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Gamma Radiation Effect on Structure and

Electrical Properties of Styrene Butadiene
Rubber Latex Loaded With Short Carbon Fiber
ARTICLE DECEMBER 2015

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M.Abd El-Rahman

Ali A. M. Yassene

Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority

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Gamma Radiation Effect on Structure and Electrical Properties of Styrene Butadiene Rubber Latex Loaded With Journal
Short Carbonof
Fiber

( 261 )

NUCLEAR
Technology in Applied Science

ISSN 2314-8209

e-ISSN 2314-8217

J. Nucl. Tech. Appl. Sci, Vol. 3, No. 4, PP. 261 : 273 (2015)

Gamma Radiation Effect on Structure and Electrical Properties of

Styrene Butadiene Rubber Latex Loaded With Short Carbon Fiber
Abd El-Rahman, M.1 and Yassene, A.A.M.2

Received: 03/11/2015
Accepted: 14/12/2015

aliyasen76@yahoo.com
Corresponding author:
Yassene, A.M.

ABSTRACT
In this study, two percentages (0.5, 1%) of short carbon fiber (SCF)
were added to styrene butadiene rubber latex (SBR) to prepare SBR/
SCF composites. The SBR/ SCF films had been exposed to different
doses (10, 30, 50, 70 and 100 kGy) of gamma radiation. Compositional
characteristics were studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD) which showed
amorphous natural results (polyamorphous) for all films. The structural
equations like: interchain separation (R) and interplanar distance (D)
have been calculated. The electrical behavior of SBR/SCF composites
was studied at a large range of frequency. Dielectric constant (), dielectric loss factor (), loss tangent (tan), relaxation time (), a.c electrical
conductivity (), and resistivity (r) had been calculated in a frequency
range between (50 to 500 MHz) before and after irradiation. It was concluded that, the electrical behavior of carbon composites is a good conductor in the low frequency region.

KEYWORDS
SBR, Carbon Fiber,
Radiation, Latex, XRD,
Conductivity.

1.
2.

Department of Radiation Physics, National Center for Radiation Research and Technology NCRRT, Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo, Egypt
Department of Radiation Chemistry, National Center for Radiation Research and Technology NCRRT, Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo, Egypt

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J. Nucl. Tech. Appl. Sci., Vol. 3, No. 4

INTRODUCTION
raw rubber polymer, either polar
or non-polar, has poor physic mechanical properties. To improve
these properties, some ingredients
such as accelerators, activators,
antioxidants, softeners, and white and black fillers
were added to the rubber vulcanizates. The degree of
reinforcement provided by filler depends on a number of variables, where the most important of which
is the development of a large polymer-filler interface
(El-Wakil and Abd El-Megeed, 2011). The ability of polymers to act as electrical insulators is the
basis for their widespread use in the electrical and
electronic fields, the resistivity of which is generally
around 10-15 (Wei Zhang et al., 2007). However,
electrically conductive polymer composites (CPC)
are obtained by blending an insulating polymer matrix with conductive fillers like carbon black, carbon
fibers or metal particles. CPC exhibits several interesting features due to their resistivity variation with
thermal, mechanical or chemical solicitations (Feller et al., 2002). Thus, due to the low price of carbon
fibers (Chung, 1994), CPC finds several applications in shielding, switching, sensors, aerospace,
automobile, marine, construction, biomedical, and
other industries. Measurements of the electrical
properties of polymers are one of the most convenient and sensitive methods for studying polymer
structure. A filled polymer differs substantially from
the free one in a wide range of properties. The presence of filler affects both the electrical, as well as,
mechanical properties (Oono, 1977; Ghani 1985;
Hassan et al., 1991 and Abu-Abdeen et al., 2002).
The incorporation of fillers into rubbery polymers
imparts many interesting and useful properties of the
particle filled composite materials (Blythe, 1977;
Sichel, 1982 and Seanor, 1982). It has been established that the electrical conductivity of such composites depends on the type and concentration of the
filler used (Norman, 1970; Abdel-Bary et al., 1979

Abd El-Rahman, M et al.

and Abu-Abdeen et al., 2002). When carbon fiber

is used as filler, the conductivity of the composite is
increased, coupled with a high degree of improvement in mechanical strength (Norman, 1970). It is
also found that the extent of improvement in both
mechanical and electrical properties of filled composites is a function of filler loading.The resistivity
of polymeric insulating materials such as ethylene
propylene rubber EPR, ethylene propylene diene
rubber EPDM and styrene butadiene rubber SBR,
is varies generally with electrical field (also called
electrical stress in electrical engineering) (Madaniand and Abd-El Hafez, 2010). Styrene-butadiene
rubber (SBR) describes families of synthetic rubbers
derived from styrene and butadiene. SBR is a nonpolar polymer and its vulcanizates are poor conductors of electricity. Styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR)
is an aqueous emulsion of unsaturated organic hydrocarbon and the most important and widely used
synthetic rubber (Zhi-xin et al., 2009). Latex SBR is
extensively used incoated papers, being one of the
cheapest resins to bind pigmented coatings, carpet
backing, and footwear. It is also used in building applications, as a sealing, flooring and a binding agent.
Carbon black (CB) is the most important reinforcing
filler used in the rubber industries, but it is not so
effective for the rubber latex due to its large particle
dimensions and the tendency to agglomerate (Peng
et al., 2010 and Anyaporn and Saowaroj, 2012).
Therefore, The incorporation of short carbon fibers
(SCF) imparts higher conductivity of the composite
than carbon black at the same level of loading (Das
et al., 2002) Short carbon fiber (SCF) has been used
to replace CB in rubber compounds prepared by the
latex compounding method.
In the present study, radiation vulcanization of
SBR latex has been carried out at different radiation
doses in the presence of short carbon fiber, to improve the structure and electrical properties of the
SPR/SCF composite films.

Gamma Radiation Effect on Structure and Electrical Properties of Styrene Butadiene Rubber Latex Loaded With Short Carbon Fiber

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Untreated short carbon fiber with length

(3mm), filamentdiameter 7-10 (m) and density1.6 - 1.76 (g/cm3), tensile strength (4000 MPa)
and elongation at break (1.6 %) was obtained
from (Hi-CarbolonCo. LTD, Japan)

Commercial toluene solvent with density

(0.8669 g/mL).

Materials

The used commercial latex is styrenebutadiene

rubber (SBR) latex, where the properties and
chemical structure of SBR polymer latex are
given in Table (1).

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Table (1) Properties of SBR latex polymer.

Latex

Appe-

pH

Density

Solid content

polymer

arance
Milky

(20 C)

(g/cm3)

(%)

100.5

1.01

44.5

SBR

white

Preparation of short Carbon fiber (SCF) / styrene

butadiene rubber (SBR) latex polymer film
Short carbon-fibers (0.5 and 1 %) were distributed in the SBR polymer latex in the presence of
toluene solvent. The solutions were stirring for 30
min and casted on a glass mold and leave to dry in
the air at room temperature. The formed films were
peeled from the glass, and then subjected to different
doses of gamma rays (10, 30, 50, 70 and 100 kGy).
The gamma irradiation process has been carried out
at NCRRT (National Center for Radiation Research
and Technology) using Co60 source of Russian irradiator (model ISSLEDOVATEL) with a dose rate of
3kGy/h min where the temperature in the cavity during irradiation was about 40C.

X-Ray Diffraction patterns of SBR/SCF were

obtained =
with XRD-DI series, Shimadzu apparatus(1)

using Ni-filter and Cu-K target.

=
=
tan
AC conductivity

CMB Chemicals For Modern

Building (Egypt).

ferent irradiation doses at room temperature in air

with 60Co-gamma cell. The applied radiation dose
on carbon fiber sample was (10 - 100) kGy. Carbon fiber samples were cut into square pieces and
coated with silver paste to achieve Ohmic contacts.
The measurements of dielectric constant (e), dielectric loss factor () and loss tangent tan() before and after being irradiated were measured using
3531 ZHITESTER (RLC) digi bridge manufactured
by NCCRT. The corporation has a frequency range
from (50 Hz) up to (5 MHz) at the room temperature. The dielectric parameters (e) and () and the
electrical conductivity () was evaluated using the
following conventions formulas (Elliott, 1987) and
(Bhavnagar and Bhatia, 1990):

XRD

Company

(1)
(3)

Carbon fiber, with an average thickness of 0.275

tan
mm and
the=surface
area of the sample is (0.612(3)
cm2). Carbon fiber samples were irradiated with dif-

tan
=
=
=tan

1
tan
=tan
(=)=

() =

(1) tan =

1
(2)
(1) tan
=
(3)
() =

(2)
(4)
(3) () =
(4)

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Abd El-Rahman, M et al.

J. Nucl. Tech. Appl. Sci., Vol. 3, No. 4

Where : is the Permittivity of free space (=

8.85 1012 F/m), : is the circular frequency, and
L and A: are the thickness and cross-sectional area
of the samples respectively. The data of tan () were
obtained directly from the bridge and from which
(e) and () were calculated using Eqs.1 and 3. The
calculated values of (e) and () were applied in Debyes equation (Fawzy, 2002).
Where e: is the dielectric constant in the static
field, e: is the dielectric constant at the end of the

frequency range (minimum value of e), and : is

the relaxation time. Debye, s equation can be modified to give the dielectric parameters in the form of
straight line equation.

== +

1+22

()c
+ (5)
(5)
1+22 ==
1+22

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

XRD
Fig (1 a, b) shows the X-ray diffraction patterns
of SBR/SCF composites at different ratio of carbon fiber and g-irradiation doses of films (0.5 and 1
% SBR/ SCF) respectively. It can be seen that the
composites contain SBR, carbon fiber respectively.
The amorphous phases identified by XRD are in
agreements with the results obtained. XRD pattern
(Fig.1a) of the carbon fiber at different ratio shows
two humps, the first is small peak at (= 8.9-10.9) and
a semi sharp peak at (= 15.2 to14.5) with organically
and increase with increase carbon fiber ratio. This is
related to the crosslink between atoms in network of
composition and variation of increase the intensity.
It is (shown
in (Fig. 1b) that, the width of the hump
)c

(5) ==
(6)
increases with increase of g-irradiation doses.
1+22

()c

==
(6)of (2q),
The values
1+22
log =log(
(6)
) + log
(7)

log +=log(
)
log( )
(7) + log
log

lattice spacing (d), wave

length (l), inter chain separation (R) and inter pla-

(7)

nar distance (D) are given in Table (2). They were

calculated using the following equations (Jonscher,

Eq.7 is more useful for higher frequencies

(Pethig, 1979; Pethig, 1987 and Rbouillat and

Michael, 2011). From the intercept of the straight

1983):

R = 5/8 sin

line equation, the relaxation time can be calculated.

R = 5/8 sin

(9) D = /2 sin

The fibers are hung with a weight to keep them taut.

(9) D = /2 sin
(10)

Electrical resistance is measured at specific intervals

It is clear from Table (2) that the angle (2) and

of length. The slope of a plot of electrical resistance

lattice spacing (d) are decreasing with the increase

against length gives the resistivity. The electrical re-

ratio of SCF and g-doses in close agreement with

sistivity denoted by r (unit: m) is given by:

each other. The experimental lattice spacing (d) was

2
4

()

(8)

Here d represents the fiber diameter, R is the

electrical resistance (unit: W) and L denotes the fiber

length (unit: m). Note that the fiber diameter d (unit:
m) is a very important parameter in characterizing a
fiber (Singh and Kumar, 2014).

calculated using Braggs law (2d sin = n) for the

composites. This indicates that the lattice parameters
change, which confines that, there is a phase change
in the material after irradiation. The table indicates
that there is a change in the inter chain separation
(R) and inter planar distance (D) for ratio and gdoses. This is related to (2) where decrease with
the increase of the ratio and the behavior of samples
change by g- irradiation doses.

Gamma Radiation Effect on Structure and Electrical Properties of Styrene Butadiene Rubber Latex Loaded With Short Carbon Fiber

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Table (2) The calculated values of XRD parameters for SBR/SCF composites before and after irradiation.

Composition

2q (degree)

d-value (A)

I/IO

R (A)

D (A)

Zero

18.52667

4.798477

75.33333

0.154852

0.123882

0 - kGy 0.5

19.66667

4.51333

90.66667

0.164294

0.131435

10 - kGy 0.5

19.94667

4.452323

85

0.166609

0.133287

30 - kGy 0.5

19.7

4.507703

95

0.164569

0.131655

50 - kGy 0.5

19.49333

4.557003

83.33333

0.162858

0.130287

70 - kGy 0.5

20.24667

4.393947

88

0.169084

0.135268

Fig. (1a): XRD of unirradiated SBR/ SCF films at different percentage of SCF.

AC conductivity
The variations of dielectric constant (e) with
frequency for different ratio and irradiation-doses
are shown in (Figs 2a, b). Dielectric constant (e)
measurements were performed over the frequency
range from (50 Hz) to (5 MHz). (Fig. 2a) shows
three responses frequency bands for carbon fiber
samples. All ratios of the samples show that, the
(e) slightly decreases as the frequency increases
in frequency range the (0.5- 0.65 MHz). In the second band (0.65 - 0.8 MHz), it seems to be (e) small
range increase which is due to the main relaxation
process. The third frequency band (0.8 - 2.5 MHz)
shows the wide decrease with the frequency. Finally, this is attributed to the dielectric dispersion and

Fig. (1b): XRD of irradiated (0.5% SCF) SBR/ SCF films

at different irradiation dose.

change in carbon fiber ratio. The dielectric constants

increase at small frequency and ratio, then they decrease at higher frequency and ratio. Fig.2b shows
three responses frequency bands for carbon fiber
sample with different -doses. From this figure, the
dielectric constant increase in small frequency and
then decreases rapidly at higher frequency. At lower
frequencies the motion of the free charge carriers is
constant and thus the dielectric constant is constant.
As the frequency increases, the charge carriers migrate through the dielectric and get trapped against
a defect site and induce an opposite charge in its vicinity, as a result of which motion of charge carriers
is slowed down and the value of dielectric constant
decreases.

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J. Nucl. Tech. Appl. Sci., Vol. 3, No. 4

Abd El-Rahman, M et al.

(Fig. 3a, b) shows the dielectric constant versus log (f), for all the frequency ranges, significant
changes are observed in dielectric response of unirradiated carbon fiber at different ratio and doses.
The increase of dielectric constant (e) change to decrease at different ratio of carbon fiber and absorbed
doses. This may be attributed to the oxidative degradation and for the presence of oxygen in the air
during irradiation. (Fig. 4a, b) shows the variation of
dielectric loss factor () with frequency at different
ratio and -doses. Figure (4a) shows rapidly decrease
the dielectric loss factor () at (0SCF), but slowly
decrease at (0.5, 1SCF) with a wide rang value of
frequency. (Fig. 4b) shows that, the Dielectric loss
factor () increases slowly with increases the irradi-

ated-doses, in small rang value of frequency.

Fig. (2a): Frequency dependence of the dielectric constant

for unirradiated SBR/SCF films at different ratio of SCF.

Fig. (2b): Frequency dependence of the dielectric constant

for (0.5% SCF) SBR/ SCF films at different irradiation
doses.

Fig. (3a): Dielectric constant as a function of Log (Frequency) for unirradiated SBR/SCF films at different ration
of SCF.

Fig. (3b): Dielectric constant as a function of Log (Frequency) for (0.5% SCF) SBR/ SCF films at different irradiation doses.

Range with a small bandwidth and rapidly decreases in high frequency range for carbon fiber sample with a wide bandwidth. For different -doses, it is
shown that more than one note relaxation processes
occur. The increase of ratio and -dose decreases
only the height of these relaxation processes without any shift or effect on the value of the relaxation
time, which is related to Debye dielectric relaxation,
due to a dipole rotation caused by movements of the
main backbone. In all samples, the dielectric loss is
due to the perturbation of the phonon system with
an electric field, where the energy transferred to the
phonons is dissipated in the form of heat.

Gamma Radiation Effect on Structure and Electrical Properties of Styrene Butadiene Rubber Latex Loaded With Short Carbon Fiber

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Fig. (4a): Frequency dependence of the dielectric loss for

unirradiated SBR/ SCF films at different ratio of SCF.

Fig. (4b): Frequency dependence of the dielectric loss for

(0.5% SCF) SBR/ SCF films at different irradiation doses.

The variation of the dielectric loss factor ()

versus log () at different ratio and -doses are presented in Figures (5a, b). Figure (5a), shows that, the
dielectric loss factor () decreasing almost linearly
in the frequency range 4 to 4.4 kHz and increase with
low frequency at all ratio and -doses. Figure (5b)
shows that, the dielectric loss factor () decreased
linearly only at (0SCF) and 30 kGy, but in another
doses the decrease of the dielectric loss factor ()
are slowly in small wide range frequency. This is
because the charge carriers not only enable d.c conduction but also make a contribution to the dielectric
polarization (Kawamoto, 1982). The dielectric effects of free charge carriers, such as electrons, only
become significant at frequencies of the order of the
reciprocal collision time, which falls in the 10 100

GHz range. In the frequency range applied in this

work, the effect of free carriers is negligible and
only localized charge carriers, which are ions, may
contribute to the dielectric polarization. Charge carriers hopping movements between filler aggregates
or particles are responsible for the conductivity. Although the low frequency dielectric behavior may
well be ascribable to a hierarchy of barriers to the
carrier diffusion, and the observed dispersion can
also be explained without assuming any particular
type of barrier (El-Sayed et al., 1999).

Fig. (5a): Dielectric loss as function of log frequency for

unirradiated SBR/ SCF films at different ratio of SCF.

Fig. (5b): Dielectric loss of log frequency for (0.5% SCF)

SBR/SCF films at different irradiation doses.

The variation of log (e-e) versus log (/w)

of the carbon fiber at different ratio and -doses are
shown in (Figs. 6a, b). The value of the mean relaxation time was obtained, from the linear fitting
equation, to be ( = 0.8571195 sec.).

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J. Nucl. Tech. Appl. Sci., Vol. 3, No. 4

Abd El-Rahman, M et al.

Fig. (6a): Dielectric relaxation time for unirradiated SBR/

SCF films at different ratio of SCF.

Fig. (6b): Dielectric relaxation time for (0.5% SCF) SBR/

SCF films at different irradiation doses.

Furthermore, it was noticed a small and activated phenomena at low frequencies (1750 kHz)
for carbon fiber sample, due to local motion of the
pieces of the polymer backbone in agreement with
the observations of (Jonscher, 1983) and (Wintersgill and Fontanella, 1998), while the highest peak is
due to heat distortion, which appears at (10.8 MHz)
(Czvikovszky and Hargitai, 1999) and (Abdou
and Mohamed, 2002).

bon fiber, and also by the variation in the doses. The

conductivity increases at low frequency, but at high
frequency the conductivity is rapidly increased. The
increase in conductivity is due to irradiation and can
be attributed to the crosslink of polymer chains and
as a result of the presence of dispersion in the permittivity of high frequency. This suggests that the
conduction mechanism is based on electronic hopping, creating energetic free electrons, of ions and
free radicals.

(Fig. 7a, b) shows the variation of loss tangent

(tan ) with irradiation dose for different ratios of
SCF at different frequencies. (Fig. 7a) indicated that,
the loss tangent (tan ) had been guaiacum behavior, and increase with increasing - irradiation dose
for the frequency range of 0.01 to 2 MHz, except
doses (30 and 50 kGy) are decreased then increase at
dose (70 kGy). In Figure (7b), it can observed that,
guaiacum behavior decrease with doses range (50-70
kGy). Figures (7a) and (7b) show the same behavior
at different frequency ranges which is found to be no
appreciable, and two relaxation peaks are appeared
from a wide range of doses. This means that, these
samples can be used as dielectric in capacitors.
Fig. 8 (a, b) shows the conductivity versus the
frequency at different ratio of SCF and - irradiation doses. At low frequency, the conductivity is
increased and at high frequency the conductivity
is rapidly decreased with the increased ratio of car-

Figure 9 (a, b) show the a.c conductivity of the

carbon fiber samples versus log frequency at different ratio and gamma irradiation dose. It is shown that
the conductivity increases also at low frequency and
decrease linearly with the increase of log (). Figure
10 (a, b) shows, the conductivity for different ratio of
carbon fibers and the - irradiation doses at different
frequencies. Fig. 10a shows that, the increase of conductivity with the increase of the ratio of carbon fiber
meanwhile, in Fig. 10b shows that, the conductivity
increases with the increase the -doses. The largest
value of conductivity is for (30 kGy) and (70 kGy)
doses. Furthermore, a sharp increase of conductivity
was observed within the low frequency range (0.5
10 MHz). The increase in conductivity due to ratio
and irradiation may be attributed to a cross-scission
of the polymer chains, resulting in an increase of free
radicals, un-saturation.

Gamma Radiation Effect on Structure and Electrical Properties of Styrene Butadiene Rubber Latex Loaded With Short Carbon Fiber

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Fig. (7a): Loss tangent versus gamma dose for (0.5 %

SCF) SBR/SCF films at different frequency.

Fig. (7b): Loss tangent versus gamma dose for (1.0 %

SCF) SBR/SCF films at different frequency.

Fig. (8a): The a.c Conductivity of unirradiated SBR/SCF

films versus frequency at different ratio of SCF.

Fig. (8b): The a.c Conductivity of (0.5% SCF) SBR/SCF

films versus frequency at different irradiation doses.

Fig. (9a): The a.c Conductivity of unirradiatedSBR/SCF

films versus log frequency at different ratio of SCF.

Fig. (9b): The a.c Conductivity of (0.5% SCF) SBR/SCF

films versus log frequency at different irradiation doses.

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J. Nucl. Tech. Appl. Sci., Vol. 3, No. 4

Abd El-Rahman, M et al.

Fig. (10a): The conductivity various ratio of SCF for SBR/

SCF films at different frequency.

Fig. (10b): The conductivity various gamma irradiation

dose at different frequency for (0.5% SCF) SBR/SCF
films.

Figure 11 (a, b) shows the resistivity versus the

frequency at different ratio and - irradiation doses.
At low frequency, the conductivity is decreased and
at high frequency the conductivity is rapidly increasing with of the increase the ratio of carbon fiber and
the variation in the Gamma irradiated doses. The decrease in resistivity by irradiation can be attributed
to electrons travel mainly from one graphitic plane
to another along the length of the carbon fiber.

The resistivity with different ratio of carbon

fibers and the - irradiation doses at different frequency are presented in Fig. 12 (a, b). Figure 12a
shows the increase of resistivity with the increase of
ratio of carbon fiber, but Fig.12(b) shows that the resistivity increases with the increases of -irradiation
doses. The smallest value of resistivity is for (30 and
70kGy) -irradiation doses.

Fig. (11a): The resistivity various frequency forSBR/SCF

films at different ratio of SCF.

Fig. (11b): The resistivity various frequency for for (0.5%

SCF) SBR/SCF films at different irradiation doses.

Gamma Radiation Effect on Structure and Electrical Properties of Styrene Butadiene Rubber Latex Loaded With Short Carbon Fiber

( 271 )

Fig. (12b): Resistivity versus gamma irradiation dose for

(0.5% SCF) SBR/SCF films at different frequency.

Fig. (12a): Resistivity versus ratio of SCF for SBR/ SCF

films at different frequency.

CONCLUSION

Abdou, S.M. and Mohamed, R.I. (2002): Characterization of structural modifications in poly-tetrafluoroethylene induced by electron beam irradiation.
Journal of physics and chemistry of solids, 63: 393.

Abu-Abdeen, M.; Nasr, GM.; Osman, H.M. and

Aboud, A.I. (2002): The electrical properties of
SBR-NBR interlink composites loaded with metal
salts. Egypt. J. Sol., 25: 275.

Anyaporn, B. and Saowaroj, C. (2012): NR/XSBR

Nanocomposites with carbon black and carbon nanotube prepared by latex compounding. Journal of metals, materials and minerals, 22(1): 77.

Bhavnagar, V.K. and Bhatia, K.L. (1990): Frequency de-pendent electrical transport in bismuth- modified amorphous germanium sulfide semiconductors.
Journal of non-crystalline solids, 119: 214.

Blythe, A.R. (1977): Electrical Properties of Polymers. Cambridge Univ. Press, London, 100.

Czvikovszky, T. and Hargitai, H. (1999): Compatibilization of recycled polymers through radiation

treatment. Radiation physics and chemistry, 55: 727.

Chung, D.L. (1994): Carbon fiber composites. Boston London Oxford Singapore Sydney Toronto Wellington, 83.

Elliott, S.R. (1987): A.c.conduction in amorphous

chalcogenide and pnictide semiconductors. Advances
in Physics, 36: 135.

From this work, it is concluded that the addition

of SCF to SBR film increase the polyamorphousitiy,
and interlinked matrix increase the electrical conductivity. Also, the addition of SCF to SBR decrease
the resistivity. The low frequency dispersion of SBR
loaded SCF interlinked system arises mainly from
the localized charge carrier conduction, which is
characterized by a diffusion ion transport mechanism. With low frequency, the dielectric constant
is decreased and also decreases the dielectric loss.
From the results, Gamma radiation doses affect on
the sensitivity of all samples except 30 kGy. At this
dose, the sensitivity is very high. Also, at the ratio
of (1% SCF), it was observed that improving in
electrical and structural properties. This means that
the composition of SBR/SCF has a much greater resistance to radiation damage at 30 kGy and (1% of
SCF), and can use this ratio with this dose in the
sensor industry.
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