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GENERAL
In industrial piping, the control of flow is very important.
Mechanical devices used for flow control are called valves.
The principal functions of valves are:-
Valve categories
The valve categories, based on the body styles include:
Gate Valves
Check Valves
Globe Valves
Plug Valves
Ball Valves
Butterfly Valves
Safety Relief Valves
Gate Valves
Gate Valves have a significant feature of having
less flow obstruction
lower turbulence within the valve
creating only a small pressure drop across the valve.
The main variations of gate valve designs are by the type of disc or
wedge. These include the solid wedge disc, double disc, flexible
wedge disc and split wedge disc and vented disc.
Flexible wedge discs are of one piece construction but are cut
out between the two seats in such a way as to provide a small
degree of flexibility.
It is this "flexibility" that makes the disc tight on both faces over
a wide range of pressures.
The split wedge disc is a two piece, wedge disc that seats
between matching tapered seats in the body.
The spreader device is simple, and integral with the disc
halves.
Vented discs generally used in cryogenic services are a flexible
wedge with a hole drilled in one side to allow even seating
pressure on a downstream wedge for positive shutoff.
Globe Valves
Globe Valves are commonly constructed with its inlet and outlet
in line and with its port opening at right angles to the inlet and
outlet.
This seating construction increases resistance to the flow and
permits close regulation of fluid flow.
The globe valve is used principally in throttling service to
control the flow to any desired degree.
Flow is in the bottom (under the seat) and out the top( it has a
flow direction must be checked )
The main variations of globe valve design are by the type of disc.
Typical disc types are shown in below Figure
These include plug type, composition and conventional discs.
The plug disc is cone shaped with the seat ring having a
matching cone shaped center.
The wide bearing surfaces of the long, tapered plug type disc
and matching seating offers high resistance to the cutting
effects of dirt, scale, and other foreign matter.
Check Valves
Check Valves are entirely automatic in their operation and
are activated internally by the flow of fluid or gases which
they regulate.
Check valves permit the flow in only one direction and if the
flow stops or tries to reverse its direction, the check valve
closes immediately and prevents back flow.
As soon as the pressure in the line is re-established, the
check valve opens and the flow is resumed in the same
direction as before.
There are three basic designs of check valves:Swing check
Lift check
Wafer (swinging flappers closed by a spring)
Plug Valves
Plug Valves are composed of a tapered or cylindrical plug fitted
snugly into a correspondingly shaped seat in the valve body.
The plug is provided with an opening in line with the flow
opening in the valve body.
The porthole or flow opening in the plug may be round, square
or diamond shaped.
The valve is opened by turning the plug so that the
opening in the valve body and plug are in line and is closed
by turning the plug so that the plug opening is at right
angles to the valve body opening.
Small plug valves are usually referred to as plug cocks.
Plug valves are either lubricated or non-lubricated.
For non-lubricated valves, the plug may be inserted from the
top or bottom of the valve body.
The use of cylindrical plugs is often preferred since they are less
likely to experience galling or freezing than conical plugs.
In some designs, plastic seats are often molded into grooves of the
plug to provide better seals, and bottom springs assist in operation.
The lubricated plug valve is designed with grooves in the plug which
permits the lubricant to seal and lubricate the valve as well as to
function as a hydraulic jacking force to lift the plug within the body,
thus permitting easy operation.
The lubricant is forced into its various distribution channels by a
special lubricant gun that fits a button head fitting on top of the plug.
The straightway passage through the port offers no opportunity
for sediment or scale to collect.
valve plug, when rotated, wipes foreign matter from the plug.
Ball Valves
A ball valve is similar to a plug valve except the plug in a
ball valve is spherical instead of being tapered or
cylindrical.
These valves are quick opening.
They also provide a very tight closure on viscous or hard
to hold fluids.
Ball valves are non-sticking and pressure drop through the
valve is reduced to a minimum due to the full pipe size
opening in the ball.
Ball valves are made in three general patterns:Venturi port
Full port
Reduced port
Butterfly Valves
Butterfly Valves are low pressure valves of simple design,
which are used to control and regulate flow.
They are characterized by fast operation and low
differential pressure drop. They require only a quarter turn
from closed to full-open position.
Butterfly valves are not suitable for pressure tight
services.
Rubber seat butterfly valves are manufactured in a wide
range of sizes, from inch diameter to feet in diameter and
more.
However, in industrial applications valves are usually
found in ranges from 2 to 24 inches.
Rupture Discs
It much less costly device than spring loaded or electrically
actuated safety valves for pressure relief is the rupture
disc.
A rupture disc is a pre-bulged membrane made of various
metals, depending on the service for which it is intended.
A disc may be used instead of a safety valve or installed
ahead of a safety valve if:
The maximum pressure rating of the disc does not exceed
maximum allowable pressure of the system being
protected.
The disc is guaranteed to burst within 15 % of its
specified bursting pressure.
Two styles are available; one having the hand wheel fixed to
the stem so that they rise together, and the other having a
threaded sleeve that causes the stem to rise through the
hand wheel.
In both styles, the position of the stem indicates the position
of the valve disc
Instead, the disc travels up and down the stem threads when the
stem is turned to open and close the valve.
The stem threads are exposed to the line fluid; thus limiting
use to fluids that will not corrode or erode the threads or leave
deposits on them.