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HEAT CAPACITY

Lukhi mulia s

Definition of heat capacityratio of energy change

(energy gained or lost) and the resulting temperature
change
the heat capacity C is expressed as follows:

C = (J/mol-K, or cal/mol-K).

specific heat

Specific heat (often denoted by a lowercase c)

represents the heat capacity per unit mass and has
various units (J/kg-K, cal/g-K, Btu/lbm-F)

the heat capacity while

maintaining the specimen
volume constant

the other is for constant

external pressure

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THERMAL EXPANSION

Temperature Dependence of the Heat Capacity

At low temperatures the relationship between and the

absolute temperature T is
= 3

Figure 19.2 The temperature dependence of the heat capacity at constant volume;

Most solid materials expand upon heating and contract when

cooled. The change in length with temperature for a solid
material may be expressed as follows:

lf = final length
l0 = initial length
T0 = initial temperature
Tf = final temperature
= linear coefficient of thermal expansion (1/C atau 1/F)

D is the Debye temperature

For thermal expansion, dependence of fractional

volume change on the volume coefficient of thermal
expansion and the temperature change.

= volume coefficient of thermal expansion (1/C

atau 1/F)
V = the volume change
V0 = the original volume

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THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY

thermal conductivity is the property that characterizes

the ability of a material to transfer heat

q = the heat flux or heat flow (W/m2, Btu/ft2-h)

k = the thermal conductivity (W/m-K, Btu/ft-h-F)

= the temperature gradient through the conducting

medium

Mechanisms of Heat Conduction

k = +
Metals
Weidemann-Franz lawfor metals, the ratio of thermal
conductivity and the product of the electrical conductivity and
temperature should be a constant

= the electrical conductivity

T = the absolute temperature
L = a constant (The theoretical value of L , 2.44 x 10-8 -W/(K)2)

Figure 19.4 Thermal conductivity versus composition for copperzinc alloys.

[Adapted from Metals Handbook: Properties and Selection: Nonferrous Alloys and Pure
Metals, Vol. 2, 9th edition, H. Baker (Managing Editor), American Society for Metals,
1979, p. 315.]

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Ceramics

Figure 19.5 Dependence of thermal conductivity on temperature for several ceramic materials. (Adapted from W. D.
Kingery, H. K. Bowen, and D. R. Uhlmann, Introduction to Ceramics, 2nd edition. Copyright 1976 by John Wiley & Sons,
New York. Reprinted by permission of John Wiley & Sons, Inc.)

QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS

1. Estimate the energy required to raise the temperature

of 5 kg (11.0 lbm) of the following materials from 20 to
150C (68 to 300F): aluminum, brass, aluminum oxide
(alumina), and polypropylene.
2. For copper, the heat capacity at constant volume Cv
at 20 K is 0.38 J/mol-K, and the Debye temperature is
340 K. Estimate the specific heat (a) at 40 K and (b) at
400 K.
3. A copper wire 15 m (49.2 ft) long is cooled from 40 to
-9C (104 to 15F). How much change in length will it
experience?