Directional Comparison Pilot Protection

Transmission Line Protection PROT 407
Section 12 - Directional Comparison Pilot Protection
Transmission Line
Protection
Directional Comparison
Line Pilot Protection
Copyright SEL 2004
Directional Comparison Pilot Protection_r9

Directional Comparison Protection

Objectives
z
Describe Transmission Line

Directional-Comparison Protection
Schemes
Discuss the Advantages and

Disadvantages of These Schemes

What is Directional Comparison

Protection?
Directional Comparison Protection
is a communications-aided
protection scheme designed to
provide high-speed tripping for
faults anywhere on the protected
line.
In networked transmission systems, power system faults on a protected line segment will
be seen from both ends of the line.
Multi-zone distance protection where relays on the protected line are time coordinated
with relays on the remote lines is commonly referred to as step distance protection. With
step distance protection, line end faults must be cleared from the remote terminal with a
coordinating time delay resulting in delayed clearing of the fault from that line terminal.
However, various communications-aided protection schemes have been developed to
provide high-speed tripping from both ends of the line.

Why are Communication

Schemes Required?
z
Safeguard System Stability
Clear many faults high-speed
Allow high-speed reclose
Provide Coordination
Improve Power Quality
Long line/short line applications

Reduce voltage sag duration
Reduce Equipment Damage
High-speed clearing of faults along the entire line segment is desirable for several
reasons and may even be required.
When a short circuit exists on a power system, the ability to transfer power across the
power system is reduced. Reducing the time that the short circuit exists on the power
system reduces the likelihood of the power system becoming unstable.
High-speed reclosing is another means of improving power system stability. Power
transfer capability is reduced when a line is out of service. Automatically restoring the
line with minimal delay, allowing only for arc de-ionizing time, can also reduce the
likelihood of the power system becoming unstable. To use this, both terminals must clear
the fault high-speed.
In step distance applications where there is a long line adjacent to a short line, it may not
be possible to coordinate the reach of the Zone 2 element of the long line with the reach
of the Zone 1 element of the short line. Therefore, the short line may have to be cleared
high-speed for coordination reasons.
Other advantages include:
The reduced duration of the voltage sag caused by the short circuit minimizes the
impact on power quality.
Clearing faults quickly reduces through fault duty on power transformers and
insulator damage due to sustained arcing.

Pilot Protection
Relay
Relay
XMTR
RCVR
RCVR
XMTR
RCVR = Receiver
XMTR = Transmitter
Pilot protection schemes utilize communications between terminals to achieve highspeed clearing of faults anywhere on the protected line.
Pilot protection schemes require a communications channel between each terminal of the
line. Information about the status of each terminal of the line is transmitted to the remote
end(s). As a result, all terminals can make tripping decisions based on more complete
data.

Communication Mediums
There are multiple communication mediums that can be used in a pilot protection
scheme. The following slides will provide information on each of those mediums,
including advantages and disadvantages of each.

Fiber Optic
z
Advantage
Noise immunity
Disadvantage
Cost
Rerouting
SONET
Optical fiber is becoming more and more available. A dedicated fiber-optic channel can
consist of a direct point-to-point fiber connection or a multiplexed fiber link. SONET,
Synchronous Optical Network can be part of a wide area communications network for
voice and data traffic that provides a non-dedicated communications link. The concern
with a non-dedicated teleprotection channel is that the channel delays may change as the
network reconfigures for a link failure. The effects of channel delays on the various
schemes will be discussed.

Microwave
z
Advantage
Large capacity
Power line noise immunity
Disadvantage
Cost
Placement
Weather
Microwave systems can be either digital or analog. These are often part of a wide area
communications network for voice and data traffic as well. Analog systems generally use
audio tone sets to put the teleprotection information into a voice channel. Channel delays
for audio tone sets on analog microwave can be 8-20 milliseconds. Digital microwave
can provide channel delays in the 3-4 millisecond range.

Power Line Carrier
z
Advantage
Reliable
Susceptibility to hazards
Voice channel
Disadvantage
Cost
Power line noise
Frequency availability
Power line carrier provides a reliable point-to-point path for sending teleprotection
information. The equipment to couple the signal to the high voltage power line can be
expensive. Also, the teleprotection scheme used must be designed to work if the channel
is lost during an internal fault that short circuits the communications channel. Power line
carrier channel equipment usually comes in two types, On/Off and FSK. The type used
depends upon the needs of the teleprotection scheme.

Power Line Carrier
Station A
Bus
Line Trap
2
Coupling
Capacitor
Coaxial
Cable
Line
Tuner
Drain
Coil
Protective
Relay
System
Power Line Carrier (PLC) systems operate in the 28 to 500 Khz frequency range,
where an Audio Tone channel is 300 to 4000 Hz.
Power Line Carrier can be Frequency Shift Keyed (FSK), On / Off or AM.
There are many components that are required to couple the PLC system to the power
line. The carrier terminal is first connected to a line tuner.
The line tuner matches the impedance of the carrier to the line, allowing all of the
power to be coupled into power lines, and prevents reflections back toward the
carrier.
The coupling capacitor provides a path for the high frequency PLC signal onto the
high-voltage power line.
The line trap is used to trap the carrier signal on the protected power line segment.
10

Private or Leased Line
z
Advantage
Installation cost
Dedicated channel
Lower initial cost
Disadvantage
Ongoing cost
Reliability
Private or leased lines also provide digital and audio tone communications channels.
Although the interface equipment can be expensive, the overall installation costs can be
reduced.
On the down side, there is the ongoing lease costs of the channel. Additionally, leased
lines are often unreliable. To encourage the owner of the leased line to improve the
reliability, you must document the availability, test results, etc. and provide them to the
owner.
11

Communication Channel Protocols
12

Modulation Techniques
Proprietary
ON/OFF
Frequency Shift
Keyed (FSK)
In modern systems, the relay interface to the communications channel is digital using a
proprietary protocol. As an example, SELs MIRRORED BITS technology
communicates the status of eight bits. The advantage of these systems is that more
information can be exchanged. The exchange of more information allows for the
inclusion of control to go along with the protection. These systems also simultaneously
monitor the health and availability of the communications channel.
ON/OFF carrier sets pass one bit of information. The units either transmit a signal or they
dont.
FSK carrier sets always transmit something. Under normal conditions, they transmit a
Guard tone. When keyed, they shift the transmission frequency to a Trip tone.
13

Frequency Shift Keyed

TRIP
Amplitude
GUARD
Freq.
Audio Range
Output Contacts
Trip
Guard
Loss-of-Guard
FSK units generally use tones that are within the audio range. The Trip tone may be at a
lower, or higher, frequency when compared to the Guard tone. Often the unit will
contain more than one channel. That is, it may contain more than one set of transmitters
and receivers.
The units often include security measures, such as Trip After Guard and Guard Before
Trip, to ensure the integrity of the communications channel. If the Trip tone is not
received within the Trip After Guard time, the unit will declare a loss-of-channel and
disable the trip output. The Guard Before Trip time operates in a similar fashion. Once a
loss-of-channel is declared, the unit requires a valid signal for a specified time before it
will resume functioning.
A common application utilizes a unit that contains two transmitters and two receivers,
sometimes referred to as channels A and B. In such an application, the receipt of one
tone, say channel A, is used for the directional comparison pilot scheme, whereas the
receipt of both tones is used to initiate a direct transfer trip. The use of two channels is
used to increase the security of the direct transfer trip signal. If only one channel was
required to initiate a direct transfer trip, a noise burst that mistakenly causes the unit to
close its trip output will cause an unnecessary outage. To further increase security, the
two channels are configured such that one channel will shift its frequency up to close its
trip output while the other channel will shift its frequency down to close its trip output.
14

Protective Relaying Pilot Protection

Channel Measures
z
Speed
Security
Dependability
For pilot protection schemes, a balance between speed, security, and dependability is
required. All of these performance factors are interrelated. For example, an increase
in speed will reduce security and enhance dependability.
15

Pilot Protection Systems
16

Pilot Protection Systems

z
Typically involves transfer of a single

contact or one bit of information
Audio tone, power line carrier, or highspeed digital
Current Only
Phase Comparison
Current Differential
Direct Transfer Trip
Pilot protection schemes fall into three general categories.

Directional comparison schemes use distance or directional relays to determine whether
each terminal sees the fault as forward or reverse. By exchanging this information, the
fault can be classified as either internal or external to the protected line segment.
Phase comparison is a form of current only pilot protection. The polarity, or phase angle,
of the currents entering each terminal of the line are sent across the communications
channel to determine if the fault is internal or external. If the fault is external, the currents
entering and exiting the line should be in phase with each other.
Current differential schemes send information about the magnitude and angle of the
currents entering and exiting the line. This type of pilot protection requires higher
bandwidth communication channels.
Direct transfer trip is not really a pilot protection scheme. It provides a means to trip
remote circuit breakers via a communications channel. It is often used to trip the remote
terminal when there is a failure of the local breaker.
17

Directional Comparison Schemes

z
Permissive Overreaching Transfer

Trip (POTT)
Permissive Underreaching Transfer

Trip (PUTT)
Directional Comparison Blocking

(DCB)
Directional Comparison Unblocking

(DCUB)
Directional comparison pilot protection schemes are based on sending one bit of data
across the communications channel at very high speed. In some schemes, this one bit
tells the other end that it has permission to trip (permissive). In other schemes, the bit
represents a signal to tell the other end not to trip (block). There are many variations but
the most prevalent are:
Permissive Overreaching Transfer Trip (POTT)
Permissive Under-reaching Transfer Trip (PUTT)
Directional Comparison Blocking (DCB)
Directional Comparison Unblocking (DCUB)
18

Permissive Overreaching
Transfer Trip
19

Example System One-Line Diagram
BUS A
1
ZONE 3
BUS B
4
ZONE 2
ZONE 2
ZONE 3
At the minimum, a POTT scheme requires a overreaching forward element at each end
of the line. This is typically provided by a Zone 2 element set to reach around 120
percent to 150 percent of the line length. If each relay sees the fault in the forward
direction, then the fault can be determined to be internal to the protected line.
Relay 3 will key permission if it sees the fault in a forward direction. Then Relay 4 will
be allowed to trip if it sees the fault in a forward direction AND it receives permission
from Relay 3.
A reverse element may be required for reasons that are described later. This is typically
provided by a Zone 3 element set in the reverse direction. It is important that the reverse
Zone 3 element be set to reach such that it will always pick up for faults that can be seen
by the remote Zone 2 overreaching element.
It is important to note that in all of these schemes, an underreaching Zone 1 element is
typically used that will trip for faults, within its zone, independent of the pilot protection
scheme.
20

Basic POTT Logic
Key XMTR
Zone 2
Elements
AND
RCVR
Trip
The basic logic for a POTT scheme is shown above.

A trip requires the overreaching Zone 2 elements to be picked up AND permission
received from the remote end. RCVR is the output of the communications channel
receiver. RCVR will assert when the permissive signal is received from the remote
terminal.
Operation of the overreaching Zone 2 elements keys transmission of permission to trip to
the remote end. This is accomplished by keying the transmitter, as indicated by Key
XMTR in the figure.
21

POTT Scheme Complications

z
Current Reversals
Remote Terminal Open
Dependability Failure to Trip High-Speed
Weak-Infeed Terminal
Security Problem Possible False Trip
Dependability Failure to Trip
Loss-Of-Channel
Dependability Failure to Trip High-Speed
There are a number of complications to a POTT scheme that require additional logic.
Current reversals during a fault can cause unfaulted lines to trip.
If the remote terminal is open, the relay at that terminal will not see the fault and is
unable to give the local terminal permission to trip.
If the one terminal is a much weaker source of fault current than the other, or its normal
source is out of service, it may not have sufficient current for the Zone 2 element to
operate for the fault. In this case, the weak terminal will not give the strong terminal
permission to trip.
If the channel fails completely, permission to trip cannot be sent. To deal with this, the
Zone 2 overreaching elements also typically start a Zone 2 timer to allow backup tripping
after a coordinating time interval to provide backup as a step distance scheme.
22

Current Reversal
Fault Inception with All Sources In
ZONE 2
ZONE 1
3
2
ZONE 2
ZONE 3
In parallel line applications, faults near one end of a line may result in a sequential trip
operation. This sequential trip happens when the instantaneous relay elements trip the breaker
nearest to the fault location. Recall that Zone 1 elements trip independent of the
communication tripping scheme. The breaker farthest from the fault must wait for a permissive
signal. The major problem with this sequential clearing of fault current is that it creates a
current reversal in the healthy parallel line. If the protection for the healthy line is not equipped
to address this current reversal, one terminal of the healthy line may trip incorrectly.
The figure shows the status at the inception of the fault. The relaying at Breaker 3 detects the
fault as being within Zones 1 and 2. The instantaneous Zone 1 element issues a trip signal to
the breaker and the Zone 2 elements issue a permissive signal to the protection at Breaker 4.
The protection at Breaker 4 detects the fault within Zone 2 but must wait for the permissive
signal from Breaker 3 before issuing a permissive trip output.
The Zone 2 element at Breaker 2 also picks up at fault inception and issues a permissive signal
to the protection scheme at Breaker 1. At this time, the Zone 3 elements at Breaker 1 also pick
up and identify the fault as being reverse, or out-of-section, to its location.
23

Current Reversal
Faulted System After Breaker 3 Opens
OPEN
ZONE 2
4
ZONE 2
ZONE 3
ZONE 3
Dropping Out
ZONE 2
Dropping Out
After Breaker 3 opens, the fault currents redistribute. When this redistribution occurs,
the Zone 2 elements at Breaker 2 and Zone 3 elements at Breaker 1 begin to drop out. If
the Zone 2 elements at Breaker 1 pick up before the received permissive signal resets,
Breaker 1 trips as a result of the current reversal.
This scenario can easily occur when ground directional overcurrent relays are used,
because they can often see an end zone fault on an adjacent line. It is less of a factor
when ground distance relays are used.
Another factor that contributed to this is the fact that the closing torque of an
electromechanical element would be much higher than the opening springs torque,
resulting in a large disparity in pickup versus dropout times. This disparity is also true
with numerical relays, but to a much lesser degree.
24

Current-Reversal Logic
A Solution
RCVR
Zone 2
Forward
Elements
Zone 3
Reverse
Elements
Breaker
Closed
AND
2
Trip
AND
3
Key
XMTR
T1
AND
1
0
X
The AND 2 gate in the diagram represents the simple POTT logic.
AND 1 is the added logic to prevent tripping on current reversals. This logic says that if
the breaker is closed AND the fault is in the reverse direction, block POTT tripping and
block transmitting permission to the remote end.
Timer T1 maintains this block for a period of time, X, upon dropout of reverse looking
Zone 3 elements.
Factors that influence the block timer setting are:
Remote terminal Zone 2 reset
Channel reset time
To be conservative, some margin should be added to the summation of the times listed
above. A safe margin, and a known quantity, is the maximum expected operating time of
a breaker on the parallel faulted line.
25

Remote Terminal Open
Bus A
Bus B
OPEN
Relay
POTT schemes require permission from both terminals to achieve accelerated trip times
for internal faults along the entire line. When one line terminal is open, its protective
elements are unable to detect an internal fault and cannot send permission to the remote
terminal. This usually requires end-of-line faults to be cleared by time-delayed Zone 2
elements.
The simplest means of dealing with this is to use a 52b contact of the open breaker to
constantly key permission. However, this solution is undesirable for two reasons:
It results in constant keying of the permissive signal from both terminals after they
open to clear an internal fault.
If the communication equipment requires guard-before-trip for a specified amount
of time before accepting the permissive trip signal, and if the communication
signal fades for any reason, the communications-assisted tripping is defeated for a
period of time.
26

Echo Logic
A Solution
z
Echoes a Received PT Signal to

the Remote Terminal
Received PT Signal Must be

Present for Settable Time Before
Echoing
Echo Duration is Limited
Echo logic can be used to key permission when it receives a permissive signal from the terminal
that is feeding the fault. Typically, the following conditions must be met before a received
permissive signal is repeated or echoed to the initiating terminal.
1. A reverse fault must not have been detected by the reverse-looking elements.
2. The permissive signal must be received for a settable length of time.
The first requirement assures that the fault is not behind the relay location before transmitting
permission to the remote terminal. This assumes the Zone 2 elements at the remote breaker
detected a fault and sent a permissive signal. The second requirement prevents the relay from
issuing a permissive signal to the remote terminal because of communications channel noise. It
also allows time for the reverse-looking elements to operate. The Echo timer determines the
permissive trip signal qualifying time. A typical setting is 2 cycles.
Once the echoed permissive signal is issued to the remote terminal, its duration must be limited
to prevent a situation where both terminals maintain the permissive signal channel in a
continuous "trip keyed" or constantly "on" state. The Echo Duration timer limits the echoed
permissive trip signal to a settable duration. The timer should be set greater than the
communications channel operation time plus the remote breaker trip time.
It is desirable to maintain the echoed permissive trip signal to the remote breaker until the fault is
cleared. Assuming a 3-cycle breaker and -cycle channel operation time, a typical Echo
Duration setting would be 3 cycles.
27

Echo Logic
A Solution
Zone 3
Zone 2
Elements
Echo Block
RCVR
Echo timer
0
AND
3
AND
6
Key
Echo Duration
The echo logic shows that echo keying will occur if no reverse elements are picked up
and a permissive signal has been received for the Echo time delay.
Logic is also included to block the echo transmit function for a period of time via the
Echo Block timer after a forward fault is detected.
The Echo Block timer would typically be set greater than the sum of the following
delays:
Remote Zone 2 Pickup = 1 cycle
Remote Breaker Trip Time = 3 cycles
Channel Reset Time = 1 cycle
A typical setting is 10 cycles.
28

Weak-Infeed Terminal
Bus A
Bus B
Weak
Source
Fault
Relay
In some applications, with all sources in, one terminal may not contribute enough fault
current to operate the protective elements. If the fault lies within the Zone 1 reach of the
strong terminal, the fault currents may redistribute after the strong terminal line breaker
opens to permit sequential tripping of the weak terminal breaker.
If currents do not redistribute sufficiently to operate the protective elements at the weak
terminal, it is still necessary to open the local breaker. This prevents the low-level
currents from maintaining the fault arc and allows auto-reclosing at the strong terminal.
When the fault location is near the weak terminal, the Zone 1 elements of the strong
terminal do not pick up and the fault is not cleared high-speed since the weak terminal
protective elements do not operate.
29

Weak-Infeed Elements
Phase-Undervoltage Element (27L)
Residual-Overvoltage Element (59N)
While the weak-infeed terminal contributes little fault current, the phase voltage(s) are
depressed. Additionally, if the fault involves ground, the zero-sequence voltage will
increase. These facts can be used to create logic to ensure high-speed tripping for weakinfeed conditions.
30

Weak-Infeed Logic
A Solution
z
PT Signal Received for a Settable

Time
Phase-Undervoltage or ResidualOvervoltage Element Asserted
No Reverse-Looking Zone 3 Elements

Picked up
All Breaker Poles Closed
Weak-infeed logic is required to permit high-speed tripping of both line terminals for
internal faults near the weak terminal. The strong terminal is permitted to trip via the
permissive signal echoed back from the weak terminal. The weak-infeed logic generates
a trip at the weak terminal if all of the following are true:
1.
A permissive trip signal is received for a given time.
2.
A phase undervoltage or residual overvoltage element is picked up.
3.
No reverse-looking elements are picked up.
4.
All breaker poles are closed.
31

Weak-Infeed Logic
A Solution
Zone 3
Elements
Echo Received
AND
6
RCVR
0
Echo Duration
AND
7
Any Phase Open
27L
59N
Local
Trip
OR
3
If there is a permissive signal to echo transmit AND the breaker is closed AND low
voltage is detected at the weak terminal, the relay will trip the local breaker.
Typical phase undervoltage setting is 70-80% of the lowest expected system operating
voltage. The residual overvoltage setting should be set to approximately twice the
expected standing 3V0 voltage. With the 59N element set at twice the nominal standing
3V0 voltage, the instrument only operates for fault-induced zero-sequence voltage.
32

POTT Conclusions
Allows High-Speed Tripping for all

Faults on the Transmission Line
Current-Reversal Logic adds Security

in Parallel-Line Applications
Echo and Weak-Infeed Logic add

Dependability
33

Permissive Underreaching
Transfer Trip
34

PUTT Logic
z
Same Basic Logic as POTT
Underreaching Zone 1 Elements Key

Permission
Overreaching Zone 2 Elements Trip on

Receipt of Permission
PUTT uses the same basic logic as POTT but can be more secure. Underreaching
elements are used to key permissive trip to the remote terminal. The remote terminal is
allowed to trip if it sees the fault as forward with its overreaching element and the remote
end sees it with its underreaching element.
35

Basic PUTT Logic

Zone 1
Elements
Key XMTR
Zone 2
Elements
AND
RCVR
36
Trip

PUTT Conclusions
Provides Less Fault Resistance

Coverage than POTT
Immune to Current Reversals
Because the permissive keying elements can only see faults within the protected line,
there is no danger of misoperation for current reversal situations. Because the tripping
elements are set with a shorter reach, there can be slower operation and less fault
resistance coverage. This scheme should not be used in applications where there is a
potential for weak-infeed conditions at one of the terminals.
37

Blocking Scheme
38

Example System One-Line Diagram

BUS A
1
ZONE 3
BUS B
4
ZONE 2
ZONE 2
ZONE 3
In a directional comparison blocking scheme, each line terminal has reverse looking
elements, typically Zone 3, and forward overreaching elements, typically Zone 2. As in
the other schemes underreaching Zone 1 elements are applied for independent, highspeed clearing of faults within its zone.
In a DCB scheme, the relay will send a blocking signal to the remote terminal if it detects
a fault in the reverse direction, indicating that the fault is outside of the protected zone.
The logic is configured so the relay will trip if it sees the fault in the forward direction
and does not receive a blocking signal from the remote terminal.
39

Basic DCB Logic
Carrier Coordination Time
Zone 2
Trip
RCVR
This figure shows the fundamental logic involved. High-speed tripping occurs for an
internal fault if the overreaching Zone 2 elements operate and the remote Zone 3
elements do not operate within a settable time.
The channel coordination delay is required to allow time for the block signal to be
received before the tripping element is allowed to operate. If the block does not get
through, or is late, a DCB scheme may overtrip. This scheme is often used with a power
line carrier because the only time that it is necessary for the signal to get through is when
the fault is not on the protected line.
40

DCB Scheme Complications
z
z
z
Loss-of-Channel
Time Coordination
Current Reversals
Loss-of-channel is a particular issue with DCB schemes. Because a terminal will trip if
the block signal is not received, these schemes can overtrip if the channel fails. This is
complicated when an on/off type carrier set is used to obtain the highest possible channel
speed. An on/off carrier set is off in the normal state. It is turned on to block the remote
end. For this reason, it is usually desirable to use an automatic carrier check-back system
with on/off carrier sets.
An automatic carrier check-back system can be programmed to operate several times a
day. There is usually a master check-back unit that keys the local transmitter with a series
of carrier pulses. The slave check-back units monitor their local receiver and recognize
this code as a check-back transmission instead of a fault transmission. They then respond
by keying their local transmitter with an answer code.
If the master hears the answer on its local receiver, it knows that the channel is viable. If
it does not, it will typically alarm SCADA that the channel has failed. If an internal fault
occurs during a check-back transmission, the relay will assert its carrier stop output, if
so equipped. Carrier sets that have a carrier stop over carrier start priority that will
turn off the transmitter if the fault is internal.
41

Time Coordination
Channel Delay Coordination

Timer Blocks Trip Signal
Delay Local Zone 2

Elements to Coordinate
With Received Block
The channel delay coordination timer blocks the trip signal, so it is desirable to make this
delay as short as possible while maintaining security. Local Zone 2 elements must be
delayed to coordinate with the block trip signal.
42

Time Coordination
Remote Zone 3 Operates

Faster than Local Zone 2
Set Coordinating Delays

Roughly Equal to Channel
Operate Time
Channel coordination is improved by the fact that, for an external fault, the local reverse
Zone 3 element will be closer to the fault and the fault will be at a lower percentage of
the element reach than the remote forward reaching Zone 2 element. Thus, the Zone 3
element that is keying the block signal will naturally operate faster than the remote
tripping element. This allows the coordination delay to be set roughly to the channel
operate time with the difference in element operate time making up the security margin.
43

Directional Start DCB Scheme

0
BT RCVR
Block Extension
Carrier Coordination
Zone 2
TRIP
STOP
XMTR
Zone 3
1
START
XMTR
Zone 3 Extension
This is a typical DCB scheme with directional transmitter start logic. In this case, the
block signal is only sent when the relay sees the fault in the reverse direction. The need
for a stop transmitter output is not required, and the stop transmitter is only asserted
when the reverse element is not picked up. There is a Zone 3 extension delay timer that is
part of the current reversal logic that is discussed later.
Non-directional carrier start is a modification on the scheme used to reduce channel
delay coordination time delay for the tripping output.
44

Time Coordination
Internal Zone 2 Faults

Cleared After Coordinating
Delay Expires
Speed Improvements Possible

by Using Faster Elements
to Send Block Signal
Internal end-zone faults will be cleared after the coordinating interval expires.
Speed can be improved by using non-directional transmitter start. With non-directional
transmitter start, the relay turns on the transmitter as soon as a fault is detected. This
sends the block signal as soon as possible. Then, if the slower, forward overreaching
elements pickup, indicating that the fault appears to be in the protected zone, the
transmitter stop asserts and turns off carrier allowing the trip.
45

STOP Preference Over START
Carrier Equipment Feature
Required for Non-Directional

Carrier START Use
Shuts off Block if Forward-Reaching

Element Picks up
Stop preference over start is a feature of most on/off teleprotection channel equipment.
This feature is required for non-directional transmitter start because the transmitter is
going to be keyed for every fault to reduce the channel coordination delay time.
However, for an internal fault, both the transmitter start will be asserted by the nondirectional element and the transmitter stop will be asserted by the forward overreaching
Zone 2 elements.
46

Mean Operate Time (msec)

(Average of five operations)
Non-Directional Ground Overcurrent Relay

Operating Speed Comparison
15
10
Numerical Relay
50N3 Element
Electromechanical
50N Element
10
20
30
40
50
60
Multiples of Pickup (Both Relays Pickup = 0.5 A sec)
This graph shows that numerical and electromechanical non-directional elements are
very close in operating speed.
47

Overcurrent Element Operating

Speeds
18
16
67N
Pickup Time (msec)
14
12
10
50N
7 msec faster!
6
4
2
0
2
10
14
18
Multiples of Pickup
Here is where the speed improvement comes with non-directional transmitter start. The
non-directional element can be almost a half cycle faster. For an internal fault, an
approximately 7 msec burst of carrier occurs and then shuts off, allowing the remote end
to trip. However, the remote channel delay coordination timer could be set to 7 msec less
and achieve the same security as the directional start logic.
48

Current Reversal Security
Fault Cleared on Parallel Line
Security is Critical
The current reversal scenario was described earlier. A DCB scheme may lack security for
this condition as well.
49

Current Reversal
Fault Inception with All Sources In
ZONE 2
ZONE 1
3
ZONE 3
ZONE 2
The current reversal situation is similar to the one previously described. The figure shows
the status at the inception of the fault.
Relaying at Breaker 3 detects the fault as being within Zone 1 and issues a trip signal to
the breaker. This trip condition also stops transmission of the block signal. The relay at
Breaker 4 detects the fault within Zone 2 but must wait for its channel coordination timer
to expire before tripping.
The reverse-reaching Zone 3 element at Breaker 1 is picked up, indicating the fault is
initially reverse to its location. The assertion of the Zone 3 element starts transmission of
the block signal to Breaker 2. Simultaneously, the Zone 2 element at Breaker 2 is picked
up. As the typical carrier coordination timer setting is less than the breaker operation
time, the Zone 2 element will be ready to trip but is being blocked by the signal from
Breaker 1.
50

Current Reversal
Faulted System After Breaker 3 Opens
OPEN
ZONE 2
4
ZONE 2
ZONE 3
ZONE 3
Dropping Out
ZONE 2
Dropping Out
After Breaker 3 opens, the fault currents redistribute and the forward overreaching Zone
2 elements at Breaker 2 and the Reverse Zone 3 elements at Breaker 1 begin to drop out.
If the Zone 3 elements at Breaker 1 drop out and the channel resets before the Zone 2
elements at Breaker 2 drop out, Breaker 2 will issue an unwanted trip.
51

Current Reversal Logic

Zone 3 Extension Timer
0
BT RCVR
Block Extension
Carrier Coordination
Zone 2
TRIP
STOP
XMTR
Zone 3
1
START
XMTR
Zone 3 Extension
The Zone 3 extension timer holds the block signal up for a period of time to allow the
remote Zone 2 elements to drop out before turning off the block signal.
52

DCB Conclusions
z
Allows High-Speed Tripping for all

Faults in the Transmission Line
Current-Reversal Logic Adds Security

for Parallel-Line Applications
Faster Trip with Non-Directional

Carrier START
Lack Security During Loss-of-Channel

Conditions
53

Unblocking Scheme
54

DCUB Scheme
z
Same Logic as POTT Scheme
Requires FSK Channel
Additional Channel Supervision
Guard and trip signals
Allows Tripping for Short Time When

Channel Fails
The basic POTT scheme requires that relays at both ends of the line see the fault and
transmit a trip signal to each other by use of a communications channel. Overreaching
Zone 2 elements are then allowed to trip with receipt of the permissive signal. Faults
within Zone 1 reach are cleared by instantaneous elements without regard for the receipt
of the trip signal from the other end. Faults outside Zone 1, but within Zone 2, must
receive a permissive signal from the remote relay to trip high-speed or must wait for the
Zone 2 timer to time out.
The communications medium for transmitting the trip signal to the other end may be one
of many. When using power line carrier in a permissive scheme, getting the trip signal
through to the remote end can be difficult. In many instances, the signal is transmitted on
the same line that has the fault. This may reduce the signal to the point of not having it
received by the remote end. In these cases a Directional Comparison Unblocking
scheme can provide for high-speed clearing of the fault.
FSK channel equipment is required for a DCUB scheme. FSK equipment continuously
sends a guard tone. The loss of the guard tone without the receipt of the trip tone is
recognized as the loss-of-channel. Upon detection of a loss-of-channel, a short window
of opportunity is opened to allow unsupervised tripping. Thus, if the loss-of-channel is
caused by the fault, the relay will be allowed to trip.
55

DCUB Channel Operation

z
Guard Signal is Continuously

Transmitted
Trip window if guard signal is lost
Trip Signal Transmitted When

Fault is Detected
Guard signal turns-off when Trip

is sent
In a Directional Comparison Unblocking Scheme, frequency shift carrier equipment is

used to provide communications between the two terminals of the line. This equipment
continuously transmits a guard signal on one frequency.
When a fault occurs, the protective relay signals the carrier equipment to shift from the
guard frequency to the trip frequency. The receiver at the other end of the line monitors
these signals. There is a short transition period in which there is no guard signal and no
permissive trip signal being received.
If the permissive trip signal arrives momentarily, then a normal trip occurs. If the
permissive trip does not arrive, then a short period of time is provided that allows a trip
without receipt of the trip signal if the relay sees the fault.
56

DCUB Conclusions
Same Basic Logic POTT Scheme
Allows Tripping for Short Time if

Channel Fails
May Over Trip for External Fault
DCUB allows the security of a POTT scheme to be used in situations where the channel
is susceptible to failing at the same time as a fault on the power line. It does this by
allowing an unsupervised trip for a short time upon failure of the channel.
This scheme is appropriate when using power line carrier, fiber-optic cable in the static
wire, or otherwise using a channel strung in the same right-of-way or on the same towers
as the protected line.
In a DCUB scheme, if the communications equipment at the remote terminal fails at the
same time an out-of-section fault occurs, then an incorrect single-ended trip can occur.
57

Advantages of Directional
Comparison Systems
z
Low Channel Requirements
Inherent Redundancy
Inherent Remote Backup Protection
Fault Location and Fault Recording

Capabilities
For comparison purposes, pilot protection systems can be divided into two groups.
These groups are directional-comparison systems and current-only systems. The latter
group includes phase-comparison and current-differential pilot systems. Directionalcomparison systems use current and voltage information and exchange logic information
through a channel. Current-only systems do not require voltage information and
exchange analog, or digital, information about the currents at the line terminals. These
basic differences between the two general types of pilot systems make them
complementary: the advantages of one type are drawbacks of the other type and viceversa.
The advantages of directional comparison systems are summarized in this slide. The low
channel requirements explain why more than 80 percent of the transmission lines in the
United States have directional comparison protection systems.
58

Directional Comparison Summary

z
POTT/PUTT Schemes are Biased

Towards Security
DCB Schemes are Biased Towards

Dependability
DCUB Combine the Attributes of Each

Type Scheme
POTT schemes are more secure and less dependable because they will fail to trip highspeed for a channel failure.
Directional comparison blocking schemes are more dependable since they will operate if
the block signal is not received. They are less secure since the will overtrip if the
channel fails or if the channel delay increases.
Directional comparison unblocking schemes combine the security of POTT schemes but
allow tripping for a window of opportunity to accommodate channel failure during a
fault. Using FSK channel equipment provide continuous monitoring of the channel by
continuously transmitting a guard tone.
59

Teleprotection Channel Summary

z
Channel Time Affects Ultimate

Clearing Time of POTT and DCUB
Schemes
Channel Time is Critical to Security of

DCB Schemes
DCB and DCUB Schemes Should be

Used Where Channel can be Affected
by Faults
POTT and DCUB schemes will not trip until the permission, or unblock, signal arrives,
so there are no concerns about channel delay for security. Channel delay does affect the
ultimate tripping time. Given modern high-bandwidth digital channels, POTT and DCUB
schemes can be as fast, or faster, than DCB schemes without the security concerns.
DCB schemes should not be used with networked communications channels such as
SONET where the channel delay can change. A high-speed channel such as power line
carrier On/Off channel is required.
If the teleprotection channel can be affected by a fault on the power line, a DCB or
DCUB scheme should be used.
60

Directional Comparison Pilot Protection

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Transmission Line Protection PROT 407

Section 12 - Directional Comparison Pilot Protection

Copyright SEL 2004