Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Soil Treatment
Wirtgen GmbH
Reinhard-Wirtgen-Strasse 2 53578 Windhagen Germany
Phone: +49 (0) 26 45/131-0
Fax: +49 (0) 26 45/131-242
Introduction
Contents
1 Soil Treatment
1.1
Definition of terms
11
12
1.1.1 Definitions according to the Directives for the standardization of the superstructures
of trafficked surfaces (RStO 01)
12
1.1.2
14
1.1.3
16
1.2
18
1.2.1
Soil stabilization
18
1.2.2
Soil improvement
18
1.2.3
18
1.2.4
18
1.3
Geotechnical investigations
19
1.3.1 General
19
1.3.2
Description of soil types according to DIN EN ISO 14688-1 (old: 4022, Part 1)
19
1.3.3
20
1.3.3.1
Soil groups
20
1.3.3.2
21
1.3.3.3
Coarse-grained soils
22
1.3.3.4
Mixed-grained soils
22
1.3.3.5
Fine-grained soils
22
1.3.3.6
22
1.3.3.7 Chart
23
1.3.3.8
24
24
25
1.3.3.9
26
1.4
30
1.4.1
30
1.4.2
31
1.5 Application
32
1.5.1
Soil improvement
32
1.5.2
32
1.5.2.1
34
35
36
36
37
38
40
42
42
42
43
44
45
46
46
46
46
49
50
50
52
53
54
57
58
58
58
58
59
59
60
60
Contents
1.9.2
Types of binder
1.9.3
Mode of binder action
1.9.3.1 Building limes
1.9.3.2 Cements
1.9.3.3 Mixed binders
1.9.4
Binders with special properties
1.9.4.1 Low-dust binders
1.9.4.2 Hydrophobic binders
1.9.5
Binder applications
1.9.6
Binder processing times
1.9.7
Binder reaction times
1.10
Water
1.11
Effects of weather
1.11.1 Precipitation
1.11.2 Wind
1.11.3 Temperature
1.12
Soil treatment Construction
1.12.1
Mixing procedures
1.12.2
Mixed-in-plant process
1.12.3
Mixed-in-place process
1.12.3.1 Principles of construction for the mixed-in-place process (all fields of soil treatment)
1.12.4
Requirements for soil treatment
1.12.4.1 Binder quantity
1.12.4.2 Compaction characteristics
1.12.4.3 Verification of binder quantity
1.12.4.4 Surface
1.12.4.5 Evenness
1.12.4.6 Paving thickness
1.13
Structural backfills
1.13.1 Terms
1.13.2
Construction materials
1.13.2.1 Drainage area
1.13.2.2 Backfill and cover fill areas
60
60
60
62
62
63
63
63
64
66
66
68
70
70
70
71
72
72
72
74
74
80
80
80
82
82
82
82
84
84
84
84
84
1.13.3 Compaction
85
1.14
86
1.14.1 General
86
1.14.2
86
1.14.3 Compaction
2 Base Layers with Hydraulic Binders
86
91
2.1 General
91
2.2 Terminology
92
2.3 Base layers with hydraulic binders in accordance with the Additional technical
conditions of contract and directives for the construction of base layers with hydraulic
binders and concrete pavements (ZTV Beton-StB) and soil stabilization in accordance
with the Additional technical conditions of contract and directives for earthworks in
road construction (ZTV E-StB)
93
2.4
94
Principles of production
2.4.1 General
94
2.5
Tests Definitions
95
2.5.1
95
2.5.2
95
2.5.3
97
2.5.4
Compliance testing
97
2.6
Construction materials
98
2.6.1
98
2.6.2
Aggregates and construction material mixtures for hydraulically bound base layers
2.6.3
102
2.6.4
Hydraulic binders
103
99
2.6.5 Water
104
2.6.6
104
2.7
105
2.7.1 Design
105
2.7.2
105
Contents
2.7.3
105
2.7.3.1
Stabilized layers
105
2.7.3.2
105
2.7.3.3
106
2.7.4
106
2.7.4.1
107
2.7.5
108
2.7.6
108
2.7.7
108
2.7.8 Evenness
108
2.7.9
109
2.7.10
Grooves or joints
109
2.7.11 Curing
110
2.7.11.1 Table: Summary of requirements on base layers with hydraulic binders in accordance
with the Additional technical conditions of contract and directives for the construction
of base layers with hydraulic binders and concrete pavements (ZTV Beton-StB)
112
2.8
114
2.8.1
114
2.8.2
Production
114
2.8.3
Mixed-in-place process
114
2.8.4
Mixed-in-plant process
115
2.8.5
116
2.8.6
116
2.9
117
2.9.1
117
2.9.2
117
2.9.3
118
2.10
118
2.11
119
2.11.1
119
2.11.2
121
2.11.3
122
2.11.4
122
2.11.5
Internal control and compliance testing for hydraulically bound base layers
124
2.11.6
125
2.12 Using reclaimed asphalt and reclaimed tar-bound road construction materials
in base layers with hydraulic binders
126
2.12.1
General
126
2.12.2
126
2.12.3
Additives
126
2.12.4
2.12.5
2.12.6
Requirements
127
2.12.7
Initial testing
127
127
127
References128
Body of technical rules and regulations
129
1. Soil Treatment
General
Soil treatment with binders (soil improvement and
soil stabilization) comprises a range of proven
construction methods which, from the mid-1950s,
gained increasing economic importance in earthworks.
The investigations carried out then were the basis
for developing the current body of rules and
regulations and still form the basis of construction
today.
The continued development in earthworks entailing
very short construction times, higher loads (heavyvehicle traffic, rapid-transit railway systems etc.)
and the saving of resources whilst complying with
the provisions of the Closed Substance Cycle and
Waste Management Act (Kreislaufwirtschaftsund Abfallgesetz [KrW-/AbfG]) has changed the
boundary conditions of earthwork operations.
10 // 11
Concrete surfacing
Single-layer or dual-layer concrete surfacing.
Stone paving
Paving blocks, paving bedding and jointing.
Asphalt surfacing
Asphalt binder course plus overlying asphalt
surface course or asphalt surface course only.
Embankment
Slab paving
Slabs, slab bedding and jointing.
Combined base and surface course
Single-layer asphalt course which has the dual
function of surfacing and base layer.
Cut
Asphalt surfacing
Asphalt base layer or base layer
with hydraulic binder
Gravel or crushed-stone base
Frost blanket
Subsoil/subgrade (possibly stabilized)
Subgrade
Pavement
Shoulder
Subgrade
q 2.5%
after soil treatment
q 4.0%
for soils susceptible
to water
q 4.0%
at crown
Subsoil
Base layer
Base underlying the surfacing and, depending on
formulation, distinguished into:
ase layer without binder
B
- Frost blanket
- Crushed-stone base
- Gravel base
Subsoil
Soil or rock lying immediately below the pavement
or subgrade.
Subgrade
Artificial earth structure between subsoil and
pavement.
12 // 13
1.1.2
Subsoil / Subgrade
Area of application
Soil treatment
Generic term
Terms
Correlation with
rules and regulations
Soil improvement
ZTV E-StB 1)
Code of practice on soil
improvement and soil stabilization with binders (Merkblatt
ber Bodenverbesserungen
und Bodenverfestigungen mit
Bindemitteln)
ZTV E-StB 1)
Code of practice on soil
improvement and soil stabilization with binders (Merkblatt
ber Bodenverbesserungen
und Bodenverfestigungen mit
Bindemitteln)
Application and
resulting reduction
Reduction of pavement
thickness by means of
qualified soil improvement
at subgrade level
F2 / F3 soil
1)
2)
3)
Additional technical conditions of contract and directives for earthworks in road construction
Directives for the standardization of the superstructures of trafficked surfaces
Additional technical conditions of contract and directives for the construction of base layers with hydraulic binders and concrete pavements
Attribution of terms
Pavement
Hydraulically bound
base layers
Soil stabilization
F1 soil
F2 / F3 soil
RStO 2)
ZTV Beton-StB 3)
Increase of bearing
capacity of coarsegrained soils; counting toward pavement
Reduction of pavement
thickness by means of
stabilizing the F2 / F3 soil
RStO 2)
ZTV Beton-StB 3)
No reduction of pavement
thickness in case of fully
bound pavement
14 // 15
1.1.3
Asphalt base
and / or
ZTV Beton-StB 1)
TL Asphalt-StB 2)
TL Beton-StB 3)
ZTV Beton-StB 1)
TL Beton-StB 3)
RStO 8)
ZTV SoB-StB 4)
TL Gestein-StB 5)
ZTV E-StB 6)
TL BuB E-StB 7)
16 // 17
1.2.1
Soil stabilization
1.2.2
1.2.4
traffic loading and climate, thus creating permanent bearing capacity and frost resistance.
Soil improvement
1.2.3
Base layers with hydraulic binders comprise concrete base layers according to DIN EN 206-1 and
DIN 1045-2 and hydraulically bound base layers
produced in-plant for use in the pavement, as well
as stabilized base layers (hydraulically stabilized
base) produced either in-place or in-plant for use
in the pavement or on the subgrade in earthworks.
Hydraulic base layers transfer the static and dynamic
loads acting on the surfacing into the subsoil or
subgrade respectively.
1.3.2
Description of soil types according to DIN EN ISO 14688-1 (old: 4022, Part 1)
18 // 19
Letter symbol
DIN EN 14688
Letter symbol
DIN 4022
Blocks
Bo
> 200 mm
Stones
Co
Coarse gravel
Medium gravel
Fine gravel
Gravel
Gr (Gravel)
CGr
MGr
FGr
G
gG
mG
fG
from > 2 mm to 63 mm
from > 20.0 mm to 63.0 mm
from > 6.3 mm to 20.0 mm
from > 2.0 mm to 6.3 mm
Sand
Coarse sand
Medium sand
Fine sand
Sa (Sand)
CSa
MSa
FSa
S
gS
mS
fS
Silt
Coarse silt
Medium silt
Fine silt
Si (Silt)
CSi
MSi
FSi
U
gU
mU
fU
Cl (Clay)
Range / Designation
Coarse
aggregate
range
Fine
aggregate
range
1.3.3
Clay
(ultra-fines)
< 0.002 mm
20 // 21
1.3.3.7
Chart
Coarse-grained soils
Coarse-grained soils
Fine-grained soils
non-cohesive
slightly cohesive
Grain-to-grain contact
Fines < 0.063 mm:
< 5% by mass
Frost-proof
Low compressibility
Grain-to-grain contact
Fines < 0.063 mm:
5% to 15% by mass
Slightly frost-susceptible
Low compressibility
Organic soils
cohesive
highly cohesive
cohesive-loose
No grain-to-grain
contact
Coarse grain floats in
fine-grained matrix
Fines < 0.063 mm:
15% to 40% by mass
Highly frost-susceptible
Properties of fine grain
are dominant
Parallel
structure
Fibrous structure
Honeycomb Lump
structure
structure
Highly frost-susceptible
Micropore
Macropore
< 40% by
mass
GE
SE
GW
SW
GI
SI
Peat, humus,
digested sludge
GU
SU
GT
ST
GU*
SU*
GT*
ST*
IP 4% or
below the
A-line
IP 7% or
above the
A-line
UL
TL
UM
TM
UA
TA
22 // 23
Consistency range
Consistency range
liquid
IC=0
mushy
IC=0.50
soft
IC=0.75
Liquid limit wL
Water content at the point
of transition from liquid to
plastic state
Plasticity range with plasticity index Ip
Liquid
limit wL
stiff
IC=1.00
Plastic
limit wP
IC=ws
Shrinkage
limit wS
Plastic limit wP
Water content at the point of
transition from plastic
to semi-firm state
semi-firm
firm
Shrinkage limit wS
Water content at the point
of transition from semi-firm
to firm state
50
40
0)
Clays of high
plasticity TA
0.
73
(w
-2
30
lin
e
IP
Clays of medium
plasticity TM
A-
Plasticity index IP in %
Sand-silt
mixtures SU
20
Clays containing organic matter,
organogenic clays OT and silts of
high compressibility UA
Clays of low
plasticity TL
Sand-clay
mixtures ST
10
7
Intermediate range1)
Sand-silt
mixtures SU
0
10
20
50
60
70 80
Liquid limit wL in %
Tests performed to determine the plasticity index of soils having a low liquid limit give inaccurate results. Soils in the intermediate range
must therefore be classified into the clay and silt ranges by means of other processes, for example, in accordance with DIN 4022,
Part 1, 09.87, section 8.5 to section 8.9.
1)
24 // 25
2
3
4
5
Coarse-grained soils
1
60%
< 5%
> 60%
6
7
60%
9
10
11
12
Mixed-grained soils
8
5 - 15%
Letter symbol
Group symbol
Main groups
Line
GE
GW
GI
Narrow-graded sands
SE
SW
SI
Gravel-silt mixtures
GU
Gravel-clay mixtures
Sand-silt mixtures
5% to 15%
by mass 0.06 mm
Frostsusceptibility
class)
F1
GT
F2*)
SU
> 60%
60%
15 - 40%
Sand-clay mixtures
ST
Gravel-silt mixtures
GU*
Gravel-clay mixtures
13
Sand-silt mixtures
15% to 40%
by mass 0.06 mm
GT*
F3
SU*
> 60%
14
15
17
18
19
20
16
ST*
Sand-clay mixtures
IP 4% or
below the
A-line
> 40%
wL < 35%
UL
35% wL 50%
UM
wL > 50%
UA
wL < 35%
TL
35% wL 50%
TM
wL > 50%
TA
In accordance with the Additional technical conditions of contract and directives for earthworks in road construction (ZTV E-StB)
*) To be classified as F1 if, where U 15.0, the fines content (d < 0.063 mm) is 5.0% by mass or, where U 6.0, the fines content
(d < 0.063 mm) is 15.0% by mass. Where 6.0 < U < 15.0, the particle fraction smaller 0.063 mm permissible for classifying as
F1 may be interpolated linearly (see chart).
1)
F3
F2
Distinguishing characteristics
(including lines 16 to 21)
Examples
Dry strength
Response to
vibration testing
Plasticity in
kneading test
Fines content is
clayey
Wide-graded
or gap-graded
grading curve
low
quick
silty
Moraine gravel
Weathered gravel
Talus deposits
Boulder clay
clayey
silty
Tertiary sand
clayey
silty
clayey
none to low
low to medium
slow
low to medium
high
none to slow
medium to high
medium to high
none to slow
none to low
high
none
none to low
very high
none
none to low
26 // 27
Particle size
0.06 mm 2 mm
Plasticity
index and
position
relative to
A-line
(see chart)
IP 7%
and below
the A-line
> 40%
23
22
21
Coarse-grained to
mixed-grained soils
containing humic matter
< 40%
Letter symbol
Group symbol
not flammable
or smoulderable
Main groups
Line
35% wL 50%
OU
F3
wL > 50%
OT
OH
OK
25
HN
26
27
Degraded peats
flammable
or smoulderable
Coarse-grained to
mixed-grained soils
containing calcareous,
siliceous formations
Organic soils
24
F2
HZ
) In accordance with the Additional technical conditions of contract and directives for earthworks in road construction (ZTV E-StB)
) Soils formed as a result of microorganism action
*) To be classified as F1 if, where U 15.0, the fines content (d < 0.063 mm) is 5.0% by mass or, where U 6.0, the fines content
(d < 0.063 mm) is 15.0% by mass. Where 6.0 < U < 15.0, the particle fraction smaller 0.063 mm permissible for classifying as F1 may be
interpolated linearly (see chart).
Distinguishing characteristics
(including lines 16 to 21)
Examples
Dry strength
Response to
vibration testing
Plasticity in
kneading test
medium
medium
Lacustrine marl
Diatomaceous earth
Topsoil
high
none
high
Alluvial mud
Tidal mud
Tertiary carboniferous clays
Topsoil
Palaeosol
Calcareous sand
Tuffaceous sand
Bog lime
Fen peat
Raised bog peat
Fen-wood peat
Organic silt
Digested sludge
28 // 29
F1
F2
F3
Frost
susceptibility
Soil groups
(DIN 18196)
not susceptible
to frost
GW, GI, GE
SW, SI, SE
low to medium
susceptibility to
frost
highly susceptible
to frost
TA
OT, OH, OK
ST, GT 1)
SU, GU
TL, TM
UL, UM, UA
OU
ST*, GT*
SU*, GU*
1.4.1
The susceptibility to frost of the weathered product is the relevant criterion for rock of variable
strength.
ST*, GT*
SU*, GU*
TL, TM
UL, UM, UA
OU
15
ST, GT
SU, GU
TA
OT, OH
OK
F2
10
ST, GT
SU, GU
F1
5
GW, GI, GE
SW, SI, SE
F1
0
1) To be classified as F1 if, where U 15.0, the fines content
(d < 0.063 mm) is 5.0% by mass or, where U 6.0, the fines
content (d < 0.063 mm) is 15.0% by mass.
Where 6.0 < U < 15.0, the particle fraction smaller 0.063 mm
permissible for classifying as F1 may be interpolated linearly
(see chart).
1 5 10
d60
Coefficient of uniformity U=
d10
15
1.4.2
Soil groups TL, TM, UL, UM, UA, ST*, SU*, GU*
are classified into frost-susceptibility class F2 if the
requirements specified for qualified soil improvement are complied with (see section 1.5 Application 1.5.2 Qualified soil improvement).
30 // 31
1.5 Application
1.5.1
Soil improvement
1.5.2
Qualified soil
improvement
adding, for
example, 3%
by mass of
binder
Bridge
with raised abutments
Stepped subsoil
Qualified soil improvement adding,
for example, 7% by mass of binder
Example of application of qualified soil improvement
32 // 33
Line
Frost-susceptibility class
F2
55
50
40
F3
65
60
50
Baseline values for determining the thickness of a frost-resistant pavement of construction class III / IV (Directives for the standardization of the superstructures of trafficked surfaces [RStO 01], Table 6)
Pavement thickness
50 cm
Pavement thickness
60 cm
Pavement thickness
50 cm
Reduction
by 10 cm
Subgrade
F2 soil
F3 soil
F2 soil
Alternatively:
- CBR according to the Technical testing regulations for soil and rock in road construction
(TP BF-StB), Part B 7.1, 40%; specimens
stored for a period of 28 days.
-T
he loss in strength after soaking in water for
24 hours must not exceed 50%.
-T
he test may also be performed after 7 days
and/or at other testing times.
34 // 35
1.5.3
Soil stabilization
1)
2)
Subsoil / Subgrade
F1 soil of sufficient thickness
This type of stabilized layer forms part of the pavement of traffic areas and is dealt with in the Additional
technical conditions of contract and directives for the
construction of base layers with hydraulic binders and
concrete pavements (ZTV Beton-StB).
dditional technical conditions of contract and directives for the construction of base layers with hydraulic binders and concrete pavements
A
Directives for the standardization of the superstructures of trafficked surfaces
36 // 37
1.5.3.3 Excerpt from the Directives for the standardization of the superstructures of
trafficked surfaces (RStO 01), Chart 1
Base layers with hydraulic binders underlying an
asphalt surfacing
Line
(Thickness in cm;
Ev2 minimum values in MN/m2)
Construction class
Equivalent 10-tonne axle loads
in millions
SV
Thickness of frost-resistant
pavement 1)
> 32
55
65
75
85
4
8
14
Asphalt base
15
120
Frost blanket
41
45
342)
2.2
4
8
Asphalt base
14
Stabilized layer
Layer of frost-resistant material (F1)
15
- wide-graded or gap-graded in
accordance with DIN 18196 Thickness of layer of
frost-resistant material
45
45
104) 204)
30
18
Asphalt base
Stabilized layer
If values deviate, the layer thicknesses of the frost blanket or frostresistant material respectively have to be determined by taking the
difference.
2)
Applicable with round aggregates only if proven locally.
3)
Applicable only with crushed aggregates and if proven locally.
4)
To be executed only if the frost-resistant material and material to be
stabilized can be placed as a single layer.
2.3
40
4
8
1)
44
20
45
54)
50
154)
25
35
I
> 10 and 32
55
65
75
85
II
III
IV
VI
0.3
0.3
55
65
75
85
45
55
65
75
45
55
65
75
35
45
55
65
35
45
55
65
120
4
8
4
8
10
15
15
120
45
38
48
302)
40
4
8
4
8
14
10
41
24
34
44
184)
94)
194)
29
38
48
4
8
14
10
39
342)
42
45
23
33
43
263)
36
10
15
46
32
42
164)
29
45
163)
26
36
36
4
4
10
26
36
10
10
15
15
15
29
45
26
163)
10
45
22
15
100
29
29
33
124)
15
100
45
4
4
46
64)
29
45
164)
26
36
64)
164)
26
36
10
10
10
15
15
15
29
29
29
20
20
134)
44
45
28
4
10
45
37
45
4
8
46
4
10
29
31
15
14
45
50
4
10
15
120
45
15
45
15
120
45
283)
144)
35
37
4
4
38
45
74)
45
174)
27
37
164)
45
26
36
46
64)
45
164)
26
36
64)
164)
26
36
38 // 39
1.5.3.4 Excerpt from the Directives for the standardization of the superstructures of
trafficked surfaces (RStO 01), Chart 2
Base layers with hydraulic binders underlying a
concrete surfacing
Line
(Thickness in cm;
Ev2 minimum values in MN/m2)
Construction class
Equivalent 10-tonne axle
loads in millions
SV
B
Thickness of frost-resistant
pavement 1)
> 32
55
65
75
85
Concrete surfacing
1.1
If values deviate, the layer thicknesses of the frost blanket or frostresistant material respectively have to be determined by taking the
difference.
2)
Applicable with round aggregates only if proven locally.
3)
Applicable only with crushed aggregates and if proven locally.
4)
To be executed only if the frost-resistant material and material to be
stabilized can be placed as a single layer.
27
15
1)
120
Frost blanket
332)
Concrete surfacing
1.2
Stabilized layer
Layer of frost-resistant
material (F1)
- wide-graded or gap-graded in
accordance with DIN 18196 Thickness of layer of
frost-resistant material
42
45
27
20
47
45
84)
184)
28
Concrete surfacing
1.3
Stabilized layer
Layer of frost-resistant material (F1)
- narrow-graded in accordance with
DIN 18196 Thickness of layer of
frost-resistant material
43
38
27
25
45
34)
52
134)
23
33
I
> 10 and 32
55
65
75
85
II
III
IV
VI
0.3
0.3
55
65
75
85
45
55
65
75
45
55
65
75
35
45
55
65
35
45
55
65
15
120
15
120
253)
48
263)
45
36
35
20
273)
37
15
15
15
38
39
45
164)
26
45
36
46
74)
174)
27
37
25
24
23
20
20
20
45
30
23
45
45
104)
24
40
25
46
25
45
154)
38
45
35
15
120
39
40
45
23
24
25
40
44
45
11
21
31
41
43
45
24)
124)
22
32
40 // 41
The maximum bulk thickness (or maximum thickness of the improved layer respectively) must be
such that the specified degree of compaction is
achieved over the entire layer thickness.
1.6.2
Area
Soil groups
DPr in %
na in % by
volume
GW, GI, GE
SW, SI, SE
GU, GT, SU, ST
100
GW, GI, GE
SW, SI, SE
GU, GT, SU, ST
98
97
122)
2) If the soils are not improved by means of soil stabilization or qualified soil improvement, a requirement on the maximum
10 percentile for the air voids ratio is recommended as follows:
8
% by volume when placing water-sensitive mixed-grained or
fine-grained soils; and
6
% by volume when placing rock of variable strength.
This has to be indicated in the specification of works.
1.6.3
materials
2.5% after soil treatment with binders
Shoulder
Traffic lane
Traffic lane
2.5%
12%
1:
Shoulder
6%
1.5
42 // 43
1.6.4
Construction class V to VI
Ev2 100 MN/m2
Evd 50 MN/m2
Ev2 70 MN/m2
If the specified deformation modulus on the subgrade cannot be achieved by compacting, one of
the following measures has to be taken:
improve or stabilize the subsoil or subgrade; or
increase the layer thickness of the granular
base.
1.6.5
Requirements on the minimum 10 percentile for the degree of compaction DPr or maximum
10 percentile for the air voids ratio na when improving or stabilizing the subgrade
Subgrade
Cut
Requirements on Ev2
see separate table
0.00m
0.50m
Stabilized
subsoil
Improved
subsoil 1)
DPr 100% for GW, GI, GE, SW, SI, SE, GU, GT, SU, ST
DPr 97% and na 12% for GU*, GT*, SU*, ST*, U, T, OU3), OT3)
Embankment
Requirements on Ev2
see separate table
0.00m
0.50m
1.00m
Subgrade
DPr 98%2)
immediately after completion of compaction
Stabilized
subgrade
DPr 98%2)
immediately after completion of compaction
DPr 100% for GW, GI, GE, SW, SI, SE, GU, GT, SU, ST
DPr 97% and na 12% for GU*, GT*, SU*, ST*, U, T, OU3), OT3)
Improved
subgrade1)
DPr 98% for GW, GI, GE, SW, SI, SE, GU, GT, SU, ST
DPr 97% and na 12% for GU*, GT*, SU*, ST*, U, T, OU3), OT3)
Requirements according to structural
soil analysis
Improved subgrade*
44 // 45
Mix designs, internal control testing and compliance testing are performed in accordance with the
pertinent technical regulations in effect at the time.
46 // 47
Table: Soil-specific empirical values for binder quantities in soil stabilization, soil improvement
and qualified soil improvement
Binder content in % by mass
Soil improvement**
Soil stabilization
Soil group
Fine lime
according to
DIN EN 459-1
Hydrated lime
according to
DIN EN 459-1
Cement
according to
DIN EN 197-1
DIN-1164-10
Hydraulic soil
and road binder
according to
DIN 18506
Mixed
binders
Coarse-grained soils
(GE, GW, GI, SE,
SW, SI)
3-7
3-7
3-7
Mixed-grained soils
(GU, GT, SU, ST,
GU*, GT*, SU*, ST*)
4-6+*
4-8*
4-12
4-12
4-12
Fine-grained soils
(UL, TL, UM, UA,
TM, TA)
4-6
4-8
7-16
7-16
4-16
Artificial aggregates
5-12
5-12
5-12
4-10
4-10
4-10
Coarse-grained soils
(GE, GW, GI, SE,
SW, SI)
3-6
3-6
3-6
Mixed-grained soils
(GU, GT, SU, ST,
GU*, GT*, SU*, ST*)
2 (3)-4
2 (3)-5
3-6
3-6
2 (3)-6
Fine-grained soils
(UL, TL, UM, UA,
TM, TA)
2 (3)-4
2 (3)-5
3-6
3-6
2 (3)-6
Reaction times
The reaction times between mixing and compaction are determined in the Technical testing
regulations for soil and rock in road construction
(TP BF-StB) as a function of the binder used.
Typical values are:
for hydraulic binders:
1 to 2 hours
for mixed binders:
4 hours
for building limes:
6 hours
48 // 49
1.7.2
Compliance testing
each delivery
(delivery note)
random checks
Soil
Grading
State variables
Organic constituents
Water content
Proctor density and related water content
*
3 times every 20 m
every 250 m or 3,000 m
Stabilized layer
Degree of compaction
Binder quantity
Correct vertical and horizontal position
Evenness
Layer thickness
Layer thickness
Deformation modulus
on the subgrade
Deformation modulus Ev2
Deformation modulus Evd
random checks
random checks
as required
3 times every 20 m
as required
as required
every 1,000 m2
* The scope of testing depends on the testing method chosen (method M1, M2 or M3).
Type, scope and frequency of internal control and compliance testing for soil treatment operations:
Soil improvement
Compliance testing
Compliance testing
each delivery
(delivery note)
random checks
each delivery
(delivery note)
random checks
random checks
50 // 51
52 // 53
D = x 100 [%]
Pr
hat. Pr
1 - w x d - s [-]
Evd [MN/m2]
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
95 96 97 98 99 100
101
102 103
DPr [%]
54 // 55
For coarse-grained soils, the following correlation applies according to the Additional technical conditions of contract and directives for earthworks in road construction (ZTV E-StB):
Guideline values for correlating the static deformation modulus Ev2 and the ratio Ev2/Ev1 with the
degree of compaction DPr in coarse-grained soils:
Soil group
Static deformation
modulus
Ev2 in MN/m2
Ratio
Ev2/Ev1
Degree of compaction
DPr in %
GW, GI
100
80
2.3
2.5
100
98
80
70
2.3
2.5
100
98
An even higher Ev2/Ev1 ratio is permissible if Ev1 reaches 60% of the Ev2 value specified.
Guideline values for correlating the dynamic deformation modulus Evd with the degree of
compaction DPr in coarse-grained soils:
Soil group
Dynamic deformation
modulus
Evd in MN/m2
Degree of compaction
DPr in %
GW, GI, GE
SW, SI, SE
50
40
100
98
1.7.2.2.3 Testing deformation modulus, correct vertical and horizontal position and
evenness on the subgrade
On the subgrade, the bearing and deformation
behaviour must be verified by means of the deformation modulus Ev2 or the dynamic deformation
modulus Evd.
The following methods and procedures must be
used:
Testing method M1 (statistical testing schedule)
Testing is conducted by means of:
- the static plate bearing test according to
DIN 18134; and
- the dynamic plate bearing test according to
the Technical testing regulations for soil and
rock in road construction (TP BF-StB), Part
B 8.3.
Testing method M2 (continuous dynamic measuring procedure) to the extent that it is suitable
for use in terms of soil mechanics
The test results have to be calibrated to the
deformation modulus Ev2 or Evd respectively
(see Technical testing regulations for soil and
rock in road construction [TP BF-StB], Part
E 4).
Testing method M3 (monitoring the working procedure by means of single testing) according to
DIN 18134 or the Technical testing regulations
for soil and rock in road construction
(TP BF-StB), Part B 8.3.
56 // 57
1.8.1
SU, ST, GU, GT, SU*, ST*, GU*, GT*, UL, UM,
UA, TL, TM
TA
Mixed-grained soils containing stones larger
than 63 mm to the extent that these can be
removed or crushed if in weathered state
Soils containing organic matter and organogenic
soils
1.8.3
Non-suitable soils
1.8.4
1.8.5
Sulphate influence
58 // 59
1.9 Binders
1.9.1 General
The purpose of construction and goal of soil
treatment should be defined prior to selecting the
binder to be used.
This requires an investigation of the native soil
and its properties and of the requirements on the
structure in terms of soil analysis.
In the next step, tests have to be performed in
order to determine the means (soil improvement,
qualified soil improvement) by which and degree
to which the properties and soil characteristics can
be improved.
1.9.2
Types of binder
The following binders may be used for soil treatment without requiring further agreement provided
they comply with the pertinent standards:
In addition, these must comply with supplementary requirements in terms of reactivity and grading
according to the Additional technical conditions
1.9.3
Instantaneous reaction:
Quick reduction of water content in the soilbinder mixture resulting from
- aeration during the mixing process
- the chemical bond of water
- vaporization as a result of the heat generated
during quicklime hydration
Crumbling caused by incipient chemical reactions in the clay minerals and at their contact
surfaces
Aggregation of fine-grained soils
Increase of plastic limit
This leads to an increase of consistency index
Ic and a reduction of plasticity index Ip.
Result:
Improved compactability
Improved plastic properties and thus decreasing
susceptibility to water
Proctor curve shifts to the wet side resulting in
a decrease of the dry density and simultaneous
increase of the optimum water content
This results in an increase of the bearing
capacity
1.85
1.80
Clayey soil (TM)
untreated
1.75
97% DPr
treated with 2%
of binder
1.70
97% DPr
treated with
4% of binder
1.65
1.60
wPr
wPr
treated with
6% of binder
1.55
10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
Water content w [%]
60 // 61
Long-term reaction:
ozzolanic hardening (chemical conversion of
P
the clay minerals)
Cation exchange
Bridging
Carbonation (with CO2)
Result:
olume stability, long-term increase in strength,
V
permanent bearing capacity and frost resistance build up over a period of some months to
several years.
1.9.3.2 Cements
Cement action is based on the binding effects of
the hardened cement paste.
The aggregate is coated and cured, and the reaction takes place with the pore water.
Strength development is high caused by the formation of the hardened cement paste.
1.9.4
62 // 63
Binder applications
During geotechnical investigations, the main criteria for selecting the binder to be used are typically
grading or the plasticity and water content of the
soil.
a) In soil improvement operations, mixed binders
work most effectively in mixed-grained soils and
in soils of low to medium plasticity.
The natural water content of soils suitable for
this type of treatment is reduced and the bearing capacity improved in a single operation.
Based on the grading curve, the most suitable
binder can be selected in accordance with the
grading chart.
b) The strength of mixed-grained soils and soils
of low plasticity (TL, GU*) is determined by the
hydraulic proportion of the binder while the
overall binder content remains unchanged. The
highest strengths are achieved using a mixed
binder with a high content of cement or a road
binder (cement).
Mixed binders produce the highest strengths
in clays of medium plasticity (TM). With clays
in the transition zone from medium to high
plasticity and with clays of high plasticity (TA),
the highest strengths are achieved when using
mixed binders with a high lime proportion or
lime respectively.
c) Coarse-grained soils are treated using either
mixed binders with a high content of cement or
road binders (cement).
d) Mixed binders with a higher content of lime are
used for soils with a high water content in order
to reduce the water content and obtain a soilbinder mixture of ideal consistency for placing.
100
Silt
Ultrafines
fine
medium
90
1.9.5
80
Non-suitable,
not crushable
70
60
Fin
el
50
40
im
Type of soil: TA
30
20
Type of soil: TM, TL, UM
10
0
0.001 0.002
0.006 0.01
0.02
fine
Gravel
medium
fine
coarse
medium
coarse
Stones
Type of soil:
GU*, SU*
Mi
xe
db
ind
er
Ro
ad
bin
de
rs
Non-suitable,
too coarse
0.06 0.1
0.2
0.6 1
10
20
60 100
64 // 65
1.9.6
1.9.7
Significant reductions in strength occur when extending the reaction time of cement. The reaction
time of one hour specified for soil stabilization in
the Technical testing regulations for soil and rock
in road construction (TP BF-StB), Part B 11.1,
should also be complied with for soil improvement. This approach results in the highest bearing
capacity and lowest sensitivity to water immersion
of the soil-binder mixture.
Binder
Cement
CEM I
Mixed binder
Fine lime
CL90Q
Reaction time
3-5
>6
66 // 67
1.10 Water
If the water content of coarse-grained or mixedgrained soils intended for soil treatment is too low,
water should be added as follows:
If the water content of a mixed-grained or finegrained soil intended for soil treatment is significantly higher than the optimum water content, it
must be reduced by appropriate measures.
Example:
97% DPr
100% DPr
Binder quantity
at 100% DPr
Binder quantity
at 97% DPr
Optimum
water content
1 2 3 4 5
Addition of binder (% by weight)
= Wnat > Wopt
= Wnat = Wopt
= Wnat < Wopt
DOROSOL C 30 (example):
water reduction by approx.
DOROSOL C 50 (example):
water reduction by approx.
Fine lime:
water reduction by approx.
68 // 69
1.11.2 Wind
Special binders (such as DOROSOL PRO C) can
be used to reduce binder drifts. These binders
significantly reduce the development of dust.
1.11.3 Temperature
Soil stabilization and qualified soil improvement
operations should preferably not be carried out at
ground and air temperatures below +5C.
If soil treatment operations are scheduled at
temperatures below +5C, the required protective
measures must be included in the specification of
works. Consideration also needs to be given to the
fact that, in the first three days and for the longest
possible period of time thereafter, the temperature
of the soil-binder mixture should not fall below
+5C. Where appropriate, the next layer can be
placed as a protection for the previously treated
layer.
70 // 71
Mixing procedures
A general distinction is made between two different procedures which can be used to produce a
soil-binder mixture.
The mixer travels on the layer prepared for treatment, working in the previously spread binder
and, where appropriate, the required quantity of
water.
Mixed-in-plant process
Where the mixed-in-place process cannot be
used for technical reasons (due to, for example, existing manholes, gullies, road widenings,
structures, trenches etc.) or is uneconomical,
soil-binder mixtures produced using the mixedin-plant process can be placed instead.
In soil treatment operations, it is usually not
economically feasible to produce soil-binder
mixtures using the mixed-in-plant process.
Mixed-in-place process
The mixed-in-place process is the standard
construction method used in soil treatment
operations.
1.12.2
Mixed-in-plant process
72 // 73
1.12.3
Mixed-in-place process
Soil stabilization
Qualified
soil improvement
Soil improvement
Preparatory measures
Remove topsoil and organic matter.
Scarify and crush densely packed or semi-firm fine-grained or
mixed-grained soils as required.
Remove stones with a diameter > 63 mm. Profile and thickness
of the stabilized layer have to be maintained.
Fine lime can be added to neutralize excessively acidic soils.
A sufficient reaction time of several days has to be determined by
means of an extended mix design.
For mixed-grained or fine-grained soils of groups GU*, GT*, SU*,
ST*, U, T, OU and OT, the water content has to be adjusted so
as not to exceed the maximum value (maximum 10 percentile) of
12% by volume for the air voids ratio of the compacted soil-binder
mixture (refer to the Additional technical conditions of contract
and directives for earthworks in road construction [ZTV E-StB]).
Prior to spreading the binding agent, the soil must be levelled off
and compacted in accordance with the Additional technical conditions of contract and directives for earthworks in road construction (ZTV E-StB).
The level of the pre-compacted subgrade has to be adjusted so
that, taking into account the degree of compaction in the stabilized layer, the actual levels and layer thickness neither exceed nor
fall below the design levels and layer thickness.
The material-specific properties must be taken into account when
using artificial aggregates and recycled construction materials.
The codes of practice applicable in each case have to be complied with.
Soil stabilization
Qualified soil
improvement
Soil improvement
Preparatory measures
The binder must be spread evenly using appropriate machinery.
Even distribution of the binder is not guaranteed
when using fertilizer spreaders or blowing the
binder from a silo transporter.
The latter is generally ruled out because of the
risk of accidents and pollution of the environment associated with this method. The pertinent
EC safety data sheet has to be complied with
when working with hydraulic binder and building
lime.
The quantity of binder applied must be verified
by means of test sheets placed on the ground
(see the Technical testing regulations for soil
and rock in road construction [TP BF-StB], Part
B 11.2). For the mixed-in-place process, the
amount of binder is specified in kg/m; for the
mixed-in-plant process, it is specified in % by
mass relative to the dry density of the soil.
In areas where access is difficult, it is advisable
to place a soil-binder mixture produced off the
paving site.
Adequate protection against binder drifts must
be ensured during construction. The spreaders should be fitted with appropriate protective
equipment (such as low guards).
In soil improvement operations, dust development caused by wind can be reduced by scarifying the surface prior to spreading the binder. In
addition, binders are available which cause less
dust during processing.
Spreading of the binder and mixing should generally be carried out in quick succession. Hydrophobic cements enable longer processing times
because of their water-repellent properties; their
reaction time does not commence until they are
mixed with the soil.
74 // 75
Soil stabilization
Qualified
soil improvement
Soil improvement
Mixing
For soil stabilization, only high-performance machines (such as
soil stabilizers) may be used which enable proper homogenization
of the soil-binder mixture. Mixing needs to continue until a uniform
colouring, uniform water content and fine, crumbly soil structure
have been achieved over the entire specified layer thickness.
76 // 77
Soil stabilization
Qualified
soil improvement
Soil improvement
Soil stabilization
Qualified
soil improvement
Soil improvement
Curing
Curing is meant to prevent premature drying of
soil stabilized with hydraulic binders.
Stabilized layers need to be kept moist for a period of at least 3 days, for example, by spraying
a fine mist of water.
As an option, a bitumen emulsion (U 60 K) can
be sprayed on the fully compacted, moist layer
until a thin, continuous film has formed. The
quantity to be sprayed needs to be determined
in preliminary tests on a case-by-case basis.
78 // 79
1.12.4
Requirements on:
Soil stabilization
Coarse-grained soils:
The Additional technical conditions of contract and directives for the construction of base layers with hydraulic
binders and concrete pavements (ZTV Beton-StB) apply.
Fine-grained or mixed-grained soils:
The binder quantity has to be selected to meet the
following requirements:
Soil groups
I
1
I
I
1
I
I
1
I
Compressive
strength) (after 28 days)
6.0 N/mm2
6.0 N/mm2
DPr> 100%
DPr> 97%
and na< 12%
Soil improvement
Requirements on compaction
Requirements on compaction
Requirements on the minimum 10 percentile for the
degree of compaction DPr or maximum 10 percentile for
the air voids ratio na
Area
Soil groups
DPr
in %
na
in %
Subgrade to a depth of
1.00 m for embankments
Subgrade to a depth of
0.50 m for cuts
GW, GI, GE
SW, SI, SE
GU, GT, SU, ST
>100
GW, GI, GE
SW, SI, SE
GU, GT, SU, ST
>98
>97
<12
in %
Subgrade to a depth of
1.00 m for embankments
Subgrade to a depth of
0.50 m for cuts
GW, GI, GE
SW, SI, SE
GU, GT, SU, ST
>100
GW, GI, GE
SW, SI, SE
GU, GT, SU, ST
>98
>97
<12
80 // 81
Requirements on:
Soil stabilization
Based on the results of the mix design, the contractor specifies the binder quantity:
- in kg/m for the mixed-in-place process
- in % by mass for the mixed-in-plant process
The quantity of binder delivered for the construction lot must not:
- fall below the quantity determined in the mix
design by more than 5%
- exceed the quantity determined in the mix
design by more than 8%
Binder quantities determined individually (in accordance with the Technical testing regulations
for soil and rock in road construction
[TP BF-StB], Part 11.2) must not:
- fall below the design value determined in the
mix design by more than 10%
- exceed the design value determined in the mix
design by more than 15%
1.12.4.4 Surface
1.12.4.5 Evenness
Soil improvement
Based on the results of the mix design, the contractor specifies the binder quantity:
- in kg/m for the mixed-in-place process
- in % by mass for the mixed-in-plant process
The quantity of binder delivered for the construction lot must not:
- fall below the quantity determined in the mix
design by more than 5%
- exceed the quantity determined in the mix
design by more than 8%
Binder quantities determined individually (in accordance with the Technical testing regulations
for soil and rock in road construction [TP BF-StB],
Part 11.2) must not:
- fall below the design value determined in the
mix design by more than 10%
- exceed the design value determined in the mix
design by more than 15%
82 // 83
1.13.2
Construction materials
The materials used must be resistant to weathering and must not contain any substances capable
of swelling, sensitive to disintegration or aggressive to the pavement.
1.13.3 Compaction
The requirement on the minimum 10 percentile for
the degree of compaction of
DPr = 100%
applies to the
ackfill area;
b
cover fill area; and
embankment shoulders at the wings of the
structure.
In the backfill and cover fill areas, the construction material must be placed and compacted in
uniform layers of approx. 30 cm in thickness.
Construction of the embankment cones at the
wings of the structure must proceed parallel to the
backfilling or cover-filling operation.
The backfill area must be tied-in with an embankment or cutting slope in a stepped, interlocking
pattern.
84 // 85
1.14.3 Compaction
The soil used to refill utility trenches in the body of
the road has to be compacted so as to meet the
following requirements on the minimum
Area
Soil groups
DPr in %
na in % by
volume
100
98
97
122)
86 // 87
Introduction
88 // 89
2.
2.1 General
According to the Directives for the standardization of the superstructures of trafficked surfaces
(RStO), a distinction is made between:
base layers without binders;
base layers with hydraulic binders; and
base layers with special properties.
90 // 91
2.2 Terminology
- Mixed-in-plant process
The soil or aggregate mixture is mixed with
the specified binder and required quantity
of water (mixing water) in stationary mixing
plants, transported to the construction site
and placed.
Hydraulically bound base layers
(produced using the mixed-in-plant process
only)
Hydraulically bound base layers consist of uncrushed and / or crushed construction material
mixtures and hydraulic binders.
Grading of the construction material mixture
must be within specified grading ranges. The
paving mix must be produced in mixing plants.
Concrete base layers
Concrete base layers are base layers of concrete in accordance with DIN EN 206-1 and
DIN 1045-2.
2.3 Base layers with hydraulic binders in accordance with ZTV Beton-StB1) and soil stabilization in accordance with ZTV E-StB2)
Concrete surfacing
Stone paving
Concrete pavement
Stabilization of
subsoil or subgrade
Subsoil
(F2 / F3 soils)
Asphalt surfacing
Asphalt base
Concrete surfacing
Frost-proof design
Asphalt surfacing
Asphalt base
Frost-proof material
[frost blanket]
(paved or native)
1)
2)
Frost-proof design
dditional technical conditions of contract and directives for the construction of base layers with hydraulic binders and concrete pavements
A
Additional technical conditions of contract and directives for earthworks in road construction
92 // 93
2.5.2
94 // 95
Initial testing and factory production control on stabilized layers and hydraulically bound base
layers:
Type of base layer
Initial testing
Binders
Binder type and grade
comparison of delivery
notes for each delivery
in each instance
Fines content
stabilized layer
in each instance
as required
Water content
stabilized layer
in each instance
stabilized layer
in each instance
Condition of aggregates
hydraulically bound
base
in each instance
visual inspection
Grading
Paving mix
Binder content
in each instance
Proctor density
in each instance
Water content
in each instance
Compressive strength
tested on specimen
in each instance
as required
Frost resistance
Condition of aggregates
visual inspection
2.5.3
2.5.4
Compliance testing
96 // 97
ST*, GT*
SU*, GU*
TL, TM
UL, UM, UA
OU
15
ST, GT
SU, GU
TA
OT, OH
OK
F2
10
ST, GT
SU, GU
F1
5
GW, GI, GE
SW, SI, SE
F1
0
1 5 10
d60
Coefficient of uniformity U=
d10
15
98 // 99
Requirements on aggregates in base layers with hydraulic binders in accordance with the
Technical delivery terms for aggregates in road construction (TL Gestein-StB):
Property
Material designation
Fines content in aggregate
fractions 0/2 and 0/5
Fines content in aggregate
fractions 2/4 and 32/63
Stabilized layer
Hydraulically bound
base
Concrete base
Particle shape of
coarse-grained aggregates
f1
SI50 (FI50)
Grading
GF80 for 0/5
GF85
Aggregate fractions /
aggregate product size
Aggregate fractions /
aggregate product size
Grading tolerances
GTANR
Apparent density
to be specified
Absorption of water
Wcm 0.5
Resistance to frost
F4
Sunburn of basalt
SBSZ (SBLA)
Organic impurities
mLPC NR
none
none
V5
compliance with the alkali guideline
issued by the German Committee for
Reinforced Concrete (DAfStB)
have to be verified
1)
Construction
materials
Blast-furnace slag,
granulated blastfurnace slag, copper
slag, foundry/cupola-furnace slag,
wet-bottom boiler
slag, volcanic slag
Construction class
SV, I to VI
SV, I to VI
SV, I to VI
SV, I to VI
IV to VI
Stabilized layers
as an addition to
the aggregate
as aggregate
as aggregate
as aggregate
to a limited
extent 2)
Hydraulically bound
base layers
as an addition to
the aggregate
as aggregate
as aggregate
as aggregate
3)
Concrete base
layers
as additive
as aggregate
3)
as aggregate
3)
Steel slag
Recycled
construction
materials 1)
Domestic
waste incineration ash
100 // 101
2.6.3
2.6.4
Hydraulic binders
CEM I
Portland cement
Portland blast-furnace slag cement
CEM II
Main constituents
A/B
A
A/B
Fly ash
A/B
Shale
1)
2)
A
CEM II-M
CEM III
CEM IV
Pozzolanic cement
CEM V
Composite cement
Silica fume
P/Q
Pozzolans
LL
Limestone
S-P, S-V
D-V
T-LL
V-T, V-LL
D-T, D-P
P-T
P1)
S-P2)
A
B
pplies only to trass according to DIN 51043 as the main constituent of up to max. 40% by mass
A
Applies only to trass according to DIN 51043 as the main constituent
102 // 103
2.6.5 Water
Any naturally occurring water complying with the
requirements of DIN EN 1008 is suitable for use as
mixing water. For base layers with hydraulic
2.6.6
Concrete admixtures must comply with the requirements of DIN EN 934-2 or must be approved
for use by the supervising authority. DIN V 20000100 has to be complied with when using concrete
admixtures in accordance with DIN EN 934-2.
Concrete additives must comply with the requirements of DIN EN 450 and DIN EN 12620 for fillers
2.7.2
The minimum paving thicknesses of base layers with hydraulic binders are governed in the
Additional technical conditions of contract and
2.7.3
Depending on the maximum particle size, stabilized layers must have the following minimum
paving thicknesses:
> 12 cm with paving mixes of
particle size 0/32 mm
> 15 cm with paving mixes of
particle size 0/45 mm
> 20 cm with paving mixes of
particle size > 0/45 mm.
104 // 105
2.7.4
Edge design of concrete surfacing on top of base layer with hydraulic binders:
20 50
100
Concrete surfacing
4%
Fibre mat
1.
Subgrade
1:
20
Frost blanket
q2.5%
q4%
Edge design of asphalt surfacing on top of base layer with hydraulic binders (hydraulically bound base):
Asphalt surface course
100
:1
20 10
Asphalt base
4%
1.
1:
Frost blanket
20
Subgrade
q2.5%
q4%
4%
:1
20 10
Asphalt base
.
:1
Subgrade
20
q4%
q2.5%
106 // 107
2.7.5
2.7.6
2.7.7
2.7.8 Evenness
The surface irregularities of stabilized layers and
hydraulically bound base layers must not exceed
1.5 cm over a measured length of 4 m.
2.7.9
2.7.10
Grooves or joints
108 // 109
Longitudinal and transverse joints prior to being overlaid with an asphalt surfacing
2.7.11 Curing
The stabilized layer must be cured for a minimum
period of 3 days unless the base is overlaid with
an additional layer immediately after placing.
Curing options:
wet curing;
spraying a bitumen emulsion; or
applying a water-retaining cover.
Wet curing requires the stabilized layer to be kept
slightly moist by spraying water for a period of
3 days after placing and compaction.
When using a C60B1-S bitumen emulsion, the
solvent-free emulsion has to be sprayed evenly on
the compacted base layer as soon as the layer has
gone beyond the slightly moist state.
110 // 111
2.7.11.1 T
able: Summary of requirements on base layers with hydraulic binders in accordance
with ZTV Beton-StBa)
roctor density
P
Standard requirement
3)
Higher requirement when underlying a concrete pavement
4)
When underlying an asphalt pavement
5)
No requirements when underlying a concrete pavement
6)
Paving thickness is considered to be the arithmetic mean of all
single values of the paving thickness for the respective layer over the
entire construction lot.
7)
Typically the mean value over the entire construction lot; however,
mean values may also be formed for partial sections which, as a
minimum, must equal the output of one working day.
8)
Tested on Proctor specimens with a height of 125 mm and diameter
of 150 mm; when testing on specimens with a height of 120 mm
and diameter of 100 mm, the compressive strength values determined have to be multiplied by 1.25 to be comparable with the
values indicated in the table.
9)
Mean value from three related specimens the single values of which
do not deviate from the mean value by more than 2.0 N/mm.
10)
Single value
11)
Mean value
12)
Binder quantity is considered to be the arithmetic mean of all single
values of the binder quantity in the stabilized layer over the entire
construction lot; excess quantities not exceeding the design value
by more than 15% only may be taken into account for determination of the mean value.
13)
15 cm if compacted by internal vibrators
14)
The fines content < 0.063 mm determined during initial testing and
increased by the binder content must not be exceeded by more
than 2.0% by mass.
1)
2)
Requirements on grading
b)
c)
Stabilized layer
Mixed-in-place process
Mixed-in-plant process
100%1)
Concrete base
98%1)
1.5 cm2)
+ 0.5 cm or -1.5 cm3)
1.5 cm / 4 m
single values 3.0 cm
mean 10%
7.0 N/mm2 4) 8) 9)
15.0 N/mm2 3) 8) 9)
fckb)
C 12/15 to C 20/25
change of length 1
15 cm ( 0/45)
20 cm (> 0/45)
12 cm ( 0/32)
15 cm (0/45)
20 cm (> 0/45)
12 cm (0/32)
15 cm (0/45)
12 cm 13)
according to
DIN 1045 or
DIN EN 206
respectively
112 // 113
2.8.2 Production
In soil stabilization, each layer must be produced
so as to be of consistent quality and comply with
the specified requirements.
Work sections and daily sections have to be vertical in design over the entire paving thickness. Any
loose material has to be removed prior to placing a
layer immediately adjacent to a previously placed,
already hardened stabilized layer.
2.8.3
Mixed-in-place process
2.8.4
Mixed-in-plant process
114 // 115
2.8.5
2.8.6
Layers intended for stabilization using the mixedin-place process must have a minimum degree of
compaction DPr of 100% of the Proctor density of
the soil or construction material mixture.
The optimal paving mix formula has to be determined within the parameters of initial testing.
When placing the paving mix, the optimum water
content must not be exceeded and the degree of
compaction must not be lower than specified.
2.9.2
Compared with initial testing, the aggregate fractions in the paving mix larger than 2 mm, 8 mm
and 16 mm may be higher or lower by no more
than 8% by mass relative to the dry construction
material mixture. The fines content < 0.063 mm of
the dry construction material mixture must not be
exceeded by more than 2.0% by mass.
The paving mix for hydraulically bound base layers is produced in-plant in accordance with initial
testing.
The paving mix is transported to the paving site in
trucks. In the event of adverse weather or longer
transport distances, it needs to be covered with
tarpaulins.
The paving mix has to be conveyed and placed in
such a way that no segregation occurs.
116 // 117
2.9.3
When underlying an asphalt surfacing, the compressive strength of a hydraulically bound base
layer must not be lower than
.5 N/mm for each single value; and
3
8.0 N/mm in the mean calculated from less
than 9 related single values; or
10.0 N/mm in the mean calculated from more
than 8 related single values
determined after 28 days within the parameters of
compliance testing using specimens with a height
of 125 mm and diameter of 150 mm.
Criteria for determining the binder quantity during initial testing of paving mixes for
stabilized layers:
Type of soils and/or
construction material
mixtures
Frost resistance
Change of length
[]
Compressive strength
after 28 days
under asphalt layers
[N/mm2]
15.0
l 1.0
The requirements on compressive strength relate to a test specimen with a height A of 125 mm and diameter
D of 150 mm.
118 // 119
Soils or construction
material mixtures
Fines content < 0.063 mm
5% by mass
Concrete design
15 N/mm2
Soils or construction
material mixtures
Fines content < 0.063 mm
> 5% by mass and 15% by mass
Concrete design
15 N/mm2
Frost testing
l 1
3% by mass
(special case)
Minimum binder
quantity
3.0% by mass
2.11.2
120 // 121
Criteria for determining the binder quantity during initial testing for hydraulically bound base layers:
Type of soils and/or
construction material
mixtures
Frost resistance
Change of length
Frost resistance
Change of length
[]
Fines contents in soils
and/or construction
material mixtures
5% by mass
Fines contents in soils
and/or construction
material mixtures
> 5% by mass and
15% by mass
under concrete
surfacings [N/mm2]
15.0
l 1.0
The requirements on compressive strength relate to a test specimen with a height A of 125 mm and diameter
D of 150 mm.
2.11.3
2.11.4
testing, verifications have to be provided in accordance with DIN EN 206-1 and DIN 1045-2.
1. Stabilized layer
Internal control testing
Compliance testing
Paving mix
a) Conformity with initial testing
b) C
ompressive strength or
binder content
On the layer prepared for soil stabilization by means of the mixed-in-place method
a) Degree of compaction
b) C
orrect vertical and horizontal
position
as required
c) Binder quantity
as required
as required
b) C
orrect vertical and horizontal
position and evenness
as required
c) Degree of compaction
122 // 123
2.11.5
Internal control and compliance testing for hydraulically bound base layers
Compliance testing
b) Grading
c) Proctor density
f) Water content
as required
c) Degree of compaction
(of the not yet hardened layer)
2.11.6
3. Concrete base
Internal control testing
Compliance testing
c) W
ater-cement ratio of the fresh
concrete
e) Paving thickness
as required
f) C
orrect vertical and horizontal
position and evenness
as required
124 // 125
2.12.2
A minimum quantity of 25% by mass of the aggregate mixture used must pass the 2 mm sieve.
The maximum particle size is limited to 45 mm.
An oversize percentage of 10% by mass is permissible
for a particle size of up to 56 mm. Reclaimed asphalt
must comply with the Technical delivery terms for
reclaimed asphalt (Technische Lieferbedingungen fr
Asphaltgranulat [TL AG-StB]). It has to be reclaimed
and stocked in accordance with the Code of practice
for the use of reclaimed asphalt (Merkblatt fr die
Verwertung von Asphaltgranulat [M VA-G]).
2.12.3 Additives
Suitable additives (filler) are filler aggregates in
accordance with the Technical delivery terms for
2.12.4
2.12.5
2.12.6 Requirements
When using reclaimed tar-bound road construction
materials, the percentage < 2 mm of the aggregate
mixture must not be higher or lower by more than
2.12.7
Initial testing
126 // 127
References
Eifert, H.:
Straenbau heute Tragschichten, Planung und
Ausfhrung, 2006
Published by: BetonMarketing Deutschland
GmbH, Erkrath
Verlag Bau+Technik GmbH
Bodenbehandlung im Straenbau
Oliver Kuhl, Hessisches Landesamt fr Straenund Verkehrswesen, Wiesbaden
Lecture at the 4th specialist conference of the
GBB Gtegemeinschaft Bodenverfestigung Bodenverbesserung in Walsrode, 2009
DIN 1)
Source:
VOB/B German construction contract procedures - Part B: General conditions of contract relating to the
execution of construction work DIN 1961 (Vergabe- und Vertragsordnung fr Bauleistungen Teil B:
Allgemeine Vertragsbedingungen fr die Ausfhrung von Bauleistungen DIN 1961)
VOB/C German construction contract procedures - Part C: General technical specifications in construction
contracts (Vergabe- und Vertragsordnung fr Bauleistungen Teil C: Allgemeine Technische Vertrags
bedingungen fr Bauleistungen [ATV])
DIN 1045 Concrete and reinforced concrete; design and execution (Beton und Stahlbeton; Bemessung und Ausfhrung)
DIN 1048
Testing concrete (Prfverfahren fr Beton)
DIN 1164 Special cement composition, requirements and conformity evaluation (Zement mit besonderen Eigenschaften Zusammensetzung, Anforderungen, bereinstimmungsnachweis)
DIN 4020 Geotechnical investigations for civil engineering purposes (Geotechnische Untersuchungen fr bautechnische Zwecke)
DIN 4030 Assessment of water, soil and gases for their aggressiveness to concrete (Beurteilung betonangreifender
Wsser, Bden und Gase)
DIN 4123 Excavations, foundations and underpinnings in the area of existing buildings (Ausschachtungen, Grndungen und Unterfangungen im Bereich bestehender Gebude)
DIN 4124 Excavations and trenches Slopes, planking and strutting breadths of working spaces (Baugruben und
Grben Bschungen, Verbau, Arbeitsraumbreiten)
DIN 4301 Ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgical slag for civil engineering and building construction use (Eisenhttenschlacke und Metallschlacke im Bauwesen)
DIN 18121 Soil, investigation and testing Water content (Baugrund Untersuchung von Bodenproben Wassergehalt)
DIN 18125 Soil, investigation and testing Determination of density of soil (Baugrund, Untersuchung von Bodenproben Bestimmung der Dichte des Bodens)
DIN 18127 Soil, investigation and testing Proctor test (Baugrund Untersuchung von Bodenproben Proctorversuch)
DIN 18134 Soil Testing procedures and testing equipment Plate load test (Baugrund; Versuche und Versuchsgerte Plattendruckversuch)
DIN 18196 Earthworks and foundations Soil classification for civil engineering purposes (Erd- und Grundbau
Bodenklassifikation fr bautechnische Zwecke)
DIN 18299 German construction contract procedures Part C: General technical specifications in construction
contracts General rules applying to all types of construction work (VOB Teil C: Allgemeine Technische
Vertragsbedingungen fr Bauleistungen [ATV] Allgemeine Regelungen fr Bauarbeiten jeder Art)
DIN 18300 German construction contract procedures Part C: General technical specifications in construction
contracts Earthworks (VOB - Teil C: Allgemeine Technische Vertragsbedingungen fr Bauleistungen
[ATV] Erdarbeiten)
DIN 18311 German construction contract procedures Part C: General technical specifications in construction
contracts Dredging work (VOB - Teil C: Allgemeine Technische Vertragsbedingungen fr Bauleistungen
[ATV] Nassbaggerarbeiten)
DIN 18315 German construction contract procedures Part C: General technical specifications in construction contracts Road construction Surfacings without binder (VOB Teil C: Allgemeine Technische Vertragsbedingungen fr Bauleistungen [ATV] Verkehrswegebauarbeiten Oberschichten ohne Bindemittel)
128 // 129
DIN 18316 German construction contract procedures Part C: General technical specifications in construction
contracts Road construction Surfacings with hydraulic binders (VOB Teil C: Allgemeine Technische
Vertragsbedingungen fr Bauleistungen [ATV] Verkehrswegebauarbeiten Oberbauschichten mit hydraulischen Bindemitteln)
DIN 18506 Hydraulic soil and road binders Composition, specifications and conformity criteria (Hydraulische
Boden- und Tragschichtbinder Zusammensetzung, Anforderungen und Konformittskriterien)
DIN 18915 Vegetation technology in landscaping Soil working (Vegetationstechnik im Landschaftsbau Bodenarbeiten)
DIN 18916 Vegetation technology in landscaping Plants and plant care (Vegetationstechnik im Landschaftsbau
Pflanzen und Pflanzarbeiten)
DIN 18920 Vegetation technology in landscaping Protection of trees, plantations and vegetation areas during
construction work (Vegetationstechnik im Landschaftsbau Schutz von Bumen, Pflanzenbestnden
und Vegetationsflchen bei Baumanahmen)
DIN 50929 Corrosion of metals; probability of corrosion of metallic materials when subject to corrosion from the
outside (Korrosion der Metalle, Korrosionswahrscheinlichkeit metallischer Werkstoffe bei uerer
Korrosionsbelastung)
Parts 1 and 3 Part 1: Corrosion of metals; probability of corrosion of metallic materials when subject to corrosion from
the outside; general (Teil 1: Korrosion der Metalle; Korrosionswahrscheinlichkeit metallischer Werkstoffe
bei uerer Korrosionsbelastung; Allgemeines)
Part 3: Corrosion of metals; probability of corrosion of metallic materials when subject to corrosion from
the outside; buried and underwater pipelines and structural components (Teil 3: Korrosion der Metalle;
Korrosionswahrscheinlichkeit metallischer Werkstoffe bei uerer Korrosionsbelastung; Rohrleitungen
und Bauteile in Bden und Wssern)
DIN EN 206-1 Concrete Part 1: Specification, performance, production and conformity (Beton Teil 1: Festlegung,
Eigenschaften, Herstellung und Konformitt)
DIN EN 197-1 Cement Part 1: Composition, specifications and conformity criteria for common cements
(Zement Teil 1: Zusammensetzung, Anforderungen und Konformittskriterien von Normalzement)
DIN EN 197-4 Cement Part 4: Composition, specifications and conformity criteria for low early-strength blast-furnace
cements (Zement Teil 4: Zusammensetzung, Anforderungen und Konformittskriterien von Hochofenzement mit niedriger Anfangsfestigkeit)
DIN EN 459-1 Building lime - Part 1: Definitions, specifications and conformity criteria (Baukalk Teil 1: Definitionen,
Anforderungen und Konformittskriterien)
DIN EN 1097-6 Tests for mechanical and physical properties of aggregates Part 6: Determination of particle density and
water absorption (Prfverfahren fr mechanische und physikalische Eigenschaften von Gesteinskrnungen Teil 6: Bestimmung der Rohdichte und der Wasseraufnahme)
DIN EN 1367-1 Tests for thermal and weathering properties of aggregates Part 1: Determination of resistance to
freezing and thawing (Prfverfahren fr thermische Eigenschaften und Verwitterungsbestndigkeit von
Gesteinskrnungen Teil 1: Bestimmung des Widerstandes gegen Frost-Tau-Wechsel)
DIN EN 12350 Testing fresh concrete (Prfung von Frischbeton)
DIN EN 12390 Testing hardened concrete (Prfung von Festbeton)
DIN EN 13055-2 Lightweight aggregates Part 2: Lightweight aggregates for bituminous mixtures and surface treatments
and for unbound and bound applications (Leichte Gesteinskrnungen Teil 2: Leichte Gesteinskrnungen fr Asphalte und Oberflchenbehandlungen sowie fr ungebundene und gebundene Verwendung)
DIN EN 14227-1 Hydraulically bound mixtures Specifications Part 1: Cement bound granular mixtures (Hydraulisch
gebundene Gemische Anforderungen Teil 1: Zementgebundene Gemische)
DIN EN ISO 14688 Geotechnical investigation and testing Identification and classification of soil (Geotechnische Erkundung und Untersuchung Benennung, Beschreibung und Klassifizierung von Boden)
DIN EN ISO 14689 Geotechnical investigation and testing Identification and classification of rock (Geotechnische Erkundung und Untersuchung Benennung, Beschreibung und Klassifizierung von Fels)
DIN EN ISO 17025 General requirements for the competence of testing and calibration laboratories (Allgemeine Anforderungen an die Kompetenz von Prf- und Kalibrierlaboratorien)
DIN EN ISO 22475 Geotechnical investigation and testing Sampling methods and groundwater measurements (Geotechnische Erkundung und Untersuchung Probenentnahmeverfahren und Grundwassermessungen)
DIN EN ISO 22476 Geotechnical investigation and testing Field testing (Geotechnische Erkundung und Untersuchung
Felduntersuchungen)
DIN report
Geotextiles and geotextile-related products On-site quality control (Geotextilien und geotextilCEN/TR 15019
verwandte Produkte Baustellenkontrolle
FGSV 2)
Source:
130 // 131
Code of practice for the use of EPS rigid foam materials in the construction of road embankments (Merkblatt fr die Verwendung von EPS-Hartschaumstoffen beim Bau von Straendmmen [FGSV 550])
Code of practice for simple, environmentally compatible methods of site stabilization (Merkblatt fr ein
fache landschaftsgerechte Sicherungsbauweisen [FGSV 229)]
MGUB Code of practice for geotechnical investigations and designs in road construction (Merkblatt ber geotechnische Untersuchungen und Berechnungen im Straenbau [FGSV 511])
M TS E Code of practice on construction methods for technical safeguarding measures when using soils and
construction materials containing environmentally relevant substances in earthworks (Merkblatt ber
Bauweisen fr technische Sicherungsmanahmen beim Einsatz von Bden und Baustoffen mit umweltrelevanten Inhaltsstoffen im Erdbau [FGSV 559])
Code of practice on soil improvement and soil stabilization with binders (Merkblatt ber Bodenverbesserungen und Bodenverfestigungen mit Bindemitteln [FGSV 551])
Code of practice on the influence of the backfill on structures (Merkblatt ber den Einfluss der Hinterfllung auf Bauwerke [FGSV 526])
Code of practice on the treatment of soils and construction materials with binders to reduce the leachability of environmentally relevant substances (Merkblatt ber die Behandlung von Bden und Baustoffen
mit Bindemitteln zur Reduzierung der Eluierbarkeit umweltrelevanter Inhaltsstoffe [FGSV 560])
Code of practice on the non-aggressive execution of blasting and removal work on rock slopes (Merkblatt ber die gebirgsschonende Ausfhrung von Spreng- und Abtragsarbeiten an Felsbschungen
[FGSV 537])
Code of practice on the use of expanded clay as a lightweight construction material in the subgrade
and subsoil of roads (Merkblatt ber die Verwendung von Blhton als Leichtbaustoff im Unterbau und
Untergrund von Straen [FGSV 556])
Code of practice on rock group description for civil engineering purposes in road construction (Merkblatt
ber Felsgruppenbeschreibung fr bautechnische Zwecke im Straenbau [FGSV 532])
Code of practice on continuous dynamic procedures for testing compaction in earthworks (Merkblatt
ber flchendeckende dynamische Verfahren zur Prfung der Verdichtung im Erdbau [FGSV 547])
Code of practice for road construction on subsoil of poor bearing capacity (Merkblatt ber Straenbau
auf wenig tragfhigem Untergrund [FGSV 542])
Code of practice for the production of surface textures on concrete pavements (Merkblatt fr die Herstellung von Oberflchentexturen auf Fahrbahndecken aus Beton [M OB])
Code of practice for the reuse of concrete from pavements (Merkblatt zur Wiederverwendung von Beton
aus Fahrbahndecken)
Code of practice for the construction of base layers and combined base and surface layers using rollercompacted concrete for traffic areas (Merkblatt fr den Bau von Tragschichten und Tragdeckschichten
mit Walzbeton fr Verkehrsflchen)
RAA Directives for the construction of motorways (Richtlinien fr die Anlage von Autobahnen [FGSV 202])
RAS-Ew Directives for the construction of roads, Part: Drainage (Richtlinien fr die Anlage von Straen [RAS], Teil:
Entwsserung [FGSV 539])
RAS-LG Directives for the construction of roads, Part: Landscape design, Section: Biological engineering (Richtlinien fr die Anlage von Straen [RAS], Teil: Landschaftsgestaltung [RAS-LG], Abschnitt: Lebendverbau
[FGSV 293/3])
RAS-LP Directives for the construction of roads, Part: Landscape maintenance, Section 4: Protection of trees,
existing vegetation and animals in construction measures (Richtlinien fr die Anlage von Straen, Teil:
Landschaftspflege (RAS-LP), Abschnitt 4: Schutz von Bumen, Vegetationsbestnden und Tieren bei
Baumanahmen [FGSV 293/4])
RAS-Q Directives for the construction of roads, Part: Cross-sections (Richtlinien fr die Anlage von Straen
(RAS), Teil: Querschnitte [FGSV 295])
RAA Directives for the construction of urban roads (Richtlinien fr die Anlage von Stadtstraen [FGSV 200])
RAP Stra Directives for accreditation of test centres for building materials and building material mixtures in road
construction (Richtlinien fr die Anerkennung von Prfstellen fr Baustoffe und Baustoffgemische im
Straenbau [FGSV 916])
RiStWag Directives for civil engineering measures on roads in water protection areas (Richtlinien fr bautechnische
Manahmen an Straen in Wasserschutzgebieten [FGSV 514])
RLW
Directives for rural road construction (Richtlinien fr den lndlichen Wegebau [FGSV 675/1])
RStO Directives for the standardization of the superstructures of trafficked surfaces (Richtlinien fr die Stan
dardisierung des Oberbaues von Verkehrsflchen [FGSV 499])
RuA-StB Directives for the environmentally compatible use of industrial by-products and recycled construction
materials in road construction (Richtlinien fr die umweltvertrgliche Anwendung von industriellen Nebenprodukten und Recycling-Baustoffen im Straenbau [FGSV 642])
RuVA-StB Directives for the environmentally compatible use of reclaimed materials containing tar-bound matter and
for the use of reclaimed asphalt in road construction (Richtlinien fr die umweltvertrgliche Verwertung
von Ausbaustoffen mit teer-/pechtypischen Bestandteilen sowie fr die Verwertung von Ausbauasphalt
im Straenbau [FGSV 795])
TL Asphalt-StB Technical delivery terms for asphalt mix for the construction of paved traffic areas (Technische Liefer
bedingungen fr Asphaltmischgut fr den Bau von Verkehrsflchenbefestigungen [FGSV 797])
TL BE-StB Technical delivery terms for bitumen emulsions (Technische Lieferbedingungen fr Bitumenemulsionen
[FGSV 793])
TL Beton-StB Technical delivery terms for construction materials and construction material mixtures for base layers with
hydraulic binders and concrete pavements (Technische Lieferbedingungen fr Baustoffe und Baustoffgemische fr Tragschichten mit hydraulischen Bindemitteln und Fahrbahndecken aus Beton [FGSV 891])
TL G SoB-StB Technical delivery terms for construction material mixtures and soils for the production of unbound granular layers in road construction, Part: Quality control (Technische Lieferbedingungen fr Baustoffgemische und Bden zur Herstellung von Schichten ohne Bindemittel im Straenbau, Teil: Gteberwachung
[FGSV 696])
TL BuB E-StB Technical delivery terms for soils and construction materials in earthworks for road construction (Technische Lieferbedingungen fr Bden und Baustoffe im Erdbau des Straenbaues [FGSV 597])
TL Gestein-StB Technical delivery terms for aggregates in road construction (Technische Lieferbedingungen fr Gesteinskrnungen im Straenbau [FGSV 613])
TL Geok E-StB Technical delivery terms for geosynthetics in earthworks for road construction (Technische Lieferbedingungen fr Geokunststoffe im Erdbau des Straenbaues [FGSV 549])
TL NBM-StB Technical delivery terms for liquid concrete curing agents (Technische Lieferbedingungen fr flssige
Beton-Nachbehandlungsmittel [FGSV 814])
TL Pflaster-StB Technical delivery terms for construction products for the production of stone pavings, slab pavings and
kerbs (Technische Lieferbedingungen fr Bauprodukte zur Herstellung von Pflasterdecken, Plattenbelgen und Einfassungen [FGSV 643])
TL SoB-StB Technical delivery terms for construction material mixtures and soils for the production of unbound
granular layers in road construction, Part: Quality control (Technische Lieferbedingungen fr Baustoffgemische und Bden fr Schichten ohne Bindemittel im Straenbau; Teil: Gteberwachung [FGSV 697])
TP Asphalt-StB Technical testing regulations for asphalt (Technische Prfvorschriften fr Asphalt [FGSV 756])
TP Beton-StB Technical testing regulations for base layers with hydraulic binders and concrete pavements (Technische
Prfvorschriften fr Tragschichten mit hydraulischen Bindemitteln und Fahrbahndecken aus Beton [FGSV
892])
TP BF-StB Technical testing regulations for soil and rock in road construction (Technische Prfvorschriften fr Boden
und Fels im Straenbau [FGSV 591])
Technical testing regulations to determine the thicknesses of superstructure layers in road construction
TP D-StB
(Technische Prfvorschriften zur Bestimmung der Dicken von Oberbauschichten im Straenbau [FGSV 974])
132 // 133
TP Eben Technical testing regulations for evenness measurements on road surfaces in longitudinal and transverse
directions, Part: Measurements with contact (Technische Prfvorschriften fr Ebenheitsmessungen auf
Fahrbahnoberflchen in Lngs- und Querrichtung, Teil: Berhrende Messungen (TP Eben - Berhrende
Messungen) [FGSV 404/1])
TP Eben Technical testing regulations for evenness measurements on road surfaces in longitudinal and transverse
directions, Part: Measurements without contact (Technische Prfvorschriften fr Ebenheitsmessungen
auf Fahrbahnoberflchen in Lngs- und Querrichtung, Teil: Berhrungslose Messungen (TP Eben - Berhrungslose Messungen) [FGSV 404/2])
TP Gestein-StB Technical testing regulations for aggregates in road construction (Technische Prfvorschriften fr Gesteinskrnungen im Straenbau [FGSV 610])
TP HGT-StB Technical testing regulations for base layers with hydraulic binders (Technische Prfvorschriften fr Tragschichten mit hydraulischen Bindemitteln [FGSV 822; AP 52])
VOB Construction contract procedures (Vergabe- und Vertragsordnung fr Bauleistungen [FGSV 024])
ZTV A-StB Additional technical conditions of contract and directives for excavations in traffic areas (Zustzliche
Technische Vertragsbedingungen und Richtlinien fr Aufgrabungen in Verkehrsflchen [FGSV 976])
ZTV Asphalt-StB Additional technical conditions of contract and directives for the construction of asphalt pavements
(Zustzliche Technische Vertragsbedingungen und Richtlinien fr den Bau von Verkehrsflchenbefestigungen aus Asphalt [FGSV 799])
ZTV BEA-StB Additional technical conditions of contract and directives for the structural maintenance of traffic areas
Asphalt design (Zustzliche Technische Vertragsbedingungen und Richtlinien fr die Bauliche Erhaltung
von Verkehrsflchen Asphaltbauweisen [FGSV 798])
ZTV BEB-StB Additional technical conditions of contract and directives for the structural maintenance of traffic areas
Concrete design (Zustzliche Technische Vertragsbedingungen und Richtlinien fr die Bauliche Erhaltung
von Verkehrsflchen Betonbauweisen [FGSV 898/1])
ZTV Beton-StB Additional technical conditions of contract and directives for the construction of base layers with hydraulic binders and concrete pavements (Zustzliche Technische Vertragsbedingungen und Richtlinien fr den
Bau von Tragschichten mit hydraulischen Bindemitteln und Fahrbahndecken aus Beton [FGSV 899])
ZTV E-StB Additional technical conditions of contract and directives for earthworks in road construction (Zustzliche
Technische Vertragsbedingungen und Richtlinien fr Erdarbeiten im Straenbau [FGSV 599])
ZTV Ew-StB Additional technical conditions of contract and directives for the construction of drainage systems in road
construction (Zustzliche Technische Vertragsbedingungen und Richtlinien fr den Bau von Entwsserungseinrichtungen im Straenbau [FGSV 598])
ZTV-ING Additional technical conditions of contract and directives for civil engineering works (Zustzliche Technische Vertragsbedingungen und Richtlinien fr Ingenieurbauten [FGSV 340; 782/1])
ZTV-Lsw Additional technical conditions of contract and directives for the execution of noise barriers along roads
(Zustzliche Technische Vertragsbedingungen und Richtlinien fr die Ausfhrung von Lrmschutzwnden
an Straen [FGSV 258])
ZTV-Lsw
Design and calculation principles for bored pile foundations and steel posts of noise barriers along
(supplement) roads; supplement to the Additional technical conditions of contract and directives for the execution of
noise barriers along roads (Entwurfs- und Berechnungsgrundlagen fr Bohrpfahlgrndungen und Stahlpfosten von Lrmschutzwnden an Straen; Ergnzung zu den Zustzlichen Technischen Vorschriften
und Richtlinien fr die Ausfhrung von Lrmschutzwnden an Straen [FGSV 552])
ZTVLW Additional technical conditions of contract and directives for the paving of rural roads (Zustzliche Technische Vorschriften und Richtlinien fr die Befestigung lndlicher Wege [FGSV 675])
ZTV Pflaster-StB Additional technical conditions of contract and directives for the production of stone pavings, slab
pavings and kerbs (Zustzliche Technische Vertragsbedingungen und Richtlinien zur Herstellung von
Pflasterdecken, Plattenbelgen und Einfassungen [FGSV 699])
ZTV SoB-StB Additional technical conditions of contract and directives for the construction of unbound granular layers
in road construction (Zustzliche Technische Vertragsbedingungen und Richtlinien fr den Bau von
Schichten ohne Bindemittel im Straenbau [FGSV 698])
134 // 135
Wirtgen GmbH
Reinhard-Wirtgen-Strasse 2 53578 Windhagen Germany
Phone: +49 (0) 26 45/131-0 Fax: +49 (0) 26 45/131-392
Internet: www.wirtgen.com E-Mail: info@wirtgen.com
Illustrations are without obligation. Technical details are subject to change without notice.
Performance data depend on operating conditions. No. 2316602 49-51 EN - 04/13 by Wirtgen GmbH 2013 Printed in Germany