4G Mobile

Communications

Welcome to 4G

The term 4G is used broadly to include several

types of broadband wireless access
communication systems, not only cellular
telephone systems.

One of the terms to describe 4G is

MAGIC Mobile Multimedia

Anytime Anywhere
Global Mobility Support
Integrated Wireless Solution and
Customized Personal Service

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Before 1G

0G refers to pre-cellular mobile telephony technology. The

systems were called Cellular because large coverage areas
were split into smaller areas or cells, each cell is served by
a low power transmitter and receiver.
At the end of 1940s, the first radio telephone service was
introduced, and was designed to users in cars to the public
land-line based telephone network.
In the sixties, a system launched by Bell Systems, called
IMTS, or, Improved Mobile Telephone Service, bought
quite a few improvements such as direct dialing and more
bandwidth.

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1G, or First Generation

The 1G or First Generation. 1G was an analog

system and was developed in the seventies. 1G
had two major improvements, this was the
invention of the microprocessor, and the digital
transform of control link between the phone and
the cell site. AMPS was first launched by USA
and is 1G System. It was based on FDMA used
to make voice calls in one country.

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Drawbacks : 1G

1G:

Poor Voice Quality.

Poor Battery Life.

Large Phone Size.

No Security.

Frequent Call Drops.

Limited capacity and poor handoff reliability.

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2G, or Second Generation

2G phones using global system for mobile

communications (GSM) were first used in the
early 1990s in Europe. GSM provides voice and
limited data services and uses digital
modulation for improved audio quality. Digital
AMPS, CDMA2000 were some of the other 2G
Systems.

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2.5 Generation

An interim stage that is taken between 2G and 3G that

is 2.5G.
It is basically an enhancement of major technologies to
provide increased capacity and to increase higher bit
rates.
A very important aspect of 2.5G is the data channel are
optimized for packet data which include access to
internet through mobile devices.
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Drawbacks : 2G

2G:

The GSM is circuit switched, connection oriented

technology, where the end systems are dedicated for the
entire call session.
This causes inefficiency in the usage of bandwidth and
resources. The GSM-enabled systems do not support high
data rates. They are unable to handle complex data such as
video.

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3G, or Third Generation

The 3G technology adds multimedia facilities to

2G phones by allowing Audio, Video, and
Graphics Applications.
The idea behind 3G is to have a single network
standard instead of the different types adopted
in the US, Europe, and Asia.
Telecommunications System (UMTS) or IMT2000, will sustain higher data rates and open the
door to many Internet style applications.
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Drawbacks : 3G

3G:

High Bandwidth requirement.

High Spectrum Licensing Fees.

Huge Capital.

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Evolution in terms of Speed

2G

2.5G

3G

Broadband (Fast)

10 kbps

384 kbps

2 mbps

24 mbps

4G

100 mbps

Speed 0-100 mbps

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Comparison of 3G and 4G
Technology

3G

4G

Data Transfer Rate

3.1MB/Sec

100MB/Sec

Internet Services

Broadband

Ultra Broadband

Mobile TV Resolution

Low

High

Bandwidth

5-20 MHz

100+ MHz

Frequency

1.6-2 GHz

2-8 GHz

Network Architecture

Wide Area Network

Hybrid Network

Source: 3GPP (www.3gpp.org), Wimax Forum, 2009

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4G or Fourth Generation

In telecommunications, 4G is the fourth generation of

cellular wireless standards.
It is a successor to the 3G and 2G families of standards.

In 2008, the ITU-R organization specified the IMTAdvanced (International Mobile Telecommunications
Advanced) requirements for 4G standards, setting peak
speed requirements for 4G service at 100 Mbit/s for high
mobility communication (such as from trains and cars)
and 1 Gbit/s for low mobility communication (such as
pedestrians and stationary users)
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4G or Fourth Generation

Some possible standards for 4G system are 802.20,

WiMAX(802.16), HSDPA, TDD UMTS, UMTS and
future versions of UMTS and proprietary networks
from ArrayComm Inc., Cisco Systems, Qualcomm, and
4G efforts in China and Japan.
The design is that 4G would be based on OFDM
(Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing), which
is a key enabler of 4G Technology. Other technical
aspects of 4G are adaptive processing and smart
antennas, both of which are in 3G networks and
enhance rates when used with OFDM.
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Features of 4G

Faster and more reliable

100Mb/s (802.11=54Mb/s, 3G=2Mb/s)

Lower Cost than previous generations

Multi-Standard Wireless System

Bluetooth, Wired, Wireless (802.11x)

Ad-Hoc Networking

IPv6 Core

OFDM used instead of CDMA

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Different Access Technologies

FDMA-Frequency Division Multiple Access.

It is a method where the spectrum is cut up into different frequencies and
then this chunk given to the users. At one time only one user is assigned to a
frequency. Because of this the frequency is closed, until the call is ended, or it
is passed on to another frequency.
TDMA-Time Division Multiple Access.
It makes use of the whole available spectrum, unlike FDMA. Instead of
splitting the slots by frequency, it splits them by time, over all of the
frequency. Each subscriber is given a time slot, as opposed to a frequency.
Therefore many uses can sit on one frequency, and have different time slots,
because the time slots are switched so rapidly TDMA is used for 2G
networks.
CDMA-Code Division Multiple Access.
It uses the spread spectrum method, the way it works means its highly
encrypted, so its no surprise it was developed and used by the military.
Unlike FDMA, CDMA allows the user to sit on all of the available
frequencies at the same time, and hop between then. Each call is identified
by its unique code, hence the term Code Division.
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OFDM

Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing

Allows to transfer more than other forms of
multiplexing (Time, Frequency, Code, etc.)
Simplifies the design of the transmitter and the
receiver.
Allows for almost the entire frequency band.

No gaps to prevent interference needed.

Currently used in WiMax (802.16) and WiFi

(802.11a/g).
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MIMO

It uses signal multiplexing between multiple transmitting antennas

(space multiplex) and time or frequency.
It is well suited to OFDM, as it is possible to process independent
time symbols as soon as the OFDM waveform is correctly designed
for the channel.
This aspect of OFDM greatly simplifies processing. the signal
transmitted by m antennas is received by n antennas.
In principle, MIMO is more efficient when many multiple path
signals are received.

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Smart Antennas

Beam Radio signals at a user to follow the user as they

move.

Allow the same frequency to be used for other users

without worry for interference.
Cant keep up with the transmission speeds while the
device is moving fast (i.e. in a car)

Only 32Mb/s at 62mph (vs. 100Mb/s)

Seamless handoff between towers/access points.

One transmit antenna, two receive antennas

Allows connection to two access points at once

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Ad Hoc Networks

Spontaneous self organizing of networks or

devices.
Not necessarily connected to the internet.
4G will create hybrid networks using Ad Hoc
Networks.
Form of Mesh Networking

Very Reliable
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Mobile IPv6

More addresses than the current version of IP

Protocol (IPv4) each device can have its own IP

Keep IP address even if you change your access

point.
Presently translate IP with each change because of
the shortage of IP addresses.

IP Core-everything can talk to each other if

they speak the same language (Protocol).

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Mobile VoIP

Voice Over Internet Protocol

Allows only packets (IP) to be transferred, eliminating
the complexity of 2 protocols over the same circuit.

All voice data will be wrapped up in a packet

Lower latency data transmission (Faster Transmission)

Samples voice between 8000 to 64000 times per second

and creates stream of bits which is then compressed and
put into a packet.

Increases battery life due to greater data transmission.

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Applications of 4G

Virtual Presence: 4G system gives mobile users a "virtual presence"

(for example, always-on connections to keep people on event). Video
Conferencing
Virtual navigation: a remote database contains the graphical
representation of streets, buildings, and physical characteristics of a
large metropolis. Blocks of this database are transmitted in rapid
sequence to a vehicle
Tele- geo processing: Queries dependent on location information of
several users, in addition to temporal aspects have many
applications. e.g.: GIS, GPS.
Crisis-management applications.

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Impact of 4G

Affordable communication services.

One device can communicate with all vs. many devices
communicating with some devices.
TV, internet, phone, radio, home environment sensors all
reachable through one device, the cell phone.

Streaming HD video.

Too connected?

Increase in social networking, invasion of privacy security concerns.

Increase in regulation likely (i.e. no driving and using a cell phone).

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News about 4G

First Step Towards Full Range of WiMax / 4G Applications

This successful implementation of the OFDM waveform is the first step in

Military Technologies plan to implement the complete IEEE 802.16 family of
wireless data applications.

WiFi/WiMax Gels With 4G

Sprint 4G offers a faster wireless experience than any other

U.S. national wireless carrier, and Sprint is the only national
carrier offering wireless 4G service today in 27 markets. Sprint
4G delivers download speeds up to 10 times faster than 3G,
giving HTC EVO 4G the fastest data speeds of any U.S.
wireless device available today.
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Conclusion

Migration to 4G networks ensures convergence of networks,

technologies, applications and services.

Low cost high speed data will drive forward the fourth generation
(4G) as short-range communication emerges.
It is probable that the radio access network will evolve from a
centralized architecture to a distributed one.
Wireless carriers have an opportunity to shorten Investment
return, improve operating efficiency and increase revenues.
Innovations in network technology will provide an environment
in which virtually anything is available, anywhere, at any time,
via any connected device.
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References

Docomo: Towards 4G Technology

Frequently Asked Questions on 4G By Zahid Ghadialy

http://www.telenor.com/rd/pub/not02/N_43_2002.pdf

4G Mobile Networks Technology Beyond 2.5g And 3g White Paper

www.wikisedia.com

Telenor: Mobility Aspects in 4G Networks -White Paper

http://www.3g4g.co.uk/4G/faq.html

4G, Wikisedia

http://www.nttdocomo.com/technologies/future/toward/index.html

http://www.ptc.org/past_events/ptc07/program/papers/T24_RoyConsulta.pdf

Visions for 4G: Many Ways to Achieve Integrated Wireless Connectivity White
Paper

http://www.highfrequencyelectronics.com/Archives/Jan07/HFE0107_TechReport.
pdf

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The End
Thank You