Solutions for Math 311 Assignment #11

(1) Let C denote the circle |z| = 1 oriented counterclockwise.

(a) Show that
 
Z
1
2i
n
z exp
dz =
z
(n + 1)!
C
for n = 0, 1, 2, ....
(b) Show that


Z

X
1
1
dz = 2i
.
exp z +
z
n!(n
+
1)!
C
n=0
Proof. (a) Since
ez =

X
zn
n=0

n!

for |z| < ,

 

X
X
1
z nm
z m
n
z exp
=z
=
z
m!
m!
m=0
m=0
n

for 0 < |z| < . Therefore,

 
Z nm
Z

X
1
1
z
n
z exp
dz =
dz.
z
m! C m!
C
m=0
R
And since C z nm dz = 0 if n m 6= 1 and 2i if n m = 1,
 
Z
1
2i
n
z exp
dz =
.
z
(n + 1)!
C
(b) Since


  X
 

1
1
zn
1
exp z +
= exp(z) exp
=
exp
z
z
n!
z
n=0
we obtain


 
Z

X
X
1
1
1
2i
n
exp z +
dz =
z exp
dz =
z
n! C
z
n!(n + 1)!
C
n=0
n=0


1

(2) Let the degrees of the polynomials

P (z) = a0 + a1 z + a2 z 2 + ... + an z n (an 6= 0)
and
Q(z) = b0 + b1 z + b2 z 2 + ... + bm z m (bm 6= 0)
be such that m n + 2. Show that if all the zeros of Q(z) are
interior to a simple closed contour C, then
Z
P (z)
dz = 0.
C Q(z)
Proof. Since P (z)/Q(z) is analytic outside C,


P (z)
P (z)
1 P (1/z)
dz = 2i Resz=
= 2i Resz=0
Q(z)
z 2 Q(1/z)
C Q(z)

Note that
1 P (1/z)
1 a0 + a1 z 1 + a2 z 2 + ... + an z n
=
z 2 Q(1/z)
z 2 b0 + b1 z 1 + b2 z 2 + ... + bm z m
a0 z n + a1 z n1 + a2 z n2 + ... + an
= z mn2 m
b0 z + b1 z m1 + b2 z m2 + ... + bm
is analytic at 0 since m n + 2 and an , bm 6= 0. Therefore,


1 P (1/z)
Resz=0
=0
z 2 Q(1/z)
and hence
Z
C

P (z)
dz = 0
Q(z)


(3) Write the principal part of each of the following functions at

its isolated singular point and determine whether the point is a
pole, a removable
  singular point, or an essential singular point:
1
(a) z exp
;
z
sin z
(b)
;
z
1
(c)
.
(2 z)3

Solution. (a) The function z exp(1/z) has a singularity at 0

and
 

X
X
1
z n X z 1n
1
z exp
=z
=
=z+1+
z
n!
n!
(n!)z n1
n=0
n=0
n=2
=z+1+

X
n=1

1
(n + 1)!z n

So it has an essential singularity at 0 with the principal part

X
n=1

1
(n + 1)!z n

(b) The function sin z/z has a singularity at 0 and

sin z
1 X (1)n 2n+1 X (1)n 2n
=
z
=
z
z
z n=0 (2n + 1)!
(2n
+
1)!
n=0
So it has a removable singularity at 0 with the principal part 0.
(c) The function 1/(2 z)3 has a pole at 2 with the principal
part
1
.
(2 z)3

(4) Show that the singular point of each of the following functions
is a pole. Determine the order of the pole and the residue of
the function at the pole.
1 cosh z
(a)
;
z3
2z
1e
(b)
;
z4
e2z
(c)
.
(z 1)2

Solution. (a) At z = 0, the Laurent series of the function is



1 cosh z
1 z
1
z
= 3 1 (e + e )
z3
z
2
!!

1
1 X z n X (1)n z n
= 3 1
+
z
2 n=0 n! n=0
n!
!

X
z 2n
1
= 3 1
z
(2n)!
n=0
=

X
z 2n3
n=1

X z 2n3
1
=
(2n)!
2z n=2 (2n)!

So it has a pole of order m = 1 with residue B = 1/2 at 0.

(b) At z = 0, the Laurent series of the function is
!
n
X
1
(2z)
1 X 2n z n
1 exp(2z)
= 4 1
= 4
z4
z
n!
z n=1 n!
n=0
X 2n z n4
X 2n z n4
2
2
4
=
= 3 2

n!
z
z
3z n=4 n!
n=1
So it has a pole of order m = 3 with residue B = 4/3 at 0.
(c) At z = 1, the Laurent series of the function is

X
exp(2z)
e2 e2(z1)
e2
2n (z 1)n
=
=
(z 1)2
(z 1)2
(z 1)2 n=0
n!
2

=e

X
2n (z 1)n2
n=0

n!

X
e2
2e2
2n (z 1)n2
2
=
+
+
e
(z 1)2 z 1
n!
n=2

So it has a pole of order m = 2 with residue B = 2e2 at 1.

(5) Find the value of the integral
Z
3z 3 + 2
dz
2 2
C (z 1) (z + 9)
taken counterclockwise around the circle (a) |z 2| = 2 (b)
|z| = 4.

Solution. (a) In the disk |z 2| < 2, (3z 3 +2)/((z 1)2 (z 2 +9))

has one singularity at 1. Therefore,
Z
3z 3 + 2
3z 3 + 2
dz
=
2i
Res
z=1
2 2
(z 1)2 (z 2 + 9)
|z2|=2 (z 1) (z + 9)
 3
0
3z + 2
8i
= 2i
=
.
2
z + 9 z=1
5
(b) In the disk |z| < 4, (3z 3 + 2)/((z 1)2 (z 2 + 9)) has three
singularities at 1, 3i and 3i. Therefore,

Z
3z 3 + 2
3z 3 + 2
dz
=
2i
Res
z=1
2 2
(z 1)2 (z 2 + 9)
|z|=4 (z 1) (z + 9)
3z 3 + 2
(z 1)2 (z 2 + 9)

3z 3 + 2
(z 1)2 (z 2 + 9)

+ Resz=3i
+ Resz=3i
We have computed in part (a) that
Resz=1

3z 3 + 2
4
=
2
2
(z 1) (z + 9)
5

For its residues at 3i, we have

Resz=3i

3z 3 + 2
3z 3 + 2
=
Res
z=3i
(z 1)2 (z 2 + 9)
(z 1)2 (z + 3i)(z 3i)


3z 3 + 2
11 47

=
+ i
=

2
(z 1) (z 3i) z=3i 10 60

and
Resz=3i

3z 3 + 2
3z 3 + 2
=
Res
z=3i
(z 1)2 (z 2 + 9)
(z 1)2 (z + 3i)(z 3i)


3z 3 + 2
11 47

=
=
i

2
(z 1) (z + 3i) z=3i 10 60

Therefore,
Z
|z|=4

3z 3 + 2
dz = 6i.
(z 1)2 (z 2 + 9)

Alternatively, since all singularties of (3z 3 +2)/((z 1)2 (z 2 +9))

lie in |z| 4,
Z
|z|=4

3z 3 + 2
3z 3 + 2
dz = 2i Resz=
(z 1)2 (z 2 + 9)
(z 1)2 (z 2 + 9)
3z 3 + 2
(z 1 1)2 (z 2 + 9)
3 + 2z 3
z(1 z)2 (1 + 9z 2 )

= 2i Resz=0 (z 2 )
= 2i Resz=0
= 6i.

(6) Let CN denote the boundary of the square whose edges lie along
the lines




1
1
x= N+
and y = N +

2
2
oriented counterclockwise, where N is a positive integer.
(a) Show that
!
Z
N
X
(1)n
1
dz
= 2i
+2
.
2
22
6
n
CN z sin z
n=1
(b) Show that
Z
lim

CN

z2

dz
= 0.
sin z

(c) Show that

X
2
1
=
.
n2
6
n=1

Proof. The function 1/(z 2 sin z) is analytic in C\{n : n

Z}. Hence it has singularities at 0, , 2, ..., N inside
the curve CN . Therefore,
Z
CN

N
X
dz
1
= 2i
Resz=n 2
2
z sin z
z sin z
n=N

At z = 0,
1
1
= 2
2
z sin z
z
=

1
z3

1
z3

1
z3

!1

X
(1)n 2n+1
z
(2n + 1)!
n=0
!1

n
X
(1)
z 2n
(2n + 1)!
n=0
!1

X
(1)n+1 2n
1
z
(2n
+
1)!
n=1
!k

 2



X X
(1)n+1 2n
z
1
z
... + ...
= 3 1+
(2n + 1)!
z
3!
n=1
k=0

1
1
+ ...
+
3
z
6z
Therefore,
=

1
1
=
z 2 sin z
6
At z = n with n 6= 0, 1/(z 2 sin z) has a simple pole and hence

1
z 2 
z 2
Resz=n 2
= Resz=n
=
z sin z
sin z
(sin z)0 
Resz=0

z=n

(1)n
1
= 2 2
= 2 2
n cos(n)
n
Therefore,
Z
dz
= 2i
2
CN z sin z
= 2i

1
N
X
1
(1)n X (1)n
+
+
6 n=N n2 2
n2 2
n=1
!
N
X
(1)n
1
+2
6
n2 2
n=1

When z = x + yi CN , either x = (N + 1/2) or y =

(N + 1/2).
Note that
| sin z|2 = | sin(x + yi)|2 = | sin x cos(yi) + cos x sin(yi)|2
= | sin x cosh y + i cos x sinh y|2
= (sin x)2 (cosh y)2 + (cos x)2 (sinh y)2
= (sin x)2 (1 + (sinh y)2 ) + (cos x)2 (sinh y)2
= (sin x)2 + (sinh y)2

When x = (N + 1/2),
| sin z| | sin x| = 1
When y = (N + 1/2),
| sin z| | sinh y| = sinh((N + 1/2))
Obviously, sinh((N + 1/2)) > 1 for N 0. Therefore,
| sin(z)| 1
for z CN . And since |z| (N + 1/2) for z CN ,


 1 
1


 z 2 sin z  (N + 1/2)2 2
Therefore,
Z

Z


dz
1
8


|dz| =


2
2
2
(N + 1/2) CN
(N + 1/2)
CN z sin z
and hence

Z
lim

CN

dz
=0
z 2 sin z

It follows that

X
(1)n
1
+2
6
n2 2
n=1

2i
That is,

X
(1)n+1
n=1

Finally, since

X
(1)n+1
n=1

n2

=
=
=

X
k=1

X
k=1

X
n=1

we obtain

n2

!
=0

2
.
12

X 1
1

(2k 1)2 k=1 (2k)2

X
X
1
1
1
+
2
2
2
(2k 1)
(2k)
(2k)2
k=1
k=1

1
1X 1
1X 1

=
,
n2 2 n=1 n2
2 n=1 n2

X
1
2
=
.
n2
6
n=1