—— CHAPTER 1 BASIC ARITHMETIC Page @ REAL NUMBERS {ACTIONS TO DECIMALS 2 Q DECIMALS TO FRACTIONS: a PERCENTAGES 4 @ SCIENTIFIC NOTATION 5 © DECIMAL PLACES/SIGNIFICANT FIGU! 6 a INDICES 1 9 ADVANCED INDEX LAWS 8 1G SUBSTITUTION INTO FORMULAE ° © CHANGING THE SUBJECT OF ‘THE FORMULA 10 © REVIEW EXERCISE -LEVEL 1 nw © REVIEW EXERCISE -LEVEL 2 2 1 anne sean Genes aaaREAL NUMBERS In your mathematics career to date you have been dealing with REAL NUMBERS. Th ¢ are numbers which have the following properties: Decimals: 0-25, 0.071, 0-8, ete REAL NUMBERS L | L Negatives: -1, -2, -,-4, ete -Irvationals: 12, 3, VB, m,¢, ee ‘Much of the work on real numbers you should have done already. However, a few important ideas you need to know are shown below The tests cover not only this work, but inelude revision material as well. FRACTIONS TO DECIMALS CHANGING FRACTIONS TO NON-REPEATING DECIMALS 0.75 Non-repeating decimals terminate = 0.625 uample LesHMo -08 eee a oa 2 0SE > DECIMALS TO FRACTIONS os CHANGING NON-REPEATING DECIMALS TO FRACTIONS samples) 08-2 Gi) 01S = TE Git) 0.195, Beamples: @) 0:8 = Done = 15 Git) 4 - 5 “a 3 ‘To change a non-repeating decimal toa fraction, place a 10 under each significant figure after the decimal point. CHANGING REPEATING DECIMALS TO FRACTIONS ob Lat x= 05 Iete Malliply both sides by 10 Subtract equation (1) rom ‘75:18 Multiply both side by 100, QBx = TS sabtroct equation 1 rom 2) *= 99 25 3 Example: 0-36 Let = 100 Multiply equation (1) by 200, 10 Multiply equation (1Dby 10 90x = 33 Subtreesequalon 4 a 2 a (2)Example: Convert the following to fractions: Example: Convert the following to decimals Example: ® ou Example: Find 1059 of 80 m 3 5 = 15 59 700"? xo0"*? 4.50 To increase or di approach shown in th [ms | PERCENTAGES ‘This is only meant to be a brief review of percentages as they have been thoroughly covered in previous years. It means hu tr out of 100 or per hundred Exemple: Find 9% of $50 =8m ase an amount by a percentage, we use the quicker examples below: INCREASE $10 by 8% means find 108% af $70 DECREASE $90 by 14% means find 86% of $90 IAL OTE jake sure you can quickly do the following conversions: —>DRonals “> pencentaces | Convert the following to percentages: (@ 085 = 0-95 100% @. = 95% 458 315 3 45% o 315 = 2 B= Fog = 3 =D O8T = oaG =F 3 @ x = 0.125 ‘star ed th Laing 4 S% = 125+ 100SCIENTIFIC NOTATION en When anumberisweittenasanumberbetween 1 and 10 multiplied bya power of 10—thenitissaidtobe written in SCIENTIFIC NOTATION or STANDARD FORM, itis # particularly useful notation when writing down very large ot very small numbers, (EARGE NUMBERS] Example: Write 72400000 in standard form. 7240000 = 7-24 x 108 Example: Write 5:8 x 10* as an ordinary numeral 5-8 x 10* = 58000 Move the decimal point 4 places to the « [SMALL NUMBERS] Exainple: Write 00000079 in ssientifc notation o.o00e7a = 7.3 x 10°F Example: Write 4.78 x 10" as an ordinary numeral 473 x 10° = 0.000473 ‘Move the decimal point 4 places to the left. NOTE @) For small numbers there will always be a negative power Gi) ‘The number must always be written as a number between { Land 10 / Gi) You must be able to convert from ordinary numerals to ‘standard form’ and also from ‘standard form’ back to ordinary numerals, / CALCULATIONS WITH SCIENTIFIC NOTATION, 4 Example; (7.2% 10-# ) (81% 10%) = 0.05882 532% 10-2 Brample) {62x 10-1") « (10-*) = 0.00562 562% 10" + KODECIMAL PLACES ily what degree ofaccuracy isrequired, cithorin terms ‘of decimal places’ or ‘significant figures’. Where a given number of decimal places isnot specified, a rough rules that the number of decimal places in the answer should be one less than the number of decimal places in the question, ‘Most questions wills Examples: (@) 35-25%53-52 = 1886.58 = 1886.6 ci) 4 = 01187 i ot oa $04 «1069.66 «ity St = 0.06968 0.07 tots gnificant figure Gv) 0-043 065 = 0.04907 to 4 significant figures r significant SIGNIFICANT FIGURES are the number of SIGNIFICANT DIGITS which the accuracy of the measurement is sure about, SPECIAL NOTE SIGNIFICANT FIGURES | Dscntar PLac ‘There are two separate ways of rounding off an answer, Make sure you can do both, Exampl Round 1.7246 to (a) 9 significant figures; () 3 decimal places Answers: (a) 172. (b) 1.725 Lo | 1 McTe INDICES es | | amesastcsaws = nS | the same base. | 3. When a power in brackets is raised | terms in the brackets. | | is equal to 1. ts ‘Examples: q Gi) 28 3 Law? w 16°=1 Law 5 Git) Law3 wi) u Law 2 q Y__—~ MORE ADVANCED INDEX LAWS ' ‘The Laws in this section should also have been covered, but special attention given tathem here andi alater chapter because they are sed many times incase’ fo ed | a ane | theta css to anuentivendenie | @ cuvalen tothe reiproral of that ba | the pose indo | 1 (2) =2 At (g)-2 traction snised to the power of 1s the | Same as taking the reciprocal of the fraction 8 ‘The power of $ isthe same as taking the square root ofthat base 9 ata¥e | ‘The base raised toa power of 4 means | talking the cube root ‘The base raised to fractional power is equivalent to the qth root of the base raised to the power ofp either way. Examples @ Law 6 6) Law 9 ‘ane esata Leg 8ion ed 0 SUBSTITUTION INTO FORMULAE Make sure you can work out answers to questions on arithmetic, even though the work involves substituting into a formula. Example: Find the exact value of —* where 7% pay \3) . [Show all working and do not use a calculator] ey} «(8 ate_|ts} | “ts proce Example: fan oven has degrees Centigrade (C) and a retipe has a temperature in dagrees Fahrenheit (F), use the formula (300-32) 8 485 149°C (correct ta nearest integer) 9 arch on Shes ae egCHANGING THE SUBJECT OF THE FORMULA Im the last section, the unknown letter whose value you had to find was the subject ofthe formula, pronumeral (or ‘The subject of a formula ist [_lnten which yal on the le had se Oe For example, in v = u+at the subject of the formula isthe letter v. So itis fairly enay to Find the value of » when given the values of the other three pronumerals Honey lobe sedis nthe valeafprnumeras wich arent the vbjea atefrmula. 0 Subsitatin th values ofthe tes youre 4) Now find the value of the unkmnovin pronumeral using exactly the same steps you have learned to solve equations. J) Bxample: If v = wat, find the value of when v= 18, u=9 and a Substitute v=18, u=9 and a= 2into v= u+at 18=9+2¢ —Thisisanoguation 2e Goberact 9 from bath 94d 2 t= $= 43 pividebotn edesby Example: Given the formula »? = u24-2aS, find the value ofa” given that =9,u=T and Su ‘Substitute the known values into the given 92 = P42Kax3 81 = 49460 This i a equation. 6a sal 149 fom bth sides, Divide both side by 6aitis three Qi as Ko REVIEW EXERCISE - LEVEL 1 a) Be totdn © IEW wae 0) so asie te © © ote % (8-135)? 425)? 3dp, (@) 197+ 123x232 th) (a) Find sb oF8o0 (b) What percentage i (©) Convert 67: a) Express 0.000075 in scientific notation correct to 8 sig figures. (b) Express 16375000 in scientifie notation correct to4 sig. figures, Evaluate @ ©) 16% @ @ Find the value of $(a?-6)(b?-a) if'@ Answer to 2d, ‘To find the sum ofa series of numbers we can use Sy = Find a when § = 118096, r =8 and n= 10 A new car bought for $94 990 depreciates 16% in the first year and then by 12% in each subsequent year. What is the value of the end of the thied year? ‘Acar travels 185 min the first 16 seconds and 240 m in the next 20 seconds, What is the average speed of the car in kmh?REVIEW EXERCISE - LEVEL 2 QA Braloate: [roxas 1+ 9.98 toSsig. figs. @ fe) 16° toncarest hundredth (0) Q.2 Find the exact value of Q.3. Exprose 3-2304 as a fraction. Q.4. Find the exact values of @ 243-2 Q5 Simplify (@) 16°48 Q.6 Use the formula T= 2x | wo find ¢ when T= 14-2 and g = 9.8 Answer to 4 sig figures. Q.7 An industrial fertiliser, costing $870 per tonne to produce, is sold retail at 61 cents per kilogram, If there is a wastage of 25%, find the profit as a perventage of the cost Q.8 Ariver flows at 3 knvh, At what speed must a boat travel in order to make a 35 km trip upstream in a time of 50 minutes? ‘Hovr long will it take the boat to make the return trip downstream? (Assume the boat retains the speed travelled upstream.)Chapter 1 BASIC ARITHMETIC (Covell \ Tava) Qi (a) 04299 IBA Qt tat 0) -04nns (©0070) 5428 feo ww 1856 (o me495 17 fan i 18568x 108 @ lerises 15854 | 4 jaz a Qi) S1T108 (625% 9) 8 ast remo or LEKI |g g yy BT st jes oy asi ok | ; , 6 laswd 0 21 az ow erates eae a. 2051080 | a7 ores a6 ont @.8 45 keh; 48 min dS ane i 7 $2505.82 | 0.8 45-7 wh