Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
3, May 2014
I. INTRODUCTION
The electromyographic (EMG) signal provides
information about the performance of muscles and nerves. In
the other words, the EMG signal meters electrical currents
generated in muscles during its convulsion representing
neuromuscular activities. It can be detected from the skin
surface by using surface Ag/AgCl bipolar electrodes easily.
Surface EMG signals recorded from skin surface have been
widely used in different fields such as prosthesis control
[1]-[25], analysis of functional electrical stimulation (FES)
[26], [27], human-machine interaction [28], [29],
pathological tremor [30], and muscle fatigue analysis [31],
[32]. EMG signal is a type of random signals. Hence, it is of
very importance to accurately extract the signature
information from surface EMG signals.
Recently novel signal processing techniques and
mathematical models have made it practical to develop
advanced EMG detection and analysis methods [33].
Different mathematical and machine learning techniques
such as Artificial Neural Networks (ANN), Fuzzy Systems,
Probabilistic model algorithms, Metaheuristic and Swarm
intelligence algorithms, and some hybrid algorithms are used
for characterization of EMG signals.
This article firstly presents a brief explanation about
machine learning algorithms. Secondly, each part of
myoelectric control of human arm prosthesis has been
described such as EMG signal analysis, useful feature
extraction and classifiers techniques for EMG signal have
been defined. Finally, some literature applications of EMG
signal characterization for human arm prosthesis have been
comprised and discussed.
DOI: 10.7763/IJIEE.2014.V4.433
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D. Hybrid Algorithms
Some hybrid classifier algorithms such as Adaptive
Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS), Fuzzy Clustering
Neural Network (FCNN) are also used to solve pattern
recognition problems.
ANFIS is integration both Fuzzy system and artificial
neural network. Algorithm was defined by Jang in 1992 [47].
It creates a fuzzy decision tree to classify the data into one of
2n (or pn) linear regression models to minimize the sum of
squared errors (SSE). Its inference system corresponds to a
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International Journal of Information and Electronics Engineering, Vol. 4, No. 3, May 2014
B. Wavelet Transform
Wavelet transform (WT) reveals data aspects that other
techniques miss, such as trends, breakdown points,
discontinuities in higher derivatives, and self-similarity.
Furthermore, WT can often compress or de-noise a signal,
without appreciable degradation. There is a correspondence
between scale and frequency in wavelet analysis: a low scale
shows the rapidly changing details of a signal with a high
frequency and a high scale illustrates slowly changing coarse
features, with a low frequency. The most important
advantage of the wavelet transform method is for the large
low-frequency, high frequency which is changed to be
narrow for the window size [54]. Therefore, WT acts as a
mathematical microscope, in which one can monitor
different parts of a signal by just adjusting focus. As a
generalization of WT, a wavelet packet transform (WPT)
allows the best adapted analysis of a signal in a timescale
domain [15]. WPT provides adaptive partitioning; a complete
set of partitions are provided as alternatives, and the best for a
given application is selected.
Discrete wavelet transform (DWT) is a special form of
wavelet transform and provides efficient processing of the
signal in time and frequency domains. In the DWT, each
level is computed by passing only the previous wavelet
approximation coefficients through discrete-time low and
high pass filters. WPT is a wavelet transform where the
discrete-time (sampled) signal is passed through more filters
than DWT [55].
Table II describes comparison of some application results
used machine learning classification algorithms based on
wavelet transform (WT), discrete wavelet transform (DWT),
and wavelet packet transform (WPT) for characterization of
EMG signals. These studies are listed in chronological order.
According to Table II, we can say that WPT and DWT are
better feature extraction method than WT. Moreover, both
hybrid models (FCNN and ANFIS) show more accuracy than
International Journal of Information and Electronics Engineering, Vol. 4, No. 3, May 2014
[13] L. J. Hargrove, K. B. Englehart, and B. Hudgins, A comparison of
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Muscle Movements Using Wavelet Based Fuzzy Clustering Neural
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pp. 176181.
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decomposition of the electromyograms, in 11th IEEE Symp.
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electromyographic activity and perceived exertion during arm
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EMG-Based Characterization of Pathological Tremor Using the
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