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Vector
Example: Vectors
Types of forces
External force
Internal force
Vector
Added 4 km and 3 km = sum and direction
Analytical
Using trigonometric methods based on the law of sines and cosines
R=P+Q
Parallelogram rule
- the sum is independent of the
order in which the vectors are
placed head to tail
- vector addition is commutative
P+Q=Q+P=R
P
Q
R=PQ
- vector subtraction
R=PQ
Q
R=P+Q
Trigonometric:
Law of cosine,
R 2 P 2 Q2 2PQ cos B
Law of sine,
Q
R
A
A
Pythagorean theorem
Resolution of vectors:
Resolve vectors into components using the x
and y axes system.
Example 1:
Figure shows an initial design sketch of part of the roof of a sports stadium to be supported by
the cables AB and AC. The forces the cables exert on the pylon to which they are attached are
represented by the vectors FAB and FAC. The magnitude of the forces are |FAB| = 100 kN and
|FAC| = 60 kN. Determine the magnitude and direction of the sum of the forces exerted on the
pylon by the cables (a) graphically and (b) using trigonometry.
Solution:
(a) Graphically construct the parallelogram rule with FAB and FAC
proportional to their magnitudes:
Solution:
(b) Consider the parallelogram rule:
Since = 180 30 = 150
Example 2:
60 N
80 N
Example 3:
Determine the horizontal and
vertical components of P
Solution:
Example 4:
Solution:
Vector addition sketch according to the parallelogram law:
F1
1000 N
F2
1000 N
Example 5:
Determine the resultant of
forces that acts on bolt A.
Solution:
Trigonometric solution - law of cosines,
R 2 P 2 Q 2 2PQ cos B
40N 60N 240N60N cos 155
2
R 97.73N
Law of sines,
sinA sinB
Q
R
Q
sinA sinB
R
sin155
A 15.04
20 A
35.04
60N
97.73N
Fx
component
Add the vertical components, Ry=Fy.
Add the horizontal components, Rx = Fx
Combine the horizontal and vertical components to obtain
a single resultant vector.
R ( Rx ) 2 ( Ry ) 2
Ry
1
tan
R
x
Exercise 1
Three concurrent forces are acting on a bracket. Find the
magnitude and angle of the resultant force by resolving the
forces.
Solution:
F1 = { 15 sin 40 i + 15 cos 40 j } kN
= { 9.642 i + 11.49 j } kN
F2 = { -(12/13)26 i + (5/13)26 j } kN
= { -24 i + 10 j } kN
F3 = { 36 cos 30 i 36 sin 30 j } kN
= { 31.18 i 18 j } kN
= { 16.82 i + 3.49 j } kN
FR = ((16.82)2 + (3.49)2)1/2 = 17.2 kN
= tan-1(3.49/16.82) = 11.7
FR
+X
-X
+Z
-y
y
6N
R
x
4N
z
3N
R1
R1 (3N ) 2 (4 N ) 2
R (5 N ) 2 (6 N ) 2
R1 5 N
R 7.81N
Vector equation
Or known as Cartesian vector
Used right hand coordinate system
Example 2.13
Express the force F shown in Figure 2.23 as a Cartesian
vector
Since only two coordinate direction angles are specified, the third angle must be
F = 200 N, we have
F Fx Fy Fz
2
Equilibrium of a particle
The term particle used in statics to describe a body when;
the size and shape of the body will not significantly affect the solution of
APPLICATIONS
APPLICATIONS (continued)
How ?
1. Imagine the particle to be isolated or cut free from its surroundings.
2. Show all the forces that act on the particle.
Active forces: They want to move the particle. Reactive forces:
They tend to resist the motion.
3. Identify each force and show all known magnitudes and directions.
Show all unknown magnitudes and / or directions as variables .
FBD at A
A
FBD at A
EXAMPLE
FBD at A
Two-Dimensional Problems
R
= Rx + Ry = R n + Rt = 0
= Rxi + Ryj = Rnen + Rtet = 0
Rx = Rxi = Fxi = 0
Ry = Ryj = Fyj = 0
Rn = Rnen = Fnen = 0
Rt = Rtet = Ftet = 0
Example 2.14
A free-body diagram of a particle subjected to the action of four forces is shown in
Fig.2.29. Determine the magnitudes of forces Fl and F2 so that the particle is in
equilibrium
Solution
+ Fx = F1x + F2x + F3x + F4x = 0
+ Fy
(a)
From which
F1 + 0.5774 F2 = 35.30
Solving Eqs (a) and (b) simultaneously yields
F1 = 20.9 kip
F2 = 24.9 kip
(b)
Exercise
600 N
FBD at point A
25
FAB
30
FAC
= F = 0
= R x + Ry + Rz = 0
= Rxi + Ryj + Rzk = 0
Example 2.17
A 90-lb load is suspended from the hook shown in Figure 2.28(a). The load is
Free-Body Diagram.
Equation of equilibrium
Fx = 0 FD sin 30 - (4/5)FC = 0
(a)
Fy = 0 -FD cos 30 + FB = 0
(b)
Fz = 0 (3/5) FC 90 lb = 0
(c)
Solving Eq. (c) for FC, then Eq (a) for FD, and finally Eq. (b) for FB, yields,
FC = 150 lb
Ans
FD = 240 lb
Ans
FB = 208 lb
Ans
FB = ksAB
208 lb = 500 lb/ft (sAB)
sAB = 0.416 ft Ans
Assignment No. 2:
3.The members of a truss are pin-connected at joint O. Determine the
magnitudes of F1 and F2 for equilibrium. Set = 60o
Assignment No. 2:
1. Three concurrent forces
are acting on a bracket. Find
the magnitude and angle of
the resultant force by
resolving the forces.
Dateline:
Quiz 1
2. Find the components of
force Q for the axis system of
A and B.
Tips:
Construct a vector parallelogram by
drawing lines parallel to axes A and B,
from the tip of Q. Then, apply the sine
law.
Quiz 1:
1. Give the units of velocity, force, and energy.
Berikan unit halaju and tenaga.
Summary of Chapter 2
How to calculate resultant force
2 vectors
Graphical
Trigonometry Parallelogram rule, theorem Pythagoras