Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Dr Karthik R
School of Electrical Engineering
VIT University
karthik.r@vit.ac.in
Introduction
The resistance, inductance and capacitance are
three basic elements of any electric network.
We now begin the analysis of circuits in which
the source voltage or current is time-varying.
In this chapter, we are particularly interested in
sinusoidally time-varying excitation, or simply,
excitation by a sinusoid.
A sinusoidal current is usually referred to as
alternating current (ac).
Circuits driven by sinusoidal current or voltage
sources are called ac circuits.
A sinusoid is a signal that has the form of the sine or cosine
function
Sinusoids
Consider the sinusoidal voltage
Frequency
The number of cycles per second of a waveform is defined as its frequency.
Period
The period, T, of a waveform, is the duration of one cycle. It is the inverse of
frequency.
Peak Value
The fact that v(t) repeats itself every T seconds is shown by replacing t by t + T
Example Problem 1
Find the amplitude (Vm), phase () , period (T),
and frequency (F) of the sinusoid
Example Problem 1
Find the amplitude, phase, period, and frequency
of the sinusoid
BASIC TRIGONOMETRY
ESSENTIAL IDENTITIES
sin(
cos(
) sin cos
) cos cos
sin(
cos(
) cos
cos sin
sin sin
radians
360 degrees
180
(rads)
(degrees)
ACCEPTED EE CONVENTION
sin
sin( t
) sin( t 90 )
APPLICATIO NS
sin(
) sin cos
cos sin
cos
sin(
cos(
) cos cos
sin sin
sin
cos(
cos
cos(
sin
sin(
sin cos
cos cos
1
sin(
2
1
cos(
2
1
sin(
2
1
) cos(
2
)
)
2
2
t
t
)
)
)
)
Practice
Problem 1
PHASORS
The notion of solving ac circuits using phasors
was first introduced by Charles Steinmetz in
1893.
Sinusoids are easily expressed in terms of
phasors, which are more convenient to work with
than sine and cosine functions.
A phasor is a complex number that represents the
amplitude and phase of a sinusoid.
Phasor
For analysis of alternating circuits, a
sinusoidal quantity (voltage or current) is
represented by a line of definite length rotating
in anti-clock wise direction with the same angular
velocity as that of the sinusoidal quantity.
This rotating line is called a Phasor.
However, a sinusoid is specified by its
amplitude and phase angle, they are termed
as Phasor.
A phasor is a complex number that represents the
amplitude and phase of a sinusoid.
Figure:
Evolution of a
Sine wave
Problem 1
continued
Problem 2
Problem 3
Overview
AC in an Resistive Circuit
AC in an Inductive Circuit
AC in an Capacitive Circuit
Sinusoids
Consider the sinusoidal voltage
Introduction to Inductance
The ideal inductor is an element that has the
ability to store energy in a magnetic field.
Inductors are typically made by winding a
coil of wire around a core, which can be an
insulator or a ferromagnetic material
Overview
A.C. through Resistance and Inductance (R-L)
A.C. through Resistance and Capacitance (R-C)
A.C. through Resistance, Inductance and
Capacitance (R-L-C)
Phase angle
Figure:
(a) Voltage diagram
(b) Impedance diagram
Problem 1
Problem 1
Solution
Problem 2
Problem 2
Solution
Figure:
(a) Voltage diagram
(b) Impedance diagram
Problem 1
Problem 1
Solution
Figure below shows a circuit having resistance R ohms, inductance L henrys and
capacitance C farads in series, connected across an a.c. supply of V volts (r.m.s.)
at a frequency of f hertz. Let I be the r.m.s. value of the current in amperes.
Problem 1
Problem 1
Solution
Phasor diagram
Problem 2
Problem 2
Solution
R-L Parallel
R-C Parallel
Problem 1:
Problem 1: Solution
Problems
Refer class notes
Thank You
Thank You