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Earth Science, 13e (Tarbuck)
Chapter 3 Rocks: Materials of the Solid Earth

1) An igneous rock that contains vesicles ________.
A) is also extrusive
B) is also fine grained
C) contains many small holes
D) all of the above
Answer: D
Diff: 1
Topic: 3.2 Igneous Rocks: "Formed by Fire"
Bloom's: Remembering
2) As the rate of cooling increases, the size of the crystals that form ________.
A) increases
B) decreases
C) is not affected
D) none of these
Answer: B
Diff: 1
Topic: 3.1 Earth as a System: The Rock Cycle
3) Which one of the following is an igneous rock?
A) limestone
B) rhyolite
C) slate
D) shale
Answer: B
Diff: 1
Bloom's: Understanding
4) Intrusive rocks ________.
A) are generally fine-grained
B) form at Earth's surface
C) are quite often vesicular
D) none of the above
Answer: D
Diff: 1
Copyright 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
5) Granite and gabbro ________.

A) have a similar mineral composition
B) have a similar texture
C) both A and B
D) are in no way similar
Answer: B
Diff: 1
Bloom's: Applying
6) Obsidian exhibits a ________ texture.
A) fine-grained
B) glassy
C) coarse-grained
D) porphyritic
Answer: B
Diff: 1
7) Rocks that contain crystals that are roughly equal in size and can be identified with the
unaided eye are said to exhibit a ________ texture.
A) fine-grained
B) glassy
C) coarse-grained
D) porphyritic
Answer: C
Diff: 1
Topic: 3.4 Metamorphic Rocks: New Rock from Old
8) This igneous texture is characterized by two distinctively different crystal sizes.
A) fine-grained
B) glassy
C) coarse-grained
D) porphyritic
Answer: D
Diff: 1
9) Rhyolite is the fine-grained equivalent of this igneous rock.

A) basalt
B) andesite
C) granite
D) diorite
Answer: C
Diff: 1
10) Select the coarse-grained rock which is composed mainly of quartz and potassium feldspar
from the list below.
A) basalt
B) andesite
C) granite
D) diorite
Answer: C
Diff: 1
11) This rock gets its name from a chain of mountains located in South America.
A) basalt
B) andesite
C) granite
D) diorite
Answer: B
Diff: 1
12) Which of the rocks listed below is a popular building stone?
A) basalt
B) andesite
C) granite
D) diorite
Answer: C
Diff: 1
13) The texture of an igneous rock ________.

A) is controlled by the composition of magma
B) determines the color of the rock
C) is caused by leaching
D) records the rock's cooling history
Answer: D
Diff: 1
14) Igneous rock is formed ________.
A) by the weathering of preexisting rocks
B) by changes in mineral composition
C) at great depth within Earth
D) by crystallization of magma
Answer: D
Diff: 1
15) The most important mechanical weathering process is ________.
A) frost action
B) hydrolysis
C) unloading
D) thermal expansion
Answer: A
Diff: 1
16) Chemical weathering would be most effective ________.
A) in a warm, dry climate
B) in a cold, dry climate
C) in a warm, humid climate
D) equally in any kind of climate
Answer: C
Diff: 1
Topic: 3.3 Sedimentary Rocks: Compacted and Cemented Sediment
17) Which of the following is NOT a product of the chemical weathering of potassium feldspar?
A) silica
B) potassium ions
C) iron oxide
D) clay
Answer: C
Diff: 1
18) Which one of the following is NOT true about mechanical weathering?
A) produces smaller pieces
B) adds to the effectiveness of chemical weathering
C) does not change the rock's mineral composition
D) does not affect metamorphic rocks
Answer: D
Diff: 1
19) Which one of the following is NOT related to chemical weathering?
A) decomposition
B) frost wedging
C) hydrolysis
D) oxidation
Answer: B
Diff: 1
20) Which of these factors influence the type and rate of weathering?
A) mineral content
B) climate
C) topography
D) all of these
Answer: D
Diff: 1
21) Sedimentary rocks ________.

A) may contain fossils
B) hold important clues to Earth's history
C) may be economically important
D) all of the above
Answer: D
Diff: 1
22) Detrital sedimentary rocks are classified primarily on the basis of ________.
A) color
B) type of bedding
C) composition
D) particle size
Answer: D
Diff: 1
23) Sedimentary rocks comprise approximately ________ percent of Earth's outermost 10 miles.
A) 5
B) 15
C) 30
D) 50
Answer: A
Diff: 1
24) Which rock type is associated with a high-energy environment (such as a very turbulent
stream)?
A) conglomerate
B) shale
C) chert
D) none of these
Answer: A
Diff: 1
25) Which pair of minerals is most common in detrital sedimentary rocks?

A) quartz and olivine
B) calcite and clay
C) clay and quartz
D) dolomite and gypsum
Answer: C
Diff: 1
26) Detrital sediments would predominate in all of the following environments except ________.
A) swamp
B) salt flat
C) river floodplain
D) delta
Answer: B
Diff: 1
27) Compaction would probably be most significant as a lithification process for ________.
A) shale
B) sandstone
C) conglomerate
D) breccia
Answer: A
Diff: 1
28) The most abundant chemical sedimentary rock is ________.
A) limestone
B) dolomite
C) chert
D) rock salt
Answer: A
Diff: 1
29) Which of the following best describes bedded gypsum and rock salt?
A) detrital sedimentary rocks
B) varieties of dolostone
C) varieties of coal and peat
D) evaporates; chemical, sedimentary rocks
Answer: D
Diff: 1
30) Coal beds originate in ________.
A) shallow lakes in a dry, desert region
B) channels of fast-moving streams
C) deep, marine basins below wave action
D) freshwater coastal swamps and bogs
Answer: D
Diff: 1
31) Metamorphism may result from ________.
A) heat
B) pressure
C) chemical action
D) all of these
Answer: D
Diff: 1
32) ________ is a planar, parallel alignment of different mineral bands in a metamorphic rock.
A) Rock cleavage
B) Foliation
C) Stress streaking
D) Marbleizing
Answer: B
Diff: 1
33) Which of the following changes may occur during metamorphism?

A) Certain minerals may recrystallize.
B) The rock becomes more compact.
C) Crystals may grow larger.
D) all of the above
Answer: D
Diff: 1
Bloom's: Applying
34) The common rock produced by the metamorphism of limestone is ________.
A) marble
B) mica schist
C) phyllite
D) gneiss
Answer: A
Diff: 1
35) ________ is composed of alternating bands of light and dark silicate minerals.
A) Marble
B) Mica schist
C) Phyllite
D) Gneiss
Answer: D
Diff: 1
36) This dense, nonfoliated metamorphic rock is produced most often from sandstone.
A) phyllite
B) mica schist
C) quartzite
D) marble
Answer: C
Diff: 1
37) The agents of metamorphism are ________.

A) uplifting and folding
B) foliation and deposition
C) contact and regional deformation
D) heat, pressure, and chemical fluids
Answer: D
Diff: 1
Bloom's: Applying
38) The primary agent of contact metamorphism is ________.
A) folding
B) heat
C) stress
D) strain
Answer: B
Diff: 1
39) What type of metamorphic rock will shale normally become following low-grade
metamorphism?
A) marble
B) mica schist
C) slate
D) gneiss
Answer: C
Diff: 1
40) Which of the following lists the rocks in the order of increasing grain size and increasing
grade of metamorphism?
A) phyllite, slate, schist
B) schist, slate, phyllite
C) slate, phyllite, schist
D) slate, schist, phyllite
Answer: C
Diff: 1
Bloom's: Applying
10
Word Analysis. Examine the words and/or phrases for each question below and determine the
relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the option which does not fit the
pattern.
41) shale
sandstone
breccia
conglomerate
Answer: shale
Diff: 2
Bloom's: Applying
42) lithification
cementation
weathering
compaction
Answer: weathering
Diff: 1
Bloom's: Applying
43) pressure
recrystallization
melting
Answer: melting
Diff: 1
Bloom's: Applying
chemical fluids
44) granite
basalt
diorite
gabbro
Answer: basalt
Diff: 1
Bloom's: Applying
45) oxidation
dissolution
hydrolysis
sheeting
Answer: sheeting
Diff: 1
Bloom's: Applying
46) Bowen's reaction series predicts the sizes of the different mineral grains that grow from
crystallizing magmas.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 1
47) Olivine and quartz are commonly found together in the same igneous rock.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 1
11
48) One magma can produce several different igneous rocks having different mineral
compositions.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1
49) Basalt is the fine-grained equivalent of gabbro.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1
50) Glassy igneous rocks form when magma cools too fast for mineral grains to grow.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1
51) Quartz is quite resistant to weathering and is an important component of sands in riverbeds
and on beaches.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1
52) Like most other liquids, water decreases in volume when it freezes.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 1
53) The particles in breccia are primarily silt sized.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 1
54) The most abundant sedimentary rock is shale.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1
12
55) Evaporites have a biochemical origin.

Answer: FALSE
Diff: 1
56) Particle size is the primary basis for distinguishing among various detrital sedimentary rocks.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1
57) Most limestone has a biochemical origin.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1
58) Compaction is most significant as a lithification process for sedimentary rocks composed of
sand-sized particles.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 1
59) During metamorphism the material undergoing deformation remains a solid.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1
60) The single most characteristic feature of sedimentary rocks is strata, or beds.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1
61) The largest quantity of metamorphic rock is produced by regional metamorphism.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1
13
62) Slate is associated with high-grade metamorphism.

Answer: FALSE
Diff: 1
63) Metamorphism is commonly associated with mountain building.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1
64) Metamorphism can affect only sedimentary rocks.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 1
65) ________ is the name given to molten rock below the Earth's surface.
Answer: Magma
Diff: 1
66) ________ refers to the removal and isolation of early-formed mineral grains that can cause
the composition of the remaining magma to change.
Answer: Crystal settling
Diff: 1
67) Igneous rocks are classified on the basis of what two main characteristics?
Answer: texture and mineral composition
Diff: 1
68) Obsidian exhibits a(n) ________ texture.
Answer: glassy
Diff: 1
14
69) The two most common minerals in detrital sedimentary rocks are ________ and ________.
Answer: clay, quartz
Diff: 1
70) The most abundant chemical sedimentary rock is ________.
Answer: limestone
Diff: 1
71) When a sedimentary rock consists of angular, gravel-sized particles, it is called ________.
Answer: breccia
Diff: 1
72) Rock salt and rock gypsum are common examples of a group of chemical sedimentary rocks
called ________.
Answer: evaporites
Diff: 1
73) ________ refers to the processes by which unconsolidated sediments are transformed into
solid sedimentary rocks.
Answer: Lithification
Diff: 1
74) Probably the single most characteristic feature of sedimentary rocks is ________.
Answer: layering (strata or beds)
Diff: 1
75) The partial decomposition of plant remains in an oxygen-poor swamp creates a layer of soft,
brown material that is not yet coal. This material is known as ________.
Answer: peat
Diff: 1
15
76) List three agents of metamorphism.

Answer: heat, pressure, chemically active fluids
Diff: 1
77) Metamorphism that occurs because of close proximity to a mass of magma is called
________ metamorphism.
Answer: contact
Diff: 1
78) When a metamorphic rock exhibits a layered or banded appearance, it is said to exhibit a(n)
________ texture.
Answer: foliated
Diff: 1
79) Which metamorphic rock or rocks exhibit alternating layers or bands of different light- and
dark-colored minerals?
Answer: gneiss
Diff: 1
Critical Thinking and Discussion. Use complete sentences, correct spelling, and the
information presented in Chapter 3 to answer the questions below.
80) Considering the various processes involved in mechanical and chemical weathering, what are
some of the factors that influence or control the weathering of earth materials? Also, which of
these factors would be most important?
Diff: 2
Bloom's: Applying
81) How might a geologist infer ancient climatic conditions using sedimentary rocks? (Hint:
Think in terms of the conditions necessary to form certain rocks and also the features, structures,
and fossils found in sedimentary rocks.)
Diff: 3
Bloom's: Applying
16
82) The size of crystals in igneous rocks is generally a function of the rate of cooling. However,
within the same rock, crystal size does not necessarily reflect the order of crystallization for
individual minerals. Without using Bowen's Reaction Series, how might you determine the order
of crystallization of minerals in an individual rock sample? (Hint: Think about the texture.)
Diff: 3
Bloom's: Applying
83) Fill in the missing rock names on the chart below.
Answer: See Figure 3.9 in Earth Science, 13e.

Diff: 1
Bloom's: Analyzing
17
84) What type of stress (pressure) is illustrated in the diagram below?
Answer: confining pressure

Diff: 1
Bloom's: Analyzing
18
85) What type of stress (pressure) is illustrated in the diagram below?
Answer: differential stress

Diff: 1
Bloom's: Analyzing
19

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Earth Science, 13e (Tarbuck)

Chapter 3 Rocks: Materials of the Solid Earth

Copyright 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

5) Granite and gabbro ________.

Copyright 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

9) Rhyolite is the fine-grained equivalent of this igneous rock.

Copyright 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

13) The texture of an igneous rock ________.

Copyright 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

21) Sedimentary rocks ________.

Copyright 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

25) Which pair of minerals is most common in detrital sedimentary rocks?

Copyright 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

33) Which of the following changes may occur during metamorphism?

Copyright 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

37) The agents of metamorphism are ________.

Copyright 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

55) Evaporites have a biochemical origin.

Copyright 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

62) Slate is associated with high-grade metamorphism.

Copyright 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

76) List three agents of metamorphism.

Copyright 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

Answer: See Figure 3.9 in Earth Science, 13e.

Copyright 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

84) What type of stress (pressure) is illustrated in the diagram below?

Answer: confining pressure

Copyright 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

85) What type of stress (pressure) is illustrated in the diagram below?

Answer: differential stress

Copyright 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

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