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In the air blast circuit breaker the advantage is that the risk of fire is eliminated. The
arcing products are completely removed by the blast whereas oil deteriorates in
successive operations; the expense of regular oil replacement is avoided. Air blast
circuit breaker has very rapid growth of dielectric strength that final contact gap
needed for arc extinction is very small. This reduces the size of the device.
The arcing time of air blast circuit breaker is very small due to rapid build up of
dielectric strength between contacts; therefore the arc energy is only a fraction of
that in oil circuit breaker, thus resulting in less burning of contacts. Due to lesser arc
energy, air blast circuit breakers are very suitable where very frequent operation is
required.
iii. SULPHUR HEXA-FLOURIDE CIRCUIT BREAKER:
In such breakers, sulphur-hexafluoride (SF6) gas is used as the arc quenching
medium. The SF6 is an electro-negative gas and has a strong tendency to absorb
free electrons. SF6 has good dielectric strength and excellent arc quenching
properties. It is an inert, non-toxic, non inflammable heavy gas. At atmospheric
pressure its dielectric strength is about 2.5 times that of air.
The contacts of the breaker are opened in a high pressure flow of SF6 gas and an
arc is struck between them. The conducting free electrons in the arc are rapidly
captured by the gas to form relatively immobile negative ions. This loss of
conducting electrons in the arc quickly builds up enough insulation strength to
extinguish the arc. The SF6 circuit breakers have been found to be very effective for
high power and high voltage service.
Due to the superior arc quenching property of SF6, such circuit breakers have very
short arcing time. Since the dielectric strength of SF6 gas is 2 to 3 times that of air,
such breakers can interrupt much larger currents. The SF6 circuit breaker gives
noiseless operation due to its closed gas circuit and no exhaust to atmosphere
unlike the air blast circuit breaker. The closed gas enclosure keeps the interior dry
so that there is no moisture problem. There is no risk of fire in such breakers
because SF6 gas is non-inflammable. There are no carbon deposits so that tracking
and insulation problems are eliminated.
The SF6 breakers have low maintenance cost, light foundation requirements and
minimum auxiliary equipment. Since SF6 breakers are totally enclosed and sealed
from atmosphere, they are particularly suitable where explosion hazard exist e.g.
coal mines.
iv. VACUUM CIRCUIT BREAKERS:
In such breakers, vacuum (degree of vacuum being in the range from 10-7 to 10-5
torr) is used as the arc quenching medium. Since vacuum offers the highest
insulating strength, it has far superior arc quenching properties than any other
medium.
For example, when contacts of a breaker are opened in vacuum, the interruption
occurs at first current zero with dielectric strength between the contacts building up
at a rate thousands of times higher than that obtained with other circuit breakers.
Since vacuum has very fast rate of recovery of dielectric strength, the arc extinction
in vacuum breaker occurs with a short contact separation (say 0.625 cm).
They can interrupt any fault current. The outstanding feature of a VCB is that it can
break any heavy fault current perfectly just before the contacts reach the definite
open position. They require little maintenance and are quiet in operation. There is
no generation of gas during and after operation.
2.4.2 (e) RELAYS:
A relay is a device which makes a measurement or receives a controlling signal in
consequence of which it makes sudden pre-determined changes in one or more
electrical circuits.
A relay responds to abnormal conditions in an electrical power system, to control a
circuit breaker so as to isolate the faulty section of the system, with the minimum
interruption to service.
Inputs are usually electrical, but may be mechanical, thermal, or other quantities. A
relay may consist of several relay units, each responsive to specified inputs with the
combination providing the desired overall performance characteristics of the relay.
2.4.2 (f) SURGE ARRESTERS:
A lightning arrester or surge arrester is a protective device which conducts the high
voltage surges on the power system to the ground.
Transmission line surge arresters conduct lightning surges around the protected
insulator so that a lightning flashover is not created. They are designed to be
installed functionally in parallel with the line insulator.
The arrester conducts the lightning surges around the protected insulator so that a
subsequent 50Hz fault on the circuit is not created. The arrester becomes a low
ohmic path for the surge as voltage across it increases. When the voltage returns to
normal, the arrester once again returns to a high ohmic device with only micro
amps of leakage current.
2.4.2 (g) VOLTAGE AND CURRENT TRANSFORMERS:
These are measuring devices. They are used to limit the current to 5Amp, and the
voltage to 120V, and to insulate the measuring circuit from the high voltage. The
primary winding of the current transformers can be a bus bar or transmission line
and the secondary is connected to the relay contacts. When the fault occurs the
relay senses from the secondary of the current transformer and helps open the
contacts of the circuit breaker.
2.4.3 POWER TRANSFORMERS:
This static device is used in the substation for changing the voltage level, up or
down, without affecting the frequency.
Transformers are some of most efficient electrical equipment with some large sizes
and able to transfer 99.75% of input power to their output. Transformers come in a
INTRODUCTION
In this thesis we have studied and observed the use of hybrid insulated system in
our grid stations. We have visited the Korangi South Grid Station, Karachi which is
the first grid station in Pakistan using the hybrid insulated system. This Grid station
was completed in December 2008. We have covered all the technical data of the
installed equipments there. Because of the present situation of power in our country
we must introduce some economical aspects which may help our country; HIS is one
of those aspects.
1.1 SUBSTATION AND ITS IMPORTANCE:
An assembly of equipment in an electric power system through which electrical
energy is passed for transmission, distribution, interconnection, transformation,
conversion, or switching.
Specifically, substations are used for some or all of the following purposes:
Connection of generators, transmission or distribution lines, and loads to each
other; transformation of power from one voltage level to another; interconnection of
alternate sources of power; switching for alternate connections and isolation of
failed or overloaded lines and equipment; controlling system voltage and power
flow; reactive power compensation; suppression of overvoltage; and detection of
faults, monitoring, recording of information, power measurements, and remote
communications.
Broadly speaking, they are classified as: transmission substations, which are
associated with high voltage levels; and distribution substations, associated with
low voltage levels.
Substations are also referred to in a variety of other ways:
1. Transformer substations are substations whose equipment includes transformers.
2. Switching substations are substations whose equipment is mainly for various
connections and interconnections, and does not include transformers.
3. Converter stations are complex substations required for high-voltage directcurrent (HVDC) transmission or interconnection of two ac systems .The main
function of converter stations is the conversion of power from ac to dc and vice
versa..
4. Most substations are installed as air-insulated substations, implying that the busbars and equipment terminations are generally open to the air, and utilize insulation
properties of ambient air for insulation to ground. Modern substations in urban areas
are esthetically designed with low profiles and often within walls, or even indoors.
5. Acquiring a substation site in an urban area is very difficult because land is either
unavailable or very expensive. Therefore, there has been a trend toward increasing
use of gas-insulated substations, which occupy only 520% of the space occupied
by the air-insulated substations. In gas-insulated substations, all live equipment and
bus-bars are housed in grounded metal enclosures, which are sealed and filled with
of Transformer are GIS. Pass Module is a new term for us. Pass Module is a complete
Bay for Transformer Line Circuits and Bus Coupler.
1.3.6 HIGH TENSION YARD OF KORANGI SOUTH GRID STATION:
(11 KV) H.T-Yard of Korangi South Grid Station is indoors and on ground floor of
building. There are three entrances in HT-Yard, two for transportation and one for
main entrance doors. The HT-Yard designed for 64 to 70 switch gears11KV
switchgears are of AREVA made is installed in the H.T. Yard.
Present Position of H.T/-Yard
There are 32 switchgears installed and the detail of 32 switches as following:
Incomings. 2 Nos.
Bus Coupler 2 Nos.
CAP Bank. 2 Nos.
House Transformer. 2 Nos.
Out Going Feeders. 24 Nos.
1.3.7 L. T. AC DISTRIBUTION:
Two Auxiliaries Transformers # (1) and # (2) have been provided for A.C. Auxiliaries
supply of Grid Station. Auxiliary Transformer # (1) and Auxiliary Transformer # (2)
are fed by 11KV switch # (15) and 11KV switch # (18). Output of Auxiliary
Transformer # (01) is connected to Bus bar # (01) through circuit breaker # Q01
means 01Q1. While out put of Auxiliary Transformer # (02) is connected to Bus bar
# (02) through breaker # Q02 means 02Q1. There is circuit breaker # QO3 to close
these two Bus bars as per requirement. While circuit breaker Q04 means 04Q1 is
used to connected Generator or outside supply with Bus bar.
1.4 In chapter 4th we have discussed about HIS in detail and compared it with other
systems as well. We have discussed the background of substations, the basic
structure of hybrid gas insulated system and the advantages of HIS system. We
have discussed the history of GIS as under:In 1965, ABB launched the worlds first gas insulated switchgear. It reduced the size
of substations by almost 70 percent. The convincing compactness of the technology
opened up new possibilities for better and more efficient power networks, and it
reduced the environmental impact of substations significantly
A gas insulated system is an electrical system in which the major structure is
contained in a sealed environment with sulfur-hexa-flouride SF6 gas as the
insulating medium.
A gas insulated substation is one in which the insulating medium between the
phases and between the phase and earth is a gas SF6 sulfur-hexafluoride. But HIS
was more advantageous than GIS. Therefore the advantages of HIS are also
discussed in the chapter.