UNITI

1.writeshortnotesonblockingconditionsofdiode.
Ablockingdiodeisadiodeplacedinanelectricalcircuitforthepurposeofpreventingelectricalcurrentfrom
flowinginaspecificdirection.Byfunction,alldiodesblockelectricalcurrent;however,blockingdiodesare
usedspecificallytopreventareverseflowofelectricalpowerinordertoprotectbatteries,chargingsystems,or
powergenerationsystems.Blockingdiodesareusedheavilyingreenenergysystemssuchassolarorwind
poweredelectricalgenerators.
2.howaregateturnoffthyristorsturnedonandoff?
AGateTurnoffThyristororGTOisathreeterminal,bipolar(currentcontrolledminoritycarrier)
semiconductorswitchingdevice.Similartoconventionalthyristor,theterminalsareanode,cathodeandgateas
showninfigurebelow.Asthenameindicates,ithasgateturnoffcapability.
ThesearecapablenotonlytoturnONthemaincurrentwithagatedrivecircuit,butalsototurnitOFF.Asmall
positivegatecurrenttriggerstheGTOintoconductionmodeandalsobyanegativepulseonthegate,itis
capableofbeingturnedoff.Observeinbelowfigurethatthegatehasdoublearrowsonitwhichdistinguishthe
GTOfromnormalthyristor.Thisindicatesthebidirectionalcurrentflowthroughthegateterminal.

3.distinguishbetweenSCRandGTO
1.InSCR,onlytheonfunctioniscontrollable,whereasbothonandofffunctionsarecontrollablein
GTOs.

2.GTOusesbothnegativeandpositivepulsesinoperationunlikeSCR,whichusesonlypositivepulses.
3.BothSCRandGTOareatypeofthyristorswithfoursemiconductorlayers,butwithalittledifferencein
structure.
4.Bothdevicesareusedinhighpowerapplications.
4.whyfreewheelingdiodenecessary?
Itisusedtoprotecttheactivedeviceinthecircuitagainstthesuddenhighvoltagewhenthedeviceswitched
off.Itisaprotectivedeviceandduringthenormalworkingcondition(i.ewhentheactivedeviceisON),is
switchedOffduethereversebiasonitsterminals.
5.evaluatetheoutputripplefactorofasinglephasehalfcontrolledconverter,forafiringangleof900
Whendefineintermofvoltage,itisgivenby
=rmsvalueofaccomponent/dcvalueofloadvoltage
=VL(ac)/VL(dc)=Vr(rms)/VL(dc)
Intermofcurrent,wehave
=IL(ac)/IL(dc)
Weseefromabove,
IL(ac)=IL2IL(dc)2
=IL(ac)/IL(dc)=IL2IL(dc)2/IL(dc)=(IL/IL(dc))21
Now,
IL/IL(dc)=formfactorKf
=Kf21

6.Whyisthepowerfactorofhalfcontrolledconvertersbetterthanthatoffullycontrolledconverters?
Fullwaverectifiershavethreeconfigurationsfullycontrolled,semicontrolledanduncontrolled.Fully
controlledconfighas4SCRs,semicontrolledconfighas2SCRsand2diodesanduncontrolledconfighas4

diodes.SCRsmakethecontrolovertheoutputvoltagepossible(bycontrollingthefiringangle).Eventhough
bothfullycontrolledandsemicontrolledconfigurationsprovidefullwaverectification,indriveoperationsemi
controlledconfigurationcanonlyprovide1stquadrantoperationwhereasfullycontrolledconfiguarationcan
provide1stand2ndquadrantoperation.
7.whatisthesignificanceoffreewheelingdiodeinasemiconverter?
Thefreewheelingdiodeensuressmoothconductionofloadcurrentwhentheswitchesoftheconverterareoff.
Therippleintheloadcurrentisreduced.
8.Distinguishbetweenholdingcurrentandlatchingcurrent?
Holdingcurrentisthelevelofcurrentbelowwhichifthethyristorcurrentgoes,thedevicewillreverttoa
blockingstate.Ifthethyristorcurrentgoesabovethelatchingcurrentandiftheanodetocathodevoltageis
positive,thethyristorgoesintotheconductionmodeifagatingpulseisapplied.Ifthecurrentisbelowthe
latchingcurrentandthegatingpulseiswithdrawnthethyristorwillreverttoablockingstate.
9.mentionanytwoadvantagesofGTOoverSCR.
TherearethreesignificantdifferencesbetweenaGTOandaSCR.Firstthegateandcathodestructuresare
highlyinterdigitated,withvarioustypesofgeometricformsbeingusedtolayoutthegatesandcathodes,
includingcomplicatedinvolutestructures.Thebasicgoalistomaximizetheperipheryofthecathodeand
minimizethedistanceformthegatetothecenterofcathoderegion.
Second,thecathodeareasareusuallyformedbyetchingawaythesiliconsurroundingthecathodessothatthey
asislandsormesas.WhentheGTOispackaged,thecathodeislandsaredirectlycontactedtoaametalheatsink,
whichalsoformsthecathodeconnectiontooutsideworld.
AthirdmajordifferenceisnotedintheanoderegionofGTO.Atregularintervals,n+regionspenetratethep
typeanode(p1layer)tomakecontactwiththenregiontahtformsthen1baselayer.Then+regionsare
overlaidwiththesamemetallizationthatcontactstheptypeanoderesultinginasocalledanodeshort.The
anodeshortstructureisusedtospeeduptheturnoffofGTO.
10.Definerippleanddistortionfactor?
Ripplefactor=(FF21)1/2
DistortionFactor=Is1/Is,whereIs1isthermsvalueofthefundamentalcomponentofsourcecurrentandIsis
therms
valueofthetotalsourcecurrent.

UNITII
1.Whatistheadvantageofusingathreephaseconverteroverasinglephaseconverter
TherippleintheDCvoltageoutputisreducedinathreephaseconverter.Alsotheratingsforindividual
componentsarereducedsincethermscurrentthrougheachdevicewillbelesserinathreephaseconverter
comparedtoasinglephaseconvertertopoweraDCdriveofagivenrating.
2.WritetheexpressionforActivepowerinputinthreephaseconverters.
ActivePowerinput=3VsIs1cos(1)whereVsisthermsinputsourcevoltage,Is1isthermsofthe
fundamentalcomponentofsourcecurrentand1isthelagangleofthisfundamentalcomponentwiththesource
voltage.
3.whatismeanbydistortionfactor?
DistortionFactor=Is1/Is,whereIs1isthermsvalueofthefundamentalcomponentofsourcecurrentandIsis
therms
valueofthetotalsourcecurrent.
4.Mentiontheapplicationof12pulseconverter.
1.lowcouplingcoefficientcondition.
2.toobtainhighpowerfactorandlowharmonicdistortion
5.Whatistheeffectofsourceimpedanceinthreephasefullycontrolledconverter?
TheoutputDCvoltageisreducedduetoregulationorvoltagedropacrosstheinputinductor
6.whatisinvertingoperationofconverter?
AnystepdownDCDCconvertercanbeusedasaninverterwithnochangestotheoperatingschematic.The
onlydifferencebetweenthenormalstepdownapplicationandinvertingoperationisthelabelsofthe

connectionpoints.ThestepdownDCDCconverter'sVOUTnodeisGNDintheinverter.ThestepdownDCDC
converter'sGNDnodeisVOUTintheinverter.Inputpower,VIN,isthesamenodeinbothcircuits.
7.Whatistheeffectoffreewheelingdiodeontheperformanceofsinglephasefullycontrolledconverter?
Theloadcurrentwaveformisimproved.
Loadperformanceisimprovedduetoharmonicreduction.

8.Whatisamodulationindex?
Modulationindexisadescriptorusedtoshowtheratiobetweenthemaximumandminimumvoltagesinany
givenmodulatedsignalformusic,dataorvoicewaves.Whenamodulationindexvalueisequaltoone,the
maximumvalueofthesignalrangesfromonetozero.
9.Whatismeantbyoverlapangleorcommutationangle?
Thecommutationperiodisthetimeintervalwhentheincomingandoutgoingthyristorsareconducting.The
anglein
radianscorrespondingtothistimeintervaliscalledthecommutationangleoroverlapangle.
10.Writedowntheperformanceparametersofanidealrectifier.
Anidealrectifiershouldhave
Efficiency==100%
OutputACvoltageVac=0
RippleFactor=0
TransformerUtilizationFactor=1
HarmonicFactor=HF=TotalharmonicDistortionTHD=0
PowerFactorPF=1
UNIT3
1.writetheprincipleofstepdownchopper?
InthisconverterOutputVoltageislessthaninputvoltage.Thisisachievedbyswitchingofasemiconductor
device.Thedecreaseinoutputvoltagedependsontheswitchoffandontime.Whiledeviceisoffstateitmeans
therewillnotbeanycontactbetweenloadandinputsotheoutputvoltagewillbezero.WhiledeviceisOnstate
therewilltheoutputvoltagehencetheloopcontinues.

2.whataretheeffectsofchoppingfrequencyoffiltersides.
TheFilterCHOPsmoothsorsharpenstheinputchannels.Itfiltersbycombiningeachsampleandarangeofits
neighborsamplestosetthenewvalueofthatsample.Eachfiltertypeusesitsownweightingfactorsforthe
neighboringsamples.TheFilterWidthdeterminesthenumberofneighborstouse.
3.Mentionthevariouscontrolstrategiesofchopper
1.pulsewidthmodulation
2.frequencymodulation
3.currentlimitcontrol
4.Listtheapplicationoffourquadrantchopper.
Four Quadrant DC motor are extremely used in adjustable speed drive and position control application. Their
speeds below the base speed can be controlled by armature-voltage control. Speeds above the base speed are
obtained by field-flux control. As speed control method for DC motors are simpler and less expensive than
those for the AC motors, DC motors are preferred where wide speed range control is required. DC choppers also
provide variable dc output voltage from a fixed dc input voltage. Chopper circuit are operate in four quadrant ie.
Forward Motoring, Forward Braking, and Reverse Motoring and Reverse braking. This type of chopper is
widely used in reversible motor drive. Insulated Gate Bipolar transistor is combination of Bipolar Junction
Transistor (BJTs) and Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor (MOSFETs). It carries positive
attributes of BJTs and MOSFTs.
5. What are the assumptions to be made during of dc-dc converter circuits

Thecircuitisoperatinginsteadystate.
Theinductorcurrentiscontinuous(alwayspositive).

Thecapacitorisverylarge,theoutputvoltageisheldatconstantatvoltageVo.(rippleACcomponent
goestocapacitance,DCcomponentgoestoload)

TheswitchingperiodisT:theswitchisONatDTandOFFat(1D)T

Thecomponentsareideal(Ploss=0).

6.Writetheeffectofparasiticelementsinastepupconverter.
duetoparasiticelementsinthelumpedelementsresistor,inductor,capacitorthestepupratioVout/Vin
decreasesathigherdutycyclesandapproacheszeroatunitdutycycle.
7.enumeratethecontrolstrategiesofchopper?
1.pulsewidthmodulation
2.frequencymodulation
3.currentlimitcontrol
8.compareZVSandZCS
ZCS can eliminate the turn off loss and reduce the turn on loss
ZVS eliminates capacitive turn off loss suitable for high frequency operation
ZCS operate with const turn on time control
ZVS operate with const turn off time control

9.writedowntheexpressionforaverageoutputvoltageforstepdownandstepupchopper?
Theaverageoutputvoltagesofstepdownchopperis,

Andtheaverageoutputvoltageofstepupchopperis,

Afterseeingtheaboveequation,wehavecometoaconclusionthat,thevoltageacrosstheloadRcanbe
steppedupbychangingdutycyclek.Wewillgetminimumoutputvoltage,thatisVINwhenk=0.Itsafactthat
convertercannotbeswitchedoncontinuouslysuchthatk=1.Thereforeforthevaluesofktendingtounity,the
outputvoltagesbecomeverylargeandsosensitivetochangesink.
10. What are the features of a buck converter?
The features of a buck converter are as follows:
This is a step-down converter that provides a lower voltage at the output when compared to the
input. The convererter
is operated at a high frequency with one controlled switch and one diode as the semiconductor
components. The
circuit is used for regulated power supplies.
UNIT-IV
1.