Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
in
THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
I further
my
It i s
Department of
C/u.'J
<g->^j j ^ r - ,
Vancouver, Canada
V6T
1Y3
Date
rLu*^^
/S" .
14 8-S~
written
ABSTRACT
loading behaviour.
transformation
l i q u e f a c t i o n Is a l s o v a l i d f o r l i m i t e d l i q u e f a c t i o n .
The PT states f o r
- ii -
If c y c l i c m o b i l i t y develops, the
i n t e r e s t , the i n i t i a l r e l a t i v e density alone provides a good s i n g l e parameter c h a r a c t e r i z i n g the i n i t i a l state of the sand, and hence i t s a n t i c i pated response.
- i i i
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapter
Page
INTRODUCTION
LABORATORY TESTING
21
21
3.1.1. T r i a x i a l Apparatus
21
24
31
31
34
38
41
3.4.1. S o i l Description
41
3.4.2. Consolidation C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s
43
48
48
68
69
82
91
94
104
107
- iv -
Chapter
Page
4.4. 3-D E f f e c t i v e Stress State Diagram
109
115
115
116
118
122
123
124
129
136
145
157
157
169
169
177
179
Chapter
Page
5.4.1. Void Ratio or R e l a t i v e Density
179
181
185
194
197
CONCLUSIONS
206
REFERENCES
210
- vi-
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
Page
Characteristic behaviour of saturated sand under
undrained monotonic loading
11
11
14
16
18
3.1
22
3.2
25
3.3
26
3.4
3.5
30
36
37
3.7
42
3.8
44
3.9
45
4.1
a-c
50
53
3.6
4.2
- vii -
Figure
4.3
a,b
Page
Undrained monotonic compression loading behaviour of
i n i t i a l l y dense t a i l i n g s sand under moderate and high
confining pressure
55
57
59
60
62
64
66
67
70
71
75
77
79
4.16
81
4.17
83
4.4
4.5
4.6
a,b
4.7
4.8
a,b
4.9
4.10
4.11
4.12
4.13
4.14
4.15
viii-
Figure
4.18
4.19
4.20
4.21
4.22
4.23
4.24
4.25
4.26
Page
E f f e c t i v e stress conditions at the i n i t i a t i o n of s t r a i n
softening response and s t a r t of d i l a t i o n of t a i l i n g s sand
under undrained compression loading
85
88
90
92
93
95
96
99
100
102
Relationship between the r a t i o of e f f e c t i v e minor p r i n c i pal stress at CSR state and e f f e c t i v e minor consolidation
stress vs K r a t i o for Ottawa sand
103
4.29
105
4.30
106
4.31
112
4.27
4.28
- ix -
5.4
5.5
5.6
5.7
Page
Influence of static shear stress on the undrained monotonic loading behaviour
119
125
130
134
135
137
138
139
5.8
5.9
142
14?
5.10
5.11
5.12
5.13
Typical strain development vs number of cycles for contractive tailings sand consolidated to various K ratios
- x -
1 5 2
Figure
Page
5.14
C y c l i c s t r e s s required to cause l i q u e f a c t i o n f o r i n i t i a l l y
loose Ottawa sand consolidated to various Kc r a t i o s
153
5.15
Typical i l l u s t r a t i o n of l i q u e f a c t i o n of i s o t r o p i c a l l y
consolidated Ottawa sand under c y c l i c loading
155
156
5.17
a-c
159
5.18
a-c
162
5.19
167
171
5.21
172
5.22
175
176
183
186
137
192
5.16
5.20
5.23
5.24
5.25
5.26
5.27
- xi-
Figure
5.28
5.29
Page
Flow chart f o r assessing the p o t e n t i a l of l i q u e f a c t i o n
or c y c l i c m o b i l i t y
196
200
5.30
5.31
5.32
201
203
204
- xii -
NOTATIONS
A ^ a r e a
Ar
sample area
a
max
CSR
CT
characteristic threshold
relative density
rc
void ratio
e^
gravitational acceleration
p,p1,p2,p
air pressures
P*
= 1/2 (a* +
PT
phase transformation
ap
xii i
= 1/2 (a' - op
magnification factor of ratio relay
signal pressure
steady state line
undrained peak shear strength
undrained steady state shear strength
shear stress increment to peak shear strength under undrained
monotonic loading
pore pressure
excess pore pressure
axial strain
angle of internal friction
major and minor effective pricipal stresses
major total principal stress
major and minor effective prinpcipal stress increments
major and minor effective principal consolidation stresses
critical consolidation stress
major and minor effective principal stresses at peak
strength
deviator stress
cyclic deviator stress
deviator stress increment
cyclic shear stress = (jCy./2
static shear stress
xiv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
In presenting this t h e s i s , the author wishes to express his g r a t i tude to the University of B r i t i s h Columbia and National Research Council
of Canada for f i n a n c i a l support which made t h i s i n v e s t i g a t i o n possible.
The author would also l i k e to thank the following Individuals:
His supervisor, Dr. Y.P. Vaid, for h i s invaluable guidance and advice
during the entire course of the research.
Dr. P.M. Byrne, Dr. R.G. Campanella and Dr. W.D.L. Finn for their valuable comments.
His colleagues for their valuable discussions, and Dr. P.K. Robertson
for h i s suggestion i n the manner of presenting part of the test
results.
The s t a f f of the C i v i l Engineering Department Workshop for t h e i r
technical assistance i n f a b r i c a t i n g the t e s t i n g equipments.
Mrs. Brenda G i l l e s p i e for her assistance i n drafting the f i g u r e s , and
Mrs. K e l l y Lamb for typing the manuscripts and f i n a l t h e s i s .
- xv -
1.
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
be subjected to rapid
shearing.
even flow l i k e a f r i c t i o n a l
1,2
Ishihara et
Seed et a l . ,
1975)
have been reported i n l i t e r a t u r e concerning the large deformation developed i n saturated sands under c y c l i c loading.
This phenomenon
2.
Castro and
ment ( l i q u e f a c t i o n or c y c l i c mobility) i s v i t a l for a r a t i o n a l explanat i o n of some of the c o n f l i c t i n g ideas regarding undrained response of
1
3.
Liquefaction i s thus considered a phenomenon wherein a sand, which i s
consolidated
independent
of the loading paths causing the steady state deformations, has been
proposed (Castro, 1969; Castro and Poulos, 1977; Castro et a l , 1982).
Based on this perception of l i q u e f a c t i o n , the development of large deformation i s exclusively due to the occurrence of s t r a i n softening leading
to steady state deformation.
Thus, i t i s conceiv-
4.
l i q u e f a c t i o n and d i l a t i v e responses.
For
Although the
general influence of s t a t i c shear stress on the occurrence of liquefact i o n has been i d e n t i f i e d , the s t a t i c shear stress has never been incorporated as a part characterizing the i n i t i a l state of sand i n order to
predict the occurrence of l i q u e f a c t i o n . Only an a r b i t r a r y c r i t e r i o n ,
such as sand with an i n i t i a l state well above and to the right of the
steady state l i n e i s susceptible to l i q u e f a c t i o n , has been proposed.
clear quantitative boundary for separating
No
5,
fact that sand behaviour Is very much dependent on the p a r t i c l e charact e r i s t i c s and consolidation stress condition.
Then, a comprehensive
6.
a large range of confining pressure on two sands having i d e n t i c a l gradation and mineral composition, one angular and the other rounded.
Behaviour of angular sands under high confining pressure i s of utmost
importance i n the design of t a i l i n g s dams where such sands are used.
There i s a growing trend towards b u i l d i n g t a i l i n g s dams of increasing
height.
The
7.
CHAPTER 2
GENERAL ASPECTS OF UNDRAINED BEHAVIOUR OF SAND
Interest i n
monotonic loading has generally been related to undrained f a i l u r e associated with flow s l i d e s .
F i g . 2.1
The c h a r a c t e r i s t i c
unidirectional s t r a i n .
10.
path.
by Ishihara et a l . (1975).
zero.
I t represents the
F i g . 2.2
F i g . 2.3
and
12.
2.3.
u n t i l the e f f e c t i v e confining stress becomes high enough to cause cont r a c t i o n i n the sand.
however can be induced only after very large s t r a i n i n g , and the shear
stress required to induce such response i s well above the levels of
p r a c t i c a l interest and may even be greater than the drained strength.
Moreover, the back pressure for the sand to sustain the negative excess
pore pressure without causing c a v i t a t i o n i s very high, which may
be encountered In p r a c t i c a l cases.
seldom
occurrence of true l i q u e f a c t i o n .
flow s l i d e .
13.
extension, was not considered. Only true l i q u e f a c t i o n was considered and
no attention was given to the treatment of range of behaviour described
by response type 2 to type 5 ( F i g . 2.1).
In p a r t i c u l a r , no
Only an a r b i t r a r y c r i t e r -
Furthermore, In
Many cases of
work of l i q u e f a c t i o n .
C y c l i c Loading Behaviour
I n i t i a l interest i n undrained c y c l i c loading behaviour of sand was
triggered by the extensive f a i l u r e associated with saturated sand during
Niigata and Alaska earthquakes of 1964. Consideration centered predominantly on the response of saturated sand under l e v e l ground, which w i l l
be subjected to reversing shear stresses on h o r i z o n t a l planes (Seed and
Lee, 1966).
u.
Continued c y c l i c loading r e s u l t s i n the development of large s t r a i n and
s o i l i s said to have l i q u e f i e d .
stress
stress
F i g . 2.4
15.
However, two
strain.
2.5a).
2.5b).
By making a detailed
2.5b,c).
Subsequent unloading
16.
F i g . 2.5
17.
again brings the sample to a state of zero e f f e c t i v e s t r e s s , and further
reloading into the compression region again causes the stress state
moving along the f a i l u r e envelope with large deformation developed.
Repetition of t h i s loading and unloading process causes a progressive
increase i n c y c l i c deformation following l i m i t e d l i q u e f a c t i o n .
In such
S i g n i f i c a n t amount of
Repetition of t h i s
18.
N
F i g . 2.6
19.
above, In which the deformation developed during c y c l i c loading i s not
associated with s t r a i n softening, w i l l be c a l l e d c y c l i c mobility.
d e f i n i t i o n of c y c l i c mobility i s also a f t e r Castro (1969).
This
Thus i n the
the accumulation
of deformation i s p a r t l y due
partly to c y c l i c
to l i m i t e d l i q u e f a c t i o n and
liquefaction.
the association
becomes ambiguous.
reversal
During c y c l i c loading of
not
2.5
and
2.6),
(Figs.
However, i f the s p e c i f i e d s t r a i n
due
to
liquefaction
If
the
to c y c l i c mobility o n l y ,
These d i s t i n c t i o n s
In
Vaid and
Castro and
Poulos,
and
20.
been confined only to the i l l u s t r a t i o n that s t r a i n softening occurs under
c y c l i c loading much i n the same manner as under monotonic loading.
Castro (1969) and Castro et a l . (1982) showed that the steady state l i n e
i s unique under monotonic and c y c l i c loading conditions, which implies
that the undrained stress paths have no e f f e c t on steady state l i n e .
1 2
study on one sand at one confining pressure by Vaid and Chern (1983
'.)
cyclic
Also
the
line.
It i s the purpose of
It i s also intended to
angularity.
21 .
CHAPTER 3
LABORATORY TESTING
3 .1
Test Apparatus
The testing
3.1.1
T r i a x i a l Apparatus
A schematic layout of the t r i a x i a l t e s t i n g apparatus and the asso-
The t r i a x i a l c e l l
was
He found
that the sample did not develop uniform l a t e r a l expansion during shear.
The sample expanded predominantly e i t h e r at the top or at the base,
depending on the sample preparation procedures used.
This non-uniform
expansion was also obtained by Rowe and Barden (1964), Lee (1966) and by
22.
Cyclic
Input
^Loading
Double
Acting
Frame
Air
Piston
CP
Trans
ZZ3
?
Recorder
Legend:
R)
F i g . 3.1
Schematic layout of t r i a x i a l
Pressure
Regulator
apparatus.
The major
of the s o i l .
Since the
24.
minimum by using polished anodized plattens with a small central 2 cm
diameter porous discs for drainage.
3.1.2
Loading System
The loading system consists of two
and
various
Consolidation System
In order to simulate the f i e l d consolidation stress condition more
c l o s e l y , p a r t i c u l a r l y under the sloping ground, an anisotropic consolidation system was
developed.
= al /a'
r a t i o i s obtained.
l c 3c
consolidated
3.3.
In operating
the bias r e l a y .
The
pressure
Function
Elect.
Signal
Generator
I > I
E / P
Transducer
Ratio
Relay
Volume
Booster
Cyclic
Output
to Top Chamber
of Air PiJfon
Precision
Gage
Regulated
Air
Supply
Steady
F i g . 3.2
To
Bottom
of
Air
Output
Chambe
Piston
Pressure
Regulator
To Triaxial
Motomatlc
Motor
Generator
Speed
Control
Unit
Chamber
M
Pressure
Amp
Adjustable'
Ratio
Relay
Bios
To
Valve
or
Air
B
Piston
Relay
P ' S
P
F i g . 3.3
+
RP
K
'
R(S
K)
N)
4.167
a3 = m s
p = s + K.
The pressure p when fed through the ratio relay gets multiplied by a
factor R (continuously adjustable) and the output pressure
Pl
= R(s + K)
Is fed to the top chamber of the air loading piston, either directly or
through a volume booster.
For the given signal pressure s, the vertical stress
on the
=
s
In which
(3.1)
sample area,
s
P2
28.
If the consolidation is desired under a Kc value, incremental changes
in a| and o*^ are related by
Now
Aa.'/Ao-; = K
1
3
c
(3.2)
Ao| = Lal
(3.3)
- Au
Ao^ = mAs - Au
(3.4)
Therefore, from
AO,' = mAs K
(3.5)
Substituting for Ao^ from Eq. 3-1 into Eq. 3-5, we get
(3.6)
1
^ - (RA,
- mA ) + m = m K
A
r
c
s
(3.7)
from which the value of ratio relay R factor can be obtained in terms of
the system constants for the desired
value.
In this Investigation,
the input pressure p2 in the bottom chamber of the air loading piston and
the back pressure u were maintained constant.
Therefore, knowing R
factor of the ratio relay, the K factor of the bias relay can be obtained
29.
a'
i.e.,
(3.8)
For any value of signal pressure s. Once the constant R on the ratio
relay and constant K on the bias relay are selected, the sample can be
consolidated continuously along the desired constant
ratio path.
kgf/cm
In order to avoid
0.2 kgf/cm
cause sudden buildup of excess pore presure and cause collapse of loose
sample, the consolidation stress path was brought to approach the desired
K path during the i n i t i a l stage of consolidation (see Fig. 3.4).
c
This
is done by opening the valve B slowly and admitting the pressure p^, to
the air piston slowly.
16.0
4 ^
4.0
BO
12.0
16.0
20.0
F i g . 3.4
+S
24.0
28.0
32.0
36.0
40.0
IkQf/cm*)
OJ
31.
In order to maintain a constant c y c l i c load amplitude when large
sample deformation develops, a 1:1 pressure r a t i o volume booster relay
was i n s t a l l e d on both top and bottom chambers of the a i r p i s t o n .
A large
increase i n a i r flow rate and exhausting rate reduced greatly the degradation of c y c l i c load pulse when large deformation
developed.
With
the value equals to that i n the consolidation system using the DC-
3.2
Testing Procedures
3.2.1
While
depositing sand, the t i p of the pouring nozzle was always submerged and
maintained at a constant height of about 1 cm above the sedimented sand
surface.
Densifica-
The
32.
density throughout (Vaid and F i n n , 1979).
During the process of sample set up i n the loading frame and checking
This value of
saturation
the sample i s percolated with water i n order to dissolve or drive out the
a i r trapped i n the sample.
Hence
Very
large volume change can take place e s p e c i a l l y i f the sand contains some
fines.
33.
Consolidation was
low
pressure.
now
connected to the
Aniso-
i n a preset r a t i o as described i n
centered
achieved.
r a t i o of 2.0
A t y p i c a l monotonic consolida-
i s i l l u s t r a t e d by path 3 i n F i g .
r a t i o . This i s generally
c
carried out i n one step or i n multiple steps as i l l u s t r a t e d by paths 1
34.
and 2 respectively i n F i g . 3.4.
complete.
The
very short.
For both
During consolidation,
3.2.2
Methods of Loading
Two
In each
was
(Castro, 1969;
by
Castro
35.
It was
due to
As an example, the
complicated
The
I t was
found
An
3.6.
This was
also
36.
40.0
Time
Fig. 3.5
37.
Ottawa Sand
2.0
A i r Volume in Piston
0.700
0.701
1.6
small
large
C ' 2.0 k g f / c m
3 c
.9 1.2
\ 3 0.8
0.4
2.0
F i g . 3.6
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
12.0
38.
loading tests were performed by using s t r a i n controlled loading system.
However, i t should be noted that the Interaction of the sample with the
stress c o n t r o l l e d loading system occurs i n samples which developed s t r a i n
softening response only.
With
continuously
Undrained C y c l i c Loading
C y c l i c loading tests were performed i n order to obtain the e f f e c t i v e
confining stress and shear strength at PT state under c y c l i c loading
condition, and also to assess the resistance to c y c l i c loading i n terms
of s t r a i n development.
For reasons described above, only s t r a i n c o n t r o l l e d loading was used
to obtain the steady state strength parameters under c y c l i c loading.
It
3.3
Testing Program
Four types of t r i a x i a l tests were performed:
39,
1.
IC-U
2.
AC-U
3.
IC-U
4.
AC-U
varying from 15% to 70% for angular t a i l i n g s sand and three series of
test with i n i t i a l r e l a t i v e density varying from 30% to 45% f o r rounded
Ottawa sand were performed.
from 1.0 to 2.0 under wide range of consolidation pressure from 2.0
kgf/cm
(2450 kPa).
were carried out to examine, under c y c l i c loading conditions, the a p p l i c a b i l i t y of steady state concept established under monotonic loading
condition.
40.
loading condition, only i n i t i a l l y loose samples consolidated
to K
ratio
c
of 2.0 and
(196 kPa)
to 25.0
(2450 kPa)
explained
kgf/cm
As
The
other
In one
was
the
consolidation
varied from 1.0
to
chosen such that they were well below the steady state l i n e from
monotonic loading tests and hence no l i q u e f a c t i o n but the development of
c y c l i c mobility was
anticipated.
The
5.6.
41.
3.4
Material Tested
One was
Ottawa sand C-109, which has been used extensively i n the laboratory
studies of undrained c y c l i c loading behaviour at UBC and elsewhere.
other was a mine t a i l i n g s sand.
screened.
The
3.4.1
S o i l Description
Ottawa Sand
Ottawa sand i s a natural sand processed by Ottawa S i l i c a Company,
Ottawa, I l l i n o i s .
It i s a c l e a n ,
The grain s i z e d i s t r i b u t i o n
a f t e r i s o t r o p i c consolidation to a^c
= 2.0 kgf/cm
32.0%.
Mine T a i l i n g s Sand
Mine t a i l i n g s sand was obtained from a copper mining operation i n
Peachland, B r i t i s h Columbia.
&
100
sE
Z E
+ m
an
Sand
Gravtl
Coaua
E
E ,
tm <> <
Medium
I *
80
Off
c-
iI
I
CoifM
Fin*
a >anc
- J )9
Tai lit g ; - A
Washet
thfou, 1 -it
Sievi
>
40
20
0
100 80
F i g . 3.7
40
20
10 8
1 0:8
Dumttcr (mm)
0.4
0.2
0.1
0.01
43.
about 80-85% of quartz, 10-15% of mica, traces of chalopyrite and
feldspar and has angular p a r t i c l e s .
The t a i l i g n s sand was
It may
The
gradation
sands are e s s e n t i a l l y i d e n t i c a l .
This
3.4.2
=2.0
kgf/cm
(196
about 25.0%.
Consolidation C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s
The consolidation c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of sands were determined at
3.8.
cation of high confining pressure during consolidation of angular t a i l ings sand ( F i g . 3.8).
Larger compressibility
OTTAWA
0.80-
*/
SAND
1.0
0.725 O
O 700 A
0.673
0.75-
10
20
20
. 30
0.70-
40
u
Q
30
c
Q
0.65 60
a,
4)
0.6C-
70 a:
80
0.53
90
0.30
0.2
Fig.
3.9
0.4
I I
0.6
0.8 10
Consolidation
Consolidation
1_
2.0
40
Stress,
60
8 0 10 0
0'lc (ka/cm )
200
40.0
60.0
L-
100
46.
p a r t i c l e s under high consolidation s t r e s s e s , which makes the p a r t i c l e s to
move into a more compact arrangement.
for
This i s p a r t i c u l a r l y
initial
dation stress r a t i o K .
c
As w i l l be discussed i n
Section 5.1.4, the curves i n F i g s . 3.8 and 3.9 give a very good basis f o r
preparing samples to a desired f i n a l void r a t i o under a wide range of
consolidation stress conditions.
Sampling of
47,
48.
CHAPTER 4
UNDRAINED MONOTONIC LOADING BEHAVIOUR
I
(196 to
Similar
v
a f u l l spectrum
of i n i t i a l states e , 0 ' and K , of sand.
c'
3c
c
4.1
It may
In the subse-
49.
loose
4.1a,b,c.
The corresponding
are shown i n
4.2.
I s o t r o p i c a l l y consolidated sample under low confining pressure did
only 25%.
It
This i s the t y p i c a l
(784
kPa),
50.
Tailings Sand
03c''2.0
kgf/cm
e, =1.000
e =0.965
c
D =16.1%
D = 25.5%
rl
rc
&X =2.0
e
e, =0.997
e =0.948
c
D , =16.9%
D =30./%
r
rf:
12.0
Fig. 4 . 1 a
10.0-
8.0 -
6.0
CM
oi
Tailings
4.0
Sand
2
2.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
=16.4%
=40.1%
= 18.3%
= 50.8%
_i
12.0
14.0
52.
Tailings Sand
0 > . 25.0
kgf/cm
3c
LO
LOU
e '0.827
Kc -2.0
40.0"
ri *
e*/.004 D
e - 0,738
F i g . 4.1c
4.0
13.2%
' 62.6 %
2.0
6.0
13.1 %
Drc '86.6%
6,
8.0
/0.0
/2.0
14.0
16.0
Tailings Sand
e(- '1.00
Drj -16.1%
Kc -2.0
l/2(0,'+0 ')
3
(kgf/cm )
2
OJ
F i g . 4.2
54.
much higher than those under the lower confining pressure. Both samples
deformed i n the same manner with steady state conditions over a moderate
range of s t r a i n , before regaining strength due to d i l a t i o n with further
straining.
Furthermore, i t s
4.1c).
shear resistance
dense
55.
F i g . 4.3a
Tailings Sand
Cc
25.0 kgf/crn?
- LO
e, "0.804
e '0.725
D "68.8%
D -90./%
ri
rc
12.0
F i g . 4.3b
Tailings Sand
e
- 0 . 8 0 0
F i g . 4.4
Drl
70.0%
58.
4.3a), whereas a n i s o t r o p i c a l l y consolidated sample developed type 4
response.
For iso-
type 4 response ( F i g .
loose
shown i n F i g . 4.7.
In contrast to the behaviour of t a i l i n g s sand, a l l i n i t i a l l y loose
samples of Ottawa sand developed s t r a i n softening response with
cant s t r a i n p o t e n t i a l f o r the range of confining pressure and K c
considered.
signifiratio
59.
Tailings Sand
O' - 1.84 kgf/cm
12.0
l/2{6{+
0
6"
1-0
0.5
o y ;
1.0
(kgf/cm )
1.5
2.0
F i g . 4.5
60.
Ottawa Sand
a 3c ' -2.0 kgf/cm
K
e;
e
K
e;
e
c
' L O
'0.725
Dri
-0.7/2
-2.0
-0.72/
-0.703
Drc
'29.7%
-33.8%
Dri - 3 0 . 9 %
Drc =36.6%
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
/0.0
/2.0
/4.0
(%)
S (%)
a
F i g . 4.6a
61.
Ottawa Sand
25.0
3c'
Kg/cm
LO
e-, =0.728D =28.8%
e =0.68/
D =43.4%
K -2.0
e; =0.723 D =30.3%
e =0.667 D =47.8%
ri
40.01-
rc
ri
rc
Ottawa Sand
e =0.725 D =30.0%
}
ri
i/2(Oi'+03')
(Kgf/cm )
ON
N>
F i g . 4.7
63.
pressure ( F i g .
4.6a).
observed.
4.9.
= 1.0 subjected to
4.10.
Similar to the
s i m i l a r f o r both sands.
6k.
Fig.
4.
8a
65.
e (%)
a
Fig
4.8b
Ottawa Sand
e; =0.676 D = 45%
ri
1/2(a,'
+ 0 ')
3
(kgf/cm )
2
as
F i g . 4.9
67.
OffawQ Sand
Tesf /C- U - # 4 5
0 ' =8.0 kgf/cm
e, =0.667 Dr ; =47.8%
s
e =0.647 Drc 54,1%
2
3c
8.0
6.0
CM
o
\
cn
4.0
< 2.0
eft
2.0
4.0
6.0
1/2(0,'+a ')
5
2.0
CM
E
o
F i g . 4.10
4.0
8.0
10.0
(kgf/cm )
6.0
8.0
10.0
68.
whereas samples even with high r e l a t i v e density can develop s t r a i n
softening response under high confining pressure and high K c r a t i o .
On
Ottawa sand.
A l l initially
These
4.2
In this way,
69.
comprehensively.
In the
to the i n i t i a l sample s t a t e .
4.2.1
C l a s s i f i c a t i o n of Undrained Responses
Test results r e l a t i n g void r a t i o a f t e r consolidation e c versus
state for t a i l i n g s
s t r a i n hardening response.
to various K c r a t i o s .
lc
, regardless of the K
ratio.
In other words,
1.00
Tailings Sand
1.0
B
0.90"
Consolidation
1.5
20
Curve
(0.80-
0.75-
Note
Steady Stale
Transition
transformation
X State at phase
tor dilative response
070-
0.2
0.4
Effective
0.6
0.8 1.0
Confining
Stress
2.0
4.0
al PT State
oy
(kgf/cm )
6.0
8.0 10.0
20.0
or Effective
Consolidation
40.0
Stress CJ| '
60.0
F i g . 4.11
I.OOt
Tailings
e,
0.95h
1.0
1.0
095
0.90
0.85
0.80
Sand
20
(.5 2 . 0
30
40
0.90\
Consolidation
Curves ( e - Oj ')
c
50
0.651
Critical
Consolidation
Stress
I0, )
c
{60 Q
c r i t
\70
0.801
4
)
V
Note0 Steady
State
Transition
u
oo.TSf
{80 o
"5
XSfofe af phase
transformation for
dilative response
490
0.70H
woo
05L
0.2
Effective
OA
06
Confining
F i g . 4.12
08
10
Stress
20
O 3 ' o r Effective
40
6.0
Consolidation
a t
_J
L.
8.0 10 0
Stress
'110
20.0
400
Oj ' (kgf/cm )
2
60.0
72.
which i s the product of K and al .
c
3c
Fig.
-5
re
potential
4.12 and Is
s t r a i n hardening and s l i g h t s t r a i n softening response i s only approximate. A precise determination of t h i s l i n e would require a much more
comprehensive testing program.
73.
From F i g . 4.12,
i t may
e
c
~o"^ at PT state
e
c
T2
line.
a t
st
be obtained.
c r i t i c a l consolidation stress
by the dashed l i n e
It
may
n
(al ) . l i n e thus forms a quantitative
criterion for
lc c r i t
It
tf^is
the major
74.
0 ' and K r a t i o , i . e . , a' and K do not influence the l i q u e f a c t i o n
3c
c
3c
c
behaviour independently.
a!
c
lc
with al > (al ) . w i l l result In the same peak undrained strength and
lc
lc crit
*
are concerned.
As discussed
i n Section 4.1, a l l i n i t i a l l y
lc
s l i g h t s t r a i n softening response was obtained under higher al . For a'
lc
Jc
2
up to 25.0 kgf/cm (2450 kPa) and K =2.0 used i n this study, there was
c
no i n i t i a l stress state which led to s t r a i n softening with s i g n i f i c a n t
s t r a i n p o t e n t i a l and hence no data point on the steady state l i n e .
the sand was densified i n i t i a l l y
As
to i n i t i a l r e l a t i v e density of about
085
Sand
OHawa
0.80-
10
Kc
i
1.0
0.725 2.0
0700
0.675
0.75
20
0^
Steady State
30,
Line
Consolidation
Curves
lec -Olc ')
0.70-
40 ~
c
>
Q
50
0.65-
60*
41
oloeo
o
>
70
80
0.5590
0.50
0.2
Effective
1.0
0.5
Confining
F i g . A.13
Stress
Relationship
various
2.0
OV
or
4.0
Effective
between e c
and
6.0
8.0 100
Consolidation
o^ a t PT
Stress
state
lc
40.0
20.0
(kal/cm )
f o r Ottawa sand
loading.
with
600
100
76.
l i n e obtained from i n i t i a l l y loose samples.
and may eventually merge into the steady state l i n e at extremely high
consolidation stress a' .
lc
4.13 i t
appears that the PT state for e^ = 0.70 w i l l merge into the steady l i n e
only when the consolidation stress
considered here.
4.14a.
studies have been made by Chung (1984), and some of h i s test results are
shown i n F i g .
4.14b.
each sand.
It i s ,
however, clear that for the same e c the steady state strength In extension i s always less than that i n compression because of smaller
at
steady state In extension. Moreover, the range of void ratio over which
77.
1.00
20
0.95
(a) Tailings
\
\
40
/
\
0.S5
or
>
0.80
60
\
70
\
\
\
0.75
80
0.70r--
_t_ ....
90
I/O
(b) Ottawa
0.70
Sand
H20
30
vp
o>
40
o
w
Q
50
0.65
in
Q:
60
>
CL)
or
H'o
0.75
0)
100
0.80
CD
05
u
Q
\
O
30
0.90
Sand
|
0)
0.60
70
80
ft
0)
0.55h
90
0.50
0.1
0.2
0.5
Effective
Fig.
4.14
1.0
Confining
2.0
Stress,
5.0
CT^
10.0
20.0
100
50.0
(kgf/cm )
78.
l i q u e f a c t i o n can be induced i n extension i s much larger than that i n
compression for the same range of consolidation stresses considered.
This difference i n compression and extension behaviour i s believed to be
a consequence of the inherent anisotropy
E f f e c t of P a r t i c l e
Angularity
It was pointed out i n Section 4.1 that Ottawa sand can not develop
s t r a i n softening response once i t i s densified to an i n i t i a l r e l a t i v e
density above 45% f o r the range of consolidation stresses considered.
However, t a i l i n g s sand could develop s t r a i n softening response even
though the f i n a l r e l a t i v e density was over 100%.
Dur-
ing No. 100 sieve) of angular sand a f t e r shearing increases with increasing consolidation stresses.
about 6.5% may be observed when the confining pressure of 25.0 kgf/cm
Tailings
Sand
Test AQ - U - #6
05c ' =25.0
kgf/cm
K
-2.0
sm
Sand
Coirs*
E
r>
m *
C
H
Medium
Fin*
Coerse
I3
5i
t ^
100
80
60
A
40
\V
- A rer
i est
/ "
B ifOl
test
20
>
0
Diameter (mm)
F i g . A. 15
G r a i n s i z e d i s t r i b u t i o n of t a i l i n g s sand before
and a f t e r
test.
Medium
80.
(2450 kPa) and Kc ratio of 2.0 were used in undrained shear. From the
grain size distribution, i t appears there was no major particle crushing.
This may also be seen from the microphotographs of tailings sand samples
before and after shear testing (Fig. 4.16). Very large amount of fines
may be seen in the sample after testing, whereas there is hardly any
particle with this size in the fresh sample.
Therefore, i t is conceivable
sample to high stresses can result in high relative density, strain softening response can s t i l l develop due to the I n i t i a l loose structure,
which may be mostly preserved during consolidation.
This seems to be
true for other sands with rounded or subrounded particles, such as banding sand used in Castro's (Castro, 1969; Castro et a l . , 1982) studies.
In such sands, liquefaction can develop only i n states of low relative
density.
provides a good single parameter defining its i n i t i a l state for a prediction of i t s anticipated undrained response as long as no particle
breakage occurs. However, i f the consolidation stresses are high enough
to cause particle breakage, i t is believed that the behaviour of rounded
sand would be similar to that of the angular sand, due to the added
potential compressibility due to particle breakage.
It may also be noted in Fig. 4.12 and 4.13 that the steady state
line for rounded Ottawa sand is much flatter than that of the angular
tailings sand. This feature is another characteristic manifestation of
the
81.
After Test
F i g . 4.16
(AC-U-#6)
82.
steady state l i n e with changing p a r t i c l e angularity have been reported by
Castro et a l . (1982).
This aspect
4.2.2
The
This
schematically i n F i g . 4.17.
For case A, i . e . , the i n i t i a l stress state (a^
or to the right of ( i c )
c r
=
t
= K x a^ ) l y i n g on
c
I n i t i a l stress state
33.
.0o
Contractive
TtVon
<T^ /c'W
( 7
r^ ,\o<*
Region
Consf.
4.17
84,
represented by Case B i s the l i m i t i n g case f o r this category.
The effec-
tive stress states at peak strength and PT state (same as steady state i n
t h i s case) for a l l samples which show t h i s type of response f o r t a i l i n g s
sand are shown i n F i g . 4.18. It may be seen that regardless of the void
r a t i o , confining pressure and consolidation stress r a t i o , the peak stress
states or the stress states at which s t r a i n softening i s i n i t i a t e d leading
stress ratio l i n e .
It may be noted
plane.
Case D i s the l i m i t i n g
Failure
Envelope
Tailings Sand
16.0 -
Line
12.0
8.0
= 38.2
^ - ^ ^ - C S R Line
4.0 -
4.0
'
8.0
12.0
16.0
l/2(oy+oV)
F i g . 4.18
20.0
24.0
28.0
i.
32.0
36.0
(kgf/cm )
2
40
86.
i n i t i a l states which developed steady state deformation, regardless of
the void r a t i o , confining pressure and K c
shown i n F i g . 4.18
ratio.
i s t i c of t r a n s i t i o n a l response.
When the i n i t i a l stress state l i e s further to the l e f t of (cr' ) .
lc crit
= const, line (case E i n F i g . 4.17), the sand develops s t r a i n hardening
response with no peak strength developed.
The
also
incorporate
tute e s s e n t i a l l y a d i l a t i v e region.
be seen to consti-
this l i n e may
A l l i n i t i a l sample
The shaded
area i n F i g . 4.17
shearing
deformation may
Before
r e l a t i v e l y small deformation i s
pore
However,
Due
to the initial''loose
87.
angular sand under high confining pressure, the p a r t i c l e s tend to
rearrange themselves
develops as a result of constant volume condition imposed with accompanying large deformation.
4.19.
The
be
tailings
r a t i o of
c
Thus, the
t i v e sand only.
strain
88.
Tailings
Sand
#33
Test AC-U-
<?3 ' - 8 . 0 k g f / c m
Kc - 3 . 0
e -0.996
D
-(7.2%
2
ec -0.328
r j
I/2(OI'+0 ')
3
DRZ ~62.4%
(kgf/cm )
89.
hardening response.
f o r t a i l i n g s sand
representing the stress states at peak strength and steady state for
those states that developed l i q u e f a c t i o n are shown i n F i g . 4.20.
Similar
r a t i o of the sample.
As i n the case of
r a t i o of the sample.
The
mobilized cf)' angles for CSR and PT states f o r Ottawa sand are 2 3 . 5 and
29.5 respectively.
It i s i n t e r e s t i n g to note that the slopes of CSR l i n e s f o r these two
sands are nearly equal.
The mobilized
i n t e r p a r t i c l e f r i c t i o n angle ^
It appears that
preferred s l i d i n g at a majority of contacts would occur when the effect i v e stress r a t i o reaches the value corresponding to cj>u and thus marks
the I n i t i a t i o n of s t r a i n softening response.
Similar to the behaviour i n compression, two d i s t i n c t e f f e c t i v e
stress r a t i o lines corresponding to CSR and PT were found to exist i n
extension mode f o r both sands, as i s c l e a r from the r e s u l t s shown i n
20.0
l/2(0,'
F i g . A.20
+ a ')
3
(kgi/cm )
E f f e c t i v e s t r e s s c o n d i t i o n s at the i n i t i a t i o n of s t r a i n s o f t e n i n g
response and s t a r t of d i l a t i o n of Ottawa sand under undrained
compression l o a d i n g .
o
9 -
Higher CSR
sion has the same slope as that i n compression for both sands (Figs.
4.21 and 4.22). Since PT state i s a stress state after relatively large
deformation, i t i s conceivable that inherent anisotropy may be erased as
a consequence and hence the PT line w i l l be the same i n both deformation
modes.
4.3
It has been shown i n the previous sections that a sand can develop
either liquefaction or strain hardening response under monotonic loading
depending on i t s state ( e c >
o ^ ) after consolidation.
For liquefac-
tion the major concern i s the strength loss and the associated excessive
deformation, whereas for strain hardening response concern usually
centres on limiting deformation to an acceptable level.
Therefore, i t
would be useful to have strength estimation for these two cases in order
to avoid strength loss and excessive deformation i n contractive sand and
excessive deformation in dilative sand.
92.
Tailings
Sand
(kgf/cm )
2
F i g . 4.21
Ottawa Sand
F i g . 4.22
OJ
94.
4.3.1
T a i l i n g s Sand
The minor e f f e c t i v e confining stress at CSR s t a t e , a' , i s plotted
r
This implies s i m i l a r i t y In e f f e c t i v e
stress path u n t i l the CSR i s reached for samples with the same K
ratio.
c
Thus, the e f f e c t i v e confining stress at CSR state i s a function of
i n i t i a l consolidation stress al and consolidation stress r a t i o K , and
3c
c
may be expressed as
cr'
Jp
f(K ) a'
c
Jc
(4.1)
(4.2)
This
S l i g h t disturbance
35.
0 '
3c
Fig
4.23
(kgf/cm )
2
F i g . 4.24
97-
ratio.
can be expressed as
ip
"
C 0
3p
<'>
where c is the CSR, which is a constant for the given sand (c = 2.54 for
tailings sand) .
Substituting Eqs. 4.1 and 4.2 into Eq. 4.3, the peak shear strength,
S
up
up
= i (c-1) al
2
3p
(4.4a)
or
S
up
= \ (c-1) (0.412 K
i.
- 0.044) al
Jc
(4.4b)
f(K ) - 0.380 K
c
c
(4.5)
98.
up
j (c-1) 0.38 K a
Z
c JC
0.19 (c-1) al
lc
(4.4c)
Eq. 4.4c implies that the peak strength which occurs at CSR i s a function
of major consolidation stress a^
only.
ratio, i f
c
but with d i f f e r e n t K
and a' .
3c
to i d e n t i c a l
al
but samples within the set having d i f f e r e n t combinations of a' and
lc
*
3c
K
Thus, the
and al .
3c
4.2.
now been shown further here that the peak stress state w i l l also be the
same provided the samples r e s u l t i n s t r a i n softening response, leading to
steady state deformation.
Since f o r a given e^ the void r a t i o e c a f t e r consolidation i s a
function of al only, regardless of the K r a t i o , the peak shear strength
lc
c
in Eq. 4.4c can be expressed as a function of e instead of al . The
c
lc
calculated peak shear strengths for f i v e e^ as a function of
and
hence e are shown by the peak strength l i n e s i n F i g . 4.26. The actual
c
peak strength test data are shown by the data points i n the f i g u r e . I t
may be noted that the prediction of peak strength by using Eq. 4.4c i s
Tailings
Sand
e = 1.0
t
D - 16.4%
ri
CvJ
E 6.0
K =
c
cn
2.0
4.0
X
1
6" 2.0
CM
2.0
4.0
60
8.0
100
12
14.0
16.0
18.0
F i g . 4.25
F i g . 4.26
101 .
very good for i n i t i a l l y loose sample.
Ottawa Sand
For Ottawa sand, the relationship between al
and a' as a function
3p
3c
of K
r a t i o i s shown i n F i g . 4.27.
r a t i o i n comparison to low K
c
c
This i s i l l u s t r a t e d i n F i g . 4.28 i n the plot of a' fal
versus
3p 3c
value. It i s again interesting to note that by assuming a l i n e a r
ratio.
K
relationship between 3 p / 3 c
anc
* ^
r a t i o , the
r a t i o corresponding to
comparison
102.
24. Oh
03c'
F i g . 4.27
(kgf/cm )
0.2 .CSR
1.0
2.0
1.5
2.5
K,
o
F i g . 4.28
104.
construct the CSR plane In 3-D effective stress state diagram for a
comprehensive illustration of the undrained behaviour of saturated sand
only.
4.3.2
with the unique steady state line provided the sample develops liquefaction.
at steady state
between e c and steady state shear strength based on the unique relationship between
steady state shear strength or steady state confining stress and void
ratio e^ have also been reported by Castro et a l (1982).
Relationship between e and S
for Ottawa: sand Is shown i n Fig.
c
us
4.30.
It may be noted that the range of void ratio i n which steady state
deformation can be developed for Ottawa sand i s very small for the range
of consolidation stresses considered.
105.
1.00
(kgf/cm )
0.75
Ottawa
Sand
0.725h
30
0>
U
Q)
Q
0.70 h
40 >
cr
TJ
o
>
CD
0.675H
Q>
50
D
a>
cr
0.65
60
0.625
0
1
2.0
4.0
Steady
Fig.
4.30
Steady
state
6.0
State
shear
8.0
Shear
strength
10.0
Strength,
of Ottawa
sand.
/2.0
S
J4.0 16.0
/8.0
(kgf/cm )
2
u s
ON
107.
Increases rapidly with decreasing e c when the r e l a t i v e l y density i s i n
excess of about 40%.
The steady state shear strength of sand may be regarded as the
stable value of shear stress the sand can s u s t a i n .
Sand subjected to a
Catastrophic f a i l u r e could be
induced i f any type of undrained loading brings the stress state of sand
to the CSR s t a t e .
4.3.3
form a
and e..
i
108.
considered to be the same category as the s t r a i n hardening region for
design purposes.
From the e a r l i e r discussion of s t r a i n hardening behaviour of sand,
i t was noted that much f l a t t e r s t r e s s - s t r a i n curve develops after PT
state ( F i g s . 4.3a and 4.8a,b).
i t may also be noted that the phase transformation shear strength i s much
less than the corresponding drained shear strength.
Furthermore, the
sand, the phase transformation shear strength may be the more appropriate
strength parameter to be used i f undrained condition p r e v a i l s .
It should
be pointed out that the strength estimation given here i s good f o r sand
that are not very d i l a t i v e or are even s l i g h t l y contractive which would
have the most p r a c t i c a l concern during undrained loading where l i m i t i n g
deformation are s p e c i f i e d .
high r e l a t i v e density under low consolidation s t r e s s e s , the phase transformation shear strength i s very close to the drained shear strength.
The ultimate undrained shear strength w i l l be very high and the s t r a i n
involved i s very small.
line.
109.
i.e.,
c
response, i . e . , l i q u e f a c t i o n or d i l a t i v e response, can be determined from
the (al ) , d i r e c t l y .
lc crit
For d i l a t i v e response,
estimated.
4.4
state
no.
be susceptible to l i q u e f a c t i o n without any reference as to i t s consolidation stress conditions.
space.
Atten-
Speci-
111.
r e l a t i o n s h i p and the i n i t i a l
representa-
This i s shown
The PT plane l i e s
Hydrostatic
Fig. 4.31
Plane
(a) 3-D effective stress state diagram for tailings sand and
(b) a typical section at constant e .
113.
F i g . 4.12 are states on the PT plane. . Therefore, the unique steady state
l i n e i s a space curve on PT plane, which r i s e s up above the hydrostatic
plane as the void r a t i o decreases, as shown i n F i g . 4.3la.
The l i n e s
branching away from the steady state l i n e are a series of l i n e s corresponding to the l o c i of PT state f o r d i l a t i v e response f o r several e^.
small section of these curves near the eventual merger into the steady
s t a t e l i n e l i e s i n the t r a n s i t i o n region (darkened area) of s l i g h t s t r a i n
so ftening.
On the CSR plane, there e x i s t another s e r i e s of peak strength l i n e s
for various e^,, which are the l o c i of CSR states f o r those samples which
developed l i q u e f a c t i o n .
shown i n the 3-D diagram.
In other words,
The state at which the of CSR plane ends are shown by the curve C
In F i g . 4.31a.
paragraph.
As discussed i n Section 4.2.1, f o r a given e
c r i t i c a l consolidation stress (a ' ) ,
lc c r i t
to a t
there e x i s t s a
c
(Fig- 4.12). A sand consolidated
monotonic loading.
The ( { c ) c r ^ t
Any combination of
w a s
un
f d
t o
increase
K ol = a'
= ( a ' ) , i s the c r i t i c a l consolidation s t r e s s .
c 3c
lc
lc crit
This Is
114.
4.3.1
l i q u e f a c t i o n i s imminent.
Therefore, the
(= ^ [ c ^
c r
^^
path as
The i n t e r s e c t i o n of t h i s curved
surface with the CSR plane forms a l i m i t i n g curve C which i s the lower
bound of the CSR plane.
The
115.
close Che i n i t i a l state i s to the (al
It may
4.3,
) . surface.
lc c r i t
3-D
Therefore,
diagram was
developed
These differences w i l l be
discussed
i n the next s e c t i o n .
4.5
116.
right of the c r i t i c a l consolidation stress surface ( F i g . 4.31a).
The
There-
This
-a
c
3 state diagram.
As shown i n the
with
o^ c ,
3-D
Specifying e
This
and
may
but d i f f e r e n t Kc
117.
The general influence of increasing confining pressure on undrained
response with other two factors e c and
However, the
However, the
JC
4.31b.
Static
high Kc r a t i o .
In the d i l a t i v e region, the shear stress increment required to reach
the PT state also increases with increasing al , but the r a t i o of shear
3c
s t r e s s increment to a^
118.
However, as
a'
-3c
l i q u e f a c t i o n as discussed before.
The influence of K
r a t i o on the
c
4.32.
This
c
may also be seen from Eq. 4.4b.
ratio.
up
-T
up
where S
s
= peak
up
AS
up
J
(K -1)]
al
c
ic
ratio.
(4.6)
For the
c
to reach the peak strength i s p r a c t i c a l l y zero.
120.
under t h i s e f f e c t i v e stress r a t i o .
tionship between the pore pressure generated u n t i l l the CSR state and K
c
r a t i o as shown i n F i g . 4.24.
ratios.
This i s s i m i l a r to
However, t h i s s i m i l a r i t y i n
121 .
predicting the undrained response.
a given sand.
The
3-D
and a l
It also provides
122.
CHAPTER 5
UNDRAINED CYCLIC LOADING BEHAVIOUR
It was discussed
cyclic
Therefore, the e f f e c t
loads
applied.
This chapter describes tests on samples of both sands consolidated
to various i n i t i a l states to i l l u s t r a t e the mechanisms of l i q u e f a c t i o n
123.
and c y c l i c mobility for s t r a i n development under c y c l i c loading.
The 3-D
condi-
results to develop a
loading
response reported i n l i t e r a t u r e .
5.1
loose samples f o r
condi-
tions.
i n order
<J
(
j C y/
loading
124.
5.1.1
Further straining
l i q u e f a c t i o n ) without causing d i l a t i o n .
showed a sudden turnaround.
decreasing pore pressure while the e f f e c t i v e stress path moved toward the
undrained f a i l u r e envelope u n t i l the peak c y c l i c load applied was
reached.
125.
5.Oh
\/2
F i g . 5.1a
(kgf/cm )
126.
l/2(0i'+03 ')
F i g . 5.1b
(kgf/cm )
2
127.
32.0\-
F i g . 5.1c
(%)
tailings
Tailings
Sand
1/2
F i g . 5.1c
(Cont'd)
(oy + oy)
(kgf/cm )
Undrained c y c l i c l o a d i n g behaviour of c o n t r a c t i v e
sand under high c o n f i n i n g p r e s s u r e .
tailings
129.
For Ottawa sand, behaviour similar to that for t a i l i n g s sand was
observed.
pore pressure
This
unique CSR line under monotonic and c y c l i c loading was also observed by
2
Vaid and Chern (1983 ) f o r Ottawa sand under low confining pressures.
5.1.2
occurs during c y c l i c loading i n the same manner as observed under monotonic loading conditions.
steady state concept and the 3-D e f f e c t i v e stress state diagram developed
under monotonic loading conditions to predict the occurrence of liquefaction under c y c l i c loading conditions, the uniqueness of steady state
under monotonic and c y c l i c loading conditions has to be examined.
The minor e f f e c t i v e confining stress
loading condition versus void ratio e
130.
2.5
2.0
0.43 kgf/cm
CM
(.5
CJ
>*D
-SC
LO
Ottawa Sand
Test AC - U
CO
as
o
Y?
cy
-#55
0.5
2.0
4.0
a.o
6.0
/o.o
(2.0
14.0
CM
u
1.0
rj
0.5 h
C\J
F i g . 5.2a
131 .
Ottawa Sand
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
&a (%)
1/2
F i g . 5.2b
(0*,*-rd ';
3
( k g f / c m
12.0
F i g . 5.2c
Ottawa
Sand
1/2
F i g . 5.2c (Cont'd)
(Oi'+03 ')
(kgf/cm )
20.0
4.0
8.0
12.0
16.0
1/2 (Of'+O^)
F i g . 5.3
20.0
24.0
28.0
32.0
36.0
40.0
(kgf/cm )
O J
20.0
Ottawa Sand
1/2 (Of'+Oj)
F i g . 5.A
(kgf/cm )
2
E f f e c t i v e s t r e s s c o n d i t i o n s at the i n i t i a t i o n of s t r a i n s o f t e n i n g
response and s t a r t of d i l a t i o n of Ottawa sand under undrained
cyclic loading.
UO
Ul
136.
5.5 and 5.6 f o r t a i l i n g s sand and Ottawa sand r e s p e c t i v e l y .
The range of
a'^ covered under c y c l i c loading spans the f u l l range covered under monotonic loading.
ing
Furthermore, the c y c l i c loading test data i n F i g s . 5.3 and 5.4 show that
the effective stress states at steady state also l i e on the same PT line
obtained under monotonic loading.
affected by the loading paths which bring the sand to this state, and the
steady state concept developed under monotonic loading conditions can be
used for c y c l i c loading conditions a l s o .
Due to the uniqueness of steady state l i n e and PT l i n e under monotonic and c y c l i c loading conditions, the steady state shear strength can
be obtained as a function of e a l s o .
c
C y c l i c loading
each sand. It may be pointed out that the existence of steady state for a sand
5.1.3
e f f e c t i v e stress r a t i o (CSR) at
/.OOi
O.I
0.2
0.5
Steady
1.0
State
2.0
50
Confining Stress,
10.0
0'
3
20.0
50.0
1000
(kgf/cm )
2
oj
F i g . 5.5
0
0.80-
-10
>
-80
0.55 -
o Cyclic loading
fesf
result
-90
i
sol
'
0.1
l
I
0.5
1.0
2.0
5.0
Steady State Confining Stress, 0 '
I
0.2
F i g . 5.6
100
20.0
(kgf/cm )
50.0
1100
100.0
CO
139.
Fig. 5.7
0.75
Ottawa Sand
0.725
30
0.70
Steady
State Shear
Strength
obtained
from
monotonic
loading
tests.
/
/
40
0.675
Rati
O
~0
"
50
Xi
06.5
o
06
.250 20
. 40
. 60
.
i
Cycl/c
test result
.J40
100
. 120
. 1
. 160
.60
i
8.0
Steady State Shear Strength, S
Fig. 5 . 8
loading
u s
(kgf/cm )
141.
under c y c l i c loading conditions i s the same as that under monotonic loading
conditions.
l i q u e f a c t i o n to occur under c y c l i c
It was
e f f e c t i v e stress state
be used to develop c r i t e r i a
loading.
there
Due
Whether a
(Fig.
&
J
4.31), the steady
state can not
'
be
the
143.
l e v e l of shear s t r e s s to be applied i n order to develop l i q u e f a c t i o n .
Due
Such a
in Fig.
5.9.
criteria
(dashed l i n e below C ) .
case.
Liquefaction f o r state A1
c y c l i c load with shear stress amplitude equals to the peak shear strength
(S
Under t h i s c o n d i t i o n , l i q u e f a c t i o n w i l l
constant
^ (Sample A 2 ) , two
condi-
i n the
be
state does e x i s t .
i n the
Liquefaction w i l l then be i n i t i a t e d
the
Hence l i q u e f a c t i o n w i l l
state.
, at (a' )
upl
lc crit
strength (S
strength may
s t a t e , no
145.
are s a t i s f i e d .
This i s e s p e c i a l l y important
Therefore, an
Therefore, the c r i t e r i a
5.1.4
Test Results
A series of c y c l i c loading tests on samples consolidated to the same
146.
examine the v a l i d i t y of the c r i t e r i a established f o r l i q u e f a c t i o n to
occur for both sands.
These
cyclic
loading.
T a i l i n g s Sand
For t a i2 l i n g s sand,, the minor e f f e c t i v e consolidation stress a^ c of
16.0 kgf/cm (1568 kPa) and r e l a t i v e density a f t e r consolidation D
of
rc
70% were used. Four series of tests with consolidation stress r a t i o K
c
of 1.0, 1.25, 1.5 and 2.0 were performed.
The i d e n t i c a l f i n a l void r a t i
t i o n c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of sand discussed
i n Chapter 3.
If liquefaction
develops u n t i l steady s t a t e .
Tailings
Sand
3c
e
Drc
c
0.20-
- 0 8 0 0 t 0.006
'70.01 1.6%
o
o
1.0
1.25
1.5
2.0
0.15
Cvj
0.10
Note- X
indicates
no liquefaction
induced. 2.5% axial sfrafns
0.05-
Number
F i g . 5.10
10
of cycles,
20
50
100
148.
develop.
Fig.
under c y c l i c loading.
For i s o t r o p i c a l l y consolidated states (K = 1.0) and a n i s o t r o p i c a l l y
c
consolidated states with
lity.
not develop.
For a n i s o t r o p i c a l l y consolidated state with
c y c l i c mobility developed.
6.10 kgf/cm
shear strength.
In F i g . 5.12b, however,
the maximum shear stress Is s l i g h t l y less than the steady state shear
strength.
This may
149-
4.0
3.0
2.0
Ext.
F i g . 5.11
1.0
a(%)
/.0
2.0
Comp.
150.
Tailings
O&-I6-0
Kc
I6.0\-
Sand
kgf/cm
/.5
ec
'0.805
(a)
5th cycle
13 th cycle
12.0]
Estimated Steady
State Strength
8.0
4.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
e (%)
8.0
10.0
(6.0
(o)
CT
dcy
/2Cr ' - 0 . / 0 9
3c
I2.0\
/
*d
8.0
4.0
66th cycle
36th cycle
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
e (%.
a
151.
From the two test examples shown above, both i n i t i a l states satisfy
the first criterion. But, the occurrence of liquefaction depends in
addition on whether the maximum shear stress condition in relation to
steady state strength is satisfied.
For anisotropically consolidated state with
= 2.0, a l l samples
with number of stress cycles for such samples is shown in Fig. 5.13.
Ottawa Sand
For Ottawa sand, minor effective consolidation stress a' of 2.0
3c
2
kgf/cm
were used.
of 35.5%
A l l i n i t i a l sample states
The
stress applied (0.18 kgf/cm ) to one sample was less than the steady
No. of cycles, N
F i g . 5.13
T y p i c a l S t r a i n development vs number of c y c l e s
c o n s o l i d a t e d to v a r i o u s K
ratios.
c
for contractive
t a i l i n g s sand
OHawa
Sand
r c
i.o
1.5
2.0
1.19
0.J5
u
CVJ
0.05
10
20
50
100
200
No. of cycles, N
F i g . 5.14
154.
2
Therefore, l i q u e f a c t i o n
was less than the steady state shear strength i n compression mode, the
maximum shear stress ( s t a t i c + c y c l i c ) was s l i g h t l y larger than the
steady state value.
were equal to or greater than the steady state shear strength i n compression.
cases.
From the r e s u l t s for both sands presented above, I t may be concluded
that both c r i t e r i a must be met i n order to develop l i q u e f a c t i o n under
c y c l i c loading.
stress c r i t e r i o n i n r e l a t i o n to steady state shear strength Is not s a t i s fied even though the sample has the p o t e n t i a l to develop l i q u e f a c t i o n .
It w i l l be shown i n Section 5.2 that l i q u e f a c t i o n can never be induced i f
the f i r s t c r i t e r i o n i s not met, no matter what c y c l i c stress amplitude i s
applied.
Ottawa Sand
Fig. 5.15
Typical i l l u s t r a t i o n of liquefaction of i s o t r o p i c a l l y
consolidated Ottawa sand under c y c l i c loading.
No. of c y c l e s , N
F i g . 5.16
T y p i c a l s t r a i n development vs number of c y c l e s f o r i n i t i a l l y
c o n s o l i d a t e d to v a r i o u s K
ratios.
l o o s e Ottawa sand
157.
extension, l i q u e f a c t i o n w i l l always occur i n extension mode due to a much
lower CSR i n extension as shown by test results i n Section 4.2.2.
5.2
In this section, i t w i l l
be shown that a sand can develop only c y c l i c mobility i f the steady state
can not be achieved for the given i n i t i a l s t a t e .
both sands consolidated
A series of tests on
5.2.1
It was shown by Vaid and Chern (1983 ) that dense Ottawa sand does
not suffer l i q u e f a c t i o n under c y c l i c loading.
during the loading phase when the stress state crosses the PT l i n e .
Unloading thereafter causes large increase i n pore pressure, bringing the
sample close to the transient state of zero e f f e c t i v e s t r e s s , but with
very l i t t l e change i n deformation.
158.
e f f e c t i v e s t r e s s , which i s responsible f o r further accumulation of
deformation.
of 70% under
of 2.0 kgf/cm
The s t r a i n
The s t r a i n
pressure when the maximum shear stress was reached (points 3 and 4 ) .
This feature Is d i f f e r e n t from those observed i n the previous loading
cycles (e.g.
points 1 and 2 ) .
It should be noted
E
o
u
To/lings Sand
Test IC-U - #27
cy
0 '"2.0 kgf/cm
K
-1.0
"0.814 D "66.1%
"0.799 D "70.2%
2
3c
c
rl
rc
.17a
dilative
Tailings
Sand
Test I C - I U -
Fig.' 5.17b
T y p i c a l undrained c y c l i c
t a i l i n g s sand.
#27
l o a d i n g behaviour of i s o t r o p i c a l l y
consolidated
dilative
P
Tailings Sand
Test
I C-IW-#27
F i g . 5.17c
isotropically
162.
Tailings
_i
1.0
F i g . 5.18a,b
Sand
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
Tailings Sand
Fig. 5.18c
T y p i c a l undrained c y c l i c l o a d i n g behaviour of a n i s o t r o p i c a l l y
c o n s o l i d a t e d d i l a t i v e t a i l i n g s sand.
164.
path moving beyond the PT l i n e i n order to develop large deformation can
s t i l l be applied when the transient state of zero e f f e c t i v e stress i s
reached.
The e f f e c t i v e
This
Consequently, instead of
165,
After 55 cycles of loading, the c y c l i c stress amplitude was
Increased s l i g h t l y so as to cause 0.1 kgf/cm
reversal.
5.18a) and
Unloading of
shear stress during the stress cycle caused the sample to reach the
transient state of zero e f f e c t i v e stress with very l i t t l e change i n
deformation (points 5 to 6 and 7 to 8 ) .
This behaviour i s s i m i l a r to
Signi-
This
I t has been
166.
argued that near the top of the specimen, the void r a t i o of sand
increases, and near the bottom i t decreases.
Appearance of necking
and
bulging of samples under the top loading cap during c y c l i c loading has
been advanced In support of this view.
deformations
chiefly
Hence the
change i n e f f e c t i v e confining stress i n state diagram during c y c l i c loading, such as shown i n F i g . 5.19
ficti-
It has been
deformations
Under this
It appears that
Effective
Fig.'5.19
Confining
Stress,
0*3'
168.
sedimentation and moist compaction, there i s a tendency for reconstituted
samples to achieve higher density i n the bottom portion and lower density
i n the top. Consequently, i n such specimens, nonuniform deformation
tends to occur and r e l i a b l e results may not be obtained.
Therefore, i t
As discussed i n
Chapter 4 and this chapter, d i l a t i o n can occur only after the stress
state reaches the PT l i n e .
Therefore, d i l a t i v e response a f t e r
It i s well
known that dense sample, which develops volume expansion under monotonic
loading, causes volume reduction under c y c l i c loading.
Under undrained
This may
be i l l u s t r a t e d
Martin
It was
that
(al )
surface.
170.
e and al but with various l e v e l s of K r a t i o were performed to examine
c
3c
c
the c r i t e r i a for c y c l i c mobility to occur.
were so chosen that the steady state can not be achieved i n compression
for
both sands.
development under c y c l i c
loading.
T a i l i n g s Sand
For t a i l i n g s sand, the minor e f f e c t i v e consolidation stress ai of
3c
2
2.0 kgf/cm (196 kPa) and r e l a t i v e density after consolidation D
of 70%
rc
were used.
Hence
The deformation
increased
r a p i d l y thereafter due to development of transient state of zero effect i v e stress (see F i g . 5.21).
Fig..5.20
5.0
Tailings
0* '2.0
3c
"0.801
*c
1.0
1.5
2.0
c
o
kgf/cm
ec
4.0
3.0
Sand
2
Drc -69.5%
0.193
0.344
0509
c/) 2.0
o
X
/.0
15
20
No. of cycles, N
F i g . 5.21
173.
For
5.21).
stress approached
sample with K
The sample
axial s t r a i n .
the maximum shear stress i s less than the steady state shear strength.
For
= 1.0
174.
confining pressure.
Ottawa Sand
For Ottawa sand, minor e f f e c t i v e consolidation stress ai of 2.0
3c
2
kgf/cm (196 kPa) and r e l a t i v e density a f t e r consolidation D
of 51.5%
rc
were used.
performed.
However, i t w i l l
Typical
Ottawa
Sand
2.0 kgf/cm
0.655 0.003
-51.5 1.0%
2
DTC
0.4
Q
A
0.3
CM
*c
1.0
1.5
2.0
(.19
-2.5%
0.2
4
N o t * ' X ' ' ' * sampla
d*v*lop*d liquefaction
n d
0.1
F i g . 5.22
10
No. of c y c l e s ,
20
50
100
c a
200
^4
No. of cycles, N
F i g . 5.23
177.
modes, i f significant amount of shear stress reversal is involved.
A l l anisotropically consolidated samples (K^ = 1.19, 1.5 and 2.0)
developed cyclic mobility (Fig. 5.22). The strain development versus
number of stress cycles (Fig. 5.23) is similar to that for the tailings
sand with similar Kc ratios.
However, the
5.3
It has been shown in the previous sections that large cyclic and
residual strains are developed once the sand develops liquefaction or
cyclic mobility particularly after reaching the transient state of zero
effective stress.
never reach the condition of zero effective stress under cyclic loading.
Nevertheless, large undesirable deformation could accumulate.
faction develops, large deformations are inevitable.
If lique-
lated strain Is often used as the failure critierion against cyclic loading.
178.
d i f f e r e n t s t r a i n development mechanism i n l i q u e f a c t i o n
and c y c l i c
2.5%
and
i n F i g . 5.13.
The sand
1 / 2
developed.
%
slowed down
cycle.
Due
to the combination
l e v e l of s t r a i n , the
It should be noted
This may
i n Figs.
5.13
be
and
179.
5.16.
For
4.17), the s t r a i n
It i s conceivable that
initial
5.4
5.4.1
saturated sand has been derived from studies on natural rounded sands.
It i s generally believed that r e l a t i v e density i s the most important
factor controlling; occurrence of l i q u e f a c t i o n and c y c l i c m o b i l i t y .
Sand
with r e l a t i v e density less than about 40% has been suggested to always
develop l i q u e f a c t i o n , whereas sand with r e l a t i v e density greater than
about 45% c y c l i c m o b i l i t y , without reference to the p a r t i c l e characteri s t i c s and i n i t i a l stress condition of the sand.
It w i l l be shown In the
following that this may be a good approximation f o r rounded sand, but may
not be true for angular sand.
Consider the e f f e c t i v e stress state plot of the 3-D e f f e c t i v e stress
180.
state diagram at a constant void r a t i o as shown i n F i g . 4.31b.
From the
For
181.
the
( F i g . 4.31).
and a^
f o r a sand i s s t i l l i n s u f f i c i e n t f o r a
This may
be i l l u s t r a t e d
samples with the same void r a t i o and confining pressure but with
d i f f e r e n t Kc
For Sample G,
the
be
initial
= constant l i n e .
Such
182.
a behaviour i s i l l u s t r a t e d by the test r e s u l t s shown i n F i g .
C y c l i c mobility occurred i n samples with low K c
f a c t i o n developed i n samples with high K
5.10.
r a t i o , whereas lique-
i d e n t i c a l e^and 2 '
a
i n F i g . 5.10
= 1.5
i n which the
c
lowest l e v e l of c y c l i c stress amplitude caused c y c l i c mobility instead of
l i q u e f a c t i o n at higher stress amplitudes.
For Ottawa sand, however, as discussed
i n i t i a l r e l a t i v e density appears to be the most important factor controll i n g the occurrence of l i q u e f a c t i o n and c y c l i c mobility f o r the range of
consolidation stress considered h e r e i n .
The e f f e c t of l e v e l of confining pressure on the undrained c y c l i c
loading behaviour not only dictates the occurrence of l i q u e f a c t i o n or
c y c l i c mobility as discussed above, but also Influences
s t r a i n development under either type of response.
the resistance to
This may
be
illustra-
ted by the response of samples with the same void r a t i o and K^ratio
but
Therefore, the
and 5.20.
For each K
line
5.24
I n f l u e n c e of c o n f i n i n g p r e s s u r e on the r e s i s t a n c e to
s t r a i n development under c y c l i c l o a d i n g .
134.
value for which c yJ c l i c mobility developed, the resistance curve a, /2a'
dcy
3c
vs N for lower confining pressure i s located higher than that for higher
confining pressure.
increasing confining pressure has also been observed by Vaid, Chern and
Tumi (1983) for both angular and rounded sands.
In their i n v e s t i g a t i o n ,
sands were tested under simple shear conditions with no s t a t i c shear and
i n i t i a l sand states which gave r i s e to only c y c l i c m o b i l i t y .
For samples In the contractive region (C^ and C
l i q u e f a c t i o n w i l l be developed, as discussed before.
i n F i g . 5.24),
In this region, two
be noted.
Au/a^
(a,
/2a' required to reach CSR l i n e In a fixed number of cycles) w i l l
dcy
3c
be decreasing with increasing confining pressure.
185.
5.4.3
transform
r a t i o to l i q u e f a c t i o n under high Kc
shown i n e a r l i e r F i g . 5.10.
ratio.
e f f e c t i v e stress
suffice
herein.
r a t i o on undrained c y c l i c
be i l l u s t r a t e d more c l e a r l y by p l o t t i n g the r e s i s t /
2a
1/2
and
5%
and al as a function
rc
Jc
Such test r e s u l t s f o r t a i l i n g s sand are shown i n F i g .
ratio.
5.25a at D r c
D
rc
= 69.5%
and a I
sand at a l =2.0
Jc
=2.0
kgf/cm
kgf/cm
kgf/cm
(1568
kPa).
Because of the d i f f e r e n t
186.
0.6
(a) T a i l i n g s
Sand
a3c' = 2.0 k g f / c m
e
=0.80/ 0.002
D
=69.5 0 . 5 %
2
r c
0
0.4
r c
0.3
- o
S = 5.0%
a
>!?
2.5 %
OJ
\
>
o
Liquefaction
(in
extension)
1.0
F i g . 5.25
N = 10
1.5
2.0
187.
Ol
1.0
Fig.
1.5
5.26
L_
2.0
188.
contractive and d i l a t i v e regions.
r
v
pressure,
the i n i t i a l sample
state was
'
to the l e f t of (al )
._ =
lc crit
Therefore, samples at a l l l e v e l s
to 2.0.
ance to c y c l i c m o b i l i t y may
It
axial strain
when the Kc
ratio
be noted f o r s t r a i n l e v e l of 5%.
As
rc
ings sand under low confining pressure may
be noted ( F i g .
5.25b).
For
this
extension
to c y c l i c s t r a i n developments at low K c
r a t i o i n F i g . 5.25b i s due to a
189.
d i f f e r e n t s t r a i n development mechanisms.
compression below which l i q u e f a c t i o n
found to be around 1.10.
c y c l i c m o b i l i t y , and
Beyond t h i s K c
hence the
l i m i t i n g value of Y.^ i n
The
was
r a t i o , a l l samples developed
that
the
develop the
Sample
lower l e v e l of
take
to the slow
and
5.23).
reversal.
stat
H
i s to the right of (al ) ._ = const, l i n e for the D
selected, lique
lc crit
rc
'
r a t i o and
only c y c l i c mobility
The
resistance to c y c l i c
r a t i o ( F i g . 5.26a),
From the trend of
At
this Kc
considered.
and
r a t i o , the sum
can
of s t a t i c and
Kc
cyclic
Therefore, l i q u e f a c t i o n
s t a r t s to develop for
190.
For Ottawa sand at low r e l a t i v e density, similar trend as that of
the t a i l i n g s sand under high confining pressure may be noted ( F i g .
5.26b).
Increasing the s t a t i c
This trend
continues u n t i l the s t a t i c shear stress i s high enough to cause liquefaction i n compression mode. This l e v e l of s t a t i c shear was found to be
corresponding
nothing but the c y c l i c stress ratio required to move the sample state to
the CSR state i n a fixed number of stress c y c l e s .
For easy v i s u a l i z a -
191
e f f e c t i v e stress state diagram at constant e c as shown i n F i g .
Tt may
5.27.
to
higher s t a t i c shear stress (case 2) than the sand with lower s t a t i c shear
stress (case 1) .
stress cycles required to move the sample state from the i n i t i a l state to
the CSR
faction i s l e s s .
(Fig.
state.
consolidated
to an i n i t i a l
state
further in Section
5.6.
f o r Samples 1 and 2 i n F i g .
5.27,
Much
This may
to l i q u e f a c t i o n i n F i g .
5.13.
The
resistance curve i n F i g .
within
the
192.
1/2
F i g . 5.27
(oy+ oy)
193.
From che examination of results for both sands i n the contractive
and d i l a t i v e regions, completely different trends i n l i q u e f a c t i o n and
c y c l i c mobility response may be noted.
Therefore,
c y c l i c mobility o n l y .
Again,
and a'
194.
can transform a sand from s t r a i n hardening response to l i q u e f a c t i o n under
monotonic loading conditions, and from c y c l i c mobility to l i q u e f a c t i o n
under c y c l i c loading conditions.
re
iuired
to accumulate a
a deformation c r i t e r i o n .
5.5
Sections 5.1 and 5.2 that the undrained behaviour depends i n addition on
the amplitude of c y c l i c loads a p p l i e d .
greater
195.
CSR
developed.
From the consolidation c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of sand and the
mentioned above, a flow chart may
criteria
This i s shown i n F i g .
applied
5.28.
This i n i t i a l
and
applied.
loads
difficult
at
kgf/cm
(12.7
kPa).
And
at s l i g h t l y denser
However, the i n i t i a l r e l a t i v e
196.
>
S ?
us
Cyclic Mobility
Yes
Liquefaction
F i g . 5.28
197.
Once the p o t e n t i a l to develop l i q u e f a c t i o n i s determined and i s
found to e x i s t , the second c r i t e r i o n has to be examined.
Liquefaction i
Phenomenon of Spontaneous L i q u e f a c t i o n
198.
faction exists and when the total shear stress acting on the s o i l element
is greater than i t s steady state shear strength.
occur on account of some shear disturbance
If this disturbance i s
shear disturbance
t a i l i n g s sand the shear stress increment to reach the CSR state under
monotonic loading conditions decreases as the s t a t i c shear stress acting
on the sand increases.
to even
to l i q u e f a c t i o n i s about 0.056.
of this
of 0.05g according
to the
199.
s i m p l i f i e d procedure proposed by Seed and I d r i s s (1971).
Such a small
For K c
For t a i l i n g s
This r i s e of
shaking
To i l l u s t r a t e this mechanism of
=2.0
kgf/cm
ratio
By doing so the
A s l i g h t Increase i n
followed by a catastrophic f a i l u r e
and
Typical
5.30.
200.
F i g . 5.29
201 .
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
to/
1/2 (oy+oy)
F i g . 5.30
10.0
12.0
(kgf/cm )
2
202.
e x i s t only when an i n i t i a l l y loose sample i s consolidated to high confining pressure and high K c r a t i o .
This i s shown i n F i g .
5.31.
It may
ratio
ratio
For i n i t i a l l y
0.95Consolidation Curve
(ej =1.0}
Tailings Sand
State Shear
Strength
0 1
0.2
0.5
Static
Fig. 5.31
Shear
1.0
Stress
2.0
5.0
10 0
20.0
U 3
50.0
100.0
(Kgf/cm )
strength
0.80Ottawa
10
Sand
20
0.75
Consolidation C u r v e
(e; = 0.725)
30
0.70-
40
o
<D
Static
Shear
Stress
( K c = l.5, ej = 0.725)
o
Steady
0.65
"a
Stale Shear
50
Strength
60
0.60
70
>
80
0.55
90
0.50
0.1
100
0.2
0.5
Static
F i g . 5.32
Shear
1.0
Stress
2.0
5.0
10.0
20.0
50.0
U 3
100.0
(kgf/cm )
strength
o
205.
loose sand, i t i s about 5.0 and 20.0 kgf/cm
r a t i o of 1.5 and 2.0
respectively.
Relatively
small pore pressure increase has to occur i n order to reach the CSR
and consequently trigger l i q u e f a c t i o n .
state
206.
CHAPTER 6
CONCLUSIONS
C y c l i c mobility
These d e f i n i t i o n s of
When s t r a i n hardening
207.
3)
With
Increasing
concept of unique steady state l i n e can be used even when the sand
develops s t r a i n softening response with s i g n i f i c a n t s t r a i n p o t e n t i a l
(greater than about 2% f o r the sand tested) and i s not necessarily
r e s t r i c t e d to unlimited s t r a i n c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of true l i q u e f a c t i o n .
5)
PT s t a t e , a r e l a t i o n s h i p between void r a t i o
e^
and c r i t i c a l
consolida-
^ ^ lc^crit'
C T
^
ec -
c
3c
c
a
This
208.
surface which separates end of consolidation states of sand into regions
of l i q u e f a c t i o n and s t r a i n hardening response or s l i g h t s t r a i n softening
response.
for
This
The 3-D
If l i q u e f a c -
209.
can be developed.
9)
The
the
increase i n s t a t i c shear stress always r e s u l t s i n a decrease i n r e s i s t ance to l i q u e f a c t i o n . On the other hand, i f i t develops c y c l i c m o b i l i t y ,
increasing s t a t i c shear stress always r e s u l t s i n an increase i n r e s i s t ance to c y c l i c m o b i l i t y .
These conclusions
These conclusions
al
Jc
(the
changes to s t r a i n hardening or s l i g h t l y s t r a i n softening i f i n i t i a l r e l a tive density exceeds a certain minimum value (about 40%
tested).
210.
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211 .
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213.
2