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EXPERIMENT 17

EXTERNAL LAMINAR FLOWS OVER IMMERSED BODIES


The flow of fluid over an immersed body is
called an external flow. There are qualitative
explanations for the behavior of flows over
bodies. Purely analytic solutions to flow fields
are limited to only a few simple geometries.
External flows are characterized by two regions
in the flow fieldthe viscous boundary layer
near the solid surface of the body, and the
inviscid free stream. For flow past some immersed
bodies, the boundary layer can separate when the
flow near the body develops an adverse pressure
gradient, resulting in a region of flow reversal.
Locating the point of separation is important
when analyzing external flows, because the
location will have a significant impact on the
pressure distribution and on the corresponding
forces acting on the body.
Hele-Shaw flows are a special class of
external flows where a body is positioned
between two parallel flat plates and the Re < 1.
The resulting pattern of streamlines for these
creeping laminar flows is identical to the
potential or inviscid flow solutions obtained
analytically.

sketch) allow for the introduction of source and


sink flows. Control valves for each of the eight
source and sink holes are also included in the
apparatus.
Mounted at the back of the table is the dye
reservoir. A valve at the base of this reservoir
controls the flow of the dye, used for
visualization of the flow, to the injection needles
positioned at the entrance of the table surface.
Procedure
Begin by filling the source reservoir with
water. Water will fill the reservoir until it
reaches the level of the marked table surface. As
a result of the incline of the apparatus, the water
should flow down in a thin sheet along the table
surface. If the glass cover is in place, then the
water should be flowing between the table
surface and the glass cover. Any air pockets
should be evacuated before injecting the dye.
Place the desired body on the table surface and
begin injecting the dye. Data collection, in the
form of digital photos, can begin once the flow
has reached steady-state. Source and sink flows
may be added to obtain other classic flows, such
as flow past a Rankine Oval.

Equipment
Laminar Flow Table Apparatus
Digital Camera

Questions
1. How do the observed flow patterns for the
Hele-Shaw flows compare to published
inviscid (potential) flow analytic
solutions? Discuss your results and include
your sources in the discussion.
2. How do the observed flow patterns for the
boundary layer flows compare to other
published experimental results or analytic
solutions? Discuss your results and include
your sources in the discussion.
3. In observing (non Hele-Shaw) flow past a
cylinder, would you expect the separation
points on the cylinder to shift location if
the flow rate were increased? Why or why
not?
4. Are the dye lines observed on the Laminar
Flow Table Apparatus streamlines,
streaklines, or both? Explain your answer.

Available Shapes
(use those assigned by the instructor)
Cylinder (disk)
Rectangle
Airfoil
Venturi
Figure 17.1 is a schematic of the laminar flow
table used in this experiment. The apparatus
consists of a one piece base made of fiberglas with
water reservoirs at each end. Water enters the
upstream reservoir and flows over the lower
surface of the device to the downstream tank.
Water leaves this tank and goes to the drain.
A glass cover can be placed over the table and
body to model what is referred to as inviscid
Hele-Shaw flow behavior. Alternatively, the
glass cover is removed to observe the influence of
the viscous boundary layer on the flow. The lower
surface is marked with a grid to aid in
observation and orientation of the bodies. Eight
small holes in the table surface (not shown in the

Acknowledgements
To Dr. Jeffrey Marchetta for implementing this
experiment, and to Darrin Bevard for getting the
apparatus installed and working.

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manifold with injectors


circular
disk

grid on surface
beneath glass
plan
view
profile
view

dye reservoir

valve
water inlet
dye

circular
disk
removable glass cover

water flow

manifold with injectors

grid on surface
beneath glass
to drain

FIGURE 17.1. Plan and profile views of the laminar flow table. The setup is for Hele-Shaw flow past a
cylinder.

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