————— CHAPTER 4 EQUATIONS Page © SIMPLE EQUATIONS 36 2 INEQUALITIES ar © QUADRATIC EQUATIONS 3B © FURTHER APPLICATIONS. 38 1D QUADRATIC FORMULA 40 © COMPLETING THE SQUARE a © SIMULTANEOUS BQUATIONS BY ELIMINATION 2 © SIMULPANEOUS EQUATIONS BY SUBSTITUTION 43 1 EQUATIONS WITH INDICES. 4 1 QUADRATIC INEQUALITIES 4 9 OTHER INEQUALITIES 46,47 © ABSOLUTE INBQUALITIES 48 © REVIEW EXERCISE - LEVEL 1 49 © REVIEW BXBRCISE - LEVEL 2 50ee SIMPLE EQUATIONS ‘The basic idea for solving equations is OHANGE SIDES, CHANGE SIGNS Examples: + Solve x+1=0 ree snge +1 tthe other sds; becomes 1 + Solve y-3=8 y= 843 Change -$ tothe other side; breomes +3 you = 1Be2 The 2 onone side becomes «2 an the ther = 8X5 The -B onone side becomes x5 on the other (cOMBINATIO: xomple: Solve 15-4 Moving Weed Tooter sid changes signe 1be-Bx = M44 ox = 18 ‘Change x9 ta +9 on the other sido Example: Solve 3(2x+! 6x4 ZI 3(G2-4) = 9042041) 9x-22 = 9052042 Tx 44 n= 62 ww In IsINEQUALITIES INEQUATIONS, or inequalities, have one ofthe fellowing signs: = LESS THAN OR EQUAL TO < LESS THAN GREATER THAN OR EQUAL TO > GREATER THAN Inequalities are solved in the same way as simple equations, except that the INEQUALITY SIGN IS REVERSED under the fallawing two conditions ‘Multiplying both sides by a negative number. ‘ding both sides by a negative number You will be often be requi he examples below. to graph your solutions on a number line, as Examples: Solve 2. Dividing by 2 does NOT revere the © sign SS + a4 ° ra Gi) Solve 5-22 < 11 -2x <6 Dividing by-2 reverses the < sgn (Solve ¥ 8X9 Mulplyingby8 reversesthe © sm ree ou “a1 20 fv) SolveQUADRATIC EQUATIONS A.quadratic equationis ofthe form torte = Owherea,d,careconstants. For example, 27 b=3,¢ Solving a quadratic equation involves two steps: STEP 1 Factorise the quadrati STEP 2. Solve each bracket equal to zero, Seaerraeowrea Vv J Example: Solve s?-2x-8=0 Example: Solve 6x*+11x-10 = 0 STEP 1 22-820 STEPL Bx? 112-10 = 0 (442) = 0 (@x-2)2x45) = 0 STEP 2: 2-4-0 or x+2=0 STEP2: 3x-2 xed x22 =0 or 2x 2x [Two numbers multipli that one or both of the together to give 0 means ‘numbers must be 0 Example: Solve 22-32 = 0 ple: Solve Gex—x? = 0 @-n2+9 =0 x=0 or 2+x=0 SPECIAL NOTE Be careful in solving, for example (2~2) ‘Doro numbers wh multiply together to get 6 have an infinite number of solutions Por this type of question we expand out first and | then rearrange to abtain a zero on the right-hand | | siae | st4n-6=6 | | (e+4yee-3) | z=-4 ors eat Exa) tants, FURTHER APPLICATIONS ‘The only time a zero is not required on the right-hand side of a quadratic equation is when a perfeet square is involved, or there is no x term, examples + Salve + Solve 522-25 =0 VOTE We could also have solved (x~8)* = 36 by expanding out and abiaining a zero on the right-hand side, thatis, s-10x-11-0 ‘Thesum ofa number anditsreciprocalis 2 Find thenumber(s). i Let the number be x, and its reciprocal 2 toot 2a 25x Multiply by 12x to clea rsction = 0 Obtain zeroon right-hand side = 0 Pactorie Solve each bracket equal to 20r0 Aballis thrown vertically upwards andit 1 seconds is given by the height(h)inmetresafter emmula = 1 Find the time taken for the ball to first reach a height of 24 m. 39 wart aie Gucoueroes Ua Lag—— QUADRATIC FORMULA, 1€ a quadratic equation cannot be factorised, then it is necessary 0 ‘The special formula: oth where you are solving ax?+bx+0 = Example: Solve x?-32~5 = 0 Note that this cannot be factorised Inthis quadratic a= 1, b= 8, ¢= 5, -ca4fca™ rs 32120 ‘The TWO answers of Sometimes a solution is needed correct to a number of decimal places. Example: Solve, correct to 8 decimal places, 4-2 Change sides, change signsnal ‘The method ofeompleting the equare canbe w ofthe form x?4bx+e = 0 (NOTE a (step 32 add © to both sides. Examples: (Solve 3222-8 =0 Solve {CIAL CASE Gi) Solve 6x7+11x-10 = 0 2,U, 0, G THE SQUAR STH? 3 Wee th let-nnd siden (<2) | Dividing thveugh by 6 temakea = 1 solve a quadraticequation = 2) other ide to both sides 1 |————— SIMULTANEOUS EQUATIONS BY ELIMINATION This involves two distinct, separate equations with two unknown variables. ‘To solve them requires finding values of two letters which satisfy both equations at the same time, or simultaneously. Solving equations simultaneously can be done by either of two methods: ELIMINATION or SUBSTITUTION. ELIMINATION METHOD [By multiplication, make the coefficient of one of the letters in both equations the same, |srue2 sacormsratnetwonaaionte | STEP 4 | STEP 3. Solve the resulting simple equation, J to find the other variable, Example: Solve [x+2y = 2 @ - @ tact Bguation (2 fom Equation (2) to eliminate gives 2yty=4 Sabsttatay = 4 into Equation to ied the value of x xa? 3 NIB, In the above example, the coefficients ofx were the same. Iethey are not syst0 ae-2y=-1 (2) then the following technique is needed: Example: Solve Multiplying Equat Bx+6y 9x-6y 1 (1) by 2 and Equation (2) by 8: 20 Note how Use coalficents ng. cfg erenay the same. Adding now gives 17x = en Reubstituting gives ¥ = 2 Veer Seco te a 2oth ids: SIMULTANEOUS EQUATIONS BY SUBSTITUTION ‘This is merely another technique for solving simultaneous equations. Both the elimination and substitution methods will give correct answers, but in some eases it is very much easier to use a particular technique. ITUTION METHOD SUB» ~ Make a particular letter the subject of one the equations, ‘Substitute the expression for this letter into | the second equation, Solve the resulting equation. | Substitute back to find the other let Brample: Solve (22-y-3 = 0 ao \ ya eteaxes () Since y is the subject of equation (2), we can directly place this expression into equation (1 dente 2xnsbe4x-5-3 = 0 x6x48 0 (9-2) = 0 ped or r=? Substituting back into equation (2) gives corresponding y values: axe 3=0 yadtadde5 or y= 224.245 yas ye (CERNATIVELY) If both equations have y as the subject, [Example: Solve y = x? and y then the two expressions can be equated directly, ret orl y=49 or 1 Qo aeee oe EQUATIONS WITH INDICES ‘These are equations in which the unknown variable to be solved is part of the 1 EXPONENT or INDEX, asin 2* = 8, Inthisexampleitis easy tosee that the in solution is x = 3, but not all problems can be solved by inspection, % The technique used is: ( STEP 1 Express both sides ofthe equation with the same base | STEP 2 Equate the indices and solve Sele ee Example: Solve 8°? = 16 2800-2 = 24 eprossing both sides with the same base of 2 2ee6 294 Bx-6 = 4 — Eaoatingtheindices Sx = 10 10 gt weg 83 sspressing beth sides with the same INDICES WITH SIMULTANEOUS SOLUTION Bxample: Solve AR = 3 and AR? Arrange the two equations under each of AR “AR Resubstitaofthe atthe TTT QUADRATIC INEQUALITIES ‘These have the same format as quadratic equations (ax? bx 0), but stead of the equal sign, they have one ofthe four inequality signs: >, 2, <,$ ive these: —--- | i) Factorise the quadrati, Pew andra ina geri the ease Gi) The soltion wil either He between 23 and 2, or ether ade and 3p | Gv) Use a test point, usually x=0, to determine the L ‘values of x which satisfy the inequality. Oo Use an open circle © for plotting > or < 0 a closed circle # for plotting » or < Example: Solve x2-x-12<0 Example: Solve x?-9>0 (x-4y(x+8)50 (e+3)ix-3)>0 Test pointis x=0 (@-4)0+3)s0 ‘This holds true, Solution is {e<-3} or ‘This is often written (x<-3} U [2>3 WNOTHER INEQUALITIES ‘This isan extension ofthe 2 Unit topic. Ithas already been explained how to solve simple lineal inequalities and quadraticinequalities. Wenow extend the concept to include more dif appears in the denominator, sult inequalities and onas in which the variable ew Boo Weneed to transform the inequality into a form in which the variableisin the numerator, Clearly we cannot simply multiply both sides by (x~1) asin an equation and obtain 4 > x1, This is invalid since (x1) may be < 0 and ‘multiplication by a negative quantity ceverses the inequality sign. However (2-1)? is positive and we proceed by multiplying both sides by (rb? AGe-D > 4x4 > x2 Deed ~6245 <0 Pactorising: (x-5)le-1) <0 ‘Test point x = 0 = 1) < 0 doesn'thold true, Le x <6 isthe solution. Example: Solve 228 <1 Solution: Multiply both sides by <2. x(22-6) < x2 2xt 6x <3? x2-6r <0 x(2-6) <0 0 6 eat Mae nig 46to he ale che by Bxample: Solution: Multiply both sides by (x+1)? (x~2)8, (xe? (2-2)? AG (248 (2-2) 4x4 12-2) Ractorise: (2+ 1Xx-2)[(x+1Kx-2)-4] ¢ 0 (er Kz-20e2-2-2-4) $0 (et Xa-2Xa?-2-6) 5 0 (et Dx-2Me-BXa4D) 50 Testing points may be avoided by sketching the graph of fe) = (x4 a= 2Kx- 3X24) since the zeros of the equation are easily obtained (2) $ 0 corresponds to the sections of the graph on or bbelow the x axis, ‘The solution is thus -2$ x <1 or 2<283, since x #-Land x #2 iiaABSOLUTE VALUE INEQUALITIES Before starting on this section, itis advisable to read about absolute value @ ‘equations on pages 59, 60 and 61. This setion gives an alternative method to that shown on page 61 for solving absolute value inequalities. Itwas thought {elevant to include these examples here because they use the same technique af 'squaring both sides Example; Solve [z+] < 21-2) Solution: We proceed by squaring both sides, since both sides are S positive (eet)? < 4x-2)? Pade Lc det 16x 416 Bx? 182415 > 0 -5Xx-1) > 0 245 > 0 ‘Test point x = 0 (-5)(-1) > 0 holds true. The solution is x <1 oF x > 5, « “ Example: Solve |9x+2|< «+3 Solution: In this case x+3 > 0, so we may square both sides: oxtaiaetd s x2 46r49 axts6x-5 50 (4x+5)(22-0) <0 ‘Test point x = 0 2 <3 holds true ‘The solutions GR Seda ame tsamng a8value |} odto vught sigue REVIEW EXERCISE - LEVEL 1 Q.1 Solve these equations: Legyed @ dorn=ders © 229 x 2 ) @x-3?=9 @ 2% Q.2 Solve these inequalities: (a) 2-Zo4 (@) Ts dee 215 co) (@) a@x+) 2 24x-9) Q.3 Solve these quadratic equations: (a) 52%+32-2=0 © (b) 82210245 @ Q.4 Solve by completing the square: (a) 2%+Bx49=0 (b) 2122-28 =0 Q.5 Salve simultaneously (@) 6x+3y~0 ©) Tx-dy 2-5 Q.6 Arightangled triangle is drawn so that the hypotenuse is twice the shorter side, plas 1 em, and the longer side is twice the shorter side, less 1 em, Find the sides of the triangle Q7 Find the value of m given that Dd), if $=90, a and d=7 Q8 Solve: (ay 22a ) 9F=3° (e) 4x A #6 ‘Woh ate heats LemingREVIEW EXERCISE ~ LEVEL 2 QA. Solve: o dea ) 5224122465 =0 Q.4_ Solve by completing the square: (a) x2+5x42=0 3) | | | i Q.5. Solve simultaneously (a) y=x?-30 ) i x-2y= 15 Q6 Solve (a) 4#*2, 228-3 2 ge (b) 221493238 Q.7 Solve the following inequalities: s © |x-2l ) omeepore ty aoe or tere’ | @ z2-2ue0 © xe lorse