TUGAS BACA

Nama
: Edina Theodora A. Sagala
NIM
: I11110007
Pembimbing : dr. Hilmi K. Riskawa, Sp.A, M.Kes
1. Siklus Hidup Aedes aegypti

2. Kemampuan terbang Aedes aegypti

Kemampuan terbang rata-rata nyamuk Aedes aegypti 400 meter dengan jarak terbang
maksimal 441 meter.
3. NS-1 Dengue
NS1 adalah glikoprotein yang diproduksi oleh flavivirus dan berperan penting untuk
replikasi dan viabilitas virus yang disekresikan oleh sel mamalia. NS1 antigen muncul sejak
hari pertama onset demam dan turun sampai tidak terdeteksi pada hari ke 5-6 sehingga hanya
dapat digunakan untuk diagnosis dini infeksi dengue. NS1 memiliki keterbatasan dalam
sensitivitas namun memiliki spesifisitas yang tinggi, artinya hasil NS1 yang positif
memastikan seseorang terinfeksi virus dengue namun bila hasil NS1 negatif, tidak
menyingkirkan seseorang terinfeksi virus dengue.
4. Infeksi Nosokomial

Agents that commonly cause nosocomial infection are coagulase-negative

staphylococci, gram-negative bacilli (E. coli,Klebsiella pneumoniae, Salmonella,
Enterobacter, Citrobacter, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Serratia), enterococci, S. aureus, and
Candida. Viruses contributing to nosocomial neonatal infection include enteroviruses, CMV,
hepatitis A, adenoviruses, influenza, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), rhinovirus,
parainfluenza, HSV, and rotavirus.
Bacteria responsible for most cases of nosocomial pneumonia typically include
staphylococcal species, gram-negative enteric aerobes, and occasionally, Pseudomonas. Fungi
are responsible for an increasing number of systemic infections acquired during prolonged
hospitalization of preterm neonates. Respiratory viruses cause isolated cases and outbreaks of
nosocomial pneumonia. These viruses, usually endemic during the winter months and
acquired from infected hospital staff or visitors to the nursery, include RSV, parainfluenza
virus, influenza viruses, and adenovirus.

Various bacterial and fungal agents colonize hospitalized infants, health care workers,
and visitors. Pathogenic agents can be transmitted by direct contact or indirectly via
contaminated equipment, intravenous fluids, medications, blood products, or enteral feedings.
Colonization of the infants skin, umbilicus, and respiratory or gastrointestinal tract with
pathogenic agents often precedes the development of infection. Antibiotic use interferes with
colonization by normal flora, thereby facilitating colonization with more virulent pathogens.
Coagulase-negative staphylococci are the most frequent neonatal nosocomial pathogens. In a
cohort of 6,215 VLBW infants in the NICHD Neonatal Research Network, gram-positive
agents were associated with 70%, gram-negative with 18%, and fungi with 12% of cases of
late-onset sepsis (Table 103-6). Coagulase negative staphylococcus, the single most common
organism, was isolated in 48% of these infections. The emergence of nosocomial bacterial
pathogens resistant to multiple antibiotics is a growing concern. Among NICU patients,
methicillin-resistant S. aureus, vancomycin-resistant enterococci, and multidrug-resistant
gram negative pathogens are particularly alarming. Viral organisms may also cause
nosocomial infection in the NICU; they include RSV, varicella, influenza, rotavirus, and
enteroviruses. Nosocomial infections acquired in a NICU are more likely to be caused by
staphylococci, various Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas species, or Candida species.