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HYDRAULICS
2.01.01
2.01.02
2.02.01
2.02.02
2.02.03
2.02.04
2.02.05
2.02.06
2.02.07
2.02.08
2.03.01
2.03.02
2.03.03
2.03.04
2.03.05
2.03.06
2.03.07
2.03.08
2.03.09
2.03.10
2.03.11
2.03.12
2.04.01
2.04.02
2.04.03
2.04.04
2.04.05
2.04.06
Hydrostatic Fluids
Hydrostatic Fluid Illustrations
Single Liquid. Seeks own level
Multiple Liquid. Seeks own level
Hydrostatic Pressure
Hydrostatic Pressure in Oilfield
Hydrostatic Pressure Gradient
Buoyancy & Archimedes Principle
Buoyed Weight
Buoyancy Factor
Buoyancy Calculation Example.
Hydrostatic Fluid Formulas.
Hydraulic Power Transmission
Pressure & Force
Hydraulic Cylinders
Work
Hydraulic Power, horsepower
Basic Hydraulic Pump
2.05.01
2.05.02
2.05.03
2.05.04
2.05.05
2.05.06
2.05.07
2.05.08
2.05.09
2.05.10
2.06.01
2.06.02
2.06.03
2.06.04
2.07.01
2.07.02
2.08.01
2.08.02
2.09.01
2.09.02
2.09.03
2.09.04
E X I T
DD Hydraulics 2.01.01
Introduction
Stand
Pipe
DD Hydraulics 2.01.02
Introduction
Rotary
hose
PUMP
Hydraulics
Hydraulicsmay
maybe
bedivided
dividedinto
intotwo
twocategories:
categories:
Hydrostatic
applies
to
liquids
Hydrostatic
applies to liquidsatatrest
rest
HOPPER
Hydrodynamic
Hydrodynamic
M
UD
PI
T
E
RV
SE
RE
CASED HOLE
T
PI
Note.
Note.
Some
Somelaws
lawsofofhydraulics
hydraulicsalso
alsoapply
applytotogases
gasesunder
undercertain
certain
conditions,
but
unless
specifically
conditions, but unless specificallystated,only
stated,onlyliquids
liquids
will
be
used
or
considered.
Note
also,
the
term
fluid
will be used or considered. Note also, the term fluid
will
willapply
applytotoliquids
liquidsonly
only- - unless
unlessspecifically
specificallynoted.
noted.
SHALE
SHAKER
OPEN HOLE
applies
appliestotoliquids
liquidsininmotion
motion
DD Hydraulics 2.02.01
Matter
Mass
Inertia
Density
Specific
Gravity
Area
Volume
Weight
Force
Pressure
Work
Power
Solids:
Liquids:
having a definite volume with no shape
of its own, assuming that of its container.
Volume is affected only slightly by
changes in temperature or pressure.
Gases
having neither volume nor shape of its
own, assuming that of its container.
Gases are highly compressible with
their volume dependant on temperature
and pressure.
Fluids.Liquids and gases are both fluids in that they have no
shape of their own, constantly deforming with any application
of force unless confined. However, fluids in this presentation
will refer to a liquid only unless specifically noted as one of
of the more common terms in the oilfield is drilling fluids
which refers to drilling mud, a liquid.
DD Hydraulics 2.02.03
DD Hydraulics 2.02.04
S
I
S
T
A
N
C
E
Gravity
COMMON
RELATIVE
DENSITIES
Water (
39.20F
DENSITY
GRAMS
PER CU.
CM
1.000
62.4
8.34
1.000
Water ( 68.00F )
0.998
62.3
8.33
0.998
Sea Water
1.026
64.0
8.55
1.026
Steel
7.804
487.0
65.10
7.804
Iron
7.853
490.0
65.50
7.853
2.700
168.5
22.50
2.700
Aluminum
Weight-Density
Weight-Density
Density
Density ==Weight
Weight / /Unit
UnitVolume
Volume
DD Hydraulics 2.02.05
DD Hydraulics 2.02.06
Columns
12 cubic inches
Barrel
12
42 gal
Cubic Foot
1 gal
12 x 12 x 12
Volume
Conversions
Cubic
Inches
Gallons
Barrels
Cubic Feet
1728
7.48052
0.17811
Barrel
9702
42
5.61458
Gallon
231
0.02381
0.13368
Cubic
Feet
( 6 x 6 ) / 2 = 18 sq. inches
DD Hydraulics 2.02.07
Wt /
Gal
DD Hydraulics 2.02.08
F
O
R
C
E
F
O
R
C
E
Pressure
Pressure==Force
Force/ /Area
Area
Pressure
Pressure( (PSI
PSI) )==Force
Force( (Lbs.
Lbs.) )/ /Area
Area( (sq.in.
sq.in.) )
Force
Force==Pressure
PressurexxArea
Area
Force
Force( (Lbs.)
Lbs.)==Pressure
Pressure( (PSI
PSI) )xxArea
Area( (sq.in.
sq.in.) )
DD Hydraulics 2.03.02
Liquids
Flow
Gravity
Liquids at rest, exert perpendicular forces on surfaces they
touch as they cannot support tangential forces without flowing.
Liquids are attracted by gravitational pull with each layer of
liquid exerting its weight on the layers beneath it. Liquids are
relatively incompressable making their density a constant.
Liquids are only slightly affected by temperature changes.
Each layer of
liquid exerts
its weight on
those below
Pressure is
proportional
to the depth
in a liquid
At any level
pressure is
the same in
single liquid
Pressure
exists at all
points in a
liquid
At any point
pressure is
equal in all
directions
Direction of
force reacts
perpendicular
to surfaces
DD Hydraulics 2.03.04
Vertical
depth
In a single liquid,
equal pressures at
the same depth
provide equal
support for the
liquid producing
equal vertical
heights of the
liquid.
LIGHT
MUD
Heavy
Mud
HEAVY
MUD
U- Tube
Unequal
Hydrostatic
Pressures
Point of Separation
Equal
Hydrostatic
Pressures
L
I
G
H
T
E
R
M
U
D
HYDROSTATIC
HYDROSTATICPRESSURE
PRESSURE
H.P.
H.P.( (PSI
PSI) )==0.05195
0.05195xxMud
MudWeight
Weight xxDepth
Depth
==0.05195
0.05195xxLbs/Gal
Lbs/GalxxVertical
VerticalFtFt
VERTICAL
DEPTH
Pressure
PressureGradient
Gradient
PG
=
0.05195
PG = 0.05195xxMud
MudWt.
Wt.(Lbs/
(Lbs/Gal
Gal) )
Pressure Gradient is simply a convenient number for calculations
relating to hydrostatic pressures. It combines two of the three
factors used to calculate hydrostatic pressure:
0.05195 is a constant representing the number gallons equal to
a column one foot tall and having an area of one square inch.
It is 12 cubic inches divided by 231 cubic inches in a gallon.
DD Hydraulics 2.03.08
Net
Pressure
DD Hydraulics 2.03.10
BUOY
WT
Net
Pressure
Buoyancy Factor
( Object Density - Fluid Density ) / Object Density
Buoyed Weight : Buoyancy Factor
Object Weight x Object Buoyancy Factor
In drilling, the buoyancy factor is frequently
used to predetermine the size and number of
bottom hole assembly components to use in
order to have the buoyed weight needed to
do the job.
Because the geometry and dimensions of
some tools can be complex, it can be difficult
to calculate the buoyancy effect of pressure
differences. The use of the displacement or
buoyancy factors may easier as the tool weight
is often known or can easily be determined by
calculation or rig equipment. Often the major
variable is drilling fluid density.
Buoyancy Example
Object:
Densities:
10 x 10 x 5 steel bar.
Steel at 65.5 Lbs/Gal.
Fluid at 9.0 Lbs./Gal.
End Area (s) = 10 x 10 = 100 in2
Volume = 100 in2 x ( 5 x 12 ) = 6000 in3
Volume = 6000 / 231 = 25.97 gal
Air Wt. = 25.97 gal x 65.5 lbs = 1701 lbs
DD Hydraulics 2.03.12
Using Displacement
Hydrostatic Pressure
0.05195 x Fluid (Lbs/Gal ) x Depth (Ft)
Pressure Gradient = 0.05195 x Mud Wt. (Lbs/ Gal )
Buoyed Weight : Displacement Method
Object. Wt. - ( Object Volume x Fluid Density )
Buoyancy Factor
( Object Density - Fluid Density ) / Object Density
DD Hydraulics 2.04.01
DD Hydraulics 2.04.02
Force applied to a
solid block is
transmitted in a
straight line
through block.
Force to confined
liquid is transmitted:
- in all directions
- equally distributed
- undiminished
Pressure
Pressure( (PSI
PSI) )==Force
Force( (Lbs.
Lbs.) )/ /Area
Area( (sq.in.
sq.in.) )
A pressure increase in a confined fluid is distributed equally
throughout the fluid and against all sides of container. Force
applied on any surface such as a piston is equal to the pressure
applied multiplied by the area of the piston.
Force
Force( (Lbs.)
Lbs.)==Pressure
Pressure( (PSI
PSI) )xxArea
Area( (sq.in.
sq.in.) )
F
O
R
C
E
S
O
L
I
D
F
O
R
C
E
L
I
Q
U
I
D
FORCE
FLUID
10 LBS
10 LBS
Input force equals output force if piston areas are the same. The
force divided by the input piston area creates a pressure which
multiplied by the identical area of the output piston creates a force
which equals the input force.
DD Hydraulics 2.04.03
DD Hydraulics 2/04.04
Mechanical
Work
Work = Ft-Lbs
Pounds x Feet
Force
x Distance
Work
Hydraulic Work
Force ( psi )
a
r
e Distance
a
p
i
s
t
o
n
Work
Work
Work( (Foot-Lbs
Foot-Lbs) )==Force
Force( (Lbs
Lbs) )/ /Travel
Travel( (Feet
Feet) )
Speed(out) = Speed(in) x ( Area(in) / Area(out) )
Speed(out) = Speed(in) x ( Area(in) / Area(out) )
DD Hydraulics 2.04.05
Pressure = Pressure
Work Out =
Force
Distance
Work ( Ft./Lbs. )
Work ( Ft./Lbs. )
Time ( minutes or seconds )
Time ( minutes or seconds )
33000
33000Ft-Lbs
Ft-Lbs=
11minute
minute
Distance
Force
DD Hydraulics 2.04.06
550
550Ft-Lbs
Ft-Lbs
11second
second
Electrical
Hydraulic
Kinetic
Potential
Heat
PUMP
RETURN
LINE
FILTER
PRESS REG
AIR
FLUID
PRESSURE
REGULATOR
ACCUMULATOR
CHECK
VALVES
GAGE
7
HAND
RELIEF
VALVE
PUMP
CONTROL
VALVE
WORK
SIDE
PRESSURE
SIDE
DD Hydraulics 2.05.02
The Drilling
Circulating System
Stand
Pipe
Rotary
hose
PUMP
HOPPER
M
UD
RE
SE
RV
PI
T
PI
T
SHALE
SHAKER
CASED HOLE
OPEN HOLE
DD Hydraulics 2.05.01
DD Hydraulics 2.05.03
FLUID
P
I
S
T
O
N
F
ID
L
U
I
D
OD
FLUID
P
I
S
T
O
N
F
ID
L
U
I
D
Volume
VolumeTriplex
Triplex( (Bbl
Bbl/ /stroke
stroke) )
2
33( (ID
ID2/ /12353
12353) )xxStroke
StrokeLength
Length(inch)
(inch)
Volume
( (Bbl
VolumeDuplex
Duplex
Bbl/stroke
/stroke) )
2
2
( (44( (ID
ID2/ /12353
12353) )- -22( (OD
OD2/ /12353
12353) )) )xxStroke
StrokeLength
Length(inch)
(inch)
Constant: 12353 = 1cu.in. / ( / ( 4 x 9702 cu.in.) )
Actual output per stroke of pump is found by multiplying above
result by pump efficiency.
Hydraulic Pumps are limited to a maximum volume and pressure.
The maximums not only vary by manufacturer and type of pump
but on the size of pump liners or cylinders used and stroke length.
DD Hydraulics 2.05.05
Continuity of Flow. As liquids do not readily compress, volumetricrate input into a conductor equals volumetric-rate which is output. It
is not affected by changes in inside area of the conductor.
Volume-Rate in
= Volume-Rate out
Flow can be imagined as a cylinder having an area equal to crosssectional area of pipe and a distance of such length that would
result in a volume equal to that which which is referenced.
DD Hydraulics 2.05.06
Cross-section
SPEED
Volume
Cross-section
SPEED
Volume
Given that equal volumes per unit time flows through the pipes, it
can be seen that the cross-sectional area influences the following:
Volume per a given length in proportion to Area.
Fluid Velocity per a given unit of time in inverse
proportion to Area.
Volumetric-Rate of Flow = Velocity ( ft/min ) x Area
Volumetric-Rate of Flow = Velocity ( ft/min ) x Area
Velocity
Velocity( (ftft/min
/min) )==Volumetric-Rate
Volumetric-Rate/ /Area
Area
Fluid Flow: When external forces (pump) acting on a fluid are great
enough to overcome viscous forces, fluid flows. The velocity of fluid
particles at conduit wall is zero, increasing with distance from wall.
PLUG
FLOW
Laminar Flow: can be viewed as relatively smooth, straight streamlines of flow having concentric layers of fluid beginning with a zero
velocity at the conduit wall, with layers progressively faster, reaching
maximum speed at the center. This flow pattern requires less energy.
LOW
VISCOSITY
CHAOTIC
FLOW
HIGH
VISCOSITY
DD Hydraulics 2.05.08
Effects of Friction
5
4
3
2
1
0
P
S
I
Flow Direction
Pipe with inserted glass tubes shows pressure losses as fluid flows.
Pressure which is no longer available for additional flow or to do work.
DD Hydraulics 2.05.10
ID
DECREASE
IN I.D.
DECREASE
IN I.D.
Annular pressure drop does not typically affect the total system
pressure to the same degree as do the drill string internal diameters,
especially in the large, upper sections of the hole. However, as the
hole becomes deeper and the annular space becomes smaller, its
impact is larger. The pressure drop in the annulus is added to the
hydrostatic pressure of the hole and as such plays a significant role
in the open hole where it is exposed to the formation. Too little or
to much pressure against the formation(s) can result in problems.
Annular flow may be either turbulent or laminar depending on the
velocity of the fluid flow. To calculate the annular pressure drop,
the critical velocity must first be calculated. If critical velocity is
below 2,000 the flow is laminar. If it is 2,000 or above the flow is
turbulent.
Annular
AnnularCritical
CriticalVelocity
Velocity
PV 2 9.3{ D - D } 2 YP M ) 0.5
1.08PV
1.08PV++1.08(
1.08( PV 2 9.3{ DHH - DP P } 2 YP M ) 0.5
MM( (DDH - -DD
P)
)
H
Annular
AnnularPressure
PressureLoss
Loss( (Laminar
LaminarFlow
Flow) )
}
225
{
D
( {( {LL YP
H - DP } ) + ({ L VAS PV } ID 4.82
YP } 225 { DH - DP } ) + ({ L VAS PV } ID 4.82
( (1500
H - DP } )
1500{{DD
- D })
H
DD Hydraulics 2.06.01
Window Pane
Bead of water
DD Hydraulics 2.06.02
m Pla
shear stress
yield point
a
Bingh
DD Hydraulics 2.06.04
stic
Plastic Viscosity
Ideal
Power
Law
Fluid Classifications
Dilatent
shear stress
DD Hydraulics 2.06.03
ew
a
ni
to
Pseudo-Plastic
ian
ton
New
Viscosity
shear rate
shear rate
DD Hydraulics 2.07.01
TOOTH
DD Hydraulics 2.07.02
CHIP
Higher
Hydrostatic
Pressure
Chip
Weight on Bit controls
Chip Size & Quantity
Lower
Formation
Pressure
DD Hydraulics 2.08.01
DD Hydraulics 2.09.01
NOMENCLATURE
CD
CW
DH
DP
G
JV
L
M
NZ
NA
PXX
PV
VAS
VAM
YP
f
n
p
Re
U
PAN
PSI
GPM
FPS
FPM
PPG
( psi )
Bit Hydraulic Horse Power, Total
Bit Hydraulic Horse Power, per Sq.In.
PNZ = ( M G 2 ) ( 10858 NA 2 )
= ( { P NZ 10858 NA 2 } M ) 0.5
GNZ
NA
= ( { M G 2 } { 10858 PNZ } ) 0.5
NA
= ( N Z 32) 2 ( 4)
= 32 (N A { .7854 Qty } ) 0.5
NZ
JV (F/S) = ( 0.32 G ) N A
IF
= JV 0.0173 G ( P NZ M ) 0.5
IF
= 0.000516 JV G M
BHHP (TOTAL) = PNZ G 1713.6
BHHP / sq. in = BHHP ( BIT OD 0.7854 )
DD Hydraulics 2.09.02
Annulus Flow
Annular Flow Velocity ( fpm )
Annular Flow Velocity ( fps)
Annular Critical Velocity ( fps )
Optimum Annular Velocity (fpm )
Optimum Annular Flow ( gpm)
Optimum Annular Flow ( gpm)
VAM = ( 24.51 G ) ( DH 2 - DP 2 )
VAS = ( { 24.51 60 } G ) ( DH 2 - DP 2 )
VCA = 1.08PV + 1.08( PV 2 9.3{ DH - DP } 2 YP M ) 0.5 M ( DH - DP )
VOA = 11800 ( M DH )
Opt Flow ( Annulus ) = 482 ( DH 2 - DP 2 ) ( DH M )
Opt Flow ( Open hole) = ( 265 DH + 10 DH 2 ) M
PAN
PAN
PAN
PAN
PAN
( ppg )
BHP = ( 0.5195 M L )
BHCP = BHP + PAN
ECD = BHCP ( 0.52 L )
ECD = (PAN { 0.052 L } ) + Mud Weight
Hole Cleaning
Rock Chip Slip Velocity
V C = ( 8310 CD 2 { CW - M }) ( PV + ( 399 YP { DH - DP }) VA )
V C = ( 3226 CD 2 { CW - M } ) ( PV + ( 399 YP { DH - DP }) V A )
V C = 159 ( ( CD { CW - M } M ) 0.5 )
V C = 60.6 ( ( CD { CW - M } M ) 0.5 )
VS = V C - V A
DD Hydraulics 2.09.03
Cubic
Inches
Gallons
Cubic Feet
1728
7.48052
Barrel
9702
42
5.61458
Gallon
231
0.02381
0.13368
Barrels
0.17811
Cubic
Feet
COMMON
DENSITIES
Water ( 39.20F )
Water ( 68.00F )
Sea Water
Steel
Iron
Aluminum
RELATIVE
DENSITY
1.000
0.998
1.026
7.804
7.853
2.700
LBS PER
CU.FT.
LBS PER
GALLON
GRAMS /
CU. CM
62.4
62.3
64.0
487.0
490.0
168.5
8.34
8.33
8.55
65.10
65.50
22.50
1.000
0.998
1.026
7.804
7.853
2.700
DD Hydraulics 2.09.04
Effective Viscosity
A. Viscosity Definition
B. Bingham Plastic
C. Shear Stress, Power Law Fluids
D. Effective Viscosity , Power Law
E. Annular Shear Rate
F. Consistency Index
G. Power Law Index
New Press. (Change: GPM or MW )
Hook Load
OverPull Maximum
Neutral Point (STRAIGHT HOLE)
Buoyancy Factor ( GALLONS )
BUOYED WEIGHT
Natural Frequency
Excitation Frequency
Excitation Frequency
Frequency w/ Shock
Mechanical Horsepower Created
U = SS / Sr
U = ( PV + ( 399 YP x ( DH - DP)) / VA )
SS = k x Sr n
U e= k x Sr n-1
S r = 2.4 VA / ( DH - DP )
k = 511( YP + PV ) / 511n
n = 3.32 log 10 ( YP + 2PV ) / ( YP + PV )
P2 = P1 x ( M2 / M1 ) x ( G2 / G1 ) 2 x P1
HL = ( ( Pipe Wt/Ft x Feet ) + ( Collar Wt/Ft x Feet ) ) x Buoyancy Factor
OP = ( Yield Strength of Pipe - Hook Load )
NP = Bit Weight / ( Weight/Foot * Buoyancy Factor )
BF = ( 65.5 - M ) / 65.5 ( 65.5 lbs = steel in gallons )
BW = AIR WEIGHT x BOUNCY FACTOR
FN = 4212 / Drill Collar Length (ft)
FE = RPM / 20
Ncrit = FN x 20
FNS = P x ( shock spring rate (k) / Total Wt. DCs (w) ) 0.5
HrsPwr(Mech) = Torque x RPM/ 5252
DD Hydraulics 2.09.04