Speciation+extinction=biodiversity

Evolution: changes in genetics of populations over time

Natural Selection: when species get genetically enhanced traits to help them survive
Biodiversity
1. Functional: air, water, energy, chemical stuff
2. Ecological:air and water ecosystems
3. Genetic: genes of a species
4. Species: variety of species
What three adaptations do humans have?
1. Opposable thumbs
2. Walk upright
3. Complex brain
Geographic isolation: population gets separated by migration, volcanoe, earthquake, wind
Reproductive isolation: limited partners for reproducing
Why is earth so good?
1. Temperature range
2. Water
3. Rotation on axis
4. Gravity
5. Revolution around sun
How are things fossilized?
1. Amber
2. Ice
3. Tar pits
4. Minerals
Tropical: richness high, evenness low
Coniferous: richness low, evenness high
Endemic: exists in one area
Generalist vs Specialist aka many niches available vs one niche available
Native, Non-native, indicators(die off first, canary in coal mine), keystone(top predator),
foundation(beavers, grass)
Background extinction rate- normal rate of extinction
Artificial selection: human influenced evolution
Theory of island biogeography
2 factors that affect- immigration and extinction rate

Island size, distance from mainland

Large, close to mainland, full of resources