FORCE AND MOTION

NATURE OF FORCE

Force

- a push or a pull
- a vector quantity (has magnitude and direction)

Points to the direction

of the force

Point of
application

Line of action

Line of action

BALANCED AND UNBALANCED FOCES

a)

Balanced forces

- = 0
- acceleration is equal to zero (ex. Object at rest, object moving at constant velocity)

b) Unbalance forces

- 0
- has acceleration

Combining Forces

Net Force, - sum of all forces acting on the object

a)

Forces acting on the same direction: = 1 + 2

10 units
10 units

= 10 + 10 = 20 units

b) Forces acting on opposite directions: = 1 2

5 units

10 units

= 10 5 = 5 units

NEWTONS LAWS OF MOTION

1st Law of Motion:

Law of Inertia

A body will remain at rest or move at constant velocity unless acted upon by an external net or unbalanced force.

An object at rest will stay at rest or an object in motion will stay in motion and travel in straight line, as long as no
external net force acts on it.

The object will change its state of motion only if there is unbalanced or net force acting upon it.

Inertia

2nd Law of Motion:

- tendency to resist changes in their state of motion or keep doing what they are doing

Law of Acceleration

The acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the magnitude of the net force acting on it and is inversely proportional to
its mass.

Gravitational acceleration () acceleration due to gravity

units: 1 = 1 / 2

- a falling object always has an acceleration equal to

- = 9.81 / 2

TAKE NOTE OF THE NEGATIVE SIGN!!

- the negative sign shows that gravity is always directed downward

State of motion:
a)

Object at rest - does not move, velocity is equal to zero.

= 0 = 0

b)

Object moving at constant velocity constant velocity means acceleration is equal to zero. (recall: =
constant velocity: = = 0)
= 0 = 0

c)

Object moving with acceleration

= 0

, at

3rd Law of Motion:

Law of Interaction (Action-Reaction)

For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.

The difference between the forces related to Law of Interaction and forces in a balanced state are as follows:
Action-Reaction Forces

Balanced Forces

Two forces are equal in size.

Two forces are equal in size.

Two forces are opposite to each other

Two forces are opposite to each other

in terms of direction.

in terms of direction.

Two forces have the same line of

Two forces act along the same line.

action.

Two forces act upon the same object.

Action acts on one object, while

reaction acts on another object.

Normal force ( ) the force exerted by the surface perpendicular to the object.
Think of it this way:

The gravity pulls the object downward, thus there is an action force acting on the
object equal to the gravitational force, .
Since the object is in contact with a surface, an opposite force must counteract so
that that it will not move. The force exerted by the surface to the object is equal to
in magnitude.

= + = 0
Thus, =
surface

Friction

- force that opposes the motion of an object. Created when two surfaces are sliding against each other.
- its direction is ALWAYS OPPOSITE to the direction of motion
- ex. If an object is moving to the left, then the direction of friction is to the right.

UNIFORM CIRCULAR MOTION

Uniform circular motion can be described as the motion of an object in a circle at a constant speed

Note! Constant speed NOT constant velocity

Direction changes as the object move in circle, thus, velocity also changes

The object moving in circular path is ALWAYS ACCELERATING

The acceleration, and thus the force, is directed towards the center.

The net force is said to be an inward or centripetal force.

Weight - force due to gravity

- = = 9.81/ 2
- =

Other Formulas:
=

( )
=

( )
=

WORK, POWER, AND ENERGY

WORK

Work is a mean of transferring energy from one object to another.

Case 1.

Work is done if the object you push moves a distance in the direction towards which you are pushing it.

Force, F

A girl pushing a chair

direction of motion

displacement, d

Case 2.

No work is done if the force you exert does not make the object move.

Force, F

A boy pushing a wall

no motion

Case 3.

No work is done if the force you exert does not make the object move in the same direction as the force you
exerted.

A waiter carrying a tray

Force, F

direction of motion

Calculating Work

Work is done when the force () applied to the object causes the object to have a displacement () in the
same direction as the force applied

units: 1 = 1

ENERGY

Energy - the capacity to do work

When work is done by an object it loses energy and when work is done on an object it gains energy.
a)

Kinetic Energy - the energy of a moving object;

1

= 2
2

Unit:

b) Potential Energy the energy of an object due to its vertical position (height) from a reference point.

c)

Unit:

= +

Unit:

Total Energy sum of KE and PE

Law of Energy Conservation energy is always conserved. The total energy is always constant for a given system

POWER

Power is the rate of doing work or the rate of using energy

=

Unit: 1 =

1
1

LIGHT AND SOUND

TYPES OF WAVES
a)

Longitudinal waves waves that travel parallel to the motion of the particles

b) Transverse waves waves that travel perpendicular to the motion of the particles

SOUND WAVES
Propagation and Characteristics of Sound

Sound consists of waves of air particles.

Sound needs a medium to travel and it is considered a mechanical wave. Generally, sound propagates and travels
through air.

The waves are characterized as longitudinal waves