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WiMAX base station equipment with a sector antenna and wireless modem on top
Contents
[hide]
1 Definitions
2 Uses
o 2.1 Broadband access
2.1.1 Subscriber units (Client Units)
o 2.2 Mobile handset applications
o 2.3 Backhaul/access network applications
3 Technical information
o 3.1 MAC layer/data link layer
o 3.2 Physical layer
o 3.3 Complexities of deployment
o 3.4 Integration with an IP based Network
o 3.5 Comparison with Wi-Fi
o 3.6 Spectrum allocation issues
o 3.7 Spectral efficiency
o 3.8 Limitations
o 3.9 Silicon implementations
4 Standards
5 Conformance testing
6 Associations
o 6.1 WiMAX Forum
o 6.2 WiMAX Spectrum Owners Alliance
7 Competing technologies
o 7.1 Mobile Broadband Wireless Access
o 7.2 Internet-oriented systems
o 7.3 Comparison
8 Future development
9 Interference
10 Current deployments
o 10.1 Networks
11 By territory
o 11.1 Africa
o 11.2 Americas
o 11.3 Asia
o 11.4 Europe
11.4.1 Germany
11.4.2 United Kingdom
o 11.5 Indonesia
12 Literature
13 See also
14 Notes and references
15 External links
[edit] Definitions
The terms "fixed WiMAX", "mobile WiMAX", "802.16d" and "802.16e" are frequently used
incorrectly.[14] Correct definitions are the following:
802.16-2004 is often called 802.16d, since that was the working party that developed the
standard. It is also frequently referred to as "fixed WiMAX" since it has no support for
mobility.
802.16e-2005 is an amendment to 802.16-2004 and is often referred to in shortened form
as 802.16e. It introduced support for mobility, amongst other things and is therefore also
known as "mobile WiMAX".
[edit] Uses
The bandwidth and range of WiMAX make it suitable for the following potential applications:
Some analysts have questioned how the deal will work out: Although fixed-mobile convergence
has been a recognized factor in the industry, prior attempts to form partnerships among wireless
and cable companies have generally failed to lead to significant benefits to the participants. Other
analysts point out that as wireless progresses to higher bandwidth, it inevitably competes more
directly with cable and DSL, thrusting competitors into bed together. Also, as wireless broadband
networks grow denser and usage habits shift, the need for increased back haul and media
service will accelerate, therefore the opportunity to leverage cable assets is expected to increase.
In North America, Backhaul for urban cellular operations is typically provided via one or more
copper wire line T1 connections, whereas remote cellular operations are sometimes "backhauled"
via satellite. In most other regions, urban and rural backhaul is usually provided by Microwave
links. (The exception to this is where the network is operated by an incumbent with ready access
to the copper network, in which case T1 lines may be used). WiMAX is a broadband platform and
as such has much more substantial backhaul bandwidth requirements than legacy cellular
applications. Therefore traditional copper wire line backhaul solutions are not appropriate.
Consequently the use of wireless microwave backhaul is on the rise in North America and
existing microwave backhaul links in all regions are being upgraded. [20] Capacities of between 34
Mbit/s and 1 Gbit/s are routinely being deployed with latencies in the order of 1ms. [citation needed] In
many cases, operators are aggregating sites using wireless technology and then presenting
traffic on to fiber networks where convenient.
Deploying WiMAX in rural areas with limited or no internet backbone will be challenging as
additional methods and hardware will be required to procure sufficient bandwidth from the nearest
sources the difficulty being in proportion to the distance between the end-user and the nearest
sufficient internet backbone.
In Wi-Fi the media access controller (MAC) uses contention access all subscriber stations that
wish to pass data through a wireless access point (AP) are competing for the AP's attention on a
random interrupt basis.[citation needed] This can cause subscriber stations distant from the AP to be
repeatedly interrupted[citation needed] by closer stations, greatly reducing their throughput. [citation needed]
In contrast, the 802.16 MAC uses a scheduling algorithm for which the subscriber station needs
to compete only once (for initial entry into the network). After that it is allocated an access slot by
the base station. The time slot can enlarge and contract, but remains assigned to the subscriber
station, which means that other subscribers cannot use it. [citation needed] In addition to being stable
under overload and over-subscription[citation needed], the 802.16 scheduling algorithm can also be
more bandwidth efficient.[citation needed] The scheduling algorithm also allows the base station to
control QoS parameters by balancing the time-slot assignments among the application needs of
the subscriber stations[citation needed].
should avoid high interference and high multipath environments as opposed to what the average
radio network planning team (and executive staff from the adopting operator) could think, the
reason for it lies in excessive interference and competition during the Initial Ranging (IR) process
due to the usage of high transmitting power in base station (BS) and subscriber station (SS) alike,
which can result in unwanted delays and ranging attempts that effectively detracts from a good
user experience and can even result in wasted allocated symbols due to continuous
connections/re-connections.
The system therefore is very complex to deploy as it is necessary to keep in mind not only the
signal strength and CINR (as in systems like GSM) but it is also necessary to think how the
spectrum is going to be dynamically assigned (resulting in dynamically changing total available
bandwidth)) to the served subscriber stations (other dynamic burst systems have 2 or 3 burst
profiles, WiMAX developments have showed up to 7 in use at the same time), the DSP
algorithms (Decodification) are tougher than in any other wireless systems, yet they cannot
reconstruct any burst in any environment; It is usually very effective though, but coupled with
OFDM/SOFDMA, it can result in a double edged sword which means by having a tougher set of
DSP algorithms, usually deployed on specific purpose chips, the signal could (harmfully) reach
farther distances than expected due to tunnel effects (constructive interference with neighbor
frequencies) resulting in highly interfered clutters and with highly reflected signals, with very high
signal strength though which can fool the non experienced planning staff (usually coming from
3gpp networks).
As a result the system has to be initially deployed in conjunction with product development staff
(who are usually involved in the technology development in some way) from the given vendor as
opposed to service technical staff (radio planning) from the operator or vendor as is usual
practice, thus raising the cost of deployment. As with all new technologies, configuration and
maintenance will become easier to use as more deployments occur.
It is important to note that the functional architecture can be designed into various hardware
configurations rather than fixed configurations. For example, the architecture is flexible enough to
allow remote/mobile stations of varying scale and functionality and Base Stations of varying size e.g. femto, pico, and mini BS as well as macros.
Both 802.11 and 802.16 define Peer-to-Peer (P2P) and ad hoc networks, where an end user
communicates to users or servers on another Local Area Network (LAN) using its access point or
base station.
In the unlicensed band, 5.x GHz is the approved profile. Telecommunication companies are
unlikely to use this spectrum widely other than for backhaul, since they do not own and control
the spectrum.
In the USA, the biggest segment available is around 2.5 GHz, [23] and is already assigned,
primarily to Sprint Nextel and Clearwire. Elsewhere in the world, the most-likely bands used will
be the Forum approved ones, with 2.3 GHz probably being most important in Asia. Some
countries in Asia like India and Indonesia will use a mix of 2.5 GHz, 3.3 GHz and other
frequencies. Pakistan's Wateen Telecom uses 3.5 GHz.
Analog TV bands (700 MHz) may become available for WiMAX usage, but await the complete roll
out of digital TV, and there will be other uses suggested for that spectrum. In the USA the FCC
auction for this spectrum began in January 2008 and, as a result, the biggest share of the
spectrum went to Verizon Wireless and the next biggest to AT&T.[24] Both of these companies
have stated their intention of supporting LTE, a technology which competes directly with WiMAX.
EU commissioner Viviane Reding has suggested re-allocation of 500800 MHz spectrum for
wireless communication, including WiMAX.[25]
WiMAX profiles define channel size, TDD/FDD and other necessary attributes in order to have
inter-operating products. The current fixed profiles are defined for both TDD and FDD profiles. At
this point, all of the mobile profiles are TDD only. The fixed profiles have channel sizes of 3.5
MHz, 5 MHz, 7 MHz and 10 MHz. The mobile profiles are 5 MHz, 8.75 MHz and 10 MHz. (Note:
the 802.16 standard allows a far wider variety of channels, but only the above subsets are
supported as WiMAX profiles.)
Since October 2007, the Radio communication Sector of the International Telecommunication
Union (ITU-R) has decided to include WiMAX technology in the IMT-2000 set of standards. [26] This
enables spectrum owners (specifically in the 2.5-2.69 GHz band at this stage) to use Mobile
WiMAX equipment in any country that recognizes the IMT-2000.
[edit] Limitations
A commonly-held misconception is that WiMAX will deliver 70 Mbit/s over 50 kilometers (~31
miles). In reality, WiMAX can either operate at higher bitrates or over longer distances but not
both: operating at the maximum range of 50 km increases bit error rate and thus results in a
much lower bitrate. Conversely, reducing the range (to <1m) allows a device to operate at higher
bitrates. There are no known examples of WiMAX services being delivered at bit rates over
around 3 Mbit/s.
Typically, fixed WiMAX networks have a higher-gain directional antenna installed near the client
(customer) which results in greatly increased range and throughput. Mobile WiMAX networks are
usually made of indoor "Customer-premises equipment" (CPE) such as desktop modems, laptops
with integrated Mobile WiMAX or other Mobile WiMAX devices. Mobile WiMAX devices typically
have omnidirectional antennae which are of lower-gain compared to directional antennas but are
more portable. In current deployments, the throughput may reach 2 Mbit/s symmetric at 10 km
with fixed WiMAX and a high gain antenna. It is also important to consider that a throughput of
2 Mbit/s can mean 2 Mbit/s, symmetric simultaneously, 1 Mbit/s symmetric or some asymmetric
mix (e.g. 0.5 Mbit/s downlink and 1.5 Mbit/s uplink or 1.5 Mbit/s downlink and 0.5 Mbit/s uplink),
each of which required slightly different network equipment and configurations. Higher-gain
directional antennas can be used with a WiMAX network with range and throughput benefits but
the obvious loss of practical mobility.
Like most wireless systems, available bandwidth is shared between users in a given radio sector,
so performance could deteriorate in the case of many active users in a single sector. In practice,
most users will have a range of 2-3 Mbit/s services and additional radio cards will be added to the
base station to increase the number of users that may be served as required.
Because of these limitations, the general consensus is that WiMAX requires various granular and
distributed network architectures to be incorporated within the IEEE 802.16 task groups. This
includes wireless mesh, grids, network remote station repeaters which can extend networks and
connect to backhaul.
[edit] Standards
The current WiMAX incarnation, Mobile WiMAX, is based upon IEEE Std 802.16e-2005,[27]
approved in December 2005. It is a supplement to the IEEE Std 802.16-2004, [28] and so the actual
standard is 802.16-2004 as amended by 802.16e-2005 the specifications need to be read
together to understand them.
IEEE Std 802.16-2004 addresses only fixed systems. It replaced IEEE Standards 802.16-2001,
802.16c-2002, and 802.16a-2003.
IEEE 802.16e-2005 improves upon IEEE 802.16-2004 by:
Adding support for mobility (soft and hard handover between base stations). This is seen
as one of the most important aspects of 802.16e-2005, and is the very basis of 'Mobile
WiMAX' (though this has yet to be demonstrated in any installed systems).
Scaling of the Fast Fourier transform (FFT) to the channel bandwidth in order to keep the
carrier spacing constant across different channel bandwidths (typically 1.25 MHz, 5 MHz,
10
802.16d vendors point out that fixed WiMAX offers the benefit of available commercial products
and implementations optimized for fixed access. It is a popular standard among alternative
service providers and operators in developing areas due to its low cost of deployment and
advanced performance in a fixed environment. Fixed WiMAX is also seen as a potential standard
for backhaul of wireless base stations such as cellular, or Wi-Fi.
SOFDMA (used in 802.16e-2005) and OFDM256 (802.16d) are not compatible thus most
equipment will have to be replaced if an operator wants or needs to move to the later standard.
However, some manufacturers are planning to provide a migration path for older equipment to
SOFDMA compatibility which would ease the transition for those networks which have already
made the OFDM256 investment. Intel provides a dual-mode 802.16-2004 802.16-2005 chipset for
subscriber units.
[edit] Associations
[edit] WiMAX Forum
The WiMAX Forum is a non profit organization formed to promote the adoption of WiMAX
compatible products and services.[30]
A major role for the organization is to certify the interoperability of WiMAX products. [31] Those that
pass conformance and interoperability testing achieve the "WiMAX Forum Certified" designation,
and can display this mark on their products and marketing materials. Some vendors claim that
their equipment is "WiMAX-ready", "WiMAX-compliant", or "pre-WiMAX", if they are not officially
WiMAX Forum Certified.
Another role of the WiMAX Forum is to promote the spread of knowledge about WiMAX. In order
to do so, it has a certified training program that is currently offered in English and French. It also
offers a series of member events and endorses some industry events.
11
WiSOA logo
WiSOA was the first global organization composed exclusively of owners of WiMAX spectrum
with plans to deploy WiMAX technology in those bands. WiSOA focussed on the regulation,
commercialisation, and deployment of WiMAX spectrum in the 2.32.5 GHz and the 3.43.5 GHz
ranges. WiSOA merged with the Wireless Broadband Alliance in April 2008.[32]
12
[edit] Comparison
Main article: Comparison of wireless data standards
The neutrality of this article is disputed. Please see the discussion on the talk page.
Please do not remove this message until the dispute is resolved. (January 2009)
The following table should be treated with caution because it only shows peak rates which are
potentially very misleading. In addition, the comparisons listed are not normalized by physical
channel size (i.e., spectrum used to achieve the listed peak rates); this obfuscates spectral
efficiency and net through-put capabilities of the different wireless technologies listed below.
vde
Standard
LTE
86.4
Notes
LTE-Advanced
update to offer
over 1 Gbit/s
speeds.
13
802.16
Flash-OFDM
WiMAX
Mobile
Internet
FlashOFDM
Mobile
Internet
mobility up to Flash-OFDM
200mph
(350km/h)
HIPERMAN HIPERMAN
Wi-Fi
Wi-Fi
iBurst
iBurst
802.20
EDGE
Evolution
GSM
Mobile
Internet
Mobile Intern
et
Mobile Intern
et
Mobile Intern
et
MIMO-SOFDMA
OFDM
5.3
10.6
15.9
1.8
3.6
5.4
56.9
56.9
OFDM/MIMO/CD
108
MA
HC64
SDMA/TDD/MIMO
TDMA/FDD
1.9
UMTS WCDMA/FDD
CDMA
0.384
UMTS/3GS
HSDPA+HSUP
General 3G
14.4
M
CDMA/FDD/MIM
A
42
O
HSPA+
UMTS-TDD
1xRTT
UMTS/3GS Mobile
M
Internet
CDMA2000
Mobile
phone
EV-DO 1x Rev.
0
Mobile
EV-DO 1x Rev. CDMA2000
Internet
A
EV-DO Rev.B
WiMAX II IMTAdvanced
update to offer
over 1 Gbit/s
speeds.
Mobile range
18miles
(30km)
extended
range 34 miles
(55km)
108
Mobile range
(3km)
64
312 km
0.9
0.384
5.76
11.5
CDMA/TDD
16
16
CDMA
0.144
0.144
CDMA/FDD
2.45
3.1
4.9xN
0.15
1.8
1.8xN
3GPP Release
7
HSDPA widely
deployed.
Typical
downlink rates
today 2 Mbit/s,
~200 kbit/s
uplink; HSPA+
downlink up to
42 Mbit/s.
Reported
speeds
according to
IPWireless
using 16QAM
modulation
similar to
HSDPA+HSUP
A
Succeeded by
EV-DO
Rev B note: N
is the number
of 1.25 MHz
chunks of
spectrum used.
Not yet
deployed.
Notes: All speeds are theoretical maximums and will vary by a number of factors, including the
use of external antennae, distance from the tower and the ground speed (e.g. communications on
a train may be poorer than when standing still). Usually the bandwidth is shared between several
terminals. The performance of each technology is determined by a number of constraints,
including the spectral efficiency of the technology, the cell sizes used, and the amount of
spectrum available. For more information, see Comparison of wireless data standards.
14
LTE is expected to be ratified at the end of 2008, with commercial implementations becoming
viable within the next two years.
[edit] Interference
A field test conducted by SUIRG (Satellite Users Interference Reduction Group) with support from
the U.S. Navy, the Global VSAT Forum, and several member organizations yielded results
showing interference at 12 km when using the same channels for both the WiMAX systems and
satellites in C-band.[35] The WiMAX Forum has not answered yet.
[edit] By territory
This section gives details of regulatory decisions in various parts of the world. For information on
deployments around the world see the List of deployed WiMAX networks
[edit] Africa
In South Africa Telecoms Regulator ICASA has only issued four licences for commercial WiMAX
services: to wireless broadband solutions provider iBurst, state-owned signal distributor Sentech,
second network operator Neotel, [Amatole Telecommunication Services] (under serviced area
15
license holder in S.A.) and Telkom, all on the 3.5 GHz band. See the List of deployed WiMAX
networks for details.
[edit] Americas
See the List of deployed WiMAX networks for details.
[edit] Asia
See the List of deployed WiMAX networks for details.
[edit] Europe
Commission Decision of 2008-05-21 on the harmonisation of the 3400-3800 MHz frequency band
for terrestrial systems capable of providing electronic communications services in the Community.
[36]
It includes:
Pursuant to Article 4(2) of Decision 676/2002/EC (of the European Parliament and of the
Council of 7 March 2002 on a regulatory framework for radio spectrum policy in the
European Community - Radio Spectrum Decision -), [37] the Commission gave a mandate
dated 4 January 2006 to the European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications
Administrations (hereinafter the CEPT) to identify the conditions relating to the provision
of harmonised radio frequency bands in the EU for Broadband Wireless Access (BWA)
applications.
In response to that Mandate, the CEPT issued a report (CEPT Report 15) on BWA, which
concludes that the deployment of fixed, nomadic and mobile networks is technically
feasible within the 3400-3800 MHz frequency band under the technical conditions
described in the European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications
Administrations Decision ECC/DEC/(07)02 and Recommendation ECC/REC/(04)05.
No later than six months after entry into force of this Decision, Member States shall
designate and make available, on a non-exclusive basis, the 3400-3600 MHz band for
terrestrial electronic communications networks.
By 1 January 2012 Member States shall designate and subsequently make available, on
a non-exclusive basis, the 3600-3800 MHz band for terrestrial electronic communications
networks.
The designation of the 3400-3800 MHz band for fixed, nomadic and mobile applications
is an important element addressing the convergence of the mobile, fixed and
broadcasting sectors and reflecting technical innovation. Member States shall allow the
use of the 3400-3800 MHz band in for fixed, nomadic and mobile electronic
communications networks.
This Decision is addressed to the Member States.
[edit] Germany
German Federal Network Agency has begun assigning frequencies for wireless Internet access in
the band 3400 to 3600 MHz (in some places up to 4000 MHz). [38]
16
The UK telecoms industry is waiting for OFCOM the UKs telecoms regulator, to launch the tender
process for the 2.6 GHz spectrum range for a number of services which can include WiMAX,
including mobile services based on the 802.16e standard. This is currently expected in mid-2009.
[edit] Indonesia
The Indonesian government announced on January 22, 2009 two ministry decrees and
three regulations releasing spectrum at 2.3GHz and 3.3GHz for wireless broadband
access across all regions of Indonesia. This means Indonesia will be using 2.3-GHz band
for the Wimax 16.e standard while 3.3-GHz will be used for the 16.d standard. [39]
[edit] Literature
K. Fazel and S. Kaiser, Multi-Carrier and Spread Spectrum Systems: From OFDM and
MC-CDMA to LTE and WiMAX, 2nd Edition, John Wiley & Sons, 2008, ISBN 978-0-47099821-2
M. Ergen, Mobile Broadband - Including WiMAX and LTE, Springer, NY, 2009 ISBN 9780-387-68189-4
Com-bridge
Customer-premises equipment
Evolved HSPA
High-Speed Packet Access (HSPA)
List of deployed WiMAX networks
Mobile broadband
Mobile VoIP
Municipal broadband
Packet Burst Broadband (PBB)
Switched mesh
WiBro
wireless bridge
Wireless broadband
Wireless local loop
17
2. ^ "goBroadband". http://convergence.in/blog/2008/03/24/is-wimax-a-failure-tata3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
18
22. ^ "Practical tips on making WiMAX field measurements, Part 1". rfdesignline.com.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
http://www.rfdesignline.com/197000698;jsessionid=QTVQPMTGVCCPCQSNDLQSKH0C
JUNN2JVN?printableArticle=true. Retrieved on 2008-03-25.
^ "U.S. Frequency Allocation Chart". Department of Commerce.
http://www.ntia.doc.gov/osmhome/allochrt.pdf. Retrieved on 2008-03-12.
^ "Auctions Schedule". FCC. http://wireless.fcc.gov/auctions/default.htm?
job=auctions_sched. Retrieved on 2008-01-08.
^ "European Commission proposes TV spectrum for WiMax". zdnetasia.com.
http://www.zdnetasia.com/news/communications/0,39044192,62021021,00.htm.
Retrieved on 2008-01-08.
^ "ITU Radiocommunication Assembly approves new developments for its 3G
standards". itu.int. http://www.itu.int/newsroom/press_releases/2007/30.html. Retrieved
on 2008-03-12.
^ "IEEE 802.16e Task Group (Mobile WirelessMAN)". ieee802.org.
http://www.ieee802.org/16/tge/. Retrieved on 2008-03-12.
^ "IEEE 802.16 Task Group d". ieee802.org. http://www.ieee802.org/16/tgd/. Retrieved on
2008-03-12.
^ "HiperMAN / WiMAX Testing". ETSI.
http://www.etsi.org/WebSite/technologies/HiperMAN-WiMAXTesting.aspx. Retrieved on
2008-03-28.
^ "WiMAX Forum Overview". http://www.wimaxforum.org/about. Retrieved on 2008-0801.
^ "WiMAX Forum Frequently Asked Questions". wimaxforum.org.
http://www.wimaxforum.org/technology/faq. Retrieved on 2008-03-12.
^ "WBA and WiSOA join efforts on WiMAX global roaming)".
http://www.wimaxday.net/site/2008/04/24/wba-and-wisoa-join-efforts-on-wimax-globalroaming. Retrieved on 2008-12-10.
^ "Status of 802.20". ieee.org.
http://grouper.ieee.org/groups/802/mbwa/email/pdf00015.pdf. Retrieved on 2008-03-12.
^ "Qualcomm halts UMB project, sees no major job cuts". Reuters. 2008.
http://www.reuters.com/article/marketsNews/idUSN1335969420081113?rpc=401&.
Retrieved on 2008-12-02.
^ "SUIRG full interference test report". suirg.org.
http://www.suirg.org/pdf/SUIRG_WiMaxFieldTestReport.pdf. Retrieved on 2008-03-16.
^
http://ec.europa.eu/information_society/policy/radio_spectrum/docs/in_transit/bwa/bwa_e
n.pdf
^
http://ec.europa.eu/information_society/policy/radio_spectrum/docs/policy_outline/decisio
n_6762002/en.pdf
^ "Federal Network Agency begins assigning frequencies for wireless Internet access".
bundesnetzagentur.de. http://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/media/archive/4564.pdf.
Retrieved on 2008-06-01.
^ "Wimax frequencies allocation in Indonesia".
http://www.earthtimes.org/articles/show/tranzeo-and-trg-advance-indonesian-wimax-jointdevelopment,694186.shtml.
WiMAX Forum
How WiMAX Works at HowStuffWorks
19
[show]
vde
[hide]Internet Access
Wired
Network
Type
Optical
Coaxial
Cable
LAN
1000BASEX
G.hn
WAN
PON
DOCSIS
Ethernet
Cable
Ethernet
Wireless
Power
line
Unlicensed
terrestrial bands
HomePNA
G.hn
G.hn
Wi-Fi Bluetooth
DECT Wireless
USB
Dial-up
ISDN DSL
BPL
Muni Wi-Fi
Phone line
Licensed terrestrial
bands
Satellite
GPRS iBurst
WiBro/WiMAX UMTSTDD, HSPA EVDO LTE
Satellite
[show]
vde
20
vde
Mobile VoIP
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
21
Mobile VoIP will become an important service in the coming years as device manufacturers
exploit more powerful processors and less costly memory to meet user needs for ever-more
'power in their pocket'. Smartphones in mid-2006 are capable of sending and receiving email,
browsing the web (albeit at low rates) and in some cases allowing a user to watch TV.
The challenge for the mobile operator industry is to deliver the benefits and innovations of IP
without losing control of the network service. Users like the Internet to be free and high speed
without extra charges for visiting specific sites. Such a service challenges the most valuable
service in the telecommunications industry voice and threatens to change the nature of the
global communications industry.
Contents
[hide]
1 Technologies
2 Recent developments
3 References
4 See also
5 External links
[edit] Technologies
Mobile VoIP relies on two main technologies:
UMA the Unlicensed Mobile Access Generic Access Network, designed to allow VoIP
to run over the GSM cellular backbone
SIP the standard used by most VoIP services, and now being implemented on mobile
handsets
[edit] References
1.
^ "Aircell: On U.S. Planes, VoIP Will Be Muted" GigaOm August 26, 2008
vde
Mobile phones
General
Networking
Devices
Culture
Health and environment Driving safety Electronic waste Radiation & health
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_VoIP"
MoIP
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
23
MoIP is not a VoIP program made accessible from mobile phones or a switchboard application
using VoIP in the background. It is rather a native mobile application on users handsets and used
to conduct talk and chat over the internet connection as its primary channel.
Mobile VoIP
Modem over IP or Modem over VoIP.
Media over Internet Protocol
Meetings Over IP
Messaging Over Internet Protocol
Missile On Internal Power
Mobile broadband
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
24
Mobile broadband is the name used to describe various types of wireless high-speed internet
access through a portable modem, telephone or other device. Various network standards may be
used, such as GPRS, 3G, WiMAX, LTE UMTS/HSPA, EV-DO and some portable satellite-based
systems[1].
Devices that provide mobile broadband include: PC data cards, USB modems, USB sticks,
phones with data modems and portable devices with built-in support for Mobile Broadband (like
notebooks, netbooks and Mobile Internet Devices (MIDs)). Notebooks with built-in Mobile
Broadband Modules are offered by all leading laptop manufacturers in Europe and Asia including:
Dell, Lenovo (previously IBM), HP, Fujitsu, Toshiba and Acer.
A group of telecommunication manufacturers, mobile phone producers, chipset manufacturers
and notebook manufacturers have joined forces to push built-in support for Mobile Broadband
technology on notebook computers[2]. The players have established a service mark to identify
devices that deliver the highest standard of Mobile Broadband.
Contents
[hide]
1 Development
2 See also
3 References
4 External links
[edit] Development
On 11 December 2002, the IEEE Standards Board approved the establishment of IEEE 802.20 [3],
the Mobile Broadband Wireless Access (MBWA) Working Group.
The mission of IEEE 802.20 is to develop the specification for an efficient packet based air
interface that is optimized for the transport of IP based services. The goal is to enable worldwide
deployment of affordable, ubiquitous, always-on and interoperable multi-vendor mobile
broadband wireless access networks that meet the needs of business and residential end user
markets.
The main barrier to the take up of mobile broadband will be the coverage the mobile phone
networks can provide, in many areas customers will not be able to achieve the speeds advertised
due to mobile data coverage limitations.
Demand from emerging markets fuels a large share of growth in Mobile Broadband over the
coming years. Without the need to start from the basis of a widespread fixed line infrastructure,
many emerging markets leapfrog developed markets and use Mobile Broadband technologies to
deliver high-speed internet access to the mass market.
The global Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) family of standards - which includes
GSM, EDGE, WCDMA, HSPA and LTE is the most widespread way to deliver mobile
broadband. 3GPP standards are serving about 90 percent of the worlds mobile subscribers.
25
In October 2008, a steering group known as Digital Britain was setup, with the aim of promoting
digital telecommunications in the United Kingdom. The conclusion of the steering group was a
recommendation that the government took up, namely to have 100% broadband coverage, with a
minimum speed of 2mbs in the United Kingdom by the year 2012. Mobile broadband is expected
to be utilized to help spread broadband coverage to the more remote areas of the UK.
In 2009 actions were taken by the telecommunication industry that led many to believe that price
fixing was taking place. Every provider (AT&T, Verizon, Sprint, and T-Mobile) all offered the same
mobile broadband plan at the same price. 5GB max at $60 a month. Under the Sherman Act,[1]
July 2, 1890 this would be illegal, and allows for any individual the right to sue under the antitrust
laws. As evident in the network outage on April 9, 2009 in Santa Clara, Santa Cruz, and San
Benito counties in California all these companies are interlinked and share the same network,
which would also constitute monopoly practices.
Mobile VoIP
Broadband Internet access
Broadband
Mobile Enterprise
[edit] References
This article does not cite any references or sources. Please help improve this article
by adding citations to reliable sources (ideally, using inline citations). Unsourced
material may be challenged and removed. (February 2007)
1.
2.
3.
26
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 VoIP Implementations
3 Adoption
o 3.1 Consumer market
o 3.2 PSTN and mobile network providers
o 3.3 Corporate use
4 Benefits
o 4.1 Operational cost
o 4.2 Flexibility
27
5 Challenges
o 5.1 Quality of Service
5.1.1 Layer-2 Quality of Service
o 5.2 Susceptibility to power failure
o 5.3 Emergency calls
o 5.4 Number portability
o 5.5 PSTN Integration
o 5.6 Security
o 5.7 Caller ID
o 5.8 Interconnection to traditional PSTN telephones
o 5.9 Fax handling
o 5.10 Support for other telephony devices
6 Legal Issues
7 International VoIP Implementation
o 7.1 IP telephony in Japan
8 See also
9 References
10 External links
[edit] History
1974 - The Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE) published a paper
entitled "A Protocol for Packet Network Interconnection." [2]
1981 - IPv4 is described in RFC-791.[3]
1985 - The National Science Foundation commissions the creation of NSFNET.[4]
1995 - VocalTec releases the first commercial Internet phone software. [5][6]
1996 o ITU-T begins the standardization of VoIP initially with the H.323 standard.[7]
o US telecommunication companies ask the US Congress to ban Internet phone
technology.[8]
1997 - Level 3 began development of its first softswitch (a term they coined in 1998).[9]
1999 o The Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) specification RFC 2543 was released.[10]
o The first open source SIP PBX (Asterisk) is created by Mark Spencer of Digium.
[11]
SIP/RTP
IMS
H.323
Skype
28
Further examples and comparisons are available from the following Wikipedia article:
Comparison of VoIP software
[edit] Adoption
[edit] Consumer market
A typical analog telephone adapter (ATA) for connecting an analog phone to a VoIP provider
An Analog Telephone Adapter (ATA) may be connected between an IP network (such as
a broadband connection) and an existing telephone jack in order to provide service nearly
indistinguishable from PSTN providers on all the other telephone jacks in the residence.
This type of service, which is fixed to one location, is generally offered by broadband
Internet providers such as cable companies and telephone companies as a cheaper flatrate traditional phone service.
29
Dedicated VoIP phones are phones that allow VoIP calls without the use of a computer.
Instead they connect directly to the IP network (using technologies such as Wi-Fi or
Ethernet). In order to connect to the PSTN they usually require service from a VoIP
service provider therefore most people also use them in conjunction with a paid service
plan.
A softphone (also known as an Internet phone or Digital phone) is a piece of software that
can be installed on a computer that allows VoIP calling without dedicated hardware. An
advantage of using a softphone with a VoIP service provider is the ability of having a fixed
phone number which you can move to any country or location (This is also possible with
ATAs and VoIP phones, however requires the physical relocation of the hardware).
30
Linux systems, so they are easy to configure and troubleshoot. Rather than closed architectures,
these devices rely on standard interfaces.[24]
VoIP devices also have simple, intuitive user interfaces, so employees can often make simple
system configuration changes. Features such as dual-mode cellphones enable users to continue
their conversations as they move from an outside cellular service to an internal wi-fi network. The
bundling means employees no longer have to carry a desktop phone and a cellphone, so
companies can reduce their telecommunications equipment costs. Maintenance also becomes
simpler, because there are fewer devices to oversee. [25]
Most recently Skype, which originally marketed itself as a service among friends, has begun to
cater to businesses. If a company's clients, contacts and employees join the Skype network, they
can be called for free, wherever they are in the world. Skype makes this simple; find the name of
your contact, click and call, and all calls cost the employer nothing. [26]
[edit] Benefits
[edit] Operational cost
VoIP can be a benefit for reducing communication and infrastructure costs. Examples include:
Routing phone calls over existing data networks to avoid the need for separate voice and
data networks.[27]
Conference calling, IVR, call forwarding, automatic redial, and caller ID features that
traditional telecommunication companies (telcos) normally charge extra for are available
for free from open source VoIP implementations such as Asterisk.
[edit] Flexibility
VoIP can facilitate tasks and provide services that may be more difficult to implement using the
PSTN. Examples include:
The ability to transmit more than one telephone call over the same broadband
connection.[28] This can make VoIP a simple way to add an extra telephone line to a home
or office.
Secure calls using standardized protocols (such as Secure Real-time Transport Protocol.)
Most of the difficulties of creating a secure phone connection over traditional phone lines,
like digitizing and digital transmission, are already in place with VoIP. It is only necessary
to encrypt and authenticate the existing data stream.[29]
Location independence. Only an Internet connection is needed to get a connection to a
VoIP provider. For instance, call center agents using VoIP phones can work from
anywhere with a sufficiently fast and stable Internet connection.
Integration with other services available over the Internet, including video conversation,
message or data file exchange in parallel with the conversation, audio conferencing,
managing address books, and passing information about whether others (e.g., friends or
colleagues) are available to interested parties.
[edit] Challenges
31
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this
article by adding reliable references (ideally, using inline citations). Unsourced material
may be challenged and removed. (January 2009)
32
feedback related to QoS problems, the exchange of information between the endpoints for
improved call quality calculation and a variety of other applications.
IEEE 802.11e is an approved amendment to the IEEE 802.11 standard that defines a set
of Quality of Service enhancements for wireless LAN applications through modifications
to the Media Access Control (MAC) layer. The standard is considered of critical
importance for delay-sensitive applications, such as Voice over Wireless IP.
The ITU-T G.hn standard, which provides a way to create a high-speed (up to 1
Gigabit/s) Local area network using existing home wiring (power lines, phone lines and
coaxial cables). G.hn provides QoS by means of "Contention-Free Transmission
Opportunities" (CFTXOPs) which are allocated to flows (such as a VoIP call) which
require QoS and which have negotiated a "contract" with the network controller.
33
A fixed line phone has a direct relationship between a telephone number and a physical location.
A telephone number represents one pair of wires that links a location to the telco's exchange.
Once a line is connected, the telco stores the home address that relates to the wires, and this
relationship will rarely change. If an emergency call comes from that number, then the physical
location is known.
In the IP world it is not so simple. A broadband provider may know the location where the wires
terminate, but this does not necessarily allow the mapping of an IP address to that location. IP
addresses are often dynamically assigned, so the ISP may allocate an address for online access,
or at the time a broadband router is engaged. The ISP recognizes individual IP addresses, but
does not necessarily know what physical location to which it corresponds. The broadband service
provider knows the physical location, but is not necessarily tracking the IP addresses in use.
There are more complications, since IP allows a great deal of mobility. For example, a broadband
connection can be used to dial a virtual private network that is employer-owned. When this is
done, the IP address being used will belong to the range of the employer, rather than the address
of the ISP, so this could be many kilometres away or even in another country. To provide another
example: if mobile data is used (e.g. a 3G mobile handset or USB wireless broadband adapter)
then the IP address has no relationship with any physical location, since a mobile user could be
anywhere that there is network coverage, even roaming via another cellco.
In short there is no relationship between IP address and physical location, so the address itself
reveals no useful information for the emergency services.
At the VoIP level, a phone or gateway may identify itself with a SIP registrar by using a username
and password. So in this case, the Internet Telephony Service Provider (ITSP) knows that a
particular user is online, and can relate a specific telephone number to the user. However, it does
not recognize how that IP traffic was engaged. Since the IP address itself does not necessarily
provide location information presently, today a "best efforts" approach is to use an available
database to find that user and the physical address the user chose to associate with that
telephone number--clearly an imperfect solution.
VoIP Enhanced 911 (E911) is another method by which VoIP providers in the United States are
able to support emergency services. The VoIP E911 emergency-calling system associates a
physical address with the calling party's telephone number as required by the Wireless
Communications and Public Safety Act of 1999. All "interconnected" VoIP providers (those that
provide access to the PSTN system) are required to have E911 available to their customers. [34]
VoIP E911 service generally adds an additional monthly fee to the subscriber's service per line,
similar to analog phone service. Participation in E911 is not required and customers can opt-out
or disable E911 service on their VoIP lines, if desired. VoIP E911 has been successfully used by
many VoIP providers to provide physical address information to emergency service operators.
One shortcoming of VoIP E911 is that the emergency system is based on a static table lookup.
Unlike in cellular phones, where the location of an E911 call can be traced using Assisted GPS or
other methods, the VoIP E911 information is only accurate so long as subscribers are diligent in
keeping their emergency address information up-to-date. In the United States, the Wireless
Communications and Public Safety Act of 1999 leaves the burden of responsibility upon the
subscribers and not the service providers to keep their emergency information up to date.
A tragic example of a miscommunication with VoIP is the death of 18-month-old Elijah Luck in
Calgary, Canada. In an emergency, 9-1-1 services were called. An ambulance was sent to the
former home of the Lucks. The VoIP telephone company knew the correct address, as they were
paying their bill from the correct current billing address the company had on record. "It's up to
subscribers to ensure the company has up-to-date contact information" was the response from
34
the VoIP company. After about a half hour wait, the Lucks called from a neighbour's land line,
whereupon emergency services arrived in six minutes. Elijah Luck was pronounced dead at the
Alberta Children's Hospital.[35]
35
[edit] Security
As a computer-based technology, Voice over Internet Protocol telephone systems (VoIP) are as
susceptible to attacks as PCs. This means that hackers who know about these vulnerabilities can
institute denial-of-service attacks, harvest customer data, record conversations and break into
voice mailboxes.[43]
Another challenge is routing VoIP traffic through firewalls and network address translators. Private
Session Border Controllers are used along with firewalls to enable VoIP calls to and from
protected networks. Skype uses a proprietary protocol to route calls through other Skype peers
on the network, allowing it to traverse symmetric NATs and firewalls. Other methods to traverse
NATs involve using protocols such as STUN or ICE.
Many consumer VoIP solutions do not support encryption, although having a secure phone is
much easier to implement with VoIP than traditional phone lines. As a result, it is relatively easy to
eavesdrop on VoIP calls and even change their content. [44] An attacker with a packet sniffer could
intercept your VoIP calls if you are not on a secure VLAN.
There are open source solutions, such as Wireshark, that facilitate sniffing of VoIP conversations.
A modicum of security is afforded by patented audio codecs in proprietary implementations that
are not easily available for open source applications[citation needed], however such security through
obscurity has not proven effective in other fields.[citation needed] Some vendors also use compression
to make eavesdropping more difficult.[citation needed] However, real security requires encryption and
cryptographic authentication which are not widely supported at a consumer level. The existing
security standard Secure Real-time Transport Protocol (SRTP) and the new ZRTP protocol are
available on Analog Telephone Adapters(ATAs) as well as various softphones. It is possible to use
IPsec to secure P2P VoIP by using opportunistic encryption. Skype does not use SRTP, but uses
encryption which is transparent to the Skype provider[citation needed]. In 2005, Skype invited a
researcher, Dr Tom Berson, to assess the security of the Skype software, and his conclusions are
available in a published report[45].
The Voice VPN solution provides secure voice for enterprise VoIP networks by applying IPSec
encryption to the digitized voice stream.
[edit] Caller ID
Caller ID support among VoIP providers varies, although the majority of VoIP providers now offer
full caller ID with name on outgoing calls.
In a few cases, VoIP providers may allow a caller to spoof the caller ID information, potentially
making calls appear as though they are from a number that does not belong to the caller [46].
Business grade VoIP equipment and software often makes it easy to modify caller ID information.
Although this can provide many businesses great flexibility, it is also open to abuse.
The "Truth in Caller ID Act" has been in preparation in the US congress since 2006, but as of
January 2009 still has not been enacted. This bill proposes to make it an offence in the USA to
"knowingly transmit misleading or inaccurate caller identification information with the intent to
defraud, cause harm, or wrongfully obtain anything of value ..." [47]
36
Some analog telephone adapters do not decode pulse dialing from older phones. The VoIP user
may use a pulse-to-tone converter, if needed.[citation needed]
37
38
VoIP services that function over managed networks are often considered to be a viable substitute
for PSTN telephone services (despite the problems of power outages and lack of geographical
information); as a result, major operators that provide these services (in practice, incumbent
operators) may find themselves bound by obligations of price control or accounting separation.
VoIP services that function over unmanaged networks are often considered to be too poor in
quality to be a viable substitute for PSTN services; as a result, they may be provided without any
specific obligations, even if a service provider has "significant market power".
The relevant EU Directive is not clearly drafted concerning obligations which can exist
independently of market power (e.g., the obligation to offer access to emergency calls), and it is
impossible to say definitively whether VoIP service providers of either type are bound by them. A
review of the EU Directive is under way and should be complete by 2007.
In India, it is legal to use VoIP, but it is illegal to have VoIP gateways inside India. This effectively
means that people who have PCs can use them to make a VoIP call to any number, but if the
remote side is a normal phone, the gateway that converts the VoIP call to a POTS call should not
be inside India.
In the UAE, it is illegal to use any form of VoIP, to the extent that websites of Skype and Gizmo
Project are blocked.
In the Republic of Korea, only providers registered with the government are authorized to offer
VoIP services. Unlike many VoIP providers, most of whom offer flat rates, Korean VoIP services
are generally metered and charged at rates similar to terrestrial calling. Foreign VoIP providers
such as Vonage encounter high barriers to government registration. This issue came to a head in
2006 when Internet service providers providing personal Internet services by contract to United
States Forces Korea members residing on USFK bases threatened to block off access to VoIP
services used by USFK members of as an economical way to keep in contact with their families in
the United States, on the grounds that the service members' VoIP providers were not registered.
A compromise was reached between USFK and Korean telecommunications officials in January
2007, wherein USFK service members arriving in Korea before June 1, 2007 and subscribing to
the ISP services provided on base may continue to use their U.S.-based VoIP subscription, but
later arrivals must use a Korean-based VoIP provider, which by contract will offer pricing similar to
the flat rates offered by U.S. VoIP providers. [56]
39
A call between IP telephony subscribers, limited to the same group, is usually free of
charge.
A call from IP telephony subscribers to a fixed line or PHS is usually a uniformly fixed rate
all over the country.
Where the IP telephony is assigned normal telephone number (0AB-J), the condition for
its interconnection is considered same as normal telephony.
Where the IP telephony is assigned specific telephone number (050), the condition for its
interconnection is described below;
o Interconnection is sometimes charged. (Sometimes, it's free of charge.) In case
of free-of-charge, mostly, communication traffic is exchanged via a P2P
connection with the same VoIP standard. Otherwise, certain conversions are
needed at the point of the VoIP gateway which incurs operating costs.
Since September 2002, the MIC has assigned IP telephony telephone numbers on the condition
that the service falls into certain required categories of quality.
High-quality IP telephony is assigned a telephone number, normally starting with the digits 050.
When VoIP quality is so high that a customer has difficulty telling the difference between it and a
normal telephone, and when the provider relates its number with a location and provides the
connection with emergency call capabilities, the provider is allowed to assign a normal telephone
number, which is a so-called "0AB-J" number.
Capillary routing
Communications Assistance For Law Enforcement Act
Comparison of VoIP software
Computer conferencing
Differentiated services
ENUM
H.323
Harvard sentences
40
Integrated services
Internet fax
IP Multimedia Subsystem
IP Phone
Mobile VoIP
Mouth-to-ear delay
PATS
Predictive dialers
Secure telephone
SIP
VoiceXML
VoIP recording
[edit] References
1. ^ "Skype for Business". Skype, (C) 2008 Skype Limited.
http://www.skype.com/intl/en/business/allfeatures/callphones/.
2. ^ Vinton G. Cerf, Robert E. Kahn, "A Protocol for Packet Network Intercommunication",
IEEE Transactions on Communications, Vol. 22, No. 5, May 1974 pp. 637-648
41
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
42
53.
54.
55.
56.
vde
Computer-mediated communication
Online chat, Online discussion, Communication software, Collaborative software
Asynchronous conferencing
Synchronous conferencing
43
44