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Prokaryotic cells
Eukaryotic
No nucleus
Nucleus
No membrane around
Have organelles
organells so they dont have
Eg
organelles eg
mitochondria
chloroplast
No mitochondria
endoplasmic reticulum
No chloroplast
No endoplasmic reticulum
None
Have flagellum and slime
capsule
Have small ribosomes 70 s
Large ribosomes 80 s
Have chromosomes in
nucleus
V.cholerae cause
Diarrhoea
..
Oral rehydration solutions (ORS) are used to treat
diarrhoeal disease. What does an ORS consist of and
how does it work?
Microscopes
What is resolution and why is it better in Electron
|Microscopes than in light
It is the Ability to distinguish two points (close
together),
It use Electrons not light.
Electrons have a have a shorter wavelength;
Advantage and disadvantages of using the
electron microscope
TEM
Advantages:
1 Small object can be seen, can see organelles;
2 TEM has high resolution; 1 nm because Wavelength
of electrons shorter than light ;
3 it magnifies x 500 000
Limitations:
4 Cannot look at living cells;
5 Must be in a vacuum;
6 Must be a very thin section which
is difficult
7 when you prepare the section it
may have artefacts
8 Does not produce colour image black and white;
9 it is 2D
Measuring the size of an object under a light
microscope
Measure with an eyepiece graticule
Calibrate with the stage mcirometer (an object of a
known size)
Repeat and calculate an average
Mag = size of image / size of object
Artefacts
Lower resolution than the TEM
Advantage and disadvantages of using the
optical microscope.
It uses light. The wavelength of light is shorter
than electron wavelength
Advantages
1.Can see living
organisms
2.Can see colour
3.Can see whole
specimen
4.Easy and cheap th
set up
5.Specimen does not
have to be so thin
Disadvantage
1.Poor resolution
2.Magnifies x1500
3.Resolution 0.2 m apart
Cell fractionation
Starting with some lettuce leaves, describe how
you would obtain a sample of undamaged
chloroplasts. Use your knowledge of cell
fractionation and ultracentrifugation to answer
this question.
1. Chop up sample in the homogeniser to break the cell
wall of the cell to release the organelles
2.place in Cold solution (to reduces enzyme activity)
3. Buffered solution ( to prevent pH affecting enzymes)
4. Isotonic so it has the same water potential;
(prevents osmosis bursting and shrinkage of
organelles)
5. Filter to remove debris and now centrifuge the
filtrate;
6.now Centrifuge the supernatant At a higher speed
7. Chloroplasts in (second) pellet;
The heaviest organelles will be removes at slower
speeds
1. nuclei speed 1000g
2. Chloroplast
3. Mitochondria 3500 g
4. Lysosomes 16500g
5. ribosomes
With reference to
named parts of the
diagram, explain the
difference between
the terms:
Triglyceride and
phospholipid;
Phospholipid has (one) phosphate /
Phosphoric acid;
replacing fatty acid;
Saturated and unsaturated.
Saturated all valencies of C filled / saturated with hydrogen /
all (CC)
single bonds / no double bonds;
fatty acid 1 is saturated/fatty acids 2 and 3 are unsaturated;