Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
[PLC]
KJ Educational Institutes
TRINITY COLLEGE
GE OF ENGINEERING AND RESEARCH,PUNE.
RESEARCH,P
LABORATORY MANUAL
PLC & SCADA APPLICATION
LABORATORY
[PLC]
HOD/EEE
: BE Electrical
Principal
[PLC]
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Safety Rules and operating Procedures
II
III
Troubleshooting Hints
IV
S
1.
2.
Experiment Name
A) Interfacing of lamp and button with PLC for ON/OFF
operation.
B) Perform Delayed Operation Of Lamp By Using Push Button.
A) Multiple push button operation with delayed lamp for
ON/OFF operation.
B) Combination of Counter & Timer for Lamp ON/OFF operation
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
Page No
Appendix
[PLC]
LABORATORY PRACTICE
SAFETY RULES
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19 After completing the experiment show your readings to the staff member and switch off the power
to your circuit after getting approval from the staff member.
20 While performing load-tests in the Electrical Machines Laboratory using the brake-drums:Avoid
the brake-drum from getting too hot by putting just enough water into the brake-drum at intervals;
use the plastic bottle with a nozzle (available in the laboratory ) to pour the water.(When the drum
gets too hot, it will burn out the braking belts)Do not stand in front of the brake-drum when the
supply to the load-test circuit is switched off. (Otherwise, the hot water in the brake-drum will
splash out on you)After completing the load-test, suck out the water in the brake-drum using the
plastic bottle with nozzle and then dry off the drum with a spongewhich is available in the
laboratory.(The water, if allowed to remain in the brake-drum, will corrode it)
21 Determine the correct rating of the fuse/s to be connected in the circuit after understanding
correctly the type of the experiment to be performed: no-load test or full-load test, the maximum
current expected in the circuit and accordingly use that fuse-rating.(While an over-rated fuse will
damage the equipment and other instruments like ammeters and watt-meters in case of over load,
an under-rated fuse may not allow one even to start the experiment)
22 At the time of starting a motor, the ammeter connected in the armature circuit overshoots, as the
starting current is around 5 times the full load rating of the motor. Moving coil ammeters being
very delicate, may get damaged due to high starting current. A switch has been provided on such
meters to disconnect the moving coil of the meter during starting. This switch should be closed
after the motor attains full speed. Moving iron ammeters and current coils of wattmeters are not so
delicate and hence these can stand short time overload due to high starting current. No such switch
is therefore provided on these meters. Moving iron meters are cheaper and more rugged compared
to moving coil meters. Moving iron meters can be used for both a.c. and d.c. measurement.
Moving coil instruments are however more sensitive and more accurate as compared to their
moving iron counterparts and these can be used for d.c. measurements only. Good features of
moving coil instruments are not of much consequence for you as other sources of errors in the
experiments are many times more than those caused by these meters.
23 Some students have been found to damage meters by mishandling in the following ways:
i.
ii.
Keeping unnecessary material like books, lab records, unused meters etc. causing meters to
fall down the table.
Putting pressure on the meter (specially glass) while making connections or while talking
or listening somebody.
STUDENTS ARE STRICTLY WARNED THAT FULL COST OF THE METER WILL BE
RECOVERED FROM THE INDIVIDUAL WHO HAS DAMAGED IT IN SUCH A MANNER.
I have read and understand these rules and procedures. I agree to abide by these rules
and procedures at all times while using these facilities. I understand that failure to follow
these rules and procedures will result in my immediate dismissal from the laboratory and
additional disciplinary action may be taken.
Signature
Date
Lab
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[PLC]
1. Heading:
The experiment identification (number) should be at the top of each page. Your name and date
should be at the top of the first page of each day's experimental work.
2.Object:
A brief but complete statement of what you intend to find out or verify in the experiment should
be at the beginning of each experiment
3.Diagram:
A circuit diagram should be drawn and labeled so that the actual experiment circuitry could be
easily duplicated at any time in the future. Be especially careful to record all circuit
changes made during the experiment.
4.Equipment List:
List those items of equipment which have a direct effect on the accuracy of the data. It may be
necessary later to locate specific items of equipment for rechecks if discrepancies develop in the
results.
5.Procedure:
In general, lengthy explanations of procedures are unnecessary. Be brief. Short
commentaries alongside the corresponding data may be used. Keep in mind the fact that the
experiment must be reproducible from the information given in your notebook.
6.Data:
Think carefully about what data is required and prepare suitable data tables. Record
instrument readings directly. Do not use calculated results in place of direct data; however,
calculated results may be recorded in the same table with the direct data. Data tables should be
clearly identified and each data column labeled and headed by the proper units of measure.
7.Calculations:
Not always necessary but equations and sample calculations are often given to illustrate the
treatment of the experimental data in obtaining the results.
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[PLC]
8.Graphs:
Graphs are used to present large amounts of data in a concise visual form. Data to be presented
in graphical form should be plotted in the laboratory so that any questionable data points can
be checked while the experiment is still set up. The grid lines in the notebook can be used for
most graphs. If special graph paper is required, affix the graph permanently into the
notebook. Give all graphs a short descriptive title. Label and scale the axes. Use units of
measure. Label each curve if more than one on a graph.
9.Results:
The results should be presented in a form which makes the interpretation easy. Large amounts
of numerical results are generally presented in graphical form. Tables are generally used for
small amounts of results. Theoretical and experimental results should be on the same graph or
arrange in the same table in a way for easy correlation of these results.
10.Conclusion:
This is your interpretation of the results of the experiment as an engineer. Be brief and specific.
Give reasons for important discrepancies.
TROUBLE SHOOTING HINTS
1. Be Sure that the power is turned ON
2. Be sure the ground connections are common
3. Be sure the circuit you build is identical to your circuit diagram (Do a node by node check)
4. Be sure that the supply voltages are correct
5. Be sure that the equipment is set up correctly and you are measuring the correct parameters
6.
If steps 1 through 5 are correct then you probably have used a component with the wrong value or one
that doesnt work. It is also possible that the equipment does not work (although this is not probable0 or
the protoboard you are using may have some unwanted paths between nodes. To find your problem you
must trace through the voltages in your circuit node by node and compare the signal you expect to have.
Then if they are different use your engineering judgment to decide what is causing the different or ask
your lab assistant
[PLC]
[PLC]
Equipment
Specification
Quantity
1.
Programmable Logic
Controller
1 no
1 no
2.
THEORY:
Introduction To PLC:
Definition of PLC: PLC is a microprocessor based digital controller which performs and controls
many functions of many types and level of complexity.
Advantages of PLC:
1.
2.
Disadvantages of PLC:
1. Environmental condition: Due to high temperature of environment at operating
station damages PLC.
2. Less expandability.
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[PLC]
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[PLC]
usually red, green, or amber, but other colors are also available. Red lamps are reserved for safety
critical indicators (power is on, the machine is running, an access panel is open, or that a fault has
occurred).Green usually indicates safe condition (power to the motor is off, brakes are on, etc) .
Amber indicates conditions that are important but not dangerous (fluid. getting low, machine
paused. Machine warming up, etc).other colors indicate information not critical to the safe
operation of the machine (time for preventive maintenance, etc).sometimes it is important to attract
the operator's attention with a lamp. In these cases, we usually flash the lamp continuously on and
off.
Statement:
Draw a Ladder Diagram to operate a lamp with one push button for ON & OFF operation.
Explanation:
When input i.e. button (I:0/1) is ON or it is pressed, O/P Lamp (O:0/0) should become ON.
When input i.e. button (I:0/1) is OFF or it is unpressed, O/P Lamps (O:0/0) should become OFF.
.
Ladder Diagram:
CONCLUSION:
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APPARATUS:
Sr./
No.
Equipment
1.
Programmable
Logic Controller
2.
Specification
Quantity
1 no.
2 nos.
LED Lamp
1 no.
THEORY :
On Delay Timer:
It is used to program a time delay before instruction becomes true. ON delay timer is used when an
action is to begin the specified time after input becomes true.
Eg. A certain steps in manufacturing process are to begin 30 second after input is received from
limit switch. 30 second is nothing but preset value of ON delay timer.
ADDRESSING MODES OF TIMER:
<Type> <Data File No.> :
T4: 0.ACC - The sub element is in accumulator
T4: 0.PRE - Sub element of timer 0
13 = DN (done)
14 = TT (timer timing bit)
15 = EN (enable bit)
Statement:
Draw a ladder diagram to operate lamp using push button after 5 sec delay.
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Explanation:
When start input i.e. Push Button (I:0/1) is ON then Timer (T4:1) will become on which generates
delay as per the PRESET value (10sec) .When the PRESET value of Timer i.e. the delay and
accumulator value of the timer will become equal then Done bit (DN) of timer will set and Output
i.e. Lamp (O:0/0) will on after the delay.
When the RESET Input (I:0/2) Push Button is pressed then the Timer (T4:1) will become Reset as
well as the Output (O:0/0) should become OFF and when RESET I:0/2 is un-pressed then Timer
(T4:1) will restart.
Ladder Diagram:
CONCLUSION:
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[PLC]
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[PLC]
APPARATUS:
Sr./
No.
Equipment
1.
Programmable
Logic Controller
2.
Specification
Quantity
1 no.
3 nos.
LED Lamp
3 nos.
THEORY:
There are mainly three types of timers use in PLC programming as follows.
i) ON Delay Timer.
ii) OFF Delay Timer.
iii) Retentive Timer.
1.ON Delay Timer :
It is used to program a time delay before instruction becomes true. ON delay timer is used when an
action is to begin a specified time after i /p becomes true. For e.g.- Certain stages in manufacturing
processes is expected to begin 30 sec after i/p is received from limit switch, here 30 sec is nothing
but the present value of ON delay timer.
2.OFF Delay Timer:
It is used to program a time to begin after the i/p goes false. For e.g. external cooling fan or a
motor which has to run all the time & it is expected to turn off the fan or motor after 5 min when i/p
is sensed by them. The 5 min is nothing but off delay time.
3.Retentive timer:
It is used to reset accumulated value through power loss, process change state or in rung from true
to false. For e.g. RTO is used to true running time OR motor for maintenance. The time is used to
track accumulated value time the motor has run. For e.g. motor need maintenance 8hrs (28800 sec).
Each time the motor is turned off, the timer needs to remember motor's total elapse time, next time
when the motor is turned ON the timer will increased accumulated running time where it left off.
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When total accumulated running tine has been reached, maintenance reminder time will be off,
same procedure repeats.
RESET instruction is used to reset accumulated value of a timer. It is used only in retentive timer &
not in 'ON' or 'OFF' delay timer
Timer element instruction:
EN
TT
DD
Reserved bit
Word 0
Preset value
Word 1
Accumulated value
Word 2
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LADDER DIAGRAM:
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[PLC]
CONCLUSION :
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[PLC]
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[PLC]
Equipment
1.
Programmable
Logic Controller
2.
Specification
Quantity
1 no.
3 nos.
LED Lamp
2 nos.
THEORY:
There are mainly three types of timers use in PLC programming as follows.
i.
ON Delay Timer.
ii.
ON Delay Timer.
iii. Retentive Timer.
1. ON Delay Timer:
It is used to program a time delay before instruction becomes true. ON delay timer is used when an
action is to begin a specified time after i/p becomes true. For e.g.- Certain stages in manufacturing
processes is expected to begin 30 sec after i/p is received from limit switch, here 30 sec is nothing
but the present value of ON delay timer.
2. OFF Delay Timer:
It is used to program a time to begin after the i/p goes false. For e.g. external cooling fan or a
motor which has to run all the time & it is expected to turn off the fan or motor after 5 min when i/p
is sensed by them. The 5 min is nothing but off delay time.
3. Retentive timer:
It is used to reset accumulated value through power loss, process change state or in rung from true
to false. For e.g. RTO is used to true running time OR motor for maintenance. The time is used to
track accumulated value time the motor has run. For e.g. motor need maintenance 8hrs (28800 sec).
Each time the motor is turned off, the timer needs to remember motor's total elapse time, next time
when the motor is turned ON the timer will increased accumulated running time where it left off.
When total accumulated running time has been reached, maintenance reminder time will be off,
same procedure repeats. RESET instruction is used to reset accumulated value of a timer. It is used
only in retentive timer & not in 'ON' or 'OFF' delay timer.
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CD
DN
Reserved bits
Word 0
Preset value
Word 1
Accumulated value
Word 2
COUNTERS :
Every PLC has counter instructions. If the counter count from 0 to 100 desired value & so on it is
called as UP counter & if the counter counts from 100 to 0 it is called as DOWN counter. Counter
instructions are as follows:
Count Up:- It is used to count from 0 to desired value. Ex. Counting number of parts produced
or rejects from the batch.
Count Down:- It is used to count from desired value to 0.
Ex.- An operator interface display shows operator the number of parts remaining to be matched
for a lot of 100 parts ordered.
High Speed Counter:- Used to count pulses that are too fast separated from normal input points
& modules Ex.- To count signals from incremental encoder.
Counter Reset:- To set a counter. Ex.- Used to reset a counter to 0 so another counting sequence
can begin.
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13
12
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WORD
Reserved WORD
Bit
0
WORD
Preset Value (PRE)
1
WORD
Accumulator Value (ACC)
2
CU CD DN OV UN UA HP LP IV IN IH IL PE LS IE
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[PLC]
STATEMENT:
Draw a ladder diagram to start the timer for 2 sec and after every 2 sec a lamp will ON and a
counter will count the Timer discrete output upto 5 count & switch ON another lamp.
EXPLANATION:
The ladder diagram where the timer (T4:0) will start with a NO Push Button (I:0/2) and Reset by
another NO Push Button (I:0/1). The Preset Value of T4:0 is 2 sec. and after every 2 sec. Timer will be
Reset manually by I:0/1. The Done Bit (T4:0/DN) of Timer will ON for each 2 sec. A Lamp i.e. Lamp-1
will ON by this Done Bit (T4:0/DN) and a Counter (C5:0) will count the number of Done Bits. The Preset
Value of counter is 5. So after 5 count a Done Bit (C5:0/DN) of counter will be generated. Another Lamp
i.e. Lamp-2 (O:0/1) will be ON by the Counter Done Bit (C5:0/DN). Counter will be Reset by pressing a
Push Button (I:0/3).
LADDER DIAGRAM:
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CONCLUSION:
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[PLC]
Experiment No. 3
Title: To study Set and Reset operation of lamp.
Date:
Roll No.:
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EXPERIMENT NO. 3
TO STUDY SET AND RESET OPERATION OF LAMP.
AIM :
To Set and Reset lamp by using one push button for ON and one push button for OFF.
APPARATUS:
Sr./
No.
Equipment
1.
Programmable
Logic Controller
2.
Specification
Quantity
1 no.
4 nos.
LED Lamp
2 nos.
THEORY:
An operation latching instruction is an operation instruction used to maintain or latch an operation
ON even if status of input logic that caused the output to energise changes.
When any logical path on the ladder rung containing the latching instruction has continuity the
output referred to latching instruction turns on and remains on even if rung's logical continuity or
PLC system power is lost. Since the latch instruction retains its state through a system power loss,
the latching instruction is called a retentive instruction. Remember, the processor's battery must be
in good condition for the latching status to be remembered in case of power failure.
The latched instruction will remain in a latched ON condition until unlatch instruction with same
reference address is energised. Latch and Unlatch instruction are always used in pairs, each
instruction is located on separate rung.
Analysis of Ladder Logic and rung operation
Figure shows ladder diagram rungs. First rung shows latch instruction while other contains unlatch
instruction.
When input I:0/1on first rung is energised, the output latch instruction, address O:0/0is energized.
The output latch instruction will remain latched on and will be unaffected no matter how input I:0/1
changes. We must use output unlatch instruction. The unlatch instruction will turn off output O:0/0 these
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particular example rungs have only one input each. Any valid input logic may be used as input to latch and
unlatch instruction. The following rules pertain to most latch and unlatch instruction.
EXPLANATION:
When input Push Button START_1 (I:0/1) is pressed, Output LAMP_1 (O:0/0) should become ON
and Latched, means LAMP_1 will remains ON whereas START_1 become un-pressed. AND when Push
Button STOP_1 (I:0/6) will be pressed and LAMP_1 should become OFF.
Also when input Push Button START_2 (I:0/2) is pressed, Output LAMP_2 (O:0/1) should become
ON and Latched, means LAMP_2 will remains ON whereas START_2 become un-pressed. And when
Push Button STOP_2 (I:0/7) will be pressed then LAMP_2 should become Unlatched.
LADDER DIAGRAM:
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CONCLUSION:
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Experiment No.4
Title: DOL Starter & Star Delta Starter operation by using PLC.
Date:
Roll No.:
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EXPERIMENT NO.4
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explained that in a Star-Delta starter, the motor is started as star connection and when the motor
starts running the connection is changed to delta. With star connection, the motor takes 3 times
less voltage. However, as the torque is proportional to square of the voltage, the starting torque also
reduces.
DIAGRAM:
DOL Starter
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1. DOL Starter:
EXPLANATION:
DOL Starter: Whenever START Push Button (I:0/1) is pressed then an internal memory bit (B3:0/0) is
Latched and Motor Output (O:0/1) becomes ON with this bit, i.e. Motor gets connected to Mains.
The Motor (O:0/1) remains ON even after START Push Button (I:0/1) is released. And Motor (O:0/1) will be
stopped if STOP Push Button (I:0/6) is pressed.
LADDER DIAGRAM:
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When STOP Push Button (I:0/2) is pressed then the MOTOR contact (O:0/0) and DELTA contact (O:0/2)
become unlatched and disconnected i.e. MOTOR become OFF.
LADDER DIAGRAM:
CONCLUSION:
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