Chapter 2

Electricity is a wonderful part of our lives, clearly enabling us to do so

many of the things we take for granted. Food preparation, entertainment,
communication, and so much more are all dependent upon the delivery of
electricity. And yet, coming into direct contact with electrical current can
severely injure you. In some cases, it can even kill you. Here are some things
you can do to keep safe. Some of what we suggest may seem obvious, but
we include it here because we believe it's impossible to over emphasize the
importance of safety.

We can based about Safety Usage Of Electrical Energy in UNIVERSITY

OF PANGASINAN where located in Arellano Street , 2400 Dagupan City ,
Pangasinan. They have plenty on how electrical energy is being used with
safety :

They are engaging only a Licensed Electrical Worker (LEW) to carry out

any electrical installation, maintenance and repair work

They are also checking the Earth Wire - an unearthed plug can cause

electric shock when there is a short circuit in an aplliance.

Importantly , students in the university are keeping electricity and
water apart . They do not use electrical aplliances near water or with
wet hands.

What are the risks from electricity?

Harm can be caused to any person when they are exposed to live
parts that are either touched directly or indirectly by means of some
conducting object or material. Voltages over 50 volts AC or 120 volts DC are
considered hazardous.

Safety usage of electrical energy for students in University of Pangasinan :

1. Never modify lighting outlets, plugs or cords.

2. Don't plug in more than two cords to a double adaptor

use a suitable adaptor board instead.
3. If there is no permanently installed safety switch, use a portable type at the
power point.
4 .Never use an extension cord that has a three-pin or piggy-back plug at each
end .
5. Don't overload individual power points.
6. Never replace fuse wire or plug-in circuit breakers with larger sizes.

We can based about Safety Usage Of Electrical Energy in UNIVERSITY

OF NOTTINGHAM

where located in Nottingham NG7 2RD , United

Kingdom. They have all precautions must be aimed at reducing the risk of
contact with unprotected conductors of electricity at potentially hazardous
voltages. The principle is to ensure that electrical equipment and wiring is
safe by design, and remains safe throughout its use.

General Precautions
Students using electrical equipment, as with all work equipment,
should report any defects that they note so that remedial action may be
taken. Defective equipment should be labelled as faulty and its associated
plug removed if it is not repaired immediately. The range of checks which
users should be able to carry out as a routine part of their work includes:

Damage (apart from light scuffing) to the insulating sheath around the
cable

Damage to the plug

Joints in the cable other than by way of proprietary cable connectors

The ineffective securing of the outer insulation sheath of the cable

where it enters the plug or the equipment, e.g. the coloured insulation
of the internal cable cores was showing

Damage to the external casing of the equipment

Evidence of overheating, e.g. burn marks or discoloration to plugs,

cables, or casings

Evidence

of

inappropriate

use,

e.g.

it

is

wet

or

excessively

contaminated with chemicals, oil or dirt etc.

They ensure that Flexible Cables are of the correct size for the load to be
carried and sheathed with rubber or PVC to withstand mechanical damage.
The smallest Fuses compatible forthe apparatus should be used in order to
protect the equipment and flexible cable and to reduce the fire hazard. It is
important that only proper cartridge fuses are used for replacement and in
no case should any substitutes be employed.

Fire Hazard. The amount of electrical energy available from a socket outlet
is more than sufficient to cause a fire if the equipment is misused or wrongly
connected. It is recommended that plugs be removed from sockets when
apparatus is not in use in order to reduce the hazard from live flexible cables.
Portable Appliances. These should be used with great care and particular
attention paid to the condition of the flexible cable and its termination at the
equipment and at the plug.
Radiation Hazards from Certain High Voltage Electrical Equipment.
Work with such equipment may therefore be carried out only with the
knowledge and approval of the Director of Health and Safety of the
University .

We can based also about Safety Usage Of Electrical Energy in

UNIVERSITY OF EDINBURGH where located in Old College, South Bridge,
Edinburgh EH8 9YL, United Kingdom. They have guidance information
produced by the Health and Safety Department of the University which are
relevant to electrical hazards.

The Regulations are primarily concerned with the prevention of danger

from electric shock, electric burns, electrical explosion or arcing, or
from fire or explosion initiated by electrical energy.

The Regulations do not distinguish between systems of different

voltages; they apply equally at all voltages and are constrained only by
what might be appropriate to prevent danger or injury.

General Safety Precautions

They risk of sustaining an electric shock can be reduced by adopting the
following practices :

A suitable Permit-to-Work system should always be in place and

operated, to ensure the effective isolation of hard-wired equipment
before repair or maintenance work commences.

Due care must always be exercised when switching off main power
supplies to ensure that only the intended circuits are isolated. Lock-off
systems must be used, where necessary.

Switch off and withdraw the plug on items of portable electrical

equipment prior to making any alterations or modifying any circuitry.

Do not handle any equipment with wet hands and do not work in close
proximity to water supplies or other earthed metalwork where there
may be a risk of putting one hand on earthed metal and the other on
live equipment. If equipment is suspected of being live, switch off, and
have its electrical status tested by a competent person. Record the
test.

On no account must a three-phase socket outlet be used to supply

single-phase apparatus.

Where

supplies

to

experimental

equipment

are

obtained

from

terminals, these must be insulated and a control/emergency switch

must be close by.

Standard types of electrical fittings, such as 3-pin plugs, sockets and

switches, should always be used as specified by manufacturers and in
accordance with good practice (e.g. switches must not be mounted
upside down and single pole switches must not be wired into the
neutral lead.)

If it is possible to do so, always use low voltage equipment.

The use of high voltage equipment must be strictly controlled, and

suitable assessments of risk, and control features, prepared prior to
use.