturing with his right hand; his left may have held a codex. Two
flying angels carry the mandorla. The faces and details of all three figures have been
hacked away. To either side is a lotus-and-palmette motif. On the left side, the
decorative pattern is interrupted by a six-winged seraph, and the same probably
appeared on the other side of the beam as well.
The underside is decorated with a pattern of interlocking circles and rhomboids. In the small compartments thus formed, a palmette motif is used as filler
decoration. The carving on both surfaces is similar, and the decoration of the lower
surface is coordinated with the front: a circle appears on the main axis, its
dimensions identical to those of Christ's mandorla.
Both the interpretation and dating of this piece are problematic. The
"Ascension of Christ" on the front surface is unique among known examples of
decorated templon architraves.6 Figural representations on templon beams are
4As above, n. 1. See also I. Saraphoglou,"Peri tes Adrianoupoleos,"Thrakika,2,
1929,66-82.
but not discussedby Eyice,"BizansDevrindeEdirne,"fig. 12;the caption
5Illustrated
notes that angels are representedon the upperface, althoughthese are not visiblein his
photograph.
6See M. Chatzidakis,"Ikonostas,"RBK, 3, 1973, 326-53, esp. 333, 336. Also V.
Lasareff,"Troisfragmentsd'epistilespeinteset le templonbyzantin,"DChAE,4, 1964-5,
117-43; A W. Epstein, "The Middle Byzantine Sanctuary Barrier: Templon or
Iconostasis?"JBAA, 134, 1981, 1-28.

123
limited to Deesis scenes, as in examplesfrom Selqikler-Sebaste,

Xanthos, Susuz,
Hocalar,or Izmir,7 or to medallionswith saints or apostles,as at Afyon, Tatarlih,
Rodosto-Naipkdy,Athens or Thebes,8or to a praying Virgin with angels or
occasionallyChristwith angels, as at Chalkis,the Blachernaat Arta, Istanbulor
Afyon.9The Edirnearchitraveis exceptional,decoratedas well with seraphimand
ornamentalmotifs.
The odd positioning of the seraph within the lotus-and-palmettefrieze is
intriguing.Thereis a similarityin the forms,and the patternof the leavesmayhave
suggestedthe image.In a like manner,at the Theotokoschurchat Hosios Loukas,
one of the acanthus capitals contains a tetramorph,whereas the others are
decoratedwith foliage.10
The selection of a Festival scene for the architraveshould indicate a postIconoclasticdate. It may also reflectthe developmentof the Dodekaorton,with 12
Festival scenes representedon the architrave.Survivingexamplescome from the
eleventhand twelfthcenturies."In looking for parallels,it must be kept in mind
that the architraveis only 27 cm. tall, and thus a completeAscensioniconography
could not be expected.12Neverthelessthe appearanceof the six-wingedseraphis
interestingin combinationwith an Ascensionscene.
In his study of representationsof the Ascension, K. Wessel brings our
attention to the pre-iconoclasticexamples, as in the apse representationsfrom
Bawit,wherethe throneof Christis flankedby fourgroupsof six-wingedcreatures,
decoratedwitheyes andeachwith one head.The sceneshouldnot be interpretedas
an Ascension but rather as a Theophany. Similar heavenly beings appear on
severalampullaefrom Monza (nos. 14-16), as well as in the RabbulaGospels, in
which the scene combines elementsof the Vision of Ezekiel.13The lintel of the
Evangelists'Door at Alahan shows on the west face a medallionwith a bust of
Christcarriedby flyingangels;the undersideshowsa tetramorphof the four beasts
of Ezekiel'svision. Standingangels are also representedon the doorposts.14
'For Selqikler-Sebaste,
see N. Firath,"Decouverted'uneeglisebyzantineiaSebastede
Phrygie," CArch, 19, 1969, 151 ff. For Xanthos, see J.-P. Sodini, "Une iconostase
byzantine 'i Xanthos," Actes du Colloque sur la Lycie Antique, Paris, 1980, 131 ff.; For
Susuz, Firath, TAD, 19, 1970, 154-5, figs 75-6; for Hocalar, MAMA, VI, no. 399; for
Izmir,Orlandos,ABME, 3, 1937, 144, figs. 17-18.
MAMA, IV. no. 135;for Naipk6y,
8Seefor Afyon, MAMA, IV, no. 40; for Tatarhli,
IRAIK, 16, 1912, 382 and pl. 5 (interestingin this context as anotherexampleof figural
templon decoration from the region of Thrace);for Athens, A. Soteriou, Guide...,
Athens, 1955, 13;for Thebes,OrlandosABMA, 5, 1939-40, 126-8, figs. 7-8.
9ForChalkidi,see A. Xyngopoulos,"To templontes hagiasParaskevesen Chalkidi,"
AD, II, 4, 1927,67-74. For the Blachernaat Arta,see A. M. Orlandos,"Heparaten Artan
MonE t6n Blachern6n,"ABME, 2, 1936, 21-9, figs. 14-22. For Istanbul, G. Mendel,
Catalogue..., Constantinople,1912, II, nos. 697-9, 496-7; an example in the Afyon
ArchaeologicalMuseum is unpublished.For other examples,see above, n. 6, all with
additionalbibliography.
'oSee A. Grabar, Sculptures byzantines du Moyen Age, II, Paris, 1976, pl. XVIII.
"See for exampleK. Weitzmann,TheIcon,New York, 1978,esp. 19 and fig. vii.

12See K. Wessel,"Himmelfahrt,"
RBK,2, 1972, 1224-62,esp. 1249.Wesselnotes that
"aus rfiumlichenGrunden einsetzende Reduzierungdes Himmelfahrtsbildes"can be
centuriesin the Walters
observed,notablyin the steatiteimagefromthirteenth-fourteenth
Art Gallery, Baltimore,no. 612. Representedhere are only two bearingangels and the
enthronedChrist.In the falsedoor panelsin the KariyeCamii,the sceneis dividedbetween
the angels and Christ in one panel and the onlookers in another, see 0. Hjort, "The
Sculptureof the KariyeCamii,"DOP, 33, 1979,pls. 18-19.
13SeeWessel,"Himmelfahrt,"
esp. 1234-8.
14M. Gough,ed., Alahan. An Early ChristianMonastery in Southern Turkey. Toronto,
1985, 87-91, pls. 19-22.

ANATOLIAN STUDIES
124
Similar combinations of angels are found in post-iconoclastic painting as well.

The representations of the Majestas Domini in Cappadocian cave painting are
interesting in this context, as for example in the prothesis of New Tokali Kilise,
where such winged creatures are represented flanking the enthroned Christ."5As
guardians of Paradise they appear in Deesis scenes, as in the west upper chapel of
Sabas at Trebizond, from the second half of the thirteenth century, or in the Last
Judgment, as at the Chora parekklesion.'6
From the post-iconoclastic representations, a fresco from the west wall of the
church of St. George at Kurbinovo is perhaps closest to our scene."7The late
twelfth-century fresco shows a Theophany, with a central Christ in a mandorla
flanked by a cherub, and a tetramorph, two seraphim and two adoring angels. An
illustration in the so-called Theodore Psalter, dated 1066, is also similar."8The text
of Psalm 17.11 makes particular reference to the Ascension: "He mounted a cherub
and flew, borne on the wings of the wind." Here Christ is seated on a rainbow in an
oval mandorla, carried aloft by a pair of two-winged angels and a pair of fourwinged angels. Similar Ascension representations frequently illustrate Psalm 23, as
in the Chludov and Theodore Psalters, since the psalm was viewed in exegetical
writings as a prefiguration of the Ascension."9 The Psalm concludes, "Lift up, O
gates, your lintels [heads];reach up, you ancient portals, that the king of glory may
come in!" (Psalm 23.9). The scene would thus seem particularly appropriate for the
templon architrave, above the main gate to the sanctuary. Occasionally in basilican
churches the Ascension was represented on the east wall above the apse, and the
Edirne templon may recall such iconographic programmes. At Kurbinovo, for
example, the Ascension on the east wall evokes other theophanies presented in the
liturgy through its proximity to the sanctuary.20 In a similar sense, as a Theophany,
the Edirne templon may be viewed in relationship to the altar, the prepared throne
for the Lord's second parousia.
The under surface of the architrave, decorated with geometric circles and
rhomboid motifs, as with the palmette motif, allows comparison with several
examples, such as a templon architrave in Izmir or the templon posts from
Selqikler.2' The combination of geometric interlace pattern with palmettes or
similar motifs is typical in the middle Byzantine period, from the ninth-tenth
centuries and later.22Similar in style and technique to the lower surface of the
"See A. W. Epstein, Tokali Kilise. Tenth-Century Metropolitan Art in Byzantine
Cappadocia,Washington,D.C., 1986,pl. 103.

'6See M. Restle,Byzantine Wall Painting in Asia Minor, Greenwich,Conn., 1967,III,
P. A. Underwood,TheKariyeDjami,New York, 1966,III, pls. 404-5.
529-30;
pls.
Kurbinovo,Brussels,1975,I, 186-97, esp. 187, notes that
17L.Hadermann-Misguich,
the iconographyof the sceneis obscure;II, pl. 92 for illustration.
'8S. der Nersessian, L'illustrationdes Psautiers grecs du Moyen Age, II, Paris, 1970, 21
and fig. 30 (fol. 16v);also Wessel,"Himmelfahrt,"

esp. 1244.
19TheAscensionillustratesthe psalm in the ChludovPsalter,fol. 22r; the Theodore
Psalter, fol. 25v; and the Barberini Psalter, fol. 41r; see N. Gkioles, Hj Analepsis tou
Christou vasei t6n mnimeion tis 1. chilieteridos,Athens, 1981, esp. 59-64; 240-2, and pl. 57;
also Nersessian, L'illustration, fig. 46.
20Hadermann-Misguich, Kurbinovo,I, 167-75; II, pl. 81. 21.
21
For the motif, see Grabar,Sculptures,II, pls. XIV-b (Templonarchitrave,Izmir
Archaeological Museum), IX-b (Templon post, Selgikler), both eleventh century.

22For similar combinations of an interlocking geometrical motif with palmettes, see C.
Sheppard, "Byzantine Marble Slabs," ArtB, 51, 1969, fig. 6 (Iznik Archaeological Museum
no. 705), dated to the end of the sixth or beginningof the seventhcentury;this dating
appears too early in comparison with the middle Byzantine examples, and a ninth-tenth
century date would make more sense.

125
architrave is the lotus-and-palmette motif flanking the Ascension scene.23

2. Ylddirim Camii. Capitals (P1. XXVI b, c, d). Together with the templon
architrave, two cubic capitals, the first in the mosque garden and the second on a
column formerly part of the arcaded entry, are noteworthy marble carvings of the
middle Byzantine period.24In type, size, and decorative repertory, the two capitals
appear to have come from the same building. The first measures 62 x 62 cm., by
36 cm. tall, with a lower diameter of 40 cm. The second could not be measured
because of its position. The abacus of the first is decorated with a rinceau motif;
that of the second is given a profile of three bands. The faces of both capitals are
framed by herringbone motifs at the corners, decorated at the top with a design of
three leaves. The trapezoidal panels of each face are framed by simple fillets. Two
opposite faces include stilted arches that originally framed crosses, similar to the
exonarthex capitals of the Fatih Camii at Enez.25In their second use the crosses
were removed. On the first capital, the other two faces are decorated with an erect
stem from which three leaves rise. Left and right of the stalk are cross-shaped
rosettes. The second capital is similar, but with curved stems framing a small leaf
and a bud in the place of the rosettes.
Both in terms of the flat relief technique and the individual decorative motifs,
the closest parallels for the Yildirim capitals are found in the region of Thrace. The
cubic capital in the garden of the Kosmosoteira at Pherrai, and four of the
exonarthex capitals of the Fatih Camii at Enez are similar.26The herringbone motif
appears only on the Yildirim and Pherrai capitals, whereas the lancet-shaped leaves
and the rosette forms appear on all these examples. The leaves with linear ribs can
be compared with various marble carvings of the eleventh century, as for example
sarcophagi in Kiev and Trajanoupolis, a templon architrave in the Izmir Archaeological Museum, or the closure slabs of the phiale at Lavra Monastery on Mt.
Athos.27 The Yildirim capital must belong to the period of the ninth-eleventh
centuries, probably the eleventh century.
3. Bayezid II Camii. The mosque, constructed 1484-8, contains the noted
Hiinkair Mahfili, the imperial loge, in the southeast corner of the prayer hall
(Fig. 2, P1. XXVII a-d).28 The loge is carried on 15 marble supports, composed of
square pedestals and octagonal colonnettes. The pedestals are set into the floor,
friezeis quite common;see A. K. Orlandos,"Ta Byzantina
23Thelotus-and-palmette
mnemeiates Beras,"Thrakika,4, 1933,fig. 12(a rareexampleof a templonarchitravefrom
Thrace);Hjort, "Sculpture,"236-7, figs. 28a, 29, 36-41, for severalConstantinopolitan
examplesof eleventh-twelfthcenturydate.
24Forthe brieftreatmentof the capitals,see Eyice,"BizansDevrindeEdirne,"Edirne,
73 and figs. 13-14.
25R.Ousterhout,"ByzantineChurchat Enez,"JoB, 35 1985,276, and figs. 22-3.
26Ousterhout,figs. 19-23; also S. Sinos, Die Klosterkirche der Kosmosoteira in Bera
(Vira), Munich, 1985, fig. 9.
27SeeGrabar,Sculptures,
II,261-80,esp.pl. XIII-b, no. 29,p. 48(Izmir);pl. XXXIX-b,
no. 62, pp. 68-9 (Lavra);pls. LVI-a,b and LVIII-b,no. 76, pp. 86-8 (Kiev);C. Asdracha
and Ch. Bakirtzis,"Inscriptionsbyzantinesde Thrace,"AD, 35 1980(= 1986),pl. 65-d,
p. 257 (Trajanoupolis).
II. Beyazid,
Mimarisinde
28Forthe historyof BayezidII Camii,see A. Yilksel,Osmanhli
Yavuz Selim Devri 886-926 (1481-1520), Istanbul, 1982, V, esp. 103-6; for the Hiinkair
mahfili, 115-16 and plan 41. See also G. Goodwin, A History of Ottoman Architecture,
London, 1971,143-50.The planof the Hfinkairmahfiliis basedon the plan of Yiiksel,who

representsaccuratelythe presentform. The plan of the mosquepublishedby C. Gurlitt,
"Die Bauten Adrianopels,"OrientalischesArchiv,I, 1910-11, 1-4, 51-60, pl. CXXIV,
shows the imperial loge with 24 supports, but this is certainly inaccurate,or else it
representsthe formbeforealteration,perhapsbeforethe constructionof the stairs;for this
problemsee Yiiksel, 115-16.

ANATOLIAN STUDIES
126
Ss0sS.
S'15"S
16
4 B
D
s
c
s
11S
sC
S
SJU
171
PedistalPatterns: A B C D E F
SmoothSurface: S
RoughSurface: R
Cutting:U
Fig 2.
Bayezid II Camii. Hiinkar Mahfili, plan showing distribution of materials and designs.
with only their upper portions exposed. Above the colonnettes are muqarna or
pleated capitals, joined by the slightly pointed arches that support the platform.
The eastern row is built into a wall that borders the stairwell to the mahfil gallery,
and two additional supports are visible inside the stairwell. Most of those visible
would appear to be Byzantine spolia, originally pier colonnettes or chancel piers
from churches.29
havebeenonly cursorilynotedin the literature;see for exampleGoodwin, 144,
29These
who calls them "slenderantique columns;"or Yiiksel, 116, who thought them to be
"supportsfrom the Diana Temple,"based on O. Peremeci,Edirnetarihi,Istanbul,1940,
68-72. Spoliaare foundthroughoutthe BayezidII Camii:for example,3 of the columnsin
the courtyardare redgranite,6 are verdeantico,7 are Proconessianmarble,and 3 aregrey
granite;in the prayerhall the centralwindowof the east wall and the columnsflankingthe
mihrabare greenBreccia.

127
Based on the varieties of marbles and the decorative treatments, the 17

supports can be divided into three groups (as per plan, Fig. 2):
Group I. Green Breccia (Larissa Marble). 9 examples: nos. 1, 2, 3, 6, 11, 12,
13, 14, 17.
Group II. Brown marble. 2 examples: nos. 4, 9.
Group IIIA. Proconnesian Marble. 2 examples: nos. 7, 8. These appear from
their carving to be spolia.
Group IIIB. Proconnesian Marble. 4 examples: nos. 5, 10, 15 and 16.
Probably Turkish imitations.
Group L All are monolithic, with the square pedestal and the octagonal
colonnette united, the latter having an elaborately profiled octagonal base and foot
ring, and normally a doubled necking ring with the lower piece octagonal and the
upper circular. The measurements are the same in most of the examples, with the
exception of nos. 2 and 3. The following measurements were taken from example
no. 11 (P1. XXVII b): Pedestal: height 39 cm. above floor level; length 20 cm.;
width 20 cm. Colonnette: height 132 cm., including the base 14 cm., and the
necking ring 5 cm.; total height of pier colonnette: 171 cm.
On no. 2 the exposed height of the pedestal is 15 cm., and the height of the
colonnette is 157 cm., thus it is 25 cm. taller than the other examples. On no. 3 the
exposed height of the pedestal is 44 cm., and the colonnette has no necking ring.
On five of the freestanding examples, of which all sides are visible (nos. 6, 11,
12, 13, 14), the front surface of the pedistal bears the motif of a single inset pattern
with a concave upper surface (Fig. 2 pattern A), whereas the other wides are
smooth. On four examples (nos. 3, 6, 11, 14) one surface, normally to the right or
left of the pattern, is rough.
Group II. The pieces are not monolithic, and the square pedestals and the
octagonal colonnettes cut separately; the colonnettes lack bases and necking rings.
The measurements are similar in both examples. In no. 9, the pedestal has an
exposed height of 39 cm.; length 21; width 21. The colonnette has a height of 172-5;
total height of pier colonnette: 172-5. On no. 4, the pedestal is 40 cm. high, and the
colonnette 134 cm. high, for a total height of 174 cm.
In these examples both the front and rear sides are decorated. No. 9
XXVII
c) shows on its front surface a Latin cross in relief, the side arms flaring
(P1.
outward as they terminate (pattern D). The upper arm was apparently cut away;
the termination of the lower arm is buried in the floor. The rear surface is decorated
with a soffit pattern (pattern F). On the left side is a cutting 6 cm. wide and c. 1 cm.
deep. No. 4 (P1. XXVII d) has on opposite sides differing soffit patterns (patterns B
and E); the lateral surfaces are covered by the wall of the stair well.
Group liA. Both examples are monolithic, with square pedestals and octagonal colonnettes without bases or necking rings. The measurements are similar: no.
8 has a pedestal with exposed height of 40 cm.; length 21 cm.; width 20.5 cm. The
colonnette has a height of 130 for a total height of 170 cm. These are decorated on
the front and back surfaces with a soffit pattern (pattern C). In one lateral surface
of each is a cutting 6 cm. wide and c. cm. deep, presumably for a parapet slab.
GroupIIIB. All examples are monolithic, with a square pedestal and octagonal
colonnette without base or necking ring. Exceptional is no. 15 which has an
octagonal base and foot ring to the colonnette.
Commentary.The major type of stone represented is green Breccia (so-called
Larissa marble), followed by white Proconessian marble, and a brown marble. A
parallel for the first is found in the courtyard of the Topkapi Palace in istanbul,
where Early Christian pier colonnettes of green Breccia have been reused in the
portico. This type of marble was no longer quarried in the Middle Byzantine

ANATOLIAN STUDIES
128
period. Thus the pieces in Bayezid II Camii are perhaps in second usage, perhaps
cut from column shafts.
The form of the pier colonnettes, with square and octagonal elements,
compares with numerous examples from the Middle and Late Byzantine periods,
as at Skripou, Hosios Loukas, Nea Moni and Panagia Krina on Chios, Santorini,
Nerezi, Daphni, and so on.3"In the area of Asia Minor, no templon supports with
octagonal colonnettes have survived.31 Still, the numerous fragmentary finds
indicate that this form must have been spread there as well.32The bases of the
octagonal colonnettes are problematic: their profiles compare with Early Christian
examples, although none of these is octagonal; and none of the known Byzantine
pier colonnettes includes a base. Similarly, the soffit patterns are closer to the Early
Christian repertory, although isolated examples appear again in the later period.33
Possibly the pier colonnettes come from the Dark Ages, and their unique form
represents a transitional phase in the development.
The original height of the pier colonnettes may be reconstructed, based on
known examples, to be between 232 and 272 cm.34 The pedestals should have a
height of c. 80-110 cm. The colonnettes' height of 132 cm. compares closely to the
Santorini example of 130-5 cm. To this a capital of 20-30 cm. height should be
added.
A final question is whether the Bayezid pieces all belonged to a single templon
enclosure. The number of surviving supports does not compare with any known
Middle or Late Byzantine enclosure.35It is possible that eight (but not nine) of the
green Breccia supports could have belonged to the same set, but the similarity of
the two pieces with slightly different measurements is difficult to explain.
4. Capitalsfrom the Metropolitan church(P1.XXVIII a, b). The Metropolitan
church of Edirne was a building of the nineteenth century, but it included several
reused Byzantine capitals. The building has vanished, but three Byzantine capitals
still survive in a garden behind the Sultan Hotel. One of these was illustrated but
not discussed by Eyice.36
30Seefor Skripou,Megaw,BSA, 61, 1966,1-32;for Hosios Loukas,Orlandos,ABME,
7, 1951,132-4, figs. 1-2; for Nea Moni on Chios,Ch. Bouras,Nea Monion Chios(Athens,
1982),fig. 130;for PanagiaKrinaon Chios,Bouras,DChAE,10, 1980-1, 165-80,fig. 1;for
Piskopion Santorini,Orlandos,ABME,7, 1951,197-8, figs. 10-12;for St. Panteleimonat
Nerezi, Lazarev, DChAE, 4, 1964-5, fig. 10; for Daphni, Orlandos, ABME, 8, 1955-6,
77-88, figs. 11-19;for the developmentand state of scholarship,see above, n. 6.

31Forthe knownexamples,see above, n. 7.
32Unpublished
exampleshave been examinedby Otuikenin Iznik, BiiyiukKumlanear
Gemlik,BabasultannearBursa,and on ManastirIslandin LakeApollonia.Thesewill be
publishedin a study of the archaeologicalremainsin Bithyniaand Mysia, to appearin
IstFor.
A appearscommonlyin both periods;see for exampleEarlyChristianpier

33Pattern
colonnettes at Pored, A. Terry, The Architecture and Architectural Sculpture of the SixthCentury Eufrasius Cathedral Complex at Porec, Ph.D. diss.: University of Illinois, 1984,
figs. 163-9 (patternsA and C); and for the Middle Byzantineperiod, E. Stikas, To
Oikodomikonchronikontes Monds Hosiou Louka Phokidos, Athens, 1970, fig. 122 (pattern
A); also A. Orlandos, HJ basilike xylostegos tWsmesogiakis lekanes, Athens, 1950-9, II,
518-19; also A. Peschlow-Bindokatund U. Peschlow,"Die SammlungTuran Beler in

Kumbaba bei $ile," IstMitt, 27/28, 1977/8, 354-6.
34For comparisons, see above, n. 24; also the Blacherna at Arta, as above, n. 8; St.
Sophia at Ohrid, K. Petrov, La plastique decorative ..., Skopje, 1962, 126-57, figs. 3-12;
Veljusa,P. Milkovic-Pepek,Veljusa,Skopje, 1981, 134-8;fig. 24.

35SeeS. G. Xydis, "The ChancelBarrier,Solea, and Ambo of Hagia Sophia,"ArtB,
29, 1947, 1-24; notes that the middle Byzantine arrangement had at the most 6-8 pier
colonnettes, while the Early Christian could have 12-14; see p. 4 for further examples.
36For a brief discussion of the capitals, see Eyice, "Bizans Devrinde Edirne," 74-5;
resim 18.

129
The first, illustrated by Eyice, is cubic in form, measuring 53 x 53 cm. across

the top, 32 cm. tall and 34 cm. in diameter at the bottom. Three of the four sides
are decorated with a Latin cross with arms that flare outward at the ends, with a
pearl represented on each. Stylized striped shoots rise from its base of the cross on
both sides, extending to the triple-profiled abacus. From each shoot five or six
pointed leaves turn toward the cross. The fourth side is blank.
The second capital is almost identical, measuring 52 x 53 cm., by 35 cm. tall,
and 35 cm. in diameter at the base. Three of its surfaces have similar decoration;
the fourth has a star-shaped rosette with six petals. The third example is an
unadorned cubic capital, measuring 77 x 55 cm., by 31 cm. tall, and 36 cm. in
diameter at the bottom.
The decorative motifs of the capitals, such as the star-shaped rosette or the
pearled cross, appear frequently in the marble carving of the tenth and eleventh
centuries.37For example, the type of cross may be compared most closely with the
capitals at Fatih Camii in Enez, as well as with some unpublished cubic capitals
from the same location.38Stylized leaves framing the central motif find parallels in
a cubic capital in Torcello of the tenth-eleventh centuries, as well as in a capital of
the same type in Iznik.39Both the style and decorative elements allow a dating in
the tenth or eleventh centuries for the Metropolitan capitals.
5. EdirneArchaeological Museum. Selected capitals. Several middle Byzantine
cubic or impost capitals are preserved in the museum collection. These form an
interesting group, along with the cubic capitals from Yildirim Camii and the
Metropolitan church.
No. 30. The unique iconography of this cubic capital is perplexing (Pls.
XXVIII c, XXIX a, b). It is carved from white marble and measures 60 x 60 cm.,
by 41 cm. tall, with a lower diameter of 39-5 cm. Two leaf stalks are found on each
surface of the capital, from which striped, stylized leaves extend to the edges and to
the centre of each face. At the edge the leaf tips join with those of the adjoining
surfaces; those in the centre join at the top. On the lower edge and on the central
axis of each face is a lotus motif. Curiously, the stems on two adjoining faces are
rendered as bead-and-reel astragals terminating in human hands. The first shows
the backsides of the hands, wide open with the thumbs toward the centre. On the
second face the hands are closed, grasping the leaves and pulling them downward.
This motif is absent on the other two faces, where the stems have odd spiral forms.
In the centre of the face with the open hands and on the opposite face is found a
plastically rendered 16-petal rosette. On the face with closed hands the central
motif is an eight-pointed star formed by two interlocking squares of double lines;
whatever was contained within this design has been carved away. On the face
opposite this is a plastically rendered eight-petal blossom.
Whereas the astragal stems and hands remain unique, other decorative
elements, such as the plastic forms of the eight-petal blossom and 16-petal rosettes,
find numerous comparisons in the middle Byzantine period, particularly during the
eleventh century. Similar motifs are found on cubic capitals from Bithynia, and
another in the Staatliches Museum in Berlin; with the templon architrave from
Selgiklerin Phrygia; with plaques of Constantinopolitan origin now at Babasultan
37For the star-rosette,see O. Feld, "Die Innenausstattungder Nikolaoskirchein
Myra," in Myra. Eine lykische Metropole, ed. J. Borchardt, Berlin, 1975, 360-428, esp. 374,
pl. 121A,no. 40; Hjort, "Sculpture,"201-89, esp. 267-9, fig. 94-H.

38SeeOusterhout,"ByzantineChurchat Enez,"exonarthexcapitals,figs. 19-21.
39R.
Polacco, Collezioni e musei archeologici del Veneto. Sculture paleocristiane e
altomedioevalidi Torcello,Rome, 1976, 76. Iznik ArchaeologicalMuseuminv. no. 2503

(unpublished).

130
ANATOLIAN STUDIES
in Bithynia, Kiev in Russia, and Lavra on Mt. Athos.40 The eight-pointed star is
similarly but less frequently found in the decorative repertory of the middle
Byzantine period, as for example on a plaque in San Marco in Venice.41 The joining
of the leaf tips and the union of the leaves with the lotus motif at the lower surface
also compare with the templon architrave in Yildirim Camii, discussed earlier, of
similar date.
Unnumbered(P1. XXIX c). The cubic capital is of white marble, measuring
49 x 49 cm., by 24 cm. tall, with a lower diameter of 37-5 cm. The tall abacus is
decorated with four-petal blossoms arranged simply in a row, while the body of the
capital is decorated with lotus blossoms surrounded and connected by a doublestriped band. Both motifs find numerous comparisons in the middle Byzantine
period, as for example on a templon architrave in Demre of the ninth-tenth
century, or on a cubic capital in the Bursa Archaeological Museum.42
No. 24 (P1. XXX a). The cubic capital is of white marble, measuring
48 x 48 cm., by 25 cm. high, with a lower diameter of 34 cm. On the middle of
each surface is a Latin cross with arms that flare outward at the ends. It is flanked
on either side by a stalk of stylized leaves that with their tips touch the
neighbouring leaves. The sharply delineated leaves enclose triangular panels.
No. 27 (P1. XXX b). The cubic capital is of white marble, measuring
43 x 43 cm., by 45 cm. tall, with a lower diameter of 38 cm. The body of the
capital is similar to no. 25, decorated with leaves that spread from the edges to the
middle of each face, with the tips of the adjacent leaves touching. The stylization of
the plant form is reduced to an abstraction, with odd shapes filling the surface
between the leaves.
The last three capitals bear numerous similarities in their measurements and
their decorative elements as well as in their style; this would suggest that they are
chronologically close and of a similar point of origin. Like capital no. 30, they
should belong to the period of the tenth-eleventh centuries.
6. Selimiye Camii. Eagle capital (P1. XXX c). In a recess at the north corner of
the enclosure around the Selimiye Camii (1568-75) stands a single column of
uncertain origin. Its capital is from the early Christian period, of a Corinthian type
with the abacus bosses replaced by eagles with folded wings. It measures 42 cm. tall
and 60 cm. across at the top of each face; the base circumference is approximately
104 cm. The acanthus leaves are heavily undercut, and the larger leaves curl
outward, emphasizing the three-dimensional quality of the capital.
The capital is undoubtedly of fifth-century origin, and its execution finds
numerous parallels with so-called Theodosian or feingezahnter Akanthus capital
type.43Whereas the inclusion of animal motifs was common in capitals from all
40SeeGrabar,Sculptures,II, 1976,pl. IX-d, no. 13, pp. 43-4 (BursaArchaeological
Museumminv.
no. 304); pl. X-c, no. 15, pp. 43-4 (Bursainv. no. 2714);pl. IV-c, no. 11,
pp. 41-2 (Sel9ikler);pl. IX-a, no. 18, pp. 44-5 (Afyon); pl. XXXIX, no. 62, pp. 68-9
(Lavra phiale);pl. LIX-b,c, no. 76, p.
(Kiev, St. Sophia);pl. LVI-a,b, no. 76, p. 86
.84 inv. no. 2503 are unpublished.
(Kiev); examples from Babasultan and Iznik
41See F. Zuliani, I marmi di San Marco. Un studio e un cataloga della scultura

ornamentalemarcianafino all' XI secolo, Venice, n.d., 101, fig. 74.
42See Feld, "Innenausstattung," Myra, 370, pl. 119-B, no. 31; also compare pl. 122-C,
no. 46, p. 346. For other examples, Grabar, Sculptures, II, 1976, VI-c, VII-a, no. 11,
pp. 41-2 (Selqikler); pl. XII, no. 25, p. 46 (Izmir Archaeological Museum); see also pl.
X-c, no. 15, pp. 43-4 (similar to Bursa inv. no. 2683).
43SeeR. Kautzsch, Kapitellstudien, Berlin, 1936, 115-36, and esp. nos. 389-413; E.
Kitzinger, "The Horse and Lion Tapestry at Dumbarton Oaks," DOP, 3 (1946), 61-72.
Also J. Kramer, Skulpturen mit Adlerfiguren an Bauten des 5. Jahrhundertsn. Chr. in
Konstantinopel(diss. Munich, 1965), Kl61n,1968, 86-96 for a list of eagle capitals known to
him. Also J.-P. Sodini, "Sculpture architecturale," Actes du XACongres Int. Arch. Chr., I
(1984), 207-98, esp. 225-7.

131
partsof the Byzantineempire,the lack of a horizontaldivisionin the Edirnecapital

is a featureassociatedwith the circle of Constantinople-as opposed to the socalledtwo-zonecapitalsmorecommonin the northAdriatic.44Typically,the eagles
are representedwith wings spread,positionedon the diagonals,so that the heads
replacethe volutesof the acanthus.It is less commonfor eaglesto be positionedon
the main faces of the capital;these sometimesappearin conjunctionwith bull or
ramprotomes,and occasionallypeacocksarepositionedon the axis witheagleson
the diagonal.45A fragmentof a capital from Thessalonikifeaturesan eagle with
outspreadwings replacingthe abacus boss, and similar examples,probably of
Constantinopolitanorigin and fifth-centurydate, are found at Hobi in Georgia
and at S. Marco in Venice.46Birdswith folded wings appearmore commonlyon
the diagonal.47Still, there seems to have been an interchangeabilityof forms in
early Christiancapital design, and it is not uncommonto find details of volute
patternsrepeatedon the acanthusboss.48 The Edirnecapital thus representsan
interestingvariationon a themecommonin the earlyChristianperiod.
II. MONASTERIESNEAR ENEZ
Located at the end of the road, on the Greek border, Enez (Ainos) has
receivedlittle attention.At the beginningof this century,G. Lampakescalledthe
city "mega Mouseion tas christianikestechnes"-a great museum of Christian
art.49G. Lampousiadesclaimedthat therewere70 churchesin the town, although
namesfor only about one-thirdthat numberhave been recorded.5"
Until the early
twentiethcenturytherewas a sizeableGreekpopulationin the area. In 1922 the
seat of the metropolitan was transferred from Ainos to Alexandroupolis
(Dedeagaq),as the Christianpopulationof the regionmovedto Greekterritory.In
fact, as Mystakidasrecords,the declineof Ainos and the shift of the population
had begun severaldecadesbefore,when the railwayconnectionto Dedeagaqand
its subsequentcommercialactivitygraduallysupersededthat of Ainos. By 1881,
whole neighbourhoodswere abandoned,and wooden buildingswere removed.5"
Many of the treasuresof the churcheswerealso transferred,and these are now in
the EcclesiasticalMuseumof Alexandroupolis.52
Three post-Byzantinemonasteriesare recordednear Enez, dedicatedto the
Panagiatas Skalotes(or Skaloti),Ag. Panteleimon,and Ag. Athanasios.Although
the monasterieshad some importancein the local history duringthe nineteenth
century,by the beginningof the twentiethcenturythey werevirtuallyabandoned.
61; Kautzsch,152-65, and nos. 477-534.
"44Kitzinger,
45Seefor example,Kitzinger,figs. 84-9.

46Thessalonike. Istoria kai Technj (Ekthes?Lefkou Pyrgou), Athens, 1986, 39-40,
no. 20a; W. Djobadze,"Remainsof a ByzantineAmbo and ChurchFurnishingsin Hobi

(Georgia)",AA (1984),627-40, esp. 636-7 and figs. 11-12;F. W. Deichmann,Corpusder
Kapitelle der Kirche von San Marco zu Venedig,Wiesbaden, 1981, 145-6, pl. 49, no. M-1.
47Kitzinger,figs. 107-9, 111-12.
48Seealso E. D. Maguire,"Rangeand Repertoryin CapitalDesign,"DOP, 41, 1987,

351-61, for varietyin earlyChristiancapitaldesign.
49Lampakes,
"Periegeseis,"4-32.
50G.Lampousiades,"Hodoiporikon,"Thrakika,15, 1941, 119 ff.; see also Samides,
"EpigraphaiAinou," Thrakika,2, 1929, 279-83; F. W. Hasluck, "Monumentsof the
Gattelusi,"BSA, 15, 1908-9, 248-57. Severalof the existingmonumentsare discussedby
Eyice, "Trakya",348-54. For recentexcavations,see above, n. 3.
51B.A. Mystakides,"Enia-Ainia,"Thrakika,2, 1929,47-62; also idem, "Enia-Ainia,"
Thrakika,3, 1932,44-54.
52MetropolitesAnthimos Roussas, To Ekklesiastiko Mouseio kai hoi Palaies Ekklisies,
Alexandroupolis,1978,esp. 26.

ANATOLIAN STUDIES
132
With the departure of the Orthodox Greeks during the population exchange of the
1920s and subsequent developments in Thrace, the exact locations of these have
been forgotten. Assisted by older maps and texts, as well as by discussions with the
villagers, we were able to locate the remains of Skaloti and Ag. Panteleimon in July
of 1987. The following year we were able to visit the site of Ag. Athanasios as well.
1. Skaloti. Of the three, Skaloti was undoubtedly the most important, and it
has continued to appear in occasional footnotes. In the publication of the typikon
of the Kosmosoteira monastery, for example, L. Petit suggested that Skaloti might
be identified with the Kosmosoteira, although the identification of the site of the
Kosmosoteira with Feredjik (modern Pherrai, in Greek Thrace), first made by
Uspenski, has been generally accepted.53Doubts have continued to surface, and
Skaloti continues to be mentioned in this discussion.54The recent study of the
Kosmosoteira by S. Sinos should put the matter to rest.55
Skaloti is mentioned by occasional travellers of the nineteenth century. A map
of Choisseul-Gouffier of 1809 shows a "Monastere Escalotti" southeast of Ainos,
near the peak of a mountain above the village of "Amidalliac".56Ami Boue also
visited the area in 1851, noting the trachytic buttes that formed the "TschatalTepe". He wrote, "Pres de la au N.E. est la couvent de St.-Athanase nomme
Scaloti, 'i cause de la forme des rochers trachytiques."57He is probably conflating
two of the monasteries, but the reference to the rock formations must indicate
Skaloti.
In several notices written in the 1880s concerning local history Mystakides
records that Skaloti was founded by the emperor I6annes Komnenos in 1140, and
that it was granted stauropegion status-putting it under the jurisdiction of the
Patriarch of Constantinople-by I6annes' son Manuel.58 This information was
based on a stauropegioncross preserved in the monastery; this was first published
by Mystakides, and later discussed by A. Papadopoulos-Kerame6s, who offered
some corrections to Mystakides' reading of the inscription.59 The cross was made
of bronze, with a length of just 3/8 pechys, or about 10 inches, and it records the
names of Emperor Manuel Komnenos and Patriarch Michael, as well as the year
1172. The same cross was later noted by L. Petit.60
Lampakes visited the monastery in 1902, and he provides some information
about its location: just beyond the purely Greek villages of Maistros and
1
Amigdalia, about two hours from Ainos.6 At that time there was only one monk,
the hegoumenos.The monastery was enclosed by a wall of squared stone, giving it
more the impression of a fortress than of a monastery. Lampakes states that
Skaloti was a stauropegionmonastery, founded by Alexios Komnenos (I or II), but
53L.Petit,"Typikondu Kosmosotira,"IRAIK,13, 1908,19.Th. Uspenski,"Konstantinopoliskiiseraliskikodeksvosimuknizniia,"IRAIK,12, 1907,26-7.
54SeeO. Jurewicz,AndronikosI. Komnenos,Amsterdam,1970,33;N. Sevienko, "The
Tomb of Isaak Komnenosat Pherrai,"GOTR,29, 1984, 136 n. 3.
55Sinos,Klosterkirche, 1-34, esp. 7, 15-16.
56Compte de Choisseul Gouffier, Voyagepittoresquede la Grece, Paris, 1808, II,
pl. XIII.
57A.Boue, Recueil d'itinerairesdans la Turquied'Europe,Vienna, 1851, I, 106.
58B.A. Mystakides,"Ainou Anekdoton Sigillon,"Deltion tis Historiaskai Ethno-
logias Hetairias tis Hellados, 2, 1885, 622-5; idem, "He Ainos," Hebdomas, 52, 1885, 86-8.
59B. Mystakides, Neologos, 1882, no. 3934; A. Papadopoulos-Kerame6s,

"Sympleromates dymonteiousyllogeston Thrakik6narchaiotet6n,"ThrakikeEpeteris,1,
1897,9-11.
60Petit,"Typikon,"19.
6 Lampakes,"Periegeseis,"
33-9.

133
he notes that the foundationcross, inscribed"AlexiosKomnenosKtetorMon&s",

had been lost duringthe ordinationceremoniesfor the metropolitanPhirmilianos
in 1902.62
Duringhis visit, Lampakesrecordedall visibleinscriptionsbut sayslittlemore
concerningthe physicalappearanceof the monastery.On the northwest,or main,
fagade of the monasterywas the inscription"ETOUCZPM"-that is, the year
7140, or 1632A.D. Another inscription on the facade read "MHP OOU/
KOMINAE(KOMINE)/AOUKAKOMNHNOU + ", whichLampakesbelieved
to indicate the Komnenian foundation.63Other inscriptions were from the
eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, and the icons and liturgical objects all
apparentlypost-Byzantine.The katholikonwas dedicated to the Koimesis tes
Theotokos,and a chapel(naidion)was dedicatedto Ag. Trias.The skeuophylakion
was in this chapel, and in it were preservedthe skulls of Ag. Sophronios of
Jerusalemand an anonymoussaint, as well as four patriarchalseals:Neophytos
(1602),Parthenios(n.d.), Gabriel(1702/1707),and Anthimos(1845/1847).
The photographs by Lampakis, now in the archives of the Byzantine
Museum,Athens, show the fortress-likeimpressionof the monasteryat the top of
the hill; two views show the interiorcourtyardand another the interior of the
church(P1.XXXI a).64 These photographsare importantfor the positiveidentification of the site, as well as in reconstructingthe originalform of the monastery.
However, they show a distinctly post-Byzantinemonastery with no physical
evidenceto bear out the traditionof a Komnenianfoundation.
The later writingof B. Mystakidesin Thrakikaadds some more information
about the monastery of Skaloti.65 Although published only in 1929-32, his
descriptionis apparentlybased on a visit severaldecades earlier,apparentlyin
1881. As before, he attributes the foundation of the monastery to I6anne-s
Komnenos, c. 1140. The location is given as 20 minutes from the village of
Amigdalia,by an impassibleand steep road, and he notes the magnificentview:
from the monastery one could see the lights of Dedeaga9 (Alexandroupolis),
Samothrace,Imbros, Thasos, and even the castles of the Dardanalles,weather
permitting.
Mystakidasalso notes the patriarchalseals, althoughby the time of his visit
the oldest, that of Neophytos,was lost. He describesthe ordinationceremoniesof
the metropolitanPhirmilianosas the final splendourof the monastery,whichwas
falling into ruins at the time. He also mentions the chapel of Ag. Trias and the
skeuophylakion.
From Skaloti two metal seals are preservedin the EcclesiasticalMuseumof
Both representan orant Virgin with the Christchild. One is
Alexandroupolis.66
inscribed,"He PanagiaTheotokos tes HierasMones Skalotesen etei 1831."The
second, a cruder representation,reads "SphragisHieras Monis Panagias tes
Skalotes."
Curiously,on maps of the early twentiethcentury,Skalotiis called the Holy
Trinity.An Austrianmap of 1904showsthreemonasteriesin the vicinityof Ainos,
but that aboveAmigdaliais identifiedas Sv. Trojica.In a BritishOrdnanceSurvey
Map of 1909, based on the generalstaff maps of Russia, 1884, the same site is
identifiedas St. Troitsi Monastery(Fig. 3).67 We suspectthat on both maps the
62Lampakes,"Periegeseis,"38-38, includinga rough sketchof the cross.
63Lampakes,"PeriEg~seis,"33-9.
64Nos. 3431-4.
65Asabove, n. 62; for Skaloti, esp. Thrakika, 3, 1932, 47-9.
66Roussas,
EkklesiastikoMouseio,10, pl. 14.
67BritishOrdnance Survey, Geographical Section, General Staff no. 2097.

134
ANATOLIAN STUDIES
-o!-
1'
~~~ulkhoab.f.paaCe
N.
26
.S>
J 4wAp
d-s2
.&...r
.A
-P-.--b
.0
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_
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, .
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I.B$
Fig 3.
British Ordnance Survey map, 1909. Rodosto, Turkey. Detail of region of Enez/Ainos.
name is eithera misnomeror an alternativedesignationfor Skaloti,repeatingthe

dedicationof its chapel, Ag. Trias. Only three monasteriesare documentednear
Enez, and only three are representedon the maps;a monasterydedicatedto the
Holy Trinityis otherwiseuntestified.
There are two villages of some antiquitylocated east-southeastof modern
Enez,now calledYenicekdyand Qavupk6y.The inhabitantsof the firstremember
the old nameof theirvillageas Maistro.At (avupk6y the old namewas lost, since
the village was only resettledin 1927, several years after the departureof the
Greeks, but it correspondsin position to Amigdaliaon the older maps, and the
local tradition records that the monastery above this village was the main
monasteryof the region.

135
To the northeastof (avuskdy, threedistinctiverockypromontoriesriseat the

peak of the hill, and the ruins of the monasteryare found at the centralof these.
The site can be reachedby a 25-minutewalk along a ruggedpath, and the view
fromthe site is magnificent,as Mystakid~srecounted.Locatedon a levelplateauat
the peak of the hill, the projectingrock has beencut to formpartsof the monastic
settlement(P1.XXXI b). The rock-cutapse and prothesisniche of the churchare
clearly evident on the main level, oriented to the east. The relationshipof the
churchto the rocky outcroppingcorrespondswith the Lampakasphotograph.To
the south of the church,terracesare cut into the rock on two levels; the upper
terraceincluded a squared cell and an elongated apsed chamber,perhaps the
chapel of Ag. Trias.
Belowon the plateauleveltwo cisternswerecut into the bedrock;one of these
is visiblein the Lampakesphotograph,positionedcentrallyin the courtyard.Of the
formidableenclosurewall only traces of the foundations, stone set with white
mortar, can be detected today. These, combined with information from the
photographs,wereusefulin reconstructingthe plan of the monastery(Fig. 4). The
main enclosurewas about 45 m. long. An outer enclosureappearsin one of the
Lampakesphotographs,and this extended about 25 m. to the east. In a brief
surveyof the site we found numerouspost-Byzantinepotsherds,but nothingfrom
the Byzantineperiod.
There is also some evidence that the rocky outcroppingsflanking that of
Skalotiwereusedby the monastery.The remainsof severaltombscan be observed
in the northwestpeak, includingone with an inscribeddate of 1760.68
Severalwritershave commentedon the etymologyof the name Skaloti.Boue
suggestedthat the name came from the form of the trachyticrocks.69 L. Petit
claimedthat the name came from an icon of the Virginveneratedthroughoutthe
regionthat dominatedthe principalstaircase,but we have found no othersupport
for this assertion.70The name could also derivefrom the step-liketerracesof the
monasterycut into the rock.7'The name appearingon maps, Ag. Trias,may also
derivefromtopographicalfeatures,specificallythe threeprominentrockyoutcroppings that rise above the village.
Ag. Panteleimon.Most informativeconcerningthe situation of Ag. Panteleimonis the accountof the visit by A. Grisebachto the monastery,publishedin
1841.72 Grisebachtravelledto EnezthroughKeganand Amidalliak(Qavuakdy)on
21 May 1839,and he remainedthereuntil 30 May.73His wanderingsaroundEnez
wereprimarilyfor the purposeof clarifyingthe botanicalconditionof the region,
and this led him to Qataltepesi,whose northwest corner he refers to as the
Klosterberg,on account of the monastic foundations.74 After he "climbedthe
highest point on (ataltepesi", a 1200-mn.
hill, he reachedthe monasteryof Ag.
68Thesame date appearsin a numberof inscriptionsrecordedby Lampakes,
"Periegeseis," 34-5.
69Boue, Regueil, I, 106.
7?Petit,"Typikon," 19.
71Th.Papaz6tos has suggested to us that the name may derive from the cutting of
terraces into the slope. In the province of Sphakia on Crete a village called Skaloti is
positioned on a slope; see K. Amantos, Athina, 22, 1910, 203. Our thanks to Rene and
Henry Kahane for this reference.
72A. Grisebach, Reise durchRumelienund nach Brussa im Jahre 1839, G6ttingen, 1841,
I, 175-9, esp. 175; see also 142, 160, and pl. II.
73Grisebach,I, 51, 189.
74Grisebach,I, 160.

'A0
I-
-4,
rIA
"
-.-
CLOISTER
0
"
i
~~9'/r
.,,.
45
A.
E N TR A N CE?
' .. .-]
"f
1
1..
.o
Mimi
..
Fig 4.
Skaloti Monastery. Reconstructed plan.

c r -R
t.
137
Panteleimon without passing through Maistro (Yenicekoy). According to

Grisebach, the footpath to the monastery was not long, but unshaded, rough, and
rocky; however, the site was charming. The monastery was enclosed by four walls,
rising high out of a gorge. Before the entrance was a spring with a stone basin,
shaded by trees. Just before the monastery was a bridge over the stone bed of a
brook, dry at the time of Grisebach's visit, but he was told that in other seasons it
was fed by a 30-foot waterfall in the middle of the gorge. Through the gate,
Grisebach entered the central court of the monastery, surrounded by buildings on
four sides. Stairs led to a gallery, connecting the individual cells to a single-storied
Wohnhaus.Only a single priest lived in the monastery at that time, although the
locals used the monastery as a sort of hostel.
On the accompanying map, "Kloster Pandelemona" is situated almost due
east of Ainos, in the first terrace of hills in the coastal chain. Further to the east is
the higher, coffin-shaped Porphyrberg, which may be the mountain on which
Skaloti was located.75To the south is the village of "Amidalliak", not quite in the
correct position. Maistro is omitted, as is mention of the other monasteries in the
region.
The Austrian map of 1904 clearly positions "Mon. Sv. Pantelejmona" north
of the village "Majsra", and it is in the same position on the Ordnance Survey map
of 1909 (Fig. 3). The present name of Maistro, Yenicek6y, appears already in the
foundation documents of Sultan Bayezid II from the beginning of the sixteenth
century.76 Probably identical with Yenicek6y is "Zinezzek6i" on Grisebach's map,
and "Dschinidgekoi" in the travel account of A. Boue.77
The monastery of Ag. Panteleimon is placed by Lampakes and Mystakides a
short distance from the village of Maistros.78Originally a parochial monastery, by
the 1880s it was abandoned. Mystakides chronicles the transference of the
monastic properties to the school of Ainos, built on the property of the metochion
of Ag. Iannes after the demise of the monastery.79Lampakes notes an inscription
above the entrance to the monastery with the date 1760.
The remains of Ag. Panteleimon were easily discovered, a 15-minute walk
northwest of the present village of Yenicek6y. The stone foundations of the south
and east enclosure wall are still visible in a small gorge (P1. XXXI c). The
rectangular enclosure wall extends in a north-south direction over a small hill. The
cells noted by Grisebach have been completely destroyed. The large mound of
rubble in the middle would appear to be the remains of the church. Three streams
converge in the gorge, and two of these isolate the outcropping on which the
monastery was located. Two arched stone bridges span the brooks immediately to
the northwest of the site; that nearest the monastery is above a waterfall
(P1. XXXI d). Below the site to the east is another footbridge, now destroyed, and
a grove of plane trees. The site is covered with mounds of debris, including
quantities of post-Byzantine ceramics, roofing tiles, and painted plaster. Much of
the latter is a deep red colour, like that common on Athonite churches. An old man
from Yenicekdy remembers that the monastery was already in ruins when he came
"70 years ago".
75Grisebach,I, pl. II, and 161: "wegen der roten Farben und wegen den
die auf die volkanischeEntstehunghinweisen,"it has a "gewissen
Lagerungsverhiltnissen,
Tonporphyr"and came to be called "Porphyrberg".
76M. T. Gdkbilgin, xv. ve xv. astrlardaEdirne ve Papa Livasi, Istanbul, 1952,
158, 377.
I, pl. II; Bou6, I, 106.
77Grisebach,
41.
"Mystakides,"Enia-Ainia,"1932,45-7; Lampakes,"Perieg~seis,"
79Asabove, n. 58.

138
ANATOLIAN STUDIES
Ag. Athanasios. Mystakides has left our only known description of Ag.
Athanasios of Tsaderi, located five hours from Ainos.8o It was "well built, large,
and old", surrounded by forest. In the 1887 listing of 57 stauropegionmonasteries,
Ag. Athanasios was listed eighteenth, following Skaloti. The monastery was
destroyed by fire during the Balkan Wars. It held several patriarchal seals, of which
Mystakides notes only that of Dionysios of 1678.
The Austrian map shows "Mon. Sv. Afanasia" toward the eastern side of the
mountains, east-northeast of Ainos. The Ordnance Survey map identifies the site as
Tzandir Mon., with the village of Tzandir about half-way between the monastery
and the village of Chataltepe. A German map of 1912 (Karte des Turkischen
Interessen Gebiets) also shows Ag. Athanasios, but not the other two monasteries.
The site is now reached by the road to Haskoy, proceeding on foot from the
village of Qadir southeast along the path toward Arnautkoy for about 20 minutes.
The area is forested but relatively clear around the monastery site, which opens
eastward toward the valley and slopes up gradually to the hills in the west. The plan
of the monastery may still be discerned by the mounds of rubble formed by the
fallen stones of its walls and the tiles from the roof. The enclosure was rectangular,
measuring approximately 29 by 40 m. overall. The interior court was ringed with
buildings on three or possibly four sides, with the entrance to the west. A
rectangular building was positioned centrally in the courtyard, and this was likely
the church. A brick cistern was constructed near the entrance.
III. VIZE
1. The church called Ayasofya (P1. XXXII a). Presumably the episcopal
church of the Byzantine town of Bizye, Ayasofya has been briefly discussed by F.
Dirimtekin, C. Mango, and S. Eyice.8"While a variety of dating has been proposed,
Mango's suggestion of before the end of the ninth century would make the most
sense. The basilican plan is covered by a central dome, extended by barrel vaults on
the longitudinal axis, and transverse barrel vaults above the galleries. Construction
is of rough stonework with occasional brick bands. Apparently much repair has
been carried out during the centuries, but it is in a similarly rough technique,
impossible to distinguish from the original.
Detailed analysis of the fabric of the building is now hindered by the recent,
heavy-handed restoration of 1983-4 by the istanbul Vakiflar Bl61geMiidilfiiii
that was apparently abandoned before completion. The building remains in an
unfortunate and nonfunctional state. The picturesque wooden structure that
covered the gallery of the narthex had been removed sometime earlier, revealing
the corbels that once supported the Byzantine roof, similar to those at Ag. Sophia
in Thessaloniki. A complete study of the building is long overdue.
Certain features were uncovered during the restoration, indicating that the
construction history of Ayasofya still poses many problems. Numerous spolia,
now lying to the west of the building, may relate to the original decoration, such as
the fragment of an ambo and an Ionic impost capital. To the north and south sides
of the building, about 3 m. of earth was cleared away, while to the east, over 10 m.
of dirt was removed, exposing the lower portions of the apses. The brick foundations of a large, semicircular apse were also uncovered (Fig. 5, P1. XXXII b).
Slightly narrower than the tripartite sanctuary of the existing building, the apse
8?Mystakides,"Enia-Ainia," 1932, 50-1.
8F. Dirimtekin,"Vize,"AMY, 3, 1961,18-20, 47-9; S. Eyice,"Trakya,"Belleten,33,

1969,326-33, pls. 1-9; C. Mango,"TheByzantineChurchat Vize(Bizye)in Thraceand St.
Mary the Younger," ZR VI, 11, 1968, 9-13.

139
Fgo
Fig 5.
extends 3-70 m. to the east. Foundations continue to the north and south. The
bricks measure 4-0-4-5 cm. by 23-27 cm., with mortarbeds 5-0-5-5 cm. thick. The
mortar is white and hard and includes brick fragments. We may presume that this
was the eastern end of an early Christian church, and that the present building was
constructed on the site of its predecessor.
2. The arcosolium in Ayasofya and its fresco. Two niches are found in the
south wall of the naos. The first, a later addition, is in the westernmost bay of the
south side aisle. The second (P1. XXXII c) clearly belongs to the first period of
construction and is located in the third bay of the same aisle. These have not been
noted in previous research and merit attention through new finds and observations.82During the restoration and cleaning carried out by the Vakiflar in 1984, a
brick tomb containing a skeleton was discovered below the floor directly in front of
the second niche.83Thus the niche can be recognized as an arcosolium grave.
Although no photographs were taken, the tomb below the floor is worth
further comment. According to the restorer, E. Qetin, in order to determine the
original level of the floor and column bases, the hexagonal Ottoman floor tiles were
removed, and approximately 1 m. below this the original Byzantine marble floor
came to light. The grave lay directly below the marble floor. The tomb lay
immediately before the arcosolium on an east-west orientation; the bottom was
curved, like a trough, along the sides and on the ends. The tomb was covered over
with flat bricks. Parts of the skeleton had disintegrated, and the remaining bone
82Theplan publishedby Eyice,"Trakya,"pl. 4, shows only the nichein the thirdbay;
the other is not represented.
83Theinformationconcerningthe Vakiflarrestorationof 1984comes to us in a letter
dated 17/8/1987 from the restorer-architect
who directedthis work, Erol Qetin of the
IstanbulVakiflarBl61geMiidfirligii.

140
ANATOLIAN STUDIES
fragmentsweregatheredand reburiedto the west of the church.Qetinthoughtthat

the skeletonmightbe of a femalebecauseof the delicateskulland bone structure.
In addition,a lead seal was found on the chest of the skeleton(P1.XXXIII a).84
Thisbearsthe nameof TheodoreDecapolites,an importantlegalfigureof the early
to mid tenth century.85The seal measures 27 x 30 x 2 mm., with two holes
runningverticallythroughits thickness,in which the originalcords to attachthe
seal to the documentwouldhavebeen.The inscriptionconsistsof fivelineson each
face, surroundedby a borderof dots.
Obverse: +eEO/TOKE
' BO[H]/EEITOC)C[CO]/ A[OU]ACO 9[E]/OAOPO
W
+ EOT'r6KE
PO
3 E10TC-~
580
EOc5p,'o
[+ Theotokoshelp your servant
Theodore]
Reverse:+?HATPI/[K]I&O
KAIK/[O]IAICTOP/
[T]COAEKA/HOAIT
+T-rarplKilp Kai
KOialTo-opl
T7W
AEKaTroAi-rTTS
[+ patriciusand quaestorDecapolites]
The archedenclosureof the arcosoliumis c. 2-0 m. tall, 2-02 m. wide at floor
level, and 0-65-0-68m. deep. Against its back wall is a rectangularmarble
plaque, 2-02 m. in length and 0-96 m. in height, decoratedin the middle with a
double border profile. At the same position on the exteriorwall is a piece of
marble,measuring2-32 m. in length, and 0-87 m. in height above ground level
(Pl. XXXIII b). It has a simplerectangularframeand three rectangularindentations along the top with a small hole in the middleof each.86
Above the arcosolium,an extremelyfragmentaryByzantinefresco has been
uncovered(Fig. 6, P1.XXXIII c). Three figuresmay be discernedin the plaster,
althoughthe headsand legs are no longerto be seen.On axis abovethe arcosolium
is an enthronedChrist.He wearsa purplegarmentand a whitetunic,and gestures
with his right hand. The fingersare long and thin. On the left knee, presumably
supportedby the left hand, is an open gospel book, of which one page is still
legible,reading"EFCOEIMITO IC)C TOU KOCMOU,"(John8.12).To his right
side is the high post of the throne, which curves as it rises, and appears to be
decoratedwith knobs.87
A smallerfigureto Christ'sright,presumablyfemaleand possiblythe Virgin
Mary, gesturestowardhim with her left hand. The righthand, placed beforeher
breast, makes a similar gesture. The over-garment is reddish or pinkish. Further to

the right is an angel. The right wing is clearly visible, as is the right arm bent at the
elbow, and the hand. The sash of the loros passes over the right shoulder. The
groundis dark blue, and the frameto the left was reddishbrown.
841. I6annides,Historia tLs Vizyjs anatolikis Thrakis, HetaireiaThrakikonMelet6n

33, Athens, 1954(writtenin 1886),14,notes that "bythe door leadinginto the naos proper
are tombs or, perhaps, repositoriesfor holy relics;" quoted by Mango, "Byzantine
Church,"10 n. 6. These observationstake on addedinterestin respectto the tomb of St.
Marythe Younger;see Mango, 12-13. E. Qetinfound 10-15 skeletonsbelow the original
floor of the narthexas well.
85Comparethe formulaicinscriptionwith N. Oikonomides,A Collectionof Dated
ByzantineLead Seals, Washington,1986, 106, no. 110, interalia. For Theodore,see G.
Ostrogorsky, History of the Byzantine State, Rutgers, 1969, 281-2; F. D61ger, Regesten der
Kaiserurkunden,
Munich-Berlin,1924,I, no. 673.
86Thismay have been the base of an altartable or of a templon.Thereis evidencefor
additionalconstructionalong the south side of the buildingwhichmeritsfurtherinvestigation.
87Thecurvedback may suggesta lyre-backedthrone,which appearedcommonlyin
coinage, manuscripts,and monumentalpaintingc. 860-950; see most recentlyJ. Breckenridge,"Christon the Lyre-BackedThrone,"DOP, 34-5, 1980-1, 247-60.

*"
414-
'C-
6a)
a)
Is
""-
"""
Th
so
0
0

141
142
ANATOLIAN STUDIES
Because of the fragmentary state of the fresco, identification and dating must
remain speculative. The scene may have represented an extended Deesis, with the
central three figures, Christ, the Virgin, and John the Baptist (now missing),
flanked by angels. Perhaps less likely, the central figure may represent the occupant
or one of the occupants of the tomb, in supplication to Christ.
To either side of the arcosolium as well as within the arch are fragments of
fresco. Fresco fragments are also found on the west inner wall and in the narthex.
These fragments of figural frescoes are on easily crumbled white plaster mixed with
sand; its thickness varied between c. 1-1-5 cm. The remains of the figures in the
narthex were painted against a dark blue background similar to the Deesis, and
much of this area remains covered. All of the figural frescoes are on the lowest layer
of plaster, laid directly on the masonry surface of the wall." Two additional
Turkish layers may be observed: the first Turkish layer is identifiable on the south
wall near the arcosolium and on the west naos pier, and shows a fine plant motif;
the outer layer is thicker, with simpler and cruder motifs.89
Of additional interest is the appearance of the decoration on the southwest
pier: in contrast to the other inner wall surfaces it does not show figural frescoes.
The lowest layer is of a hard, strong, rose-colored mortar containing red brick
fragments, with a thickness of c. 0-5-6 cm. Geometric motifs are painted on this in
white, red, and pink (P1. XXXIII d). The subsequent second layer was decorated
with fine brush painting of a columnar arcade. This layer appears in contrast to the
Ottoman layers on the walls because of the hard, white plaster, c. 0-4 cm. thick.
The most recent, third layer of plaster is identical with the final layer on the walls.
The question of the origin of the four naos piers is frequently raised. Both Mango
and Eyice surmise that these were part of a later modification.90 The first layer on
the pier corresponds with a technique known in Byzantine architecture as
eingeritzte Linien (inscribed lines), in which the lines were impressed by a cord in
the wet mortar.91 Thus it would seem possible that this alteration occurred already
in Byzantine times, probably during the Palaeologan period.
IV. FORTIFICATIONS OF THRACE
Numerous fortifications survive in Thrace, indicative of the turbulent history
of the region. Many of these have been noted by Eyice, Dirimtekin, Lampousiades,
and more recently by Pralong and Papazotos.92None of these studies has included
88Littlehas beensaid about the frescoes;see Mango,"ByzantineChurch,"11n. 9: "A
greatlydamagedfrescorepresentingtwo standingsaintsmay stillbe seenon the southface
of the southeastdome pier."This no longer survives.See also Eyice, "Trakya,"331. G.
Lampousiades,"Hodoiporikon,"Thrakika,9, 1938, 281, notes in passing the obscured
wall paintings.
"For the last Turkishlayer, see Eyice, "Trakya,"pls. 6-9; Mango, pls. 4-7. The
restorationwork destroyedmuch of this layer, particularlyin the northernhalf of the
building.
90Mango,9 n. 2; Eyice, 329.
91For this technique see the discussion by Y. Otfiken, "Bizans duvar tekniginde
tektonik ve estetik 96ziimler," R6leve ve Restorasyon Dergisi, 1988, in press.
92As above, n. 1. Also Lampousiades,"Hodoiporikon,"Thrakika,9, 1938, 45-70;
Thrakika,10, 1938,253-63. More recently,A. Pralong,"Remarquessur les fortifications
byzantines de la Thrace orientale," Geographiehistoriquedu monde Mediterranden,ed. H.
Ahrweiler,ByzantinaSorbonensia7, Paris, 1988, 221-309; Th. Papaz6tos,"Anichnevse

topographikE tes Anatolikes Thrakes," Acts of the First International Symposium on
ByzantineThrace,ByzFor, 15, 1988, in press. Also useful are the historicalnotes by C.

Asdracha, "La Thrace orientale et la Mer Noire: gbographieecclksiastiqueet prosopographie(VIIIe-XIIes.)," Geographiehistorique,221-309.

NOTESON THEMONUMENTSOF TURKISHTHRACE
143
the surveyingof sites, nor have we been able to do this. We offerhere some
briefobservations,
as well as the identification
of somepreviouslyunpublished
fortresses.
1. Midye.Muchof theByzantine
circuitof wallsof thisBlackSeacoasttown
stillsurvives,andthiswasstudiedsomeyearsagoby Dirimtekin.93
Thelargerpart
of thewallsappearsto be of brickconstruction,
of
the
sixth
probably
century.In
theeastor maingate,threephasesof construction
areevident(P1.XXXIVa). The
earliestphaseincludedan archconstructed
of largestonevoussoirsandwallsof
brick
of
the
fifth
and
with
stone,perhaps
alternating
century.Thiswasreinforced
brickfacing,matchingthatof themajorwallconstruction.
At a laterdate,thegate
wasdecreased
in size.Smallstoneconstruction
in therevealssupportsa brickarch,
whichincludesbrickfillerin the mortarjoints.
Midyewas occupiedby the Genoeseafter the LatinConquest,and it is
recordedthattheyrepairedsectionsof thewallandbuilttowersat theentranceto
the harbor.Theseno longersurvive,andin his publicationDirimtekindoesnot
construction.94
The
attemptto relatetheGenoesepresenceto anyof thesurviving
is notsimilarto masonrynormallyassociatedwiththeGenoese.Theuse
brickwork
AsiaMinoras wellas
of brickfilledmortarjointsis similarto examplesin Lascarid
in PalaeologanConstantinople
and Thrace.95
Thus a date in the thirteenthor
fourteenthcenturywouldseemlikelyfor the lastphaseof construction.
threetowerssurvive.These
2. Pminarhisar.
Of thefortressof Pinarhisar/Brysis
have been brieflydiscussedby Dirimtekin,Eyice, and Pralong.96Diremtekin
inaccurate
sketchplanof thesite,showingtheenclosureas
a completely
introduced
towers.The plan was republishedby Pralong,who
an oval with semicircular
wasunableto examinethesite.Thesouthtoweris squarein plan,with
apparently
of roughstonework.It does not appearto havebeena partof the
construction
outercircuit,andthereis no indicationof wallsjoiningit, althoughit wasrecently
restored.It maybe a laterTurkishaddition.Theothertwotowerswereapparently
connectedby a curtainwall,and this continuedaroundthe plateauat a slightly
lowerlevelthanthe southtower.
in planon the exterior;the
Thecentraltowerfaceswest,andis semicircular
is of alternating
andbarrelvaulted.Theconstruction
interiorspaceis rectangular
brickand stonebands.Normallyfivebrickcoursesalternatewithsevenor eight
stonecourses,and small,roundputlogholesmay still be observedin the stone
bands.In the brickbandsa type of concealedcoursetechniqueis employed,
but with thin stones employedas filler in the relativelythin mortarjoints
(P1.XXXIVb). The bricksmeasureabout 4-0cm. thick;the joints measure
between5-7 cm. thick.Althoughsimilarto the thirteenthandfourteenth
century
theuseof stonesin therecessed
examplesof thebrickfilledmortarjointtechnique,
coursesis unusual.A pier at the Achieropoietoschurchin Thessalonikiis similar,
93Dirimtekin,
"Midye,"AMY, 5, 1963,47-65; more recently,Pralong,"Remarques,"
196-92.
94Dirimtekin,"Midye,"47.
95Forfurthercommentson masonrytechniques,see R. Ousterhout,"Observationson
the 'RecessedBrick'Techniqueduringthe PalaeologanPeriod,"ADelt, 37, 1989,in press.
AMY, 5, 1963, 39-40 and fig. 1 (incorrect);Eyice,
96Dirimtekin, "Pminarhisar,"
"Trakya'daBizansDevrindeait Eserler,"Belleten,33, 1969,347; Pralong,"Remarques,"
198-9 and fig. 19 (incorrect).A rather confusing plan and a descriptionof the site
(including several now vanished buildings) were also given by Lampousiades,
"Hodoiporikon," 1938, 254-6. For the Byzantine identity of the site, see Asdracha,
"Thrace orientale," 240-1.

144
ANATOLIAN STUDIES
and may date as early as the seventh century.97 Consequently the dating is
problematic.
The north tower is circular in plan and was located at the northwest corner of
the fortress. The curtain walls form approximately an 80-degree angle as they join
the tower, and there is no reason to suggest an oval-shaped enclosure, as
Dirimtekin and Pralong have done. The cylindrical interior of the tower is topped
by a domical vault. Although it has been restored, the tower is evidently of the
same construction technique as the central one. However, both the stonework and
the putlog holes are more regular. Much glazed Byzantine pottery is to be found in
the area.
3. Altminyazi.
Three towers remain of the hilltop fortress of Altminyazi
(Charala/
Garela?), and the original circuit of walls once enclosed a large plateau.98The site,
littered with Byzantine potsherds, is now abandoned, and the remains are
threatened by quarrying on the north side of the hill.
The east tower was square in plan and was constructed of rough brick and
stone, utilizing thin bricks. The mortar is usually white, strong, and contains much
inert material. On the exterior surface it is pinkish. Several round putlog holes are
evident. The west tower lacks its exterior surfaces, and only the rubble core of stone
set with whitish mortar remains. One fallen piece of facing survives, with regular
courses of brick and pinkish mortar. The southeast tower was originally polygonal,
and one obtuse angle remains; Lampousiades claimed the tower was pentagonal.
Much of the construction is of stone mixed with brick fragments, and the mortar is
whitish. The inner surface has a rubble facing. Two horizontal bands of brick
appear in the exterior facing, and the concealed course technique was used here
(P1. XXXV a). Three courses of brick formed the surface; two were recessed,
originally covered with mortar. The recessed bricks are often smaller than those
exposed. Although roughly executed, the concealed course technique here may
suggest a date of twelfth century or later.
4. Beyendik. There is evidence of a fortress near Beyendik, on a nearby hill
called Hisartepe. It has almost completely vanished from quarrying operations. It
may have had two circuit walls encompassing a substantial area. The stone was set
with white and pink mortar. Numerous brick fragments litter the site, but none
appears in the surviving areas of wall.
5. Lileburgaz. In the western part of the city, to the right of the main road to
Edirne, are the meager remains of the Byzantine fortress of Arkadiopolis.99 A
single stretch of wall rises c. 4 m. and extends for a length of 15-20 m. The remains
of a tower may be discerned on the outer side. Two periods of construction are
evident (P1.XXXV b). The lower 2-3 m. is of brick construction, with pink mortar
containing brick fragments. Above this is broken stone construction mixed with
brick, and occasional bands of four to five courses of brick, set with white mortar.
On the outer side of the tower are broad joints with a simple pattern of bricks set on
the diagonal.
V. BARBAROS AND ITS COASTAL REGION
Considering the wealth of monuments noted in this region at the end of the
last century, it is sad how few have survived. Dumont, Lampousiades, and
97P. L. Vocotopoulos,"The ConcealedCourseTechnique:FurtherExamplesand a
Few Remarks," J6B, 28, 1979, 255 and fig. 19; G. Velenis, Hermineia tou ex5terikou
diakosmoustj byzantinj architektoniki, Thessaloniki, 1984, 67.
98Threetowerswere noted at the site by Lampousiades,"Hodoiporikon,"1938, 50.

For the identificationof the site, see Asdracha,"Thraceorientale,"239-40.
99S.Aksoy, "Liileburgaz,"TTOKBelleteni,July-Oct., 1973.

145
-.
,-
'9
.4.
$a.Ca
-.J
-A
I~h%
-t
i,,...(4)
03
Fig 7. British Ordnance Survey map, 1909. Rodosto, Turkey. Detail of region of Barbaros/Panados.
Papadopoulos-Kerame6s listed inscriptions, sculpture, tombs, churches, and

monasteries in the area.'? They give the impression of an archaeologically rich
region with numerous Byzantine and Post-Byzantine monuments. Almost all of
these have vanished in this century. The mountainous area to the south of
Barbaros was dotted with monasteries, and was called Hieron Oros, or Holy
Mountain. Several of these appear on the British Ordnance Survey map (Fig. 7).
Almost nothing of interestwas found in Utmakdere/Avdinor Gazikoy/Ganos.
Although the latter was historically significant, it seems to have been systematically
plundered.'o'
1. Barbaros. Apparently the Byzantine town was known as Panion or
'?A. Dumont,"Inscriptionset monumentsfiguresde la Thrace,"Milangesd'archeologie et d'epigraphie,Paris, 1892, 403 ff.; A. Papadopoulos-Kerame6s,"Archaioteskai

Epigraphaites ThrakEs,"EPhS. Parartema,16, 1896,65-113, esp. 88 ff.; LampousiadEs,
"Hodoiporikon,"Thrakika,15, 1941,99-134, esp. 116 ff. Also G. Seure,"Inscriptionsde
Thrace,"BCH,24, 1900,147-69;L. Robert,"Villesde Chersoneseet la Thrace,"Hellenica,
5, 1948, 35-58.
'?'Weobservedthe fragmentaryremainsof two post-Byzantinebasilicasin the town of

Ganos and two monasteriesin the fieldsnearby.We were told that there were two more
churchesat some distancein the hills to the north of the village.

146
ANATOLIAN STUDIES
Panados, and the ancient town as Vizanthe.?02 A rather large area was surrounded
by the circuit wall. Only small fragments of the wall have been preserved,
indicating that it enclosed a much larger area than the present town. A small
section of the wall was examined on a hill to the southwest of the town: the
construction was of rough stone set with pink mortar containing crushed brick. It
measured c. 1-20 m. high and c. 2-15 m. thick.
The names of four churches are recorded: Ag. Theodoros Teron, the Presentation of the Theotokos, the Birth of the Theotokos, and Ag. Blacherna. Remains
in the Pazni neighborhood are also noted, as well as a hypogeum that had been
transformed into a hagiasma.'03 During our visit we were able to locate the site of a
single church, on a hill close to the town centre, and this had been recently
destroyed for the construction of an apartment building. Several fragments of
sculpture were left, and these were subsequently transported to the Tekirdag
Archaeological Museum. Unfortunately nothing was left that would aid in the
identification of the building. Nevertheless, several of the sculptural pieces are
noteworthy.
a. Cubic capital (P1. XXXVI a). The capital is carved of white marble and
measures 34 cm. tall, 48 x 48 cm. across the top, with a base diameter of 31 cm. Its
four sides have undecorated trapezoidal panels framed by carved bands. The latter
are decorated with a sinuous vine bearing heart-shaped and three-lobed leaves. A
square setting hole appears on the lower surface.
b. Relief panel (P1.XXXVI b). The marble panel measures 70 x 175 x 9 cm.
Three of its corners have been broken away. The slab must have been used as
flooring in the church, as it is worn smooth on the decorated surface and left rough
on the reverse. Its size suggests that it may have come from a tomb.
The main surface has a border formed by three strands, and the area within
this is decorated with three circles of equal dimension. The circles are formed by a
three-stranded band that is knotted to join the circles to each other and to the
border. The circles each contain a cross with flaring arms, and their broad ends are
decorated with three pearls. Between the crossarms are lotus blossoms with their
tips pointed inward. Between the circles are smaller round rosettes. The corners
and adjacent surfaces are filled with stylized palmettes that grow from the threestranded band of the large circles and of the border.
The motif of knotted circles filled with decorative elements appears in middle
Byzantine panels from numerous locations, including Constantinople, Kiev, and
Ohrid.1'04The filling of the circles with crosses is encountered also in a variety of
work from the tenth to the thirteenth centuries, as for example St. Sophia at Ohrid
(eleventh century), or the Blacherna at Arta (mid to late thirteenth century).105The
form of the cross decorated with pearls or drops is known from the sixth century
onward and was still employed in the middle and late Byzantine periods.'06 A cross
'02SeePapadopoulos-Kerameos,
"Archaiotes,"87-9; Asdracha,"Thraceorientale."
87-9.
'o3Papadopoulos-Kerame6s,
"4SeeGrabar,Sculpturesbyzantines,II, 68-9 andpl. XXXIX (Athos,Lavra);71-2 and
pl. XLII (Ohrid,St. Sophia);84 and pl. LIX a-c (Kiev,St. Sophia).Also Hjort,"Sculpture
of the Kariye,"268 (and n. 205 for furtherexamples)and Fig. 93-H; S. Eyice,Son Devir
BizansMimarisi,Istanbul, 1980, figs. 198, 191, 194 (Istanbul,Kilise Camii);Sheppard,
"ByzantineMarble Slabs," figs. 9-10 (Istanbul,ArchaeologicalMuseumnos. 2906 and
4388).
o'?SeeGrabar, Sculptures byzantines, II, pl. XLII; Th. Pazaras, Anaglyphes Sarkophagoi kai Epitaphies Plakes tis Mesas kai Ysterjs Byzantines Periodou stin Ellada,
Thessaloniki,1984,239-41 and fig. 46.

derNikolaoskirchein Myra,"in Myra,373-4 andcatalogue
106Feld,"Innenaustattung
no. 37.

147
with three pearls, like this example, appears on a sarcophagusfrom the Old
Metropolisat Serres,dated 1050.107The lotus blossomsbetweenthe crossarmsalso
find parallelsin the middle Byzantineperiod.'8 The filling of the corners and
related areas with palmettesis seen in various panels of the tenth and eleventh
centuries,as for examplefromistanbul and Mt. Athos.'09Neverthelessthe density
of the patternon the Barbarospanelis strikingand the attemptto providea precise
date is hamperedby the lack of a direct comparison.The rigidly symmetrical
composition,the interlockingcircles,and otherdecorativemotifsindicatethat this
is a work of the middleor perhapslate Byzantineperiod.
c. Relief fragment(P1.XXXVI c). The piece measures32 x 15 x 6 cm., and
is a fragmentof a large relief representingthe Virginwithin an arch, flankedby
angels in the spandrels.Only the terminationof the inscription[MP]eV and a
smallsectionof the halo remainbeneaththe arch.In the spandrelthe two-winged
angel extendscoveredhands toward the Virgin.The carvingis rathercrude and
would recommenda post-Byzantinedate for the fragment.
d. Relief fragments(P1.XXXVII a). Two piecesfit together,representingthe
lowerportionof a reliefof a standingsaint.Togethertheymeasure76 x 45 x 7 cm.
The head and identifyinginscriptionare missing,exceptfor a C to the left of the
figure;this probablyterminatedthe word hagios.As in the previousexample,the
carvingis rathercrude,and the piece is probablypost-Byzantine.
The figure is likely to be identifiedas Ag. Panteleimon,the medical saint
martyredin Nicomediain 305. The carvingbreaksoffjust belowthe chin,exposing
an area of neck, and it may be concluded that the figure was beardless.The
costume-with squarecollar, draperyfalling to a point over the abdomen,and
maphorion hanging from beneath this-corresponds with representationsof
In addition,the saint holds a
Panteleimon,such as at Nerezi and Kurbinovo.11o
tall, rectangularbox in his drapedleft hand,and a bistoury,or surgicalknife,in his
right.The box may be identifiedas a pyrgiskarion,or tower-shapedbox, identical
to that held by the figureof Panteleimonat Kurbinovo."'
2. Yenikoyandvicinity.Southwestof Barbarosand slightlyinland,Yenikdyis
reachedby a dirt road that follows the coast throughdifficultterrain.The village
school standson the site of a formerchurch,but we have not beenable to securely
identifythe site with those visited by Papadopoulos-Kerameos.112Two reliefsare
now embeddedin the retainingwall below the school, and both of theseappearto
be from the middle Byzantineperiod. In addition,a fragmentarypost-Byzantine
tombstoneis embeddedin the cementsteps of the school, but it can no longerbe
deciphered.In a coastal ravinebelow Yenik6y is the site of the monasteryof Ag.
I6akeimkai Anne, and anothermonasterymay have been located slightlyto the
north.
a. Relief (P1.XXXVII b). The firstpanel measures82 x 21 cm. and shows a
diamondpatternset into a rectangularframeand containinga centralsix-petaled
rosetteset into a circle.Triangularcompartmentswithinthe diamondare filledby
107Pazaras,
AnaglyphesSarkophagoi,figs. 1-a and 2-b.
ABSA,61, 1966,pls. 5-a and 15-h.

'0sPazaras,
fig. 1;andMegaw,"Skripou,"
as above,n. 104.
AthosandIstanbul,see GrabarandSheppard
'109For
respectively,
Kurbinovo,I, 243-5; II, pls. 126-7. Ag. Hermolaosis often

"OHadermann-Misguich,
stated to be the only medical saint represented in the costume of a priest, but he is always
depicted with a pointed beard; see J. Boberg, LCI, 6, 1974, VI, col. 511-12.
"'Hadermann-Misguich, Kurbinovo,II, pl. 126; see also T. Mathews and E. Hawkins,
Camii in Istanbul and Its Frescoes," DOP, 39, 1985,
"Notes on the Atik Mustafa
and Damian).
131-2 and figs. 21-2 (Cosmas Papa
"2As above, n. 100.

148
ANATOLIAN STUDIES
heart-shaped leaves, and the corners of the rectangular frame are filled with halfleaf patterns. The diamond pattern alternates with a square containing a hexagonal
rosette set into a circle. The diamond to the right is incomplete. A fragment of a
templon epistyle from Afyon Karahisar of a tenth- or eleventh-centurydate bears a
similar but slightly more complex pattern, and a comparable piece was also found
at Selqikler."3Epistyle reliefs from Izmir have similar rosettes, and these have been
dated to the end of the eleventh or twelfth century.114
b. Relief (P1. XXXVII c). The second panel measures 51 x 14 cm. and is
decorated with a pattern of interlocking circles, alternating large and small, formed
by a weave of three cords. The pattern terminates at the right end and is broken at
the left. Such a torsade was extremely common in the middle Byzantine period,
with the pattern formed by either two or three cords. It appears, for example, as a
border on an archivolt from Selqikler,and on a templon architrave from Afyon.'15
The same is found on a number of fragments from Ohrid.l16
c. Monastery of Ag. I6akeim kai Anne. Located in a triangular ravine below
the village are the remains of the monastery. The site was visited by PapadopoulosKerame6s, and it appears on the British Ordnance Survey map as the monastery of
St. Anni (Fig. 7).1'17Virtually inaccessible from the road above, the site is better
reached by boat. The monastery had been attached to the metropolis of Ganos and
Chora, and inscriptions indicated that the site was occupied in Byzantine times.'18
The church was constructed in 1842 on the site of a Byzantine church discovered 20
years earlier. Unfortunately, what the locals euphemistically refer to as "excavations" occurred recently. Several buildings of rough rubble construction survive
near the harbor, and these are now used for farming. Further up the ravine are the
remains of the church. We were told that several column bases and other marbles
survive, but the site was completely overgrown during the summer.
d. Siit Limani. In another coastal ravine about halfway between Barbaros
and Ag. Ioakeim kai Anne are the ruins of a church, also inaccessible to us due to
the summer's overgrowth. The site is now known as Siit Limani or Siitliman. It
may correspond with the monastery of Ag. Nikolaos, visited by PapadopoulosKerame6s.l19
ABBREVIATIONS
(In additionto those listed for AS)
ABME
AMY
Archeiontin Byzantininmnnmeiintis Elladas.

Ayasofya Miizesi Ydligi.
ArtB
Art Bulletin.
ByzFor
CorsiRav
Byzantinische Forschungen.
Corsi di cultura sull'arte ravennate e bizantina.
Diltion t~s Christianikes Archeologikis Etaireias.
DChAE
l"l3SeeGrabar,Sculpturesbyzantines,II, 44, pls. IVb-c, VIIb.
14Grabar, II, 48, pl. XIV.
"'Grabar,II, 42, pl. VIIa-b.
116Grabar,II, pls. XLIIId,CXXXVII.
"'BetweenBarbarosand Avdin, Papadopoulos-Kerameos

visited monasteryof Ag.
Nikolaos,a churchof the PanagiatasGalateres,convertedto a monasteryin 1885,and the
churchof Ag. Christophoros;"Archaiotes,"97-9.
"Archaiotes,"99: an inscriptiondated 1077refersto the
"8Papadopoulos-Kerameos,
restorationof the churchof Ag. Ioakeimkai Anne, so the occupationof the site may be
much older.
"9Papadopoulos-Kerameos,
"Archaiotes,"97-8, noted that the churchwas on the
location of an earlyChristianchurch,evidencedby numerousmarblefragments.


DOP
EPhS
GOTR
IRAIK
IstFor
JOB
LCI
RBK
TTOK Belleteni
ZRVI
149
Dumbarton Oaks Papers.

Ellenikos Philologikos Syllogos.
Greek Orthodox Theological Review.
Izvestif' Russkago ArkheologicheskagoIstituta v Konstantinopole.
Istanbuler Forschungen.
Jahrbuchder isterreichischen Byzantinistik.
Lexikon der christliche Ikonographie.
Reallexikon zur byzantinischenKunst.
Tfirkiye Turing ve Otomobil KurumuBelleteni.
Zbornik radova Vizantologkoginstituta.

Edirne,YildinmCamii.
4
'.
'
"
.N.
"':
'.:~i
.:
...,. .
......
...
~i7":.
.
...:-i~p,:
?...
.....
..
.
.......
...................
,....
.............M
N:.i
(a(Sut)cnvntrom.therviaciraeresdaslnewlo.().(b)Capital

i:
..,
PLATE XXVII
Edirne, Bayezid II Camii. HiinkairMahfili.
Iis
:........
.
."
...
~.
- , .'"""
..
-.
........
?
i
..
......
(a)"General.view
(a) General view.
4
.
,...,:,
i ,i.,..
(..
i.
R,
?
44)
, ; .,.>O
Detail of pier colonnette no.

(c)
Dealo
ircoonen.9
9....
(c)j
no.11.
(b)Detailof piercolonnette
(d) Detail of pier colonnette no. 4.

PLA TE XXVIII
.. ..
..
?,: ,
...
........
.,.........
......
OO
W
.._
......
.
..
4.
- :X
X,
f:
.. ..
o ....
...
.. .....
X. _?
(% dre
.o
rhelgcl
uem
aia

PLATE XXIX
(a) Edirne, Archaeological Museum. Capital no. 30.
(b) ArchaeologicalMuseum.Capitalno. 30.
Unnumberedcapital.30.
(c) ArchaeologicalMuseum.

PLATE XXX
"
.
.... . ."".
...
't.5
(a) Edirne,ArchaeologicalMuseum.Capitalno. 24.
(b) ArchaeologicalMuseum.Capitalno. 27.
(c) Edirne,SelimiyeCamii.Eaglecapital.

-:.46.
A-&*talk
IJ
(a) SkalotiMonastery.Interiorof cloisterlookingsouth.
(b) Skalot
(Photo by G. Lampsakis, c. 1902 (courtesy of Byzantine Museum, Athens).
jb, .
,
0-r
,4
(c) PanteleimonMonastery.Southeastcornerof enclosurewall.

(d) PanteleimonMonas
PLATE XXXII
t*v
(a) Vize: Ayasofya from the west.
"
WAPW...
rs
.,o
.
.
....
.
-
,k,lot
(b) Ayasofya, apse foundation to east of present building, looking north.
44xi
,
?..'!It
,,. .
(c) Ayasofya, arcosolium in third bay of south aisle.

Obvese
eadsealof
ize
(a)
Aysofa,
.,A" Rvere
heooreDecooltes.(b)Ayaofy,
,,
..
:7 :
od
a ovare osolium.
(a)c)e:Ayasofya,Deeadiseafr Te
?
:.:
.(b)

r,
Ayasofya,
dea
PLATE XXXIV
. . ....
............
. :.:. ...:.i:0.i~ii):i~i:
~~~~~~~~~.:.
..............
...........
..
.;...........
...i'i
".. .,2
........
ss x
. . ... .. . .
.. .. .. . .. ...
."..
V..........
Z,_...
O
........."
Al
m
. ..
"
m.......m
m:m
"mmm
:'.. m
(a) Midye:city wall. East gate, innerfacade.
'
... mDI2R
mDis'
...
:o'l
.....
ra
Isl
...:
:..::"D
..
.........
if
.....
':IN:
79..
an.
vJ
umm
vl
mmmv
v2.
Zrr
"Alir
(b) Pmarhisar:fortress.Centraltower,detailof stonefillingin mortarjoints.

...
?
4t
:<
..
.,
K,-....
r4
-At
(b) Liile
(a) Altinyazl: fortress. South-east tower.

PLATE XXXVI
A..
- ,,,.,
-A,:.
..
?...
.At
sts
: ?
?????
"
.,...
...
...:."..
,.Hi..
=i
::.
At,
4.
?
(b) Barbaros: unidentified

relief
church,
cpianl.
.,NX
Wi
e
(b) Barbaros: unidentified church, relief panel.
.
,,... ...
..
?.. ,
,.:.
, :..
. .........
R
...
.-...-.
(c) Barbaros: unidentified church, relief fragment.

...
.....
A;
i...............?.,
...
'",
ii
ifA
IL
V:.4
:.,.?
+
sr.
....... .. <
T!
? ,,:+ii
.; e...ky:.relie.f.
.b),Y
is
,.
..:
"X:4
..L.
.'
-,
,. , ,[
"':F::
....
i.
.. . . M:.
X,.
."
:.N?
,+s
..
+., "
?
+
,,
V.]::,
I;.
i...
is
so
unientfie
arbros
chuchrelef
(a)
U'
ragmnts

. ..
W
,
W,
w..
.,A
..
4407
,,.,
. . ,
. ,
(c

Ousterhout R Otuken Y Notes On The Monuments of Turkish Thrace Anatolian Studies 39 1989

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NOTES ON THE MONUMENTS OF TURKISH THRACE

Armag'anKitabi,Ankara, 1965, 39-76; idem., "EdirneSaat Kulesi ve UzerindekiBizans

Dirimtekin,"AnastaseSurlari,"Belleten,12, 1948, 1-10; idem., "(atalca Surlari,"AMY,

2G. Lampakes,"Periegeseis,"DChAE, 8, 1908, 3-41. A. Papadopoulos-Kerameos,

Ara~tirmaSonuglari Toplantist,Ankara, 1987, 135-46.

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Fig 1. Yildirim Camii. Drawing of architrave.

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NOTES ON THE MONUMENTS OF TURKISH THRACE

limited to Deesis scenes, as in examplesfrom Selqikler-Sebaste,

"See for exampleK. Weitzmann,TheIcon,New York, 1978,esp. 19 and fig. vii.

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Similar combinations of angels are found in post-iconoclastic painting as well.

Cappadocia,Washington,D.C., 1986,pl. 103.

and fig. 30 (fol. 16v);also Wessel,"Himmelfahrt,"

For the motif, see Grabar,Sculptures,II, pls. XIV-b (Templonarchitrave,Izmir

Archaeological Museum), IX-b (Templon post, Selgikler), both eleventh century.

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NOTES ON THE MONUMENTS OF TURKISH THRACE

architrave is the lotus-and-palmette motif flanking the Ascension scene.23

London, 1971,143-50.The planof the Hfinkairmahfiliis basedon the plan of Yiiksel,who

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NOTES ON THE MONUMENTS OF TURKISH THRACE

Based on the varieties of marbles and the decorative treatments, the 17

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77-88, figs. 11-19;for the developmentand state of scholarship,see above, n. 6.

A appearscommonlyin both periods;see for exampleEarlyChristianpier

518-19; also A. Peschlow-Bindokatund U. Peschlow,"Die SammlungTuran Beler in

Veljusa,P. Milkovic-Pepek,Veljusa,Skopje, 1981, 134-8;fig. 24.

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NOTES ON THE MONUMENTS OF TURKISH THRACE

The first, illustrated by Eyice, is cubic in form, measuring 53 x 53 cm. across

pl. 121A,no. 40; Hjort, "Sculpture,"201-89, esp. 267-9, fig. 94-H.

Polacco, Collezioni e musei archeologici del Veneto. Sculture paleocristiane e

altomedioevalidi Torcello,Rome, 1976, 76. Iznik ArchaeologicalMuseuminv. no. 2503

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41See F. Zuliani, I marmi di San Marco. Un studio e un cataloga della scultura

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NOTES ON THE MONUMENTS OF TURKISH THRACE

partsof the Byzantineempire,the lack of a horizontaldivisionin the Edirnecapital

45Seefor example,Kitzinger,figs. 84-9.

no. 20a; W. Djobadze,"Remainsof a ByzantineAmbo and ChurchFurnishingsin Hobi

48Seealso E. D. Maguire,"Rangeand Repertoryin CapitalDesign,"DOP, 41, 1987,

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57A.Boue, Recueil d'itinerairesdans la Turquied'Europe,Vienna, 1851, I, 106.

58B.A. Mystakides,"Ainou Anekdoton Sigillon,"Deltion tis Historiaskai Ethno-

59B. Mystakides, Neologos, 1882, no. 3934; A. Papadopoulos-Kerame6s,

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NOTES ON THE MONUMENTS OF TURKISH THRACE

he notes that the foundationcross, inscribed"AlexiosKomnenosKtetorMon&s",

EkklesiastikoMouseio,10, pl. 14.

67BritishOrdnance Survey, Geographical Section, General Staff no. 2097.

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name is eithera misnomeror an alternativedesignationfor Skaloti,repeatingthe

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NOTES ON THE MONUMENTS OF TURKISH THRACE

To the northeastof (avuskdy, threedistinctiverockypromontoriesriseat the

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Skaloti Monastery. Reconstructed plan.

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