Power System Analysis of 52MVA Substation For PE Expansion at JG Summit Petrochemical Corporation at Batangas City

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING TECHNICAL REPORT
POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS OF 52MVA SUSBTATION OF

POLYETHYLENE PLANT NO. 2 OF JG SUMMIT
PETROCHEMICAL CORPORATION AT BATANGAS CITY
PRESENTED TO:
THE PROFESSIONAL REGULATORY
BOARD OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
PROFESSIONAL REGULATION COMMISSION
MANILA, PHILIPPINES
IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT FOR
PROFESSIONAL ELECTRICAL ENGINEER
LICENSURE EXAMINATIONS
SUBMITTED BY:
RYAN ANTHONY K. UMALI

REE LICENSE NO. 0034825
IIEE MEMBERSHIP NO. 209595
PEE EXAMINEE
Engr. Ryan Anthony K. Umali

Block 17 Lot 11, St. Vincent Homes,
Banay-Banay, Lipa City, Batangas
Email: RyanAnthony.Umali@jgspetrochem.com
TRANSMITTAL
Date: October 15, 2016
To: BOARD OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
PROFESSIONAL REGULATION COMMISSION
P. Paredes St., corner N. Reyes St.,
Sampaloc, Manila
Attn: HON. FRANCIS V. MAPILE
BEE Chairman
Subject: TECHNICAL ENGINEERING REPORT
Sir:
In compliance with the Application for Registration as Professional
Electrical Engineer (PEE) pursuant to the provisions of the New
Electrical Engineering Law or RA 7920, I hereby submit five (5)
copies of my Technical Engineering Report entitled POWER SYSTEM
ANALYSIS OF 52MVA SUSBTATION OF POLYETHYLENE PLANT NO. 2
OF JG SUMMIT PETROCHEMICAL CORPORATION AT BATANGAS
CITY.
I hope you find the above documents in order.
Respectfully yours,
Ryan Anthony K. Umali, REE
Republic of the Philippines

Professional Regulation Commission
Manila
PROFESSIONAL REGULATORY
BOARD OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
12 May 2016
PRBEE- 2016-082
Engr. RYAN ANTHONY K. UMALI

Blk 17 Lot 11, St. Vincent Homes, Banay-Banay
Lipa City, Batangas
RyanAnthony.Umali@jgspetrochem.com
Dear Engr. Umali:
The Board of Electrical Engineering has unanimously approved your proposed
Technical Engineering Report outline and title: POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS OF
52 MVA 13.8/6.9kV OF POLYETHYLENE PLANT NO. 2 OF JG SUMMIT
PETROCHEMICAL CORPORATION AT BATANGAS CITY.". However, technical
relevance is a must in your report which shall be by substantial computations.
Descriptive/ administrative report shall not be accepted. Furthermore, knowledge of
the Philippine Electrical Code (PEC) 1 and 2 is a must for all PEE applicants.
You may now file a formal application with the Professional Regulation Commission
and proceed with the writing of your technical engineering report. Please submit five
(5) bookbound copies of the report in standard A4 size bond paper (substance 24
or 90 gsm) together with this reply letter, comprehensive bio-data, single-file PDF
copy of the full Technical Engineering Report (including all attachments) saved in
THREE (3) USB flash disks, and application forms (see attached). Use Verdana
Font and Font Size is 12, Line Spacing of 1.5 lines, and the following margins: Left
1.5 inches; Top, Bottom and Right 1 inch.
Be sure to follow Rule 14 of RA 7920 in presenting your Table of Contents. Include
also your most significant achievement/contribution to Electrical Engineering. Please
be guided by the Dos and Donts listed in the attached sheet in preparing your
report.
Your complete technical report must be received by the Board of Electrical
Engineering not later than 12 November 2016, to give us enough time to review the
same prior to the conduct of the oral examination here in PRC Main Office Manila.
Very truly yours,
JAIME V. MENDOZA
Member
FRANCIS V. MAPILE
Member

P. PAREDES ST., CORNER N. REYES STREET, SAMPALOC, MANILA, PHILIPPINES
P.O. BOX 2038, MANILA
i
PREFACE
This study is of utmost importance to the overall plant
operational safety and reliability of JG Summit Petrochemicals
Group as it provides detailed power system analysis to one of its
plant on critical areas of load flow, voltage drop, short circuit, large
motor starting, protection coordination and arc-flash analysis which
will aide in providing assessment and recommendations for system
improvement and safety. During the whole course of this study, I
have
developed
and
extensively
used
Microsoft
Excel
which
provided me an indispensable tool in performing my calculations to

all the analysis in this study.
It is my pleasure to be allowed by our Company to perform
this analysis and be able to contribute to its goal of operational
safety and reliability. I would like to dedicate this endeavor to my
family, my father, my mother, my wife and my kids who at time of
preparation are my inspiration. I would also like to express my
gratitude to our IIEE Southern Luzon Governor Engr. Jed De Castro,
Deputy Gov Engr. Ber Salazar and Engr. Eric Tamondong who
guided me into this whole process of REE upgrading as well as to
Dr. Celoy Calibjo and Engr. Ben S. Jimenez for their mentorship and
guidance. Above all I offer the fruit of my labor to ALMIGHTY
GOD.
ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE NO.
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION......1
1.1 Project Overview....1
1.2 Project Objectives.........3
1.3 Project Scope and Limitations..4
CHAPTER 2 POWER SYSTEM MODELS.7
2.1 Introduction..........7
2.2 Base Values........7
2.3 Power Transformer Model......10
2.3.1 Power Transformer Data......10
2.3.2 Power Transformer Impedance Modelling.11
2.3.2.1 Impedances and Admittances for
TRM112
2.3.2.2 Impedances and Admittances for
TRL3A and TRL3B...15
2.4 Motor Model....................................18
2.4.1 Medium Voltage Motor Models..20
2.4.1.1 For PE-KM5806 VRS Motor...20
2.4.1.2 For YM7601 Mixer Motor.22
2.4.1.3 For KM8639 Blower 1 Motor.23
2.4.1.4 For KM8601 Blower 2 Motor.25
2.4.2 Low Voltage Motor Models.27
2.4.2.1 For GM-1412 ICA Charge
Pump Motor ..30
2.5 Cable Model....36
2.5.1 For Medium Voltage Cables..36
2.5.2 For Low Voltage Cables39
2.6 Load Model...50
2.7 Connection Point Model77
2.8 Impedance Networks.77
iii
2.9 Admittance Network...109
CHAPTER 3-LOAD FLOW STUDY...110

3.1 Objectives.110
3.2 Methodology..110
3.3 Load Flow Analysis for Case 1 (Steady State
without Capacitor)..115
3.3.1 Introduction, Admittance and Power Data115
3.3.2 Bus Voltage Calculation.116
3.3.3 Current, Power Flow and Power Factor
Calculation..128
3.3.4 Voltage Drop Calculation....133
3.3.4.1 Voltage Drop for Transformer
Feeder Cables..134
3.3.4.2 Voltage Drop for Medium Voltage
Motors during Normal Running condition..137
3.3.4.3 Voltage Drop for 480V Loads141
3.3.5 Evaluation of Results......151
3.3.5.1 Bus Voltages Evaluation..151
3.3.5.2 Voltage Drop Evaluation..152
3.3.5.3 Transformer Loading Evaluation.156
3.3.5.4 Bus Bar Loading Evaluation..157
3.3.5.5 Power Factor Evaluation..157
3.3.5.6 Comparison with ETAP.....158
3.4 Load Flow Analysis for Case 2 (Steady State with
Capacitors at Bus 2)........161
3.4.1 Introduction...162
3.4.2. Bus Voltage Calculation163
3.4.3 Current, Power Flow and Power
Factor Calculation...172
iv
CHAPTER 4- SHORT CIRCUIT STUDY.182

4.1 Objectives.182
4.2 Methodology..182
4.3 Momentary Short Circuit Calculation...186
4.3.1 Calculation of Momentary 3-phase Faults....186
4.3.1.1 Calculation of Momentary Three-phase
Faults for Main Buses....188
Faults at MV Loads...196
Faults at LV Loads...199
4.3.2 Calculation of Momentary Single Line
to Ground Faults...201
4.3.2.1 Introduction.201
4.3.2.2 Calculation of Single Line to
Ground Fault for Main Buses...203
4.3.2.3 Calculation of Momentary
Single Line To Ground Faults at MV
and LV Loads...210
4.3.3 Calculation of Momentary Line to Line
Faults..215
4.3.3.1 Calculation of Line to
Line Fault for Main Buses...217
4.3.3.2 Calculation of Line to Line
Fault for MV and LV Loads..222
4.3.4 Calculation of Momentary Double Line
to Ground Faults..224
4.3.4.1 Calculation of Double Line to
Ground Fault for Main Buses...227

Double Line to Ground Faults at
MV and LV Loads.236
4.4 Interrupting Short Circuit Calculation239
4.4.1 Calculation of Interrupting Three
Phase Fault for Main Buses...239
4.4.2 Calculation of Interrupting
Single Line to Ground Faults
for Main Buses..246
4.4.3 Calculation of Interrupting
Line to Line Faults for Main Buses...251
4.4.4 Calculation of Interrupting Double
Line to Ground Faults for Main Buses...255
4.4.5 Summary of Interrupting Calculation...259
4.5 Equipment Evaluation of Short Circuit
Capacity...273
4.5.1 Medium-Voltage Circuit Breakers......273
4.5.2 Low-Voltage Air Circuit Breakers..277
4.5.3 Molded Case Circuit Breakers..279
CHAPTER 5-PROTECTION COORDINATION284
5.1 Protection Coordination Guidelines..........284
5.2 Equipment Operating Curves and Damage
Curves..290
5.2.1 Transformers and Feeder Cables
TCC Landmark.290
5.2.2 Medium Voltage Motors TCC Landmark..292
5.3 Setting Calculations and TCC Curves...301
5.3.1 Phase and Ground Fault Protection
vi
Calculation for MV Loads..301

Calculation for LV Loads...306
Calculation and Coordination for Transformers312
5.3.4 Time Current Curves..329
5.4 Cable Evaluation.343
5.4.1 Medium Voltage Cable Minimum Sizing..343
5.4.2 Equipment Grounding Cable Verification.345
CHAPTER 6-BIG MOTOR STARTING ANALYSIS.347

6.1 Objectives.347
6.2 Methodology348
6.3 Starting Analysis.349
CHAPTER 7-ARC-FLASH ANALYSIS.361
7.1 Introduction361
7.2 Arc-Flash Calculation for Medium-Voltage System364
7.3 Arc-Flash Calculation for Low-Voltage System.372
CHAPTER 8-CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION..380

8.1 Load Flow.380
8.2 Short Circuit Analysis...381
8.3 Protection Coordination381
8.4 Detailed Large Motor Starting Analysis..382
8.5 Arc-Flash Analysis.382
TABLES
Table 1.1 Summary of Study Coverage.5
Table 1.2 Summary of Sub-Study Area.6
Table 2.1 Summary of Base Values for Power
and Voltage..7
Table 2.2 Summary of Base Values of Current
and Impedance..9
vii
Table 2.3 Transformer Datasheet...10/11

Table 2.4 Transformer Impedances based on their
MVA.12
Table 2.5 Summary of Zero, Positive and
negative sequence impedances of transformers
at 10MVA base............18
Table 2.6 Summary of Medium Voltage Motor Data.20
Table 2.7 Summary of per unit impedances of
medium voltage motors at 10MVA base....27
Table 2.8 Summary of Low Voltage Motor Data
of MCC8..27
Table 2.9 Summary of Low Voltage Motor Data of
MCC9...29
Table 2.10 Summary of Calculation results
for Positive and Negative Sequence Impedance
for MCC8 Motor Load at 10MVA base....32
Table 2.11 Summary of Calculation results
for Positive and Negative Sequence Impedance
for MCC9 Motor Load at 10MVA base...34
Table 2.12 Cable data for Medium Voltage Cables.36
Table 2.13 Cable Zero Sequence impedances
for Medium Voltage Cables..37
Table 2.14 Summary of calculation results for
Medium Voltage Cables for Positive, Negative
and Zero Sequence Impedance at 10MVA base..38
Medium Voltage Cables for Admittance at 10MVA
Base.39
Table 2.16 Summary of Cable data for Low Voltage
Cables for MCC8.39
Table 2.17 Summary of Cable data for Low Voltage
Cables for MCC9.41
Table 2.18 Summary of Zero sequence resistance
and reactance for Medium Voltage Cables for MCC8..43
Table 2.19 Summary of Zero sequence resistance and
reactance for Medium Voltage Cables for MCC9..44
Low Voltage Cables of MCC8 for Positive, Negative
and Zero Sequence Impedance at 10MVA base..46
Low Voltage Cables of MCC9 for Positive, Negative
viii
and Zero Sequence Impedance at 10MVA base....48

Table 2.22 Medium Voltage Load Data.50
Table 2.23 Low Voltage Load Data for MCC8..51
Table 2.24 Low Voltage Load Data for MCC9....56
Table 2.25 Summary of Connected Load for Medium
Voltage Load...62
Table 2.26 Summary of Connected Load for
Low Voltage Load of MCC8.62
Table 2.27 Summary of Connected Load for Low
Voltage Load of MCC9....65
Table 2.28 Calculation Results for the Operating
Load for Medium Voltage Loads...69
Load for Low Voltage Loads of MCC869
Load for Low Voltage Loads of MCC971
Table 2.31 Medium Voltage Operating Load...73
Table 2.32 Low Voltage Operating Load for
MCC8...73
MCC9...........74
Table 2.34 Medium Voltage Operating Load at
10MVA base...74
MCC8 at 10MVA base..75
MCC9 at 10MVA base....75
Table 2.37 Summary of Short Circuit
Impedance at connection point at
10MVA base.....77
Table 2.38 Summary of Impedance
Network for ANSI approved short
circuit calculation78
Table 2.39 Momentary Reactance values
(IEEE 399-2016).....79
Table 2.40 Calculation results of
momentary impedance for Medium
and Low voltage motors.....81
Table 2.41 Calculation results for
equivalent impedance of motor and
cable at 10MVA base for Momentary
ix
Network.....83
Table 2.42 Summary of results for MV
and LV motors Thevenins Impedance
for Momentary networks....92
Table 2.43 Interrupting Reactance values
(IEEE 399-2016)96
Table 2.44 Calculation results of interrupting
impedance for Medium and Low voltage motors....98
Table 2.45 Calculation results for equivalent
impedance of motor and cable at 10MVA base
for Interrupting Network..98
Table 2.42 Summary of results for MV and LV motors
Thevenins Impedance for Interrupting networks105
Table 3.1 Summary of Bus properties for
study Case 1115
Table 3.2 Summary of Admittances...116
Table 3.3 Scheduled of Power..116
Table 3. 4 Bus voltage calculation results after k=15..126
Table 3.5 Voltage Calculation Error Values127
Table 3. 6 Summary of Transformer Cable Ratings..134
Table 3.7 Summary of results for transformer
feeder voltage drop..137
3.8 Summary of Motor Feeder Cable Ratings..137
Table 3.9 Summary of voltage drop for MV motor
feeder cables.140
Table 3.10 Cable ratings for MCC8 loads.141
Table 3.11 Cable ratings for MCC9 loads.143
Table 3.12 Summary of Voltage Drop Calculation
for MCC8 Loads148
Table 3.14 Summary of Voltage Drop Calculation
for MCC9 Loads..149
Table 3.15 Summary of bus voltage calculation..151
Table 3.16 Summary of bus voltage calculation
(after changing the taps of TRL3A and TRL3B). ..151
Table 3.17 Summary of Voltage drop on
transformer feeder..152
Table 3.18 Voltage Drop of MV Motors
(Running Condition).152
Table 3.19 Summary of 480V loads with
unacceptable %VD...153
Table 3.20 Summary of results of calculation

after correction...156
Table 3.21 Transformer Loading on Case 1156
Table 3.22 Bus bar Loading on Case 1..157
Table 3.23 Summary of Power Factor...157
Table 3.24 Comparison between ETAP and
Manual Excel Sheet Calculation160
Table 3.24 Summary of Bus properties for study Case 1..161
Table 3.25 Summary of Admittances .162
Table 3.26 Scheduled of Power..162
Table 3.27 Bus voltage calculation results after k=15.170
Table 3.28 Voltage Calculation Error Values...170
Table 2.29 Power Flow and Power Factor Summary..174
Table 3.30 Bus Voltages on Different Capacitor Steps.175
Table 3.31 Current Flows on Different Capacitor Steps..176
Table 3.32 Power Flows at Different Capacitor Steps177
Table 3.33 Power Transformer %Loading at Different
Capacitor Steps.178
Table 3.34 Power Factor at Different Capacitor Steps.179
Table 3.35 Transformer Feeder Voltage Drop at Different
Capacitor Steps.180
Table 3.36 Transformer Feeder Loss at Different
Capacitor Steps.181
Table 4.1 Summary of Fault Points..183
Table 4.2 Protection Device Short Circuit Rating
Evaluation Summary185
Table 4.3 Summary of Momentary Fault Point
Impedances and X/R for Main Buses ...194
Table 4.4 Summary of Momentary 3 Phase Fault.195
Table 4.5 Summary of calculation for momentary
three phase fault current and fault point impedance
at motor terminals of each MV motors and Power
Factor Capacitor.198
Table 4.6 Three Phase Fault Current for Critical 480V
Loads..200
Table 4.7 Summary of Momentary Single Line to
Ground Faults208
Table 4.8 Summary of Single Line to Ground Fault
Current Contributions for Main Buses..209
Table 4.9 Thevenins Equivalent Impedances for
Fault on MV Loads.211
xi
Table 4.10 Thevenins Equivalent Impedances

for Fault on LV Loads..211
Table 4.11 Summary of Momentary Single
Line to Ground Fault Current for MV Loads.212
Table 4.12 Summary of Momentary Single Line
to Ground Fault Current for LV Loads..212
Table 4.13 Summary of Calculation Results for
Momentary Single Line to Ground Fault Current
Contributions on Fault Current on MV Loads..213
Table 4.14 Summary of Momentary Line to Line Faults.221
Table 4.15 Summary of Momentary Line to Line Fault
Current Contributions for Main Buses222
Table 4.16 Calculation Results for Momentary Line
to Line Fault for MV Loads..222
Table 4.17 Calculation Results for Momentary
Line to Line Fault for LV Loads..223
Table 4.18 Summary of Momentary Double Line
to Ground Faults for Phase B.233
to Ground Faults for Phase C..234
to Ground Faults for Neutral Short Circuit Current235
to Ground Faults Current Contribution for Phase B.235
to Ground Faults Current Contribution for Phase C.236
to Ground Faults Current Contribution for Neutral.236
Table 4.24 Summary of Per Unit Sequence Fault
Current for Momentary Double Line to Ground Fault
on MV Loads..237
Table 4.25 Summary of Per Unit Sequence Fault
Current for Momentary Double Line to Ground
Fault on LV Loads...237
to Ground Fault Current on MV Loads..238
to Ground Fault Current on LV Loads..238
Table 4.28 Summary of Interrupting Three-phase Short
Circuit Currents and X/R ratio..245
Table 4.29 Summary of Interrupting Single Line
xii
to Ground Faults.250
Table 4.30 Summary of Interrupting Line to Line Faults254
Table 4.31 Summary of Interrupting Double Line
to Ground Faults.258
Table 4.32 Summary of Interrupting Short Circuit
Calculations259
Table 4.33 Summary of Adjusted Interrupting
Short Circuit Currents...264
Table 4.34 Summary of Short Circuit Calculation.265
Table 4.35 Momentary Rating Evaluation Summary for
Medium Voltage Circuit Breakers275
Table 4.36 Interrupting Rating Evaluation Summary for
Medium Voltage Circuit Breakers..276
Table 4.37 Making Rating Evaluation Summary
for Medium Low Voltage Air Circuit Breakers.278
Table 4.38 Breaking Rating Evaluation Summary
for Medium Low Voltage Air Circuit Breakers.278
for Medium Molded Case Circuit Breakers of MCC8..280
for Medium Molded Case Circuit Breakers of MCC9282
Table 5.1 Thermal and Mechanical Damage Curve
for TRM1...290
Table 5.2 Thermal and Mechanical Damage Curve for
TRL3A/3B TCC291
Table 5.3 Magnetizing Inrush point for TRM1.291
Table 5.4 Magnetizing Inrush point for TRL3A/B.291
Table 5.5 Short Circuit Damage curve for
TL1 (5x630mm2 XLPE)..292
Table 5.6 Short Circuit Damage curve for TL2/TL3
(1x185mm2 XLPE).292
Table 5.7 Starting Curve for KM5806.293
Table 5.8 Starting Curve for YM7601.293
Table 5.11 Running Overload Curve for KM5806.296
Table 5.12 Starting Overload Curve for KM5806..296
Table 5.13 Running Overload Curve for YM7601..297
Table 5.14 Starting Overload Curve for YM7601..297
xiii
Table 5.16 Starting Overload Curve for KM8639.298

Table 5.18 Starting Overload Curve for KM8601..299
Table 5.19 Short Circuit Damage curve for Feeder
Cables of Various Load.300
Table 5.20 Summary of Phase and Ground Protection
Calculation Results for MV Loads305
Table 5.21 Summary of Phase and Ground Fault
Protection Settings for Power Transformers326
Table 5.22 MCC8 480V LOADS Protection Settings and
Equipment Grounding Conductor Summary.327
Table 5.23 MCC9 480V LOADS Protection Settings and
Equipment Grounding Conductor Summary.328
Table 5.24 Summary of Calculation for Minimum Cable
Ampacity for Medium Voltage Cable344
Table 5.25 Summary of Equipment Grounding
Conductor Sizing for MV Loads..345
Table 6.1 Bus Voltage Calculation Results for
KM5806 Starting.350
Table 6.2 Total Complex Power Requirement
for Starting KM5806350
Table 6.3 Big Motor Starting Data352
Table 6.4 Big Motor Starting Data..353
Table 6.5 Bus Voltage Calculation Results for DOL
Starting of YM7601.353
Table 6.6 Simulation for determining the RVS tap.354
for Starting YM7601 w/o auto transformer355

for Starting YM7601 with auto transformer.356
Table 6.9 Bus Voltage Calculation Results
for Starting of KM8639.356
for Starting KM8639357
Table 6.11 Bus Voltage Calculation Results for
Starting of KM8601.357
for Starting KM8601..358
xiv
for Starting of VM5814358

for Starting VM5814.359
for Starting of SM8645359
for Starting SM8645...359
Table 6.17 Summary of Starting Torque Evaluation..360
Table 7.1 Calculation results for normalized
incident energy.368
Table 7.2 Calculation results for incident energy
at 100% arcing fault current level.369
at 85% arcing fault current level.370
Table 7.4 Calculation results for Arc-Flash
Boundary (AFB) for Medium-Voltage Loads..370
Table 7.5 Calculation results for normalized
incident energy..376
Table 7.6 Calculation results for incident energy at 100%
arcing fault current level for Low-Voltages Loads.377
at 85% arcing fault current level for Low-Voltages
Loads..378
Table 7.8 Calculation results for Arc-Flash
Boundary (AFB) for Medium-Voltage
Loads.........................379
FIGURES
Figure 1.1 JGSPC (front) and JGSOC (back) Complex.2
Figure 1.2 System Single Line Diagram.3
Figure 2.1 System Single Line Diagram.8
Figure 2.2 Positive Sequence Impedance network of TRM113
Figure 2.3 Negative Sequence Impedance network of TRM1.13
Figure 2.4 Zero Sequence Impedance network of TRM115
Figure 2.5 Positive Sequence Impedance network
of TRL3A/3B..16
Figure 2.6 Negative Sequence Impedance network of
TRL3A/3B17
Figure 2.7 Zero Sequence Impedance network of
TRL3A/3B.17
xv
Figure 2.8 Positive Sequence Impedance network of

PE-KM5806.21
PE-KM5806.21
PE-YM7601.23
PE-YM760123
PE-KM8639.24
PE-KM8639.25
PE-KM8601.26
PE-KM8601.27
PE-GM1412..31
PE-GM1412.32
Figure 2.17 Typical impedance network.78
Figure 2.18 Momentary Impedance of Medium
Voltage Motors and Motor Cables86
Figure 2.19 Equivalent Circuit of Medium Voltage
Motors and Motor Cables for Momentary Networks.86
Motors and Motor Cables for Momentary Networks.87
Figure 2.21 Equivalent Network of Medium Voltage
Motors for Momentary Positive and Negative Sequence..87
Figure 2.22 Momentary Impedance of Low Voltage
Motors and Motor Cables of MCC8.88
Figure 2.23 Equivalent Circuit of Low Voltage Motors
and Motor Cables of MCC8 for Momentary Networks.88
and Motor Cables of MCC8 for Momentary Networks.89
Figure 2.25 Equivalent Network of Low Voltage Motors
of MCC8 for Momentary Positive and Negative
Sequence89
Figure 2.26 Momentary Impedance of Low Voltage
Motors and Motor Cables of MCC9.90
xvi
Figure 2.27 Momentary Equivalent Circuit of Low

Voltage Motors and Motor Cables of MCC9.90
and Motor Cables of MCC9 for Momentary Network...91
of MCC9 for Momentary Positive and Negative Sequence..91
Figure 2.30 Momentary Positive Sequence Network.93
Figure 2.31 Momentary Negative Sequence Network..94
Figure 2.32 Momentary Zero Sequence Network.95
Figure 2.33 Interrupting Impedance of Medium
Voltage Motors and Motor Cables99
Motors and Motor Cables99
Motors and Motor Cables for Interrupting Network100
Figure 2.36 Equivalent Network of Medium Voltage
Motors for Interrupting Positive and Negative Sequence100
Figure 2.37 Interrupting Impedance of Low Voltage
Motors and Motor Cables of MCC8101
and Motor Cables of MCC8 for Interrupting Networks.101
and Motor Cables of MCC8 for Interrupting Networks.102
of MCC8 for Interrupting Positive and Negative
Sequence102
Figure 2.41 Interrupting Impedance of Low
Voltage Motors and Motor Cables of MCC9103
Figure 2.42 Interrupting Equivalent Circuit of
Low Voltage Motors and Motor Cables of MCC9103
and Motor Cables of MCC9 for Interrupting Networks...104
of MCC9 for Momentary Positive and Negative Sequence104
Figure 2.45 Interrupting Positive Sequence Network106
Figure 2.46 Interrupting Negative Sequence Network.107
Figure 2.47 Interrupting Zero Sequence Network108
xvii
Figure 2.48 System Admittance diagram109

Figure 3.1 Current flow to a bus.111
Figure 3.2 Current flow through a load element..111
Figure 3.3 Current flow through an
impedance(admittance) element112
Figure 3.4 Voltage Calculation/iteration via excel sheet.112
Figure 3.5 Microsoft Excel Complex quantity
calculation add-ins.113
Figure 3.6 Load flow case study process flow chart114
Figure 3.7 Admittance network for Case 1.115
Figure 3.8 Admittance Network with Power and
Current Flows128
Figure 3.9 ETAP Simulation Snap Shot showing
power flows.158
power factors for each bus159
Current Flows for each bus159
Figure 3.12 Admittance network for Case 2.162
Figure 3.13 Bus Voltage versus kVAR175
Figure 3.14 Line Current versus kVAR176
Figure 3.15 Apparent Power Flows versus kVAR177
Figure 3.16 Transformer Loading(%) versus kVAR.178
Figure 3.17 Power Factor at each Major Bus versus
kVAR.179
Figure 3.18 Major Feeder Voltage Drop versus kVAR180
Figure 3.19 Feeder Loss versus kVAR181
Figure 4.1 Three-phase bolted fault 187
Figure 4.2 Momentary Positive Sequence Impedance
with fault at bus 1.188
Thevenins Equivalent Calculation Diagram189
xviii
Figure 4.4 Momentary Positive Sequence Thevenins

Equivalent Circuit at Fault Point F1..190
Figure 4.5 Momentary Positive Sequence Resistance
Figure 4.6 Equivalent Momentary Positive Sequence
Resistance with fault at bus 1191
Figure 4.7 Momentary Positive Sequence Reactance
Reactance with fault at bus 1192
Figure 4.9 Simplification of Equivalent
Impedance at terminals of KM5806(F8)196
Figure 4.10 Simplification To Thevenins Equivalent
Impedance at terminals of KM5806 (F8)197
Figure 4.11 Simplification To Thevenins Equivalent
Impedance at terminals of GM1412 (F12)199
Figure 4.12 Illustration of Bolted Single Line
to Ground Fault..202
Figure 4.13 Momentary Positive Sequence
Impedance for Fault point 1203
Figure 4.14 Momentary Negative Sequence
Figure 4.15 Momentary Zero Sequence Impedance
Diagram.204
Figure 4.16 Momentary Zero Sequence Impedance
for Fault point 1204
Figure 4.17 Momentary Equivalent Impedance
Networks for Fault point 1205
Figure 4.18 Simplified MV Load Zero Sequence
Impedance Network.210
Figure 4.19 Illustration of Bolted Line to Line Fault202
xix
Figure 4.20 Equivalent Sequence Impedance

Network for Line to Line Fault..216
for Fault point 1..217
Figure 4.22 Momentary Negative Sequence Impedance
Figure 4.24 Illustration of Bolted Double Line to
Ground Fault..224
Figure 4.25 Interconnected Sequence Networks
for Double Line to Ground Fault225
for Double Line to Ground Fault at F1227
Figure 4.27 Interrupting Positive Sequence
Impedance with fault at bus 1...240
Figure 4.28 Interrupting Positive Sequence Impedance
Thevenins Equivalent Calculation Diagram.241
Figure 4.29 Interrupting Positive Sequence Thevenins
Equivalent Circuit at Fault Point F1..242
Resistance with fault at bus 1..242
Figure 4.31 Equivalent Interrupting Positive Sequence
Resistance with fault at bus 1..243
Reactance with fault at bus 1..243
Impedance for Fault point 1..246
Figure 4.35 Interrupting Negative Sequence
xx

Figure 4.36 Interrupting Zero Sequence
Impedance Diagram247
Figure 4.37 Interrupting Zero Sequence
Figure 4.38 Interrupting Equivalent Impedance
Networks for Fault point 1.248
Figure 4.40 Interrupting Negative Sequence
Impedance for Fault point 1.252
for Double Line to Ground Fault at F1..255
Figure 4.43 Single Line-to-ground fault multiplying
factors that includes effects of ac and dc decrement
as applied to F2260
Figure 4.44 Line-to-ground fault multiplying factors
that includes effects of ac and dc decrement as
applied to F2..261
Figure 4.45 Single Line-to-ground fault multiplying
factors that includes effects of ac and dc decrement
as applied to F3262
Figure 4.46 Specification for Medium Voltage
Circuit Breaker...273
Figure 4.47 Specification for Low Voltage
Air Circuit Breaker.277
Figure 4.48 Specification for Molded Case Circuit
Breaker.279
Figure 5.1 Single Line Diagram-Protection Scheme287
Figure 5.2 Protection Setting Values for VM5814307
xxi
Figure 5.3 Protection Setting Values for SM8645309

Figure 5.4 Protection Setting Values for YM7607311
Figure 5.5 Time-Current Curve for Phase Protection of
KM5806..329
YM7601...330
KM8639..331
KM8601..332
Figure 5.9 Time-Current Curve for Phase Protection
of PC001..333
VM5814....334
of MNDB....335
of TRL3A....336
of SM8645....337
of TRL3B......338
of TRM1......339
Figure 5.16 Time-Current Curve for Ground Protection
of TRL3A and MCC8..340
Figure 5.17 Time-Current Curve for Ground Protection
of TRL3B and MCC9.341
Figure 5.18 Time-Current Curve for Ground Protection of
TRM1 and 6.9kV Switchgear.342
Figure 6.1 Combined Motor and Load Torque-speed
curve for KM5806.352
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
This technical report is about power system analysis of one
of JG Summit Petrochemical Groups newly expanded plant. This
covers
system
modeling,
load
flow
analysis,
voltage
drop
calculation, big motor starting analysis, short circuit analysis,

protective device coordination study and arc-flash study.
The author developed MS Excel work sheets to aid various
calculations for all the analysis of this study.
Chapter 1 is the introduction and overview of the study. It
provides an overview of the plant and the PE expansion project
where the author conducted this power system analysis. This
chapter also covers the analysis scope and limitations.
Chapter 2 is the power system modeling where per unit
quantities of transformers, cables, motors and source connection
were derived and converted to base values of voltages, currents,
impedances and power. The network impedances for momentary
and interrupting network were also derived in this chapter.
Chapter 3 is the load flow analysis where the author used
Microsoft Excel to perform Gauss-Seidel method of calculating the
bus voltages, current flows, power flows and power factors. The
analysis focused on the power flows within the PE2 expansion
system from the 52MVA transformer up to the low voltage loads.
Two cases were evaluated, one without power factor capacitor and
the other with power factor capacitor at various steps. This chapter
also includes voltage drop calculation for all feeder cables of both
MV and LV equipment.
Chapter 4 is the short circuit analysis. Calculations were

performed using the ANSI E/Z methodology where both momentary
and interrupting networks were used to calculate the fault currents.
The analysis calculated 24 fault points and the results were then
used to evaluate the breaker short circuit capacity. The results were
also used in protective device coordination presented in chapter 5
and arc-flash study in chapter 7.
Chapter 5 is the protective device coordination where
calculations of protection settings for all transformers, all mediumvoltage loads, and critical low voltage loads were performed.
Protective device coordination was conducted in this chapter for all
medium
voltage
protection
devices
and
critical
low
voltage
protection devices. The author utilized the Microsoft excel to plot

the equipment TCC landmarks and protection curves.
Chapter 6 deals with large motor starting analysis. The
effect on bus voltages of starting large motors with output power
equal or greater than 100kW were evaluated using the load flow
analysis in Microsoft excel developed by the author. The starting
performances of the motors were evaluated in terms of its starting
torques. The required number generating sets were also calculated
in consideration with the generator limits. Recommendations were
also made on large motors that exceeded the bus voltage low limit.
Chapter 7 is the Arc-Flash analysis where the incident
energies generated during an arc-fault were calculated for specified
points at specified conditions. The flash protection boundaries were
also calculated and the results were used to evaluate the flash
protection rating of the personal protection equipment.
ii
xxii
Figure 7.1 Arc-Flash Location Diagram for

Medium-Voltage System..364
Figure 7.2 Arc-Flash Location Diagram for Low-Voltage
System MCC8.372
System MCC9373
CHAPTER 1 Introduction
1.1 Project Overview
JG Summit Petrochemicals Group (JGSPG) consists of
JG Summit Petrochemical Corporation (JGSPC) and JG Summit
Olefins Corporation (JGSOC) which are both wholly owned
subsidiaries of JG Summit Holdings, Incorporated (JGSHI).
JGSPG has a 250-hectare fully integrated, world-class, PEZAaccredited
manufacturing
complex
in
Barangay
Simlong,
Batangas City, 120 km south of Manila.

JG Summit Petrochemical Corporation has three (3)
polymer plants namely Polyethylene 1, Polyethylene 2 and
Polypropylene
which
are
currently
producing
combined
capacity of 510 kTA of resins per year.

On the other hand JG Summit Olefins Corporation is
producing polymer grade Ethylene and Propylene that are both
exported overseas and used by JGSPC as its main raw material
for producing PE and PP resins.
Power to the entire petrochemical complex is coming
from its own 74MW Diesel power plant located inside the
complex. The power plant also increases its capacity from its
original rating of 47MW through additional generating units.
From 2011 to 2014, PE plants undergo a major debottlenecking project (PE Expansion Project) to increase the
capacity from 200kTA to 320kTA. The Basic Engineering was
handled by JGSPCs Project Engineering group which the author
was part of the team and with its technology vendor from US
while
Detailed
Engineering,
Project
and
Construction
Management was handled by Toyo-Thai Engineering PTE LTD of

Thailand.
Chapter 1-Introduction
Page 1
Part of the PE Expansion project was the extension of

the existing substation to cater the additional load requirement
such as motors, lightings, instrument and control systems and
process heaters. These additional loads have a combined total
capacity requirement of about 33.3MVA which the existing
substation cannot cater.
Construction of the said plant was completed last April
2014 while pre-commissioning, commissioning and start-up
activities were completed last June 2014.
MV SWGR
LV SWGR(MCC8)
LV SWGR(MCC9)
Figure 1.1 JGSPG (Top), PE-Expansion Substation Swithgears
(Bottom w/the Author in front of MV switchgear)
Page 2
The
extended
substation
consist
of
52MVA
13.8kV/6.9kV Delta-wye (solidly grounded) transformer, two(2)

x
3MVA
6.9kV/480V
Delta/wye
transformer,
MV
6.9kV
switchgears, four(4) large induction motors, Power factor

correction capacitors and two(2) spare feeder intended for
future requirement (see Figure 1.2 for Single Line Diagram).
Generator
8 sets
8.375MVA
13.8kV
Bus 1
NEW
Polyethylene
Plant no. 2
Estimated equivalent Loads

Momentary:
Z=0.000639 + j 0.019257
p.u (10MVA base)
TRM1
40/52MVA
13.8kV/6.9kV
Interrupting:
Z=0.000685 + j 0.021452
p.u (10MVA base)
Bus 2
TRL3A
3MVA
13.8kV/480
M
PE-KM5806 PE-YM7601
540W
4850W
6.9kV
6.9kV
TRL3B
3MVA
13.8kV/480
PE-KM8601 PE-KM8639
250W
315W
6.9kV
6.9kV
Bus 3
Bus 4
Figure 1.2 System Single Line Diagram
1.2
Project Objectives
This technical report has the following objectives

1.
To determine the positive, negative and zero
sequence impedance network and admittance models from

the point of connection Power Plant Bus (BAC908), Power
Page 3
transformers and loads for both momentary and interrupting

network;
2.
To perform load flow study by calculating the bus
voltages, load terminal voltages, voltage drop, power flows,

current flow and power factor from Power plant bus (point of
connection) up to each 480V loads;
3.
To perform analysis on the load flow result and
provide recommendation for system improvement;

4.
To perform short circuit study for both momentary
and interrupting three(3) phase fault, single line to ground,

line to line and double line to ground fault from the point of
connection at the power plant up to each critical 480V loads
and determine the minimum and maximum fault current at
each protective devices connection points;
5.
To perform motor starting analysis for medium
voltage motors and low voltage motors that are 100kW and
above by determining the impact of each motor starting
scenario to the power system and evaluate each large motor
starting performance;
6.
To design the time-current coordination of the
overcurrent protective devices and motor overload protective

devices from the point of connection, medium-voltage loads
and critical low-voltage loads;
7.
To perform Arc-flash study for medium and low
voltage switchgears from the point of connection, mediumvoltage loads and critical low-voltage loads.
Page 4
1.3
Project Scope and Limitations

As depicted in figure 1.2, this power system study will be
performed from the JGSPCs power plant connection point at

BAC908 13.8kV feeder, up to the 480V loads. As summarized on
table 1.1, load flow study will be conducted from the BAC908
feeder, the 52MVA power transformer, the 6.9kV Motor loads,
the 2 x 3MVA transformer and its 480V loads. Short circuit study
covers from the downstream of BAC908 up to 480V loads. The
equivalent momentary and interrupting fault impedances at the
connection point were already provided by an earlier study of
the original power system before the PE plant expansion. This
equivalent model will be utilized in the short circuit analysis.
Table 1.1 Summary of Study Coverage
Analysis Type
Coverage or scope
Load Flow Study
From BAC 908 down to all PE2

power system up to 480V loads
Short Circuit Study
Fault point at TRM1 primary and

secondary, 6.9kV bus, 6.9kV loads,
TRL3A/B primary and secondary,
480V bus and critical 480V loads
Device Coordination Study
From BAC 908 protection down to

all the protective devices of PE2
power system.
Large Motor Starting Study

Arc-Flash Study
All motors 100kW and above

Fault point at TRM1 primary and
secondary, 6.9kV bus, 6.9kV loads,
TRL3A/B primary and secondary,
480V bus and critical 480V loads
Page 5
Table 1.2 Summary of Sub-Study Area

Analysis Type
Sub-Study Area
Power
System 1. Impedance model
Model
2. Admittance Model
3. Load Model
Load Flow Study 1. Bus voltage and Load Voltage Calculation

2. Current and Power Flow Calculation
3. Voltage Drop Calculation
4. Power Factor Calculation
5. Voltage Drop Evaluation
6. Transformer and Bus Bar Loading Evaluation
7. Power Flow Evaluation
Short
Circuit 1. 3-phase fault at various location (Momentary
Study
Symmetrical, Asymmetrical and peak)

2. SLG Fault at various location
3. Line to Line Fault at various Location
4. Double
Line to ground fault
at various
location
Device
1. TCC coordination of all MV Loads and critical
Coordination
Study
LV Loads
2. Medium voltage cable size evaluation
3. Equipment grounding conductor evaluation
Large
Motor 1. Motor Starting Analysis
Starting Study
2. Starting Torque Analysis
Arc-Flash Study
1. Incident Energy and Arc-flash hazard level

Calculation
2. Arc-Flash boundary calculation
Page 6
CHAPTER 2 POWER SYSTEM MODELS

2.1 Introduction
This chapter will derive models for the power system
necessary for load flow study, short circuit study, motor starting
study, protective device coordination and arc-flash study.
2.2 Base Values
The per-unit value of any quantity is its ratio to the chosen
base
quantity
of
the
dimensionless number 1.
same
dimensions,
expressed
as
In power system analysis, there are four
(4) base quantities in the per-unit system: base power (MVA), base
voltage (kV), base impedance (), and base current (A). Base
voltages assigned per system section are presented on Table 2.1
Base currents and impedances calculation and summary are
presented on Section 2.1.1. These base values will be used in
calculating the per-unit quantities that will be extensively used
throughout
Per Unit =
this
Technical
Actual Value
Base Value
report.
Equation (2.1)
Table 2.1 Summary of Base Values for Power and Voltage

Section
Description
Base
Power
(MVA)
Base Voltage
(kVA)
Bus 1
Bus 2
Generator 13.8kV Bus

13.8
TRM1 secondary
6.9
10
(6.9kV) bus
Bus 3
TRL3A secondary
0.48
(480V) bus
Bus 4
TRL3B secondary
0.48
(480V) bus
On Table 2.1 the base power (MVA base) selected is 10MVA.
1
IEEE Recommended Practice for Industrial and Commercial Power

System Analysis-IEEE Std. 399-1997.
Chapter 2-Power System Models
Page 7
Calculated
values
of
base
impedances
and
currents
summarized on Table 2.2 are presented per system voltage level.

Equations (2.2) and (2.3) will be used to calculate base impedances
and base currents respectively.
13.8kV system:
ZBASE
IBASE
VBASE 2
SBASE
13.8x10
3 2
19.044
10x106
SBASE
10x106
418.369 A
3Vbase
3 13.8x103
6.9kV system:
ZBASE
VBASE 2
SBASE
6.9x10
3 2
10x106
10x10 836.739
3 6.9x10
6
SBASE
3 Vbase
IBASE
4.761
0.48kV system:
ZBASE
VBASE
IBASE
SBASE
4802
10x106
0.02304
SBASE
10x106
120 ,028 A
3Vbase
3480
Table 2.2 Summary of Base Values of Current and Impedance

Section
13.8kV
System
6.9kV
System
0.48kV
System
0.48kV
System
Description
Generator 13.8kV
Bus
TRM1 secondary
(6.9kV) bus
TRL3A secondary
(480V) bus
TRL3B secondary
(480V) bus
418.36976
Base
Impedance
()
19.044
836.73952
4.761
12028.13061
0.02304
12028.13061
0.02304
Base
Current (A)
Page 9
2.3 Power Transformer Model

2.3.1 Power Transformer Data
There are three (3) power transformers on this system
namely TRM1 which is the main transformer and TRL3A/TRL3B
which serves the low voltage loads of the plant. Table 2.3 shows the
detailed information for each of the three (3) transformers.
Table 2.3 Transformer Datasheet
ID
Installation
Standard
Manufacturer
Model/Type
Serial No.
HV Side
Voltage
Frequency
LV Side
Construction
Ratings
Voltage
Circuit
System
grounding
Cooling
Type
Oil
preservati
on
Tap
changer
type
Rated
Capacity
Duty
Phases
Vector
Group
Tap of HV
TRM1
TRL3A
TRL3B
Outdoor
Outdoor
Outdoor
IEC 60076
IEC 60076 IEC 60076
Tirathai
Tirathai
Tirathai
PT 3W
5200/13800
5512751
13.8kV +/6.9 kV +/- 6.9 kV +/5%, 3ph, 3W 5%, 3ph, 3 5%, 3ph, 3
W
W
60Hz +/- 3%
60Hz +/60Hz +/3%
3%
6.9kV +/0.48kV +/- 0.48kV +/5%,3ph,3W
5%, 3ph,
5%, 3ph,
3W
3W
Solidly earth
Solidly
Solidly
earth
earth
ONAN/ONAF
(40/52MVA)
Conservator
type
Off Load tap
changer
ONAN
ONAN
(3MVA)
(3MVA)
Conservato Conservato
r type
r type
40/52MVA
(ONAN/ONAF
)
Continuous
3phase
Dyn 11
Off Load
tap
changer
3MVA
(ONAN)
Off Load
tap
changer
3MVA
(ONAN)
Continuous
3phase
Dyn 11
Continuous
3phase
Dyn 11
+/- 2 x
'+/- 2 x
'+/- 2 x
Page 10
winding
2.5%, NVTC
2.5%
Impedanc
16% at
7% @
e (Pos
52MVA
3MVA
Seq)
Impedanc
13.8% at
7% @
e (Zero
52MVA
3MVA
Seq)
X/R
35.39
6.28
Tolerance
+/-7.5%
+/- 10%
Impedanc
e
Rated
65degC
65degC
Winding
Temp
Rated Top
60degC
60degC
Oil Temp
Maximum
40degC
40degC
Design
Temp
Inrush
6420 A
1780 A
Current
Source: PECEP(JGSPC) document V-F031-TRAN-01-006
2.5%
7% @
3MVA
7% @
3MVA
6.28
+/- 10%
65degC
60degC
40degC
1780 A
2.3.2 Power Transformer Impedance Modelling

Transformer
impedances
are
converted
from
their
respective impedances based on their MVA rating to 10MVA base

using equation 2.4.
ZNEW
VOLD
ZOLD x
VNEW 2
SNEW
SOLD
Equation (2.4)
In order to express the impedances in complex rectangular

format R+ jX, Resistance (R) and reactance (X) can be calculated
from impedance (Z) and X/R ratio using the following equation:
R Z x cos tan-1
R
Equation (2.5)
X Z x sin tan-1
R
Equation (2.6)
Page 11
Table 2.4 Transformer Impedances based on their MVA

ID
Description
TRM
1
TRL
3A
TRL
3B
Main
Transformer
Load A
0.16
0.16
0.138
Z rated
at
(MVA)
52
0.07
0.07
0.07
6.9
6.28
Load B
0.07
0.07
0.07
6.9
6.28
Z1
()
Z2
()
Zo
()
VBASE
(kV)
X/R
13.8
35.39
2.3.2.1 Impedances and Admittance for TRM1

For Positive and Negative Sequence Impedance
Using Equation 2.4 and using data from Table 2.4, with the
positive and negative sequence impedance of TRM1 on 52MVA at
16% or 0.16 p.u.
VOLD 2
ZNEW ZOLD x
VNEW 2
Z1@10MVA
Z1@10MVA
S
x NEW
SOLD
13.8x10 x 10x10
Z
x
13.8x10 52x10
13.8x10 x 10x10 0.03076923 p.u
0.16x
13.8x10 52x10
1@ 52MVA
Z1 Z2 0.03076923
32
32
3 2
3 2
p.u
Converting the impedance to rectangular format using

equation 2.5 and 2.6:
R Z x cos tan-1 0.030769 cos (tan-1(35.39)) 0.000869 p.u

R
X Z x sin tan- 1 0.030769 sin (tan- 1(35.39)) 0.030757 p.u

R
Page 12
Therefore, the Positive and Negative Sequence impedance

of transformer TRM1 in rectangular format is
Z1 Z2 0.000869 j0.030756 p.u

with the equivalent network as shown on figures 2.3.1 and 2.3.2.
Z1
0.000869086 p.u
J0.0307556 p.u
PRI
(DELTA SIDE)
SEC
(WYE SIDE)
Reference bus
Figure 2.2 Positive Sequence Impedance network of TRM1
Z2
0.000869086 p.u
J0.0307556 p.u
PRI
(DELTA SIDE)
SEC
(WYE SIDE)
Reference bus
Figure 2.3 Negative Sequence Impedance network of TRM1
For Zero Sequence Impedance

Using Equation 2.4 and using data from Table 2.4, with the
zero sequence impedance of TRM1 on 52MVA at 13.8% or 0.138
p.u.
ZNEW ZOLD
VOLD 2
VNEW 2
Z0@10MVA Z0@52MVA
SNEW
SOLD
13.8x10
13.8x10
32
10x106
32
52x106
Page 13
Z0@10MVA
13.8x10
0.138
13.8x10
32
10x106
32
52x106
Z0@10MVA 0.026538 p.u

at 10MVA zero sequence impedance is
Z0 0.026538 p.u
Converting the impedance to rectangular format using equation 2.5
and 2.6:

R
X Z x sin tan-1 0.026538 sin (tan-1(35.39)) 0.026527 p.u

R
Therefore, the Zero Sequence impedance of transformer

TRM1 at 10MVA base in rectangular format is
Z0 0.000749 j0.026527 p.u
Page 14
For
Delta-wye
transformer
with
solidly
grounded
secondary, the equivalent zero sequence impedance representation

is shown below.
Zo
0.000749 pu j0.026527 pu
PRI
(DELTA SIDE)
SEC
(WYE SIDE)
Reference bus
Figure 2.4 Zero Sequence Impedance network of TRM1
For TRM1 Admittance
1
Z1
1
0.000869 j0.030756
YTRM1 0.917938 - j32.488044 p.u
2.3.2.2 Impedances and Admittances for TRL3A and TRL3B

For Positive, Negative and Zero Sequence Impedance
Using Equation 2.4 and using data from Table 2.4, the
impedances on 3MVA base at 7% or 0.07 p.u.
ZNEW
VOLD 2
ZOLD x
VNEW 2
Z1@10MVA Z1@ 3MVA
S
x NEW
SOLD
13.8x10
x
13.8x10
32
32
10x106
3x106
Page 15
Z1@10MVA
13.8x10 x 10x10
0.07
13.8x10 3x10
3 2
3 2
Z1@10MVA 0.2333
p.u
Converting the impedance to rectangular format using equation 2.5

and 2.6:

R
X Z x sin tan-1 0.2333 sin (tan-1(6.28)) 0.230430 p.u

R
Therefore,
the
Positive,
Negative
and Zero sequence
impedance of transformer TRL3A/3B in rectangular format is
Z1 Z2 Z0 0.036692 j0.23043 p.u

with the equivalent network as shown on figures 2.3.4, 2.3.5 and
2.3.6
Z1
0.036692 pu
J 0.23043 pu
PRI
(DELTA SIDE)
SEC
(WYE SIDE)
Reference bus

TRL3A/3B
Page 16
Z2
0.036692 pu
J 0.23043 pu
PRI
(DELTA SIDE)
SEC
(WYE SIDE)
Reference bus

TRL3A/3B
Zo
0.036692 pu
J 0.23043 pu
PRI
(DELTA SIDE)
SEC
(WYE SIDE)
Reference bus
Figure 2.7 Zero Sequence Impedance network of TRL3A/3B
For TRL3A and TRL3B Admittance
1
Z1
1
0.036692 j0.23043
YTRM1 0.673936 - j4.232399 p.u
Page 17
Table 2.5 Summary of Zero, Positive and negative sequence

impedances of transformers at 10MVA base
ID
TRM1
TRL3A
TRL3B
Z1 (pu)
0.000869 + j0.030756
0.036692 + j0.23043
0.036692 + j0.23043
ID
TRM1
TRL3A
TRL3B
Z0 (pu)
0.000749 + j0.026527
0.036692 + j0.23043
0.036692 + j0.23043
Z2 (pu)
0.000869 + j0.030756
0.036692 + j0.23043
0.036692 + j0.23043
Y (pu)
0.917938 - j32.488044
0.673936 - j4.232399
0.673936 - j4.232399
2.4 Motor Model

For motor sub-transient impedance ZM, the per unit value is
given as:
"
ZM
PU
ZM
ZBASE
As per IEC 60909-0:20012 equation 26 for induction motor,

the impedance ZM is given as:
"
ZM
1
ILR
IM
VM
3 IM
"
R M jXM
Where ILR is the motor locked rotor current

IM is the motor rated current
VM is the motor rated voltage
Since only the locked rotor current data of the motors are
available, XM and RM will be approximated using IEC 60909-0:2001
recommendation which is
3.8.1 IEC 60909-0:2001 IEC Standard for short circuit calculation
Page 18
RM
"
"
0.1 with XM
0.995 ZM
for medium voltage motors power per
"
XM
pair poles > 1MW;
RM
"
XM
"
"
0.15 with XM
0.989 ZM
for medium voltage motors power
per pair poles < 1MW; and
RM
"
0.42 with XM 0.922 ZM
for low-voltage motors
"
XM
From Equation 2.1.2 ZBASE
ZBASE
VBASE 2
SBASE
ZM pu will be
1
"
ZM
PU
ILR
IM
VM
3 IM
VBASE 2
x M
3 ILR VM VBASE
SBASE
SBASE
"
ZM
PU
x M
3 ILR VM VBASE
SBASE
Equation (2.7)
Page 19
2.4.1 Medium Voltage Motor Models

Table 2.6 Summary of Medium Voltage Motor Data
Description
kVA
ILR/IM
Voltage
(kV)
Current
(A)
No. of
Poles
Pair
Pole
Vent
Recovery
compressor
Motor
Mixer Motor
Blower Motor
Blower Motor
727.17
4.5
6.9
60.85
12
0.12
5806.99
394.74
320.92
5.5
5.5
5.5
6.9
6.9
6.9
485.89
33.03
26.85
6
4
4
1.94
0.20
0.16
(Continuation)Table 2.6 Summary of Medium Voltage Motor

Data
Description
RM PU/XM
XM PU/ZM PU
PU
Vent Recovery compressor Motor

Mixer Motor
Blower Motor
Blower Motor
Meltpump Motor
0.150
0.100
0.150
0.150
0.150
0.989
0.995
0.989
0.989
0.989
2.4.1.1 For PE-KM5806 VRS Motor

Using
impedance:
"
ZM
PU
"
ZM
PU
equation
2.7
x M
3 ILR VM VBASE
SBASE
to
calculate
the
sub-transient
10x106
6900
x
3 (273.81)(6900) 6900
"
ZM
P U 3.0560 p.u
"
XM
pu
XM
"
"
x ZM
P U ; XM pu 0.989 x 3.0560 3.0224 p.u
ZM
Page 20
RM PU
RM
"
x XM
pu
XM
RM PU 0.15 x 3.0224 0.4534 p.u

"
ZM
P U 0.4534 j3.0224 p.u
The Positive and Negative Sequence Impedance of PEKM5806 VRS Motor is

"
"
Z1
PU Z2 PU 0.4534 j3.0224 p.u
With the equivalent positive and negative impedance as

shown on figure
Z1"
0.4534 pu
J 3.0224 pu
Reference bus
Figure 2.8 Positive Sequence Impedance network of PEKM5806

Z2"
0.4534 pu
J 3.0224 pu
Reference bus
Figure 2.9 Negative Sequence Impedance network of PEKM5806
Page 21
2.4.1.2 For YM7601 Mixer Motor

Using
equation
2.7
to
calculate
the
sub-transient
impedance:
"
ZM
PU
x M
3 ILR VM VBASE
"
ZM
PU
x M
3 ILR VM VBASE
SBASE
"
ZM
P U
SBASE
10x106
6900
x
3 (2672.42)(6900) 6900
"
ZM
P U 0.3131 p.u
"
XM
pu
XM
"
x ZM
PU
ZM
"
XM
pu 0.995 x 0.3131 0.3115 p.u
RM PU
RM
"
x XM
pu
XM
RM PU 0.10 x 0.3115 0.0312 p.u

"
ZM
P U 0.0312 j0.3115 p.u
The Positive and Negative Sequence Impedance of PE-YM7601

Mixer Motor is
Z1 PU Z2 PU 0.0312 j0.3115 p.u
With the equivalent positive and negative impedance as shown on

figure
Page 22
Z1"
0.0312 pu J 0.3115 pu
Reference bus
Figure 2.9 Positive Sequence Impedance network of PEYM7601

Z2"
0.0312 pu
J 0.3115 pu
Reference bus
Figure 2.10 Negative Sequence Impedance network of PEYM7601
2.4.1.3 For KM8639 Blower 1 Motor

Using
impedance:
"
ZM
PU
"
ZM
PU
equation
V
SBASE
x M
3 ILR VM VBASE
2.7
to
calculate
the
sub-transient
10x106
6900
x
3 (181.66)(6900) 6900
"
ZM
P U 4.6061 p.u
Page 23
"
XM
pu
XM
x ZM P.U
ZM
"
XM
pu 0.989 x 4.6061 4.5554 p.u
RM PU
RM
"
x XM
pu
XM
RM PU 0.150 x 4.5554 0.6833 p.u

"
ZM
P U 0.6833 j4.5554 p.u
The Positive and Negative Sequence Impedance of PE-KM8639

Blower 1 Motor is
Z1 PU Z2 PU 0.6833 j4.5554 p.u

figure
Z1"
0.6833 pu
J 4.5554 pu
Reference bus
Page 24
Z2"
0.6833 pu
J 4.5554 pu
Reference bus
2.4.1.4 For KM8601 Blower 2 Motor

Using
equation
2.7
to
calculate
the
sub-transient
impedance:
"
ZM
PU
x M
3 ILR VM VBASE
"
ZM
P U
SBASE
10x106
6900
x
3 (147.69)(6900) 6900
"
ZM
P U 5.6655 p.u
"
XM
pu
XM
"
x ZM
PU
ZM
"
XM
pu 0.989 x 5.6655 5.6031 p.u
RM PU
RM
"
x XM
pu
XM
RM PU 0.150 x 5.6031 0.8405 p.u

"
ZM
P U 0.8405 j5.6031 p.u
Page 25
The Positive and Negative Sequence Impedance of PE-KM8601

blower 2 motor is
Z1 PU Z2 PU 0.8405 j5.6031 p.u

figure
Z1"
0.8405 pu J 5.6031 pu
Reference bus

Z2"
0.8405 pu
J 5.6031 pu
Reference bus
Page 26
Table 2.7 Summary of per unit impedances of medium

voltage motors at 10MVA base
Equipment
ID
PE-KM5806
PE-YM7601
PE-KM8639
PE-KM8601
Description
Vent Recovery
compressor Motor
Mixer Motor
Blower Motor
Blower Motor
Z1 PU
Z2 PU
0.4533+j3.0223 0.4533+j3.0223
0.0311+j0.3115 0.0311+j0.3115
0.6833+j4.5553 0.6833+j4.5553
0.8404+j5.6031 0.8404+j5.6031
2.4.2 Low Voltage Motor Models

Table 2.8 Summary of Low Voltage Motor Data of MCC8
Equipment ID
Description
ILR
RM /XM
XM /ZM
GM-1412
ICA Charge
Pump
ICA Charge
Pump
BMC-200
Slurry Feed
Tank Agitator
Motor
Modifier D
Feed Tank
Agitator motor
Slurry Feed
Tank Agitator
Motor
T3 Residence
Time pot
Agitator Motor
DC Residence
Time pot
Agitator Motor
Cylinder Roller
motor
247.448
0.420
0.922
247.448
0.420
0.922
16.6257
0.420
0.922
11.3966
0.420
0.922
11.3966
0.420
0.922
5.54979
0.420
0.922
5.54979
0.420
0.922
48.0481
0.420
0.922
GM-1413
PE-YM4078
PE-YM4089
PE-YM4352
PE-GM4356
PE-GM4357
PE-SM4360
Page 27
PE-SM6825
PE-SM6828
PE-SM6853
PE-KM6831-1
PE-KM6832-1
PE-YCM6832
PE-KM6833-1
PE-KM6834-1
PE-KM6835-1
PE-YCM6835
PE-YM6851
PE-GM-5814-1
PE-GM5821
PE-GM5812
PE-GM5815
PE-GM5825
Additive Lift
motor
Drum Dumper
Talc bulk bag
discharger
motor
Bag Dump
station
exhaust fan
motor
Bag Dump
station
exhaust fan
motor
Bag Compactor
motor
Bag Dump
station
exhaust fan
motor
Bag Dump
station
exhaust fan
motor
Bag Dump
station
exhaust fan
motor
Bag Compactor
motor
Talc surge bin
filter motor
Vent Recovery
Ref
Compressor Oil
Pump
Glycol pump
motor
Low pressure
condensate
return pump
High pressure
condensate
return pump
Interstage
condensate
147.601
0.420
0.922
44.0707
37.5711
0.420
0.420
0.922
0.922
11.8081
0.420
0.922
11.8081
0.420
0.922
16.1019
0.420
0.922
11.8081
0.420
0.922
11.8081
0.420
0.922
11.8081
0.420
0.922
16.1019
0.420
0.922
3.97181
0.420
0.922
11.8081
0.420
0.922
203.544
0.420
0.922
67.628
0.420
0.922
266.563
0.420
0.922
276.407
0.420
0.922
Page 28
PE-VM5814
PE-GM5806A-2
PE-GM5806B2
PE-GM5806BD-2
GM8102
GM8103A
GM8103S
return pump
Vent Recovery
Ref
Compressor
Motor
Main Cooling
Pump motor
Aux Cooling
pump motor
Lube oil pump
motor
Hexene-1
unloading
pump
Hexene-1 feed
pump
Hexene-1 feed
pump
1484.84
0.420
0.922
42.9384
0.420
0.922
42.9384
0.420
0.922
24.7465
0.420
0.922
80.5096
0.420
0.922
319.438
0.420
0.922
319.438
0.420
0.922
Table 2.9 Summary of Low Voltage Motor Data of MCC9

Equipment
ID
PE-7601M1
PE-YM7610
PE-GM7612
PE7601VG1M
PE7601VG2M
PE7604G1M-A
PE7604G1M-B
7604K1M
PE7601G1M
PE7605G1M
PE-KM7615
Description
ILR
RM /XM
XM /ZM
Barring unit motor

Pellet dryer motor
Pelleting water pump
motor
Lube oil pump motor
456.163
182.64
638.531
0.420
0.420
0.420
0.922
0.922
0.922
221.248
0.420
0.922
Lube oil pump motor
221.248
0.420
0.922
Lube oil return pump

motor
Lube oil return pump
motor
Cooling fan for PEYM7604
Hydraulic oil pump
motor
hydraulic oil pump
motor for S/C
Pellet dryer exhaust
54.0537
0.420
0.922
54.0537
0.420
0.922
46.3377
0.420
0.922
99.5536
0.420
0.922
182.64
0.420
0.922
73.1219
0.420
0.922
Page 29
PE-Y7730
PE-Y7733
PE7604G3M
PE7604G4M
PE7601VG3M
PE7601VG4M
PE-KM7604
PE-SM7714
SM8605
SM8606
KM8607
SM8610
SM8614A
SM8641
SM8645
PE-SM5611
PEYM5611C
PE-YM5612
PE-Y5160
PE-Y5619
PE-Y5951
PE-Y5952
PE-SM5962
fan dryer
Pellet screener
Pellet Mass flowmeter
motor
Hot oil pump
129.087
40.7915
0.420
0.420
0.922
0.922
161.019
0.420
0.922
Hot oil pump
161.019
0.420
0.922
Lube oil pump motor

for mixer motor
Lube oil pump motor
for mixer motor
Meltpump purge air
fan
Pellet rotary feeder
Elutriator rotary
feeder motor
Elutriator Filter rotary
feeder motor
Wash Air fan motor
Aim grade bin rotary
feeder
Transition bin rotary
feeder motor
Aim grade bin rotary
feeder
Pellet Blending
blower motor
Product purge bin
rotary feeder motor
Lube oil fan motor
20.9356
0.420
0.922
20.9356
0.420
0.922
212.903
0.420
0.922
16.1019
23.6161
0.420
0.420
0.922
0.922
4.29384
0.420
0.922
415.269
23.6161
0.420
0.420
0.922
0.922
23.6161
0.420
0.922
23.6161
0.420
0.922
1562.29
0.420
0.922
118.081
0.420
0.922
4.07915
0.420
0.922
Particle screener
motor
Product purge bin
filter
Low product purge
bin filter
Seed bed resin
storage bin filter no 1
Seed bed resin
storage bin filter no 2
Seed bed rotary
feeder motor
26.8365
0.420
0.922
95.6454
0.420
0.922
95.6454
0.420
0.922
31.0403
0.420
0.922
31.0403
0.420
0.922
38.3214
0.420
0.922
Page 30
2.4.2.1 For GM-1412 ICA Charge Pump Motor

"
ZM
PU
x M
3 ILR VM VBASE
SBASE
"
ZM
P U
10x106
480
x
3 (247.448)(480) 480
"
ZM
P U 48.6087 p.u
XM
"
x ZM
PU
ZM
"
XM
pu
"
XM
pu 0.922 x 48.6087 44.8172 p.u
RM PU
RM
"
x XM
pu
XM
RM PU 0.420 x 44.8172 18.8232 p.u

"
ZM
P U 18.8232 j44.8172 p.u
The Positive and Negative Sequence Impedance of GM-1412 ICA

charge Pump Motor is
Z1 PU Z2 PU 18.8232 j44.8172 p.u
With the equivalent positive and negative impedance as

shown on figure
Z1"
18.8232 pu J 44.8172 pu
Reference bus
Figure 2.15 Positive Sequence Impedance network of PEGM1412

Page 31
Z2"
18.8232 pu J 44.8172 pu
Reference bus
Figure 2.16 Negative Sequence Impedance network of PEGM1412

By repeating the same procedure for the rest of the low
voltage motors, the results are summarized on table below.
Table 2.10 Summary of Calculation results for Positive and
Negative Sequence Impedance for MCC8 Motor Load at
10MVA base
Description
Z1 PU
Z2 PU
ICA Charge
Pump
ICA Charge
Pump
BMC-200
Slurry Feed
Tank Agitator
Motor
Modifier D
Feed Tank
Agitator motor
Slurry Feed
Tank Agitator
Motor
T3 Residence
Time pot
Agitator Motor
DC Residence
Time pot
Agitator Motor
Cylinder Roller
18.8232+j44.8172
18.8232+j44.8172
18.8232+j44.8172
18.8232+j44.8172
280.1555+j667.0369
280.1555+j667.0369
408.6992+j973.0935
408.6992+j973.0935
408.6992+j973.0935
408.6992+j973.0935
839.2696+j1998.2611
839.2696+j1998.2611
839.2696+j1998.2611
839.2696+j1998.2611
96.9397+j230.8089
96.9397+j230.8089
Page 32
motor
Additive Lift
motor
Drum Dumper
motor
Talc bulk bag
discharger
motor
Bag Dump
station
exhaust fan
motor
Bag Dump
station
exhaust fan
motor
Bag
Compactor
motor
Bag Dump
station
exhaust fan
motor
Bag Dump
station
exhaust fan
motor
Bag Dump
station
exhaust fan
motor
Bag
Compactor
motor
Talc surge bin
filter motor
Vent Recovery
Ref
Compressor
Oil Pump
Glycol pump
motor
Low pressure
condensate
return pump
High pressure
31.5565+j75.1346
31.5565+j75.1346
105.6886+j251.6395
105.6886+j251.6395
123.9721+j295.1717
123.9721+j295.1717
394.4567+j939.1827
394.4567+j939.1827
394.4567+j939.1827
394.4567+j939.1827
289.2682+j688.734
289.2682+j688.734
394.4567+j939.1827
394.4567+j939.1827
394.4567+j939.1827
394.4567+j939.1827
394.4567+j939.1827
394.4567+j939.1827
289.2682+j688.734
289.2682+j688.734
1172.7092+j2792.1648
1172.7092+j2792.1648
394.4567+j939.1827
394.4567+j939.1827
22.8833+j54.4841
22.8833+j54.4841
68.8734+j163.9842
68.8734+j163.9842
17.4734+j41.6034
17.4734+j41.6034
Page 33
condensate
return pump
Interstage
condensate
return pump
Vent Recovery
Ref
Compressor
Motor
Main Cooling
Pump motor
Aux Cooling
pump motor
Lube oil pump
motor
Hexene-1
unloading
pump
Hexene-1 feed
pump
Hexene-1 feed
pump
16.8511+j40.1217
16.8511+j40.1217
3.1368+j7.4687
3.1368+j7.4687
108.4756+j258.2752
108.4756+j258.2752
108.4756+j258.2752
108.4756+j258.2752
188.2191+j448.1408
188.2191+j448.1408
57.8536+j137.7468
57.8536+j137.7468
14.5811+j34.717
14.5811+j34.717
14.5811+j34.717
14.5811+j34.717
Table 2.11 Summary of Calculation results for Positive and

Negative Sequence Impedance for MCC9 Motor Load at
10MVA base
Description
Z1 PU
Z2 PU
Barring unit motor

Pellet dryer motor
Pelleting water
pump motor
Lube oil pump
motor
Lube oil pump
motor
Lube oil return
pump motor
Lube oil return
pump motor
Cooling fan for PEYM7604
10.2107+j24.3113
25.5025+j60.7202
7.2945+j17.3678
10.2107+j24.3113
25.5025+j60.7202
7.2945+j17.3678
21.0523+j50.1245
21.0523+j50.1245
21.0523+j50.1245
21.0523+j50.1245
86.1693+j205.165
86.1693+j205.165
86.1693+j205.165
86.1693+j205.165
100.5179+j239.3284
100.5179+j239.3284
Page 34
Hydraulic oil pump

motor
hydraulic oil pump
motor for S/C
Pellet dryer exhaust
fan dryer
Pellet screener
Pellet Mass
flowmeter motor
Hot oil pump
Hot oil pump
Lube oil pump
motor for mixer
motor
Lube oil pump
motor for mixer
motor
Meltpump purge air
fan
Elutriator rotary
feeder motor
Elutriator Filter
rotary feeder motor
Wash Air fan motor
Aim grade bin
rotary feeder
Transition bin rotary
feeder motor
Aim grade bin
rotary feeder
Pellet Blending
blower motor
Product purge bin
rotary feeder motor
Lube oil fan motor
Particle screener
motor
Product purge bin
filter
Low product purge
bin filter
Seed bed resin
storage bin filter no
1
46.7865+j111.3965
46.7865+j111.3965
25.5025+j60.7202
25.5025+j60.7202
63.6987+j151.6637
63.6987+j151.6637
36.0823+j85.9103
114.1848+j271.8686
36.0823+j85.9103
114.1848+j271.8686
28.9268+j68.8734
28.9268+j68.8734
222.4812+j529.7172
28.9268+j68.8734
28.9268+j68.8734
222.4812+j529.7172
222.4812+j529.7172
222.4812+j529.7172
21.8774+j52.0891
21.8774+j52.0891
289.2682+j688.734
197.2283+j469.5913
289.2682+j688.734
197.2283+j469.5913
1084.756+j2582.7525 1084.756+j2582.7525
11.2162+j26.7054
197.2283+j469.5913
11.2162+j26.7054
197.2283+j469.5913
197.2283+j469.5913
197.2283+j469.5913
197.2283+j469.5913
197.2283+j469.5913
2.9813+j7.0985
2.9813+j7.0985
39.4456+j93.9182
39.4456+j93.9182
1141.8484+j2718.686 1141.8484+j2718.686
173.5609+j413.2404
173.5609+j413.2404
48.6983+j115.9484
48.6983+j115.9484
48.6983+j115.9484
48.6983+j115.9484
150.0555+j357.275
150.0555+j357.275
Page 35
Seed bed resin

storage bin filter no
2
Seed bed rotary
feeder motor
150.0555+j357.275
150.0555+j357.275
121.5449+j289.3927
121.5449+j289.3927
2.5 Cable Model

Converting the cable impedances to per unit values using
equation 2.7.1 and base impedances from Table 2.1.
ZP U
ZP U
Z Actual
ZBase
Rper km jXper km x lenght

ZBase
2.5.1 For Medium Voltage Cables

Table 2.12 Cable data for Medium Voltage Cables
Eqpt ID
Cable Type
Size
(mm2)
Wire
/
Length
(m)
R1
(/km)
X1
(/km)
TL1
1CCV(8.7/15kV),
Cu/XLPE/CTS/A
WA/PVC
630
115
0.04
0.1138
TL2
185
54
0.128
0.0888
185
60
0.128
0.0888
PEKM5806
3C-CV
6/10(12)kV
3C-CV
6/10(12)kV
3C-CV
6/10(12kV)
185
313
0.128
0.1066
PEYM7601
1C-CV
6/10(12kV)
240
458
0.0986
0.1027
PEKM8639
3C-CV
6/10(12)kV
185
218
0.128
0.1066
PEKM8601
3C-CV
6/10(12)kV
185
405
0.128
0.1066
TL3
Page 36
Table 2.13 Cable Zero Sequence impedances for Medium

Voltage Cables
Equipment ID
TL1
TL2
TL3
PE-KM5806
PE-YM7601
PE-KM8639
PE-KM8601
RO
( /km)
0.1648
0.6034
0.6034
0.6034
0.3121
0.6034
0.6034
XO
(/km)
0.0361
0.0287
0.0287
0.0287
0.0417
0.0287
0.0287
For TL1 Positive and Negative Sequence Impedance
ZP U
ZP U
Rper km jXper km x length

ZBase x wire/phase
0.04 j0.1138 x 115/1000

19.044x5
ZP U 0.000048 j0.000137 pu
Z1 Z2 0.000048 j0.000137 pu
For TL1 Zero Sequence Impedance
ZP U
ZP U

ZBase x wire/phase
0.1648 j0.0361 x 115/1000

19.044x5
ZP U 0.000199 j0.000043 pu
Z0 0.000199 j0.000043 pu
Page 37
The same calculation are repeated for positive, negative

and zero sequence impedance for rest of the Medium Voltage
cables.
Table 2.14 Summary of calculation results for Medium
Voltage Cables for Positive, Negative and Zero Sequence
Impedance at 10MVA base
Equipment ID
TL1
TL2
TL3
PE-KM5806
PE-YM7601
PE-KM8639
PE-KM8601
PE-YM7604
Z1 and Z2 (pu)
0.000048 + j0.000137
0.001451 + j0.001007
0.001613 + j0.001119
0.008415 + j0.007008
0.009485 + j0.009879
0.00586 + j0.004881
0.010888 + j0.009068
0.011867 + j0.006559
Z0 (pu)
0.000199
0.006843
0.007604
0.039669
0.030023
0.027628
0.051328
0 + j0
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
j0.000043
j0.000325
j0.000361
j0.001886
j0.004011
j0.001314
j0.002441
Cable Positive Sequence Admittance for TL1, TL2 and TL3

TL1
YTL1
YTL1
1
Z TL1pos
1
0.000048 + j0.000137
YTL1 2277.796 - j6501.210 p.u
TL2
YTL2
YTL2
1
Z TL2pos
1
0.001451 + j0.001007
YTL2 465.146 - j322.813
p.u
Page 38
TL3
YTL3
YTL3
1
Z TL3pos
1
0.001613 + j0.001119
YTL3 418.533 - j290.352
p.u
Table 2.15 Summary of calculation results for Medium

Voltage Cables for Admittance at 10MVA base
ID
TL1
TL2
TL3
Y (pu)
2277.796 - j6501.210
465.146 - j322.813
418.533 - j290.352
2.5.2 For Low Voltage Cables

Table 2.16 Summary of Cable data for Low Voltage Cables for
MCC8
Eqpt ID
GM-1412
GM-1413
PE-YM4078
PE-YM4089
PE-YM4352
PE-GM4356
PE-GM4357
PE-SM4360
Cable Type
3C+PECV(0.6/1kV)
3C+PECV(0.6/1kV)
3C+PECV(0.6/1kV)
3C+PECV(0.6/1kV)
3C+PECV(0.6/1kV)
3C+PECV(0.6/1kV)
3C+PECV(0.6/1kV)
4C+PECV(0.6/1kV)
Size
(mm2)
Length
(m)
R
( /m)
X
(/m)
70
374
0.343
0.0886
70
374
0.343
0.0886
2.5
302
9.45
0.113
2.5
302
9.45
0.113
2.5
244
9.45
0.113
2.5
216
9.45
0.113
2.5
216
9.45
0.113
237
3.93
0.101
Page 39
PE-SM6825
95
426
0.248
0.0852
2.5
115
9.45
0.113
2.5
115
9.45
0.113
2.5
115
9.45
0.113
2.5
115
9.45
0.113
2.5
115
9.45
0.113
2.5
115
9.45
0.113
2.5
115
9.45
0.113
2.5
115
9.45
0.113
2.5
115
9.45
0.113
2.5
115
9.45
0.113
2.5
343
9.45
0.113
35
349
0.669
0.0893
16
336
1.47
0.092
3C+PECV(0.6/1kV)
50
336
0.494
0.0882
3C+PECV(0.6/1kV)
PE-VM5814
3C+PECV(0.6/1kV)
PE-GM5806A-2 3C+PECV(0.6/1kV)
PE-GM5806B2
3C+PECV(0.6/1kV)
PE-GM5806BD-2 3C+PECV(0.6/1kV)
GM8102
3C+PECV(0.6/1kV)
GM8103A
3C+PECV(0.6/1kV)
50
336
0.494
0.0882
150
343
0.16
0.0852
326
3.93
0.101
326
0.88
0.106
326
5.88
0.106
25
444
0.927
0.092
95
445
0.248
0.0852
PE-SM6828
PE-SM6853
PE-KM6831-1
PE-KM6832-1
PE-YCM6832
PE-KM6833-1
PE-KM6834-1
PE-KM6835-1
PE-YCM6835
PE-YM6851
PE-GM-5814-1
PE-GM5821
PE-GM5812
PE-GM5815
4C+PECV(0.6/1kV)
3C+PECV(0.6/1kV)
3C+PECV(0.6/1kV)
3C+PECV(0.6/1kV)
3C+PECV(0.6/1kV)
3C+PECV(0.6/1kV)
3C+PECV(0.6/1kV)
3C+PECV(0.6/1kV)
3C+PECV(0.6/1kV)
3C+PECV(0.6/1kV)
3C+PECV(0.6/1kV)
3C+PECV(0.6/1kV)
3C+PECV(0.6/1kV)
3C+PECV(0.6/1kV)
PE-GM5825
Page 40
GM8103S
3C+PECV(0.6/1kV)
95
445
0.248
0.0852
Note: all cables are 1 wire per phase
Table 2.17 Summary of Cable data for Low Voltage Cables for
MCC9
Equipment ID
Cable Type
Size
(mm2)
Length
(m)
R(
/m)
X
(/m)
PE-7601M1
3C+PECV(0.6/1kV)
95
445
0.248
0.0852
PE-YM7610
3C+PECV(0.6/1kV)
35
422
0.669
0.0893
PE-GM7612
3C+PECV(0.6/1kV)
240
448
0.0998
0.0848
PE-7601VG1M
3C+PECV(0.6/1kV)
50
445
0.248
0.0852
PE-7601VG2M
3C+PECV(0.6/1kV)
50
445
0.248
0.0852
PE-7604G1M-A
3C+PECV(0.6/1kV)
10
444
2.33
0.0965
PE-7604G1M-B
3C+PECV(0.6/1kV)
10
444
2.33
0.0965
7604K1M
3C+PECV(0.6/1kV)
10
444
2.33
0.0965
PE-7601G1M
3C+PECV(0.6/1kV)
25
444
0.927
0.092
PE-7605G1M
3C+PECV(0.6/1kV)
50
444
0.248
0.0852
PE-KM7615
3C+PECV(0.6/1kV)
16
440
1.47
0.092
PE-Y7730
3C+PECV(0.6/1kV)
10
422
2.33
0.0965
PE-Y7733
3C+PECV(0.6/1kV)
408
5.88
0.106
PE-7604G3M
3C+PECV(0.6/1kV)
35
422
0.669
0.0893
PE-7604G4M
3C+PECV(0.6/1kV)
35
422
0.669
0.0893
Page 41
PE-7601VG3M
3C+PECV(0.6/1kV)
445
5.88
0.106
PE-7601VG4M
3C+PECV(0.6/1kV)
445
5.88
0.106
PE-KM7604
3C+PECV(0.6/1kV)
50
445
0.248
0.0852
PE-SM7714
3C+PECV(0.6/1kV)
417
0.88
0.106
SM8605
3C+PECV(0.6/1kV)
2.5
174
9.45
0.113
SM8606
3C+PECV(0.6/1kV)
2.5
174
9.45
0.113
KM8607
3C+PECV(0.6/1kV)
25
174
0.927
0.092
SM8610
3C+PECV(0.6/1kV)
2.5
174
9.45
0.113
SM8614A
3C+PECV(0.6/1kV)
180
5.88
0.106
SM8641
3C+PECV(0.6/1kV)
2.5
167
9.45
0.113
SM8645
3C+PECV(0.6/1kV)
240
212
0.0998
0.0848
PE-SM5611
3C+PECV(0.6/1kV)
78
0.88
0.106
PE-YM5611C
3C+PECV(0.6/1kV)
2.5
78
9.45
0.113
PE-YM5612
3C+PECV(0.6/1kV)
461
0.88
0.106
PE-Y5160
3C+PECV(0.6/1kV)
10
422
2.33
0.0965
PE-Y5619
3C+PECV(0.6/1kV)
10
422
2.33
0.0965
PE-Y5951
3C+PECV(0.6/1kV)
10
444
2.33
0.0965
PE-Y5952
3C+PECV(0.6/1kV)
10
444
2.33
0.0965
PE-SM5962
3C+PECV(0.6/1kV)
10
444
2.33
0.0965
Page 42

reactance for Medium Voltage Cables for MCC8
Equipment ID
RO
( /km)
XO
(/km)
GM-1412
0.7586
0.071
GM-1413
0.7586
0.071
PE-YM4078
13.493
0.0902
PE-YM4089
13.493
0.0902
PE-YM4352
13.493
0.0902
PE-GM4356
13.493
0.0902
PE-GM4357
13.493
0.0902
PE-SM4360
5.8425
0.0778
PE-SM6825
0.5616
0.067
PE-SM6828
13.493
0.0902
PE-SM6853
13.493
0.0902
PE-KM6831-1
13.493
0.0902
PE-KM6832-1
13.493
0.0902
PE-YCM6832
13.493
0.0902
PE-KM6833-1
13.493
0.0902
PE-KM6834-1
13.493
0.0902
PE-KM6835-1
13.493
0.0902
PE-YCM6835
13.493
0.0902
PE-YM6851
13.493
0.0902
PE-GM-5814-1
13.493
0.0902
PE-GM5821
1.4954
0.0732
PE-GM5812
2.3692
0.0737
PE-GM5815
1.0815
0.072
PE-GM5825
1.0815
0.072
PE-VM5814
0.3348
0.0691
PE-GM5806A-2
5.901
0.0808
Page 43
PE-GM5806B2
5.901
0.0808
PE-GM5806BD-2
8.9393
0.085
GM8102
1.7904
0.0761
GM8103A
0.5739
0.069
GM8103S
0.5739
0.069

reactance for Medium Voltage Cables for MCC9
Equipment ID
RO
( /km)
XO
(/km)
PE-7601M1
0.5739
0.069
PE-YM7610
1.4954
0.0732
PE-GM7612
0.2369
0.0685
PE-7601VG1M
1.0815
0.072
PE-7601VG2M
1.0815
0.072
PE-7604G1M-A
3.7375
0.0776
PE-7604G1M-B
3.7375
0.0776
7604K1M
3.7375
0.0776
PE-7601G1M
1.7904
0.0761
PE-7605G1M
1.0815
0.072
PE-KM7615
2.3692
0.0737
PE-Y7730
3.7375
0.0776
PE-Y7733
8.9393
0.085
PE-7604G3M
1.4954
0.0732
PE-7604G4M
1.4954
0.0732
PE-7601VG3M
8.9393
0.085
PE-7601VG4M
8.9393
0.085
PE-KM7604
1.0815
0.072
PE-SM7714
5.901
0.0808
Page 44
SM8605
13.493
0.0902
SM8606
13.493
0.0902
KM8607
1.7904
0.0761
SM8610
13.493
0.0902
SM8614A
8.9393
0.085
SM8641
13.493
0.0902
SM8645
0.2369
0.0685
PE-SM5611
5.901
0.0808
PE-YM5611C
13.493
0.0902
PE-YM5612
5.901
0.0808
PE-Y5160
3.7375
0.0776
PE-Y5619
3.7375
0.0776
PE-Y5951
3.7375
0.0776
PE-Y5952
3.7375
0.0776
PE-SM5962
3.7375
0.0776
For ICA Charge Pump motor G-1412 Positive and Negative

Sequence Impedance
ZP U
ZP U

ZBase x wire/phase
0.343 j0.0886 x 374/1000

0.02304x1
ZP U 5.567795 j1.438211 pu
Z1 Z2 5.567795 j1.438211 pu
Page 45
For ICA Charge Pump motor G-1412 Zero Sequence

Impedance
ZP U
ZP U

ZBase x wire/phase
0.7586 j0.071 x 374/1000

0.02304x1
ZP U 12.314079 j1.152517 pu
Z0 12.314079 j1.152517 pu
The summary of results by repeating the same calculation
for positive, negative and zero sequence impedance for rest of the
medium voltage cables are summarized in table 2.20.
Table 2.20 Summary of calculation results for Low Voltage
Cables of MCC8 for Positive, Negative and Zero Sequence
Equipment
ID
Z1/Z2 (pu)
Z0 (pu)
GM-1412
5.567795 + j1.438211
12.314079 + j1.152517
GM-1413
5.567795 + j1.438211
12.314079 + j1.152517
PE-YM4078
123.867187 + j1.481163
176.861371 + j1.182309
PE-YM4089
123.867187 + j1.481163
176.861371 + j1.182309
PE-YM4352
100.078125 + j1.196701
142.894618 + j0.955243
PE-GM4356
88.59375 + j1.059375
126.496875 + j0.845625
PE-GM4357
88.59375 + j1.059375
126.496875 + j0.845625
PE-SM4360
40.425781 + j1.038932
60.098632 + j0.800286
PE-SM6825
4.585416 + j1.575312
10.38375 + j1.238802
Page 46
PE-SM6828
47.167968 + j0.564019
67.347873 + j0.450217
PE-SM6853
47.167968 + j0.564019
67.347873 + j0.450217
PE-KM68311
PE-KM68321
PE-YCM6832
47.167968 + j0.564019
67.347873 + j0.450217
47.167968 + j0.564019
67.347873 + j0.450217
47.167968 + j0.564019
67.347873 + j0.450217
PE-KM68331
PE-KM68341
PE-KM68351
PE-YCM6835
47.167968 + j0.564019
67.347873 + j0.450217
47.167968 + j0.564019
67.347873 + j0.450217
47.167968 + j0.564019
67.347873 + j0.450217
47.167968 + j0.564019
67.347873 + j0.450217
PE-YM6851
47.167968 + j0.564019
67.347873 + j0.450217
PE-GM5814-1
PE-GM5821
140.683593 + j1.682248
200.872352 + j1.342821
10.133723 + j1.352677
22.651675 + j1.108802
PE-GM5812
21.4375 + j1.341666
34.550833 + j1.074791
PE-GM5815
7.204166 + j1.28625
15.771875 + j1.05
PE-GM5825
7.204166 + j1.28625
15.771875 + j1.05
PE-VM5814
2.381944 + j1.268385
4.984218 + j1.028702
PEGM5806A-2
PEGM5806B2
PEGM5806BD2
GM8102
55.60677 + j1.429079
83.495052 + j1.143263
12.451388 + j1.499826
83.495052 + j1.143263
83.197916 + j1.499826
126.484887 + j1.20269
17.864062 + j1.772916
34.5025 + j1.46651
4.78993 + j1.645572
11.08444 + j1.332682
GM8103A
Page 47
GM8103S
4.78993 + j1.645572
11.08444 + j1.332682
Table 2.21 Summary of calculation results for Low Voltage

Cables of MCC9 for Positive, Negative and Zero Sequence
Equipment
ID
Z1/Z2 (pu)
Z0 (pu)
PE-7601M1
4.78993 + j1.645572
11.08444 + j1.332682
PE-YM7610
12.253385 + j1.635616
27.389704 + j1.340729
PE-GM7612
1.940555 + j1.648888
4.606388 + j1.331944
PE7601VG1M
PE7601VG2M
PE7604G1M-A
PE7604G1M-B
7604K1M
4.78993 + j1.645572
20.888346 + j1.390625
4.78993 + j1.645572
20.888346 + j1.390625
44.901041 + j1.859635
72.024739 + j1.495416
44.901041 + j1.859635
72.024739 + j1.495416
44.901041 + j1.859635
72.024739 + j1.495416
PE-7601G1M 17.864062 + j1.772916
34.5025 + j1.46651
PE-7605G1M 4.779166 + j1.641875
20.841406 + j1.3875
PE-KM7615
28.072916 + j1.756944
45.245138 + j1.407465
PE-Y7730
42.676215 + j1.767491
68.455946 + j1.421319
PE-Y7733
104.125 + j1.877083
12.253385 + j1.635616
158.300104 +
j1.505208
27.389704 + j1.340729
12.253385 + j1.635616
27.389704 + j1.340729
113.567708 + j2.047309
172.65575 + j1.64171
113.567708 + j2.047309
172.65575 + j1.64171
PE7604G3M
PE7604G4M
PE7601VG3M
PE7601VG4M
Page 48
PE-KM7604
4.78993 + j1.645572
20.888346 + j1.390625
PE-SM7714
15.927083 + j1.918489
SM8605
71.367187 + j0.853385
106.801953 +
j1.462395
101.90026 + j0.681197
SM8606
71.367187 + j0.853385
101.90026 + j0.681197
KM8607
7.000781 + j0.694791
13.52125 + j0.574713
SM8610
71.367187 + j0.853385
101.90026 + j0.681197
45.9375 + j0.828125
69.838281 + j0.664062
SM8641
68.496093 + j0.819053
97.800824 + j0.653793
SM8645
0.918298 + j0.780277
2.179809 + j0.630295
PE-SM5611
2.979166 + j0.358854
19.977343 + j0.273541
31.992187 + j0.382552
45.679427 + j0.305364
17.607638 + j2.12092
SM8614A
PE-YM5611C
PE-YM5612
PE-Y5160
42.676215 + j1.767491
118.071223 +
j1.616701
68.455946 + j1.421319
PE-Y5619
42.676215 + j1.767491
68.455946 + j1.421319
PE-Y5951
44.901041 + j1.859635
72.024739 + j1.495416
PE-Y5952
44.901041 + j1.859635
72.024739 + j1.495416
PE-SM5962
44.901041 + j1.859635
72.024739 + j1.495416
Page 49
2.6 Load Model

Calculating the connected load
The operating load will be calculated using the following equation
Operating Load (kW)
kW output x Load Factor x Diversity Factor

Effeciency
Table 2.22 Medium Voltage Load Data

Equipm
ent ID
Description
Load Type
Duty
PEKM5806
Vent
Recovery
compressor
Motor
Mixer Motor
Induction
Motor
Continuous
6.9
Induction
Motor
Induction
Motor
Induction
Motor
Continuous
PEYM7601
PEKM8639
PEKM8601
Blower Motor
Blower Motor
Voltage
kW
(kV)
Output
P.F
Eff.
Load
Factor
Diversity
Factor
FLC
(A)
540
0.79
0.94
0.91
60.84
6
6.9
4850
0.87
0.96
0.91
Continuous
6.9
315
0.84
0.95
0.79
Continuous
6.9
250
0.82
0.95
0.76
485.8
94
33.02
9
26.85
3
Page 50
Table 2.23 Low Voltage Load Data for MCC8

Equipm
ent ID
Description
Load Type
Duty
GM1412
GM1413
GM1504
ICA Charge
Pump
ICA Charge
Pump
T2 Charge
Pump
Continuous
0.48
Continuous
PEYM4078
PEGM4351
BMC-200
Slurry Feed
Tank
Agitator
Motor
Modifier D
Feed Tank
Agitator
motor
Slurry Feed
Pump Motor
Induction
Motor
Induction
Motor
VFDInduction
Motor
Induction
Motor
PEGM4355
Slurry Feed
Pump Motor
PEYM4089
Voltage
kW
(kV)
Output
Load Diversity
Factor
Factor
FLC
(A)
P.F
Eff.
35
0.86
0.91
0.61
53.793
0.48
35
0.86
0.91
0.87
53.793
Continuous
0.48
0.2
0.83
0.81
0.8
0.85
0.358
Continuous
0.48
1.8
0.83
0.81
0.8
3.220
Induction
Motor
Continuous
0.48
1.3
0.83
0.81
0.8
2.326
VFDInduction
Motor
VFDInduction
Motor
Continuous
0.48
2.2
0.83
0.85
0.8
0.85
3.751
Continuous
0.48
2.2
0.83
0.85
0.8
3.751
Page 51
Cont. Table 2.23 Low Voltage Load

PESlurry Feed
Induction
YM4352
Tank
Motor
Agitator
Motor
PEDC Feed
VFDGM4353 pump Motor
Induction
Motor
PET3 Feed
VFDGM4354 Pump motor
Induction
Motor
PET3
Induction
GM4356
Residence
Motor
Time pot
Agitator
Motor
PEDC
Induction
GM4357
Residence
Motor
Time pot
Agitator
Motor
PET3/DC Feed
Induction
GM4358 pump motor
Motor
PECylinder
Induction
SM4360 Roller motor
Motor
PEAdditive Lift
Induction
SM6825
motor
Motor
Data for MCC8

Continuous
0.48
1.3
0.83
0.81
0.8
2.326
Continuous
0.48
0.2
0.83
0.81
0.8
0.85
0.358
Continuous
0.48
0.2
0.83
0.81
0.8
0.358
Continuous
0.48
0.66
0.83
0.81
0.8
1.181
Continuous
0.48
0.66
0.83
0.81
0.8
1.181
Continuous
0.48
0.2
0.83
0.81
0.8
0.85
0.358
Continuous
0.48
3.73
0.83
0.81
0.8
0.5
6.673
Continuous
0.48
15
0.83
0.81
0.8
0.5
26.837
Page 52
Cont. Table 2.23 Low Voltage Load Data for MCC8

PESM6828
PESM6800
PESM6853
PEKM6831
-1
PEKM6832
-1
PEYCM683
2
PEKM6833
-1
PEKM6834
Drum
Dumper
motor
Solid
Additive
Package
Talc bulk
bag
discharger
motor
Bag Dump
station
exhaust fan
motor
Bag Dump
station
exhaust fan
motor
Bag
Compactor
motor
Bag Dump
station
exhaust fan
motor
Bag Dump
station
Induction
Motor
Continuous
0.48
3.7
0.83
0.73
0.8
0.5
7.345
Feeder
Continuous
0.48
43
0.8
0.68
125
Induction
Motor
Continuous
0.48
3.5
0.83
0.81
0.8
0.5
6.262
Induction
Motor
Continuous
0.48
1.1
0.83
0.81
0.8
0.85
1.968
Induction
Motor
Continuous
0.48
1.1
0.83
0.81
0.8
0.85
1.968
Induction
Motor
Continuous
0.48
1.5
0.83
0.81
0.8
0.5
2.684
Induction
Motor
Continuous
0.48
1.1
0.83
0.81
0.8
0.5
1.968
Induction
Motor
Continuous
0.48
1.1
0.83
0.81
0.8
0.5
1.968
Page 53

-1
PEKM6835
-1
PEYCM683
5
PEYM6851
PEY6860
PED6810
MNDB
WRP-01
MCC
EM2
exhaust fan
motor
Bag Dump
station
exhaust fan
motor
Bag
Compactor
motor
Talc surge
bin filter
motor
Mixer feed
hopper and
vent filter
Granular
resin surge
and vent
filter
Main normal
distribution
board
Welding
socket
480V
Emergency
MCC EM2
Induction
Motor
Continuous
0.48
1.1
0.83
0.81
0.8
0.5
1.968
Induction
Motor
Continuous
0.48
1.5
0.83
0.81
0.8
2.684
Induction
Motor
Continuous
0.48
0.37
0.83
0.81
0.8
0.662
Feeder
Continuous
0.48
11
0.8
0.8
0.8
20.673
Feeder
Continuous
0.48
11
0.8
0.81
0.8
20.418
Feeder
Continuous
0.48
298.7
0.87
0.43
412.96
6
Feeder
Intermitten
t
Continuous
0.48
238
0.85
0.8
0.48
173.3
0.85
0.8
336.78
8
245.16
2
Feeder
Page 54

PE-GM5814-1
PEGM5821
PEGM5812
PEGM5815
PEGM5825
PEVM5814
PEGM5806
A-2
PE-
Vent
Recovery
Ref
Compressor
Oil Pump
Glycol pump
motor
Low
pressure
condensate
return pump
High
pressure
condensate
return pump
Interstage
condensate
return pump
Vent
Recovery
Ref
Compressor
Motor
Main Cooling
Pump motor
Induction
Motor
Continuous
0.48
1.1
0.83
0.81
0.8
1.968
Induction
Motor
Induction
Motor
Continuous
0.48
18.5
0.83
0.8
29.078
Continuous
0.48
6.3
0.83
0.92
2
0.81
0.8
11.271
Induction
Motor
Continuous
0.48
21
0.83
0.68
5
0.87
44.427
Induction
Motor
Continuous
0.48
25
0.86
0.75
9
0.87
46.068
Induction
Motor
Continuous
0.48
155
0.86
0.94
9
0.91
228.43
6
Induction
Motor
Continuous
0.48
0.83
0.81
0.8
7.156
Aux Cooling
Induction
Continuous
0.48
0.83
0.81
0.8
7.156
Page 55

GM5806
B2
PEGM5806
BD-2
GM8102
GM8103
A
GM8103
S
pump motor
Motor
Lube oil
pump motor
Induction
Motor
Continuous
0.48
2.2
0.83
0.77
3
0.8
0.5
4.124
Hexene-1
unloading
pump
Hexene-1
feed pump
Hexene-1
feed pump
Induction
Motor
Continuous
0.48
7.5
0.83
0.81
0.8
13.418
Induction
Motor
Induction
Motor
Continuous
0.48
37
0.86
0.81
0.8
63.888
Continuous
0.48
37
0.86
0.81
0.8
63.888
P.F
Eff
0.86
0.86
0.93
4
0.92
2
0.94
4
Table 2.24 Low Voltage Load Data for MCC9

Equipm
ent ID
PEYM7607
PE7601M1
PEYM7610
PEGM7612
Description
Pelletizer
Motor
Barring unit
motor
Pellet dryer
motor
Pelleting
water pump
Load Type
VFDInduction
Motor
Induction
motor
Induction
motor
Induction
motor
Duty
Continuous
Voltage
kW
(kV)
Output
0.48
75
Continuous
0.48
42
0.85
Continuous
0.48
17
0.85
Continuous
0.48
63
0.88
Load Diversity
Factor
Factor
0.91
0.85
FLC
(A)
121.97
0.87
63.633
0.8
26.091
0.91
91.219
Page 56

PE7601VG
1M
PE7601VG
2M
CP-7601
PE7604G1
M-A
PE7604G1
M-B
7604K1
M
CP-7604
PE7601G1
M
PE7605G1
motor
Lube oil
pump motor
Induction
motor
Continuous
0.48
20
0.83
0.91
7
0.8
31.607
Lube oil
pump motor
Induction
motor
Continuous
0.48
20
0.83
0.91
7
0.8
31.607
Continuous
0.48
0.81
0.9
0.91
1.650
Induction
motor
Continuous
0.48
4.6
0.82
0.85
3
0.8
7.910
Induction
motor
Continuous
0.48
4.6
0.82
0.85
3
0.8
7.910
Induction
motor
Continuous
0.48
3.7
0.83
0.81
0.8
6.620
Continuous
0.48
0.83
0.8
2.898
Induction
motor
Continuous
0.48
8.6
0.8
0.88
7
0.8
14.577
Induction
motor
Continuous
0.48
17
0.85
0.92
2
0.8
26.091
YM7601
starter
control panel
Lube oil
return pump
motor
Lube oil
return pump
motor
Cooling fan
for PEYM7604
PE-YM7604
thyristor
control panel
Hydraulic oil
pump motor
hydraulic oil
pump motor
Page 57

M
PEKM7615
PEY7730
PEY7733
PE7604G3
M
PE7604G4
M
PE7601VG
3M
PE7601VG
4M
PEKM7604
CP7600
for S/C
Pellet dryer
exhaust fan
dryer
Pellet
screener
Pellet Mass
flowmeter
motor
Hot oil pump
Induction
motor
Continuous
0.48
6.3
0.85
0.87
4
0.8
10.200
Induction
motor
Induction
motor
Continuous
0.48
11.3
0.69
0.8
22.183
Continuous
0.48
3.8
0.83
0.88
8
0.81
0.8
0.5
6.799
Induction
motor
Continuous
0.48
15
0.83
0.81
0.8
26.837
Hot oil pump
Induction
motor
Continuous
0.48
15
0.83
0.81
0.8
26.837
Lube oil
pump motor
for mixer
motor
Lube oil
pump motor
for mixer
motor
Meltpump
purge air fan
Hot oil
heater
Induction
motor
Continuous
0.48
1.75
0.8
0.82
8
0.8
3.178
Induction
motor
Continuous
0.48
1.75
0.8
0.82
8
0.8
3.178
Induction
motor
Continuous
0.48
17
0.83
0.81
0.8
30.415
Continuous
0.48
20
0.83
0.81
0.8
35.782
Page 58
PESM7714
SM8605
SM8606
KM8607
SM8610
SM8614
A
SM8641
SM8645
PES5961
control panel
Pellet rotary
Induction
feeder
motor
Elutriator
Induction
rotary feeder
motor
motor
Elutriator
Induction
Filter rotary
motor
feeder motor
Wash Air fan
Induction
motor
motor
Aim grade
Induction
bin rotary
motor
feeder
Transition
Induction
bin rotary
motor
feeder motor
Aim grade
Induction
bin rotary
motor
feeder
Pellet
Induction
Blending
motor
blower
motor
Seed Bed
VFDrotary feeder Induction
no 1
Motor
Continuous
0.48
1.5
0.83
0.81
0.59
2.684
Continuous
0.48
2.2
0.83
0.81
0.83
3.936
Continuous
0.48
0.4
0.83
0.81
0.8
0.716
Continuous
0.48
37
0.83
0.81
0.85
66.197
Continuous
0.48
2.2
0.83
0.81
0.8
3.936
Continuous
0.48
2.2
0.83
0.81
0.83
3.936
Continuous
0.48
2.2
0.83
0.81
0.8
3.936
Continuous
0.48
150
0.86
0.94
0.67
223.18
4
Continuous
0.48
1.5
0.83
0.81
0.49
0.85
2.684
Page 59

PESM5611
PEYM5611
C
PEYM5612
PEY5160
PEY5619
PEY5951
PEY5952
PESM5962
Product
purge bin
rotary feeder
motor
Lube oil fan
motor
Induction
motor
Continuous
0.48
11
0.83
0.81
0.8
19.680
Induction
motor
Continuous
0.48
0.38
0.83
0.81
0.8
0.680
Particle
screener
motor
Product
purge bin
filter
Low product
purge bin
filter
Seed bed
resin storage
bin filter no
1
Seed bed
resin storage
bin filter no
2
Seed bed
rotary feeder
motor
Induction
motor
Continuous
0.48
2.5
0.83
0.81
0.8
4.473
Continuous
0.48
11
0.83
0.8
15.941
Continuous
0.48
11
0.83
0.8
15.941
Continuous
0.48
0.93
0.8
5.173
Continuous
0.48
0.93
0.8
5.173
Continuous
0.48
0.93
0.81
0.8
6.387
Induction
motor
Page 60

TR-Ex
Packaging
Panel
Continuous
0.48
312
0.87
0.8
431.35
4
Page 61
Table 2.25 Summary of Connected Load for Medium Voltage

Load
Equipment
ID
PE-KM5806
PE-YM7601
PE-KM8639
PE-KM8601
Description
Vent
Recovery
compressor
Motor
Mixer Motor
Blower Motor
Blower Motor
CONNECTED LOAD
kW
kVAR
kVA
574.468
445.836
727.175
5052.083
331.579
263.158
2863.148
214.179
183.685
5806.992
394.737
320.924
Table 2.26 Summary of Connected Load for Low Voltage Load

of MCC8
Equipment
ID
GM-1412
GM-1413
GM-1504
PE-YM4078
PE-YM4089
PE-GM4351
PE-GM4355
PE-YM4352
PE-GM4353
PE-GM4354
PE-GM4356
CONNECTED LOAD
Description
ICA Charge
Pump
ICA Charge
Pump
T2 Charge
Pump
BMC-200
Slurry Feed
Tank Agitator
Motor
Modifier D
Feed Tank
Agitator
motor
Slurry Feed
Pump Motor
Slurry Feed
Pump Motor
Slurry Feed
Tank Agitator
Motor
DC Feed
pump Motor
T3 Feed
Pump motor
T3 Residence
kW
KVAR
kVA
38.4615
22.8217
44.7227
38.4615
22.8217
44.7227
0.2469
0.1659
0.2975
2.2222
1.4933
2.6774
1.6049
1.0785
1.9337
2.5882
1.7393
3.1184
2.5882
1.7393
3.1184
1.6049
1.0785
1.9337
0.2469
0.1659
0.2975
0.2469
0.1659
0.2975
0.8148
0.5476
0.9817
Page 62
PE-GM4357
PE-GM4358
PE-SM4360
PE-SM6825
PE-SM6828
PE-SM6800
PE-SM6853
PE-KM68311
PE-KM68321
PE-YCM6832
PE-KM68331
PE-KM68341
PE-KM68351
PE-YCM6835
Time pot
Agitator
Motor
DC Residence
Time pot
Agitator
Motor
T3/DC Feed
pump motor
Cylinder
Roller motor
Additive Lift
motor
Drum
Dumper
motor
Solid Additive
Package
Talc bulk bag
discharger
motor
Bag Dump
station
exhaust fan
motor
Bag Dump
station
exhaust fan
motor
Bag
Compactor
motor
Bag Dump
station
exhaust fan
motor
Bag Dump
station
exhaust fan
motor
Bag Dump
station
exhaust fan
motor
Bag
Compactor
0.8148
0.5476
0.9817
0.2469
0.1659
0.2975
4.6049
3.0945
5.5481
18.5185
12.4445
22.3115
5.0685
3.4060
6.1066
18.1000
13.5750
22.6250
4.3210
2.9037
5.2060
1.3580
0.9126
1.6362
1.3580
0.9126
1.6362
1.8519
1.2445
2.2311
1.3580
0.9126
1.6362
1.3580
0.9126
1.6362
1.3580
0.9126
1.6362
1.8519
1.2445
2.2311
Page 63
PE-YM6851
PE-Y6860
PE-D6810
MNDB
WRP-01
MCC EM2
PE-GM5814-1
PE-GM5821
PE-GM5812
PE-GM5815
PE-GM5825
PE-VM5814
PEGM5806A-2
PEGM5806B2
PEGM5806BD2
motor
Talc surge
bin filter
motor
Mixer feed
hopper and
vent filter
Granular
resin surge
and vent
filter
Main normal
distribution
board
Welding
socket
480V
Emergency
MCC EM2
Vent
Recovery Ref
Compressor
Oil Pump
Glycol pump
motor
Low pressure
condensate
return pump
High
pressure
condensate
return pump
Interstage
condensate
return pump
Vent
Recovery Ref
Compressor
Motor
Main Cooling
Pump motor
Aux Cooling
pump motor
Lube oil
pump motor
0.4568
0.3070
0.5503
13.7500
10.3125
17.1875
13.5802
10.1852
16.9753
298.7000
169.2811
343.3333
238.0000
147.4992
280.0000
173.2500
107.3707
203.8235
1.3580
0.9126
1.6362
20.0651
13.4838
24.1748
7.7778
5.2267
9.3708
30.6569
20.6016
36.9361
32.9381
19.5443
38.3001
163.3298
96.9142
189.9184
4.9383
3.3185
5.9497
4.9383
3.3185
5.9497
2.8461
1.9126
3.4290
Page 64
GM8102
GM8103A
GM8103S
Hexene-1
unloading
pump
Hexene-1
feed pump
Hexene-1
feed pump
9.2593
6.2223
11.1557
45.6790
27.1043
53.1151
45.6790
27.1043
53.1151
Table 2.27 Summary of Connected Load for Low Voltage Load

of MCC9
Equipmen
t ID
PE-YM7607
Description
Pelletizer
Motor
PE-7601M1
Barring unit
motor
PE-YM7610
Pellet dryer
motor
PE-GM7612
Pelleting
water pump
motor
PELube oil pump
7601VG1M
motor
PELube oil pump
7601VG2M
motor
CP-7601
YM7601
starter control
panel
PELube oil
7604G1M-A return pump
motor
PELube oil
7604G1M-B return pump
motor
7604K1M
Cooling fan
for PEYM7604
CP-7604
PE-YM7604
thyristor
control panel
PEHydraulic oil
7601G1M
pump motor
PEhydraulic oil
7605G1M
pump motor
CONNECTED LOAD
kW
KVAR
kVA
87.209
51.747
101.406
44.968
27.869
52.903
18.438
11.427
21.692
66.737
36.021
75.838
21.810
14.657
26.277
21.810
14.657
26.277
1.111
0.804
1.372
5.393
3.764
6.577
5.393
3.764
6.577
4.568
3.070
5.503
2.000
1.344
2.410
9.696
7.272
12.120
18.438
11.427
21.692
Page 65
PE-KM7615
PE-Y7730
PE-Y7733
PE7604G3M
PE7604G4M
PE7601VG3M
PE7601VG4M
PEKM7604
CP-7600
PE-SM7714
SM8605
SM8606
KM8607
SM8610
SM8614A
SM8641
SM8645
PE-S5961
for S/C
Pellet dryer
exhaust fan
dryer
Pellet
screener
Pellet Mass
flowmeter
motor
Hot oil pump
7.208
4.467
8.480
12.725
13.349
18.442
4.691
3.153
5.652
18.519
12.445
22.311
Hot oil pump
18.519
12.445
22.311
Lube oil pump

motor for
mixer motor
Lube oil pump
motor for
mixer motor
Meltpump
purge air fan
Hot oil heater
control panel
Pellet rotary
feeder
Elutriator
rotary feeder
motor
Elutriator
Filter rotary
feeder motor
Wash Air fan
motor
Aim grade bin
rotary feeder
Transition bin
rotary feeder
motor
Aim grade bin
rotary feeder
Pellet
Blending
blower motor
Seed Bed
rotary feeder
no 1
2.114
1.585
2.642
2.114
1.585
2.642
20.988
14.104
25.286
24.691
16.593
29.749
1.852
1.244
2.231
2.716
1.825
3.272
0.494
0.332
0.595
45.679
30.696
55.035
2.716
1.825
3.272
2.716
1.825
3.272
2.716
1.825
3.272
159.574
94.686
185.552
1.852
1.244
2.231
Page 66
PE-SM5611
PEYM5611C
PE-YM5612
PE-Y5160
PE-Y5619
PE-Y5951
PE-Y5952
PE-SM5962
TR-Ex
Product purge
bin rotary
feeder motor
Lube oil fan
motor
Particle
screener
motor
Product purge
bin filter
Low product
purge bin
filter
Seed bed
resin storage
bin filter no 1
Seed bed
resin storage
bin filter no 2
Seed bed
rotary feeder
motor
Packaging
Panel
13.580
9.126
16.362
0.469
0.315
0.565
3.086
2.074
3.719
11.000
7.392
13.253
11.000
7.392
13.253
4.000
1.581
4.301
4.000
1.581
4.301
4.938
1.952
5.310
312.000
176.819
358.621
Page 67
Calculating for the Operating Load:
Operating Load (kW)

Efficiency
Operating Load (kVA)
Operating Load(kW)
power factor
Operating Load (kVAR) Operating Load (kVA)2 Operating Load(kW)2
For PE-KM5806

Effeciency
540 x 0.91 x 1
Operating Load (kW)
522.766 kW
0.94
Operating Load (kW)
Operating Load(kW)
power factor
522.766
661.729 kVA
0.79
Operating Load (kVAR) Operating Load (kVA)2 Operating Load(kW)2
Operating Load (kVAR) 661.7292 522.7662 405.711 kVAR
Page 68
Calculating for the rest of the load:

Table 2.28 Calculation Results for the Operating Load for
Medium Voltage Loads
Equipme
nt ID
PEKM5806
PEYM7601
PEKM8639
PEKM8601
Description
OPERATING LOAD
P(Kw)
Q(kVAR)
S(kVA)
522.766
405.711
661.729
Vent Recovery
compressor Motor
Mixer Motor
4597.396
2605.464
5284.363
Blower Motor
261.947
169.201
311.842
Blower Motor
200.000
139.601
243.902

Low Voltage Loads of MCC8
Equipmen
t ID
GM-1412
GM-1413
GM-1504
PE-YM4078
PE-YM4089
PE-GM4351
PE-GM4355
PE-YM4352
PE-GM4353
PE-GM4354
PE-GM4356
Description
ICA Charge Pump
ICA Charge Pump
T2 Charge Pump
BMC-200 Slurry
Feed Tank Agitator
Motor
Modifier D Feed
Tank Agitator
motor
Slurry Feed Pump
Motor
Slurry Feed Pump
Motor
Slurry Feed Tank
Agitator Motor
DC Feed pump
Motor
T3 Feed Pump
motor
T3 Residence Time
pot Agitator Motor
OPERATING LOAD
P(Kw)
Q(kVAR) S(kVA)
23.4615
33.4615
0.1679
1.7778
13.9213
19.8549
0.1128
1.1947
27.2809
38.9088
0.2023
2.1419
1.2840
0.8628
1.5469
1.7600
1.1827
2.1205
2.0706
1.3914
2.4947
1.2840
0.8628
1.5469
0.1679
0.1128
0.2023
0.1975
0.1327
0.2380
0.6519
0.4380
0.7854
Page 69
PE-GM4357
PE-GM4358
PE-SM4360
PE-SM6825
PE-SM6828
PE-SM6800
PE-SM6853
PEKM6831-1
PEKM6832-1
PEYCM6832
PEKM6833-1
PEKM6834-1
PEKM6835-1
PEYCM6835
PE-YM6851
PE-Y6860
PE-D6810
MNDB
WRP-01
MCC EM2
PE-GM5814-1
PE-GM5821
PE-GM5812
DC Residence
Time pot Agitator
Motor
T3/DC Feed pump
motor
Cylinder Roller
motor
Additive Lift motor
Drum Dumper
motor
Solid Additive
Package
Talc bulk bag
discharger motor
Bag Dump station
exhaust fan motor
Bag Dump station
exhaust fan motor
Bag Compactor
motor
Bag Dump station
exhaust fan motor
Bag Dump station
exhaust fan motor
Bag Dump station
exhaust fan motor
Bag Compactor
motor
Talc surge bin
filter motor
Mixer feed hopper
and vent filter
Granular resin
surge and vent
filter
Main normal
distribution board
Welding socket
480V Emergency
MCC EM2
Vent Recovery Ref
Compressor Oil
Pump
Glycol pump motor
Low pressure
0.6519
0.4380
0.7854
0.1679
0.1128
0.2023
1.8420
1.2378
2.2192
7.4074
2.0274
4.9778
1.3624
8.9246
2.4426
12.3080
9.2310
15.3850
1.7284
1.1615
2.0824
0.9235
0.6206
1.1126
0.9235
0.6206
1.1126
0.7407
0.4978
0.8925
0.5432
0.3650
0.6545
0.5432
0.3650
0.6545
0.5432
0.3650
0.6545
1.4815
0.9956
1.7849
0.3654
0.2456
0.4403
11.0000
8.2500
13.7500
10.8642
8.1481
13.5802
128.4410
72.7909
147.6333
190.4000
138.6000
117.9993
85.8966
224.0000
163.0588
1.0864
0.7301
1.3089
16.0521
6.2222
10.7871
4.1814
19.3398
7.4967
Page 70
condensate return
pump
PE-GM5815
High pressure
condensate return
pump
PE-GM5825
Interstage
condensate return
pump
PE-VM5814 Vent Recovery Ref
Compressor Motor
PEMain Cooling Pump
GM5806Amotor
2
PEAux Cooling pump
GM5806B2
motor
PELube oil pump
GM5806BD
motor
-2
GM8102
Hexene-1
unloading pump
GM8103A
Hexene-1 feed
pump
GM8103S
Hexene-1 feed
pump
26.6715
17.9234
32.1344
28.6561
17.0035
33.3211
148.6301
88.1919
172.8257
3.9506
2.6548
4.7598
3.9506
2.6548
4.7598
1.1384
0.7650
1.3716
7.4074
4.9778
8.9246
36.5432
21.6835
42.4921
36.5432
21.6835
42.4921

Low Voltage Loads of MCC9
Equipment
ID
PE-YM7607
PE-7601M1
PE-YM7610
PE-GM7612
PE7601VG1M
PE7601VG2M
CP-7601
PE7604G1M-A
PE-
Description
Pelletizer Motor
Barring unit
motor
Pellet dryer motor
Pelleting water
pump motor
Lube oil pump
motor
Lube oil pump
motor
YM7601 starter
control panel
Lube oil return
pump motor
Lube oil return
OPERATING LOAD
P(Kw)
Q(kVAR) S(kVA)
67.456
40.026
78.438
39.122
24.246
46.026
14.751
60.731
9.142
32.779
17.354
69.012
17.448
11.725
21.022
17.448
11.725
21.022
1.011
0.732
1.248
4.314
3.011
5.261
4.314
3.011
5.261
Page 71
7604G1M-B
7604K1M
CP-7604
PE7601G1M
PE7605G1M
PE-KM7615
PE-Y7730
PE-Y7733
PE7604G3M
PE7604G4M
PE7601VG3M
PE7601VG4M
PE-KM7604
CP-7600
PE-SM7714
SM8605
SM8606
KM8607
SM8610
SM8614A
SM8641
pump motor
Cooling fan for
PE-YM7604
PE-YM7604
thyristor control
panel
Hydraulic oil
pump motor
hydraulic oil
pump motor for
S/C
Pellet dryer
exhaust fan dryer
Pellet screener
Pellet Mass
flowmeter motor
Hot oil pump
3.654
2.456
4.403
1.600
1.075
1.928
7.756
5.817
9.696
14.751
9.142
17.354
5.767
3.574
6.784
10.180
1.877
10.679
1.261
14.754
2.261
14.815
9.956
17.849
Hot oil pump
14.815
9.956
17.849
Lube oil pump

motor for mixer
motor
Lube oil pump
motor for mixer
motor
Meltpump purge
air fan
Hot oil heater
control panel
Pellet rotary
feeder
Elutriator rotary
feeder motor
Elutriator Filter
rotary feeder
motor
Wash Air fan
motor
Aim grade bin
rotary feeder
Transition bin
rotary feeder
motor
Aim grade bin
rotary feeder
1.691
1.268
2.114
1.691
1.268
2.114
16.790
11.283
20.229
19.753
13.274
23.799
1.093
0.734
1.316
2.254
1.515
2.716
0.395
0.265
0.476
38.827
26.092
46.780
2.173
1.460
2.618
2.254
1.515
2.716
2.173
1.460
2.618
Page 72
SM8645
PE-S5961
PE-SM5611
PEYM5611C
PE-YM5612
PE-Y5160
PE-Y5619
PE-Y5951
PE-Y5952
PE-SM5962
TR-Ex
Pellet Blending
blower motor
Seed Bed rotary
feeder no 1
Product purge bin
rotary feeder
motor
Lube oil fan motor
106.915
63.440
124.320
0.771
0.518
0.929
10.864
7.301
13.089
0.375
0.252
0.452
Particle screener
motor
Product purge bin
filter
Low product
purge bin filter
Seed bed resin
storage bin filter
no 1
Seed bed resin
storage bin filter
no 2
Seed bed rotary
feeder motor
Packaging Panel
2.469
1.659
2.975
8.800
5.914
10.602
8.800
5.914
10.602
3.200
1.265
3.441
3.200
1.265
3.441
3.951
1.561
4.248
249.600
141.455
286.897
Taking the sum of all operating load

For Medium Voltage Motor Loads:
Table 2.31 Medium Voltage Operating Load
P2=
TOTAL OPERATING LOAD

5.58210 MW
Q2=
3.31997 MVAR
S2=
6.50183 MVA
For MCC8 480V Loads:

Table 2.32 Low Voltage Operating Load for MCC8
P3=
0.894639 MW
Q3=
0.548985 MVAR
S3=
1.050065 MVA
Page 73

Table 2.33 Low Voltage Operating Load for MCC9
P4=
0.789850 MW
Q4=
0.480991 MVAR
S4=
0.926013 MVA
Converting to per unit values based on 10MVA.
P
PPU ACTUAL
SBASE
QPU
Q ACTUAL
SBASE
SPU
S ACTUAL
SBASE
For Medium Voltage Motor Loads:
P2PU
5.58210MVA
0.558210 pu
10MVA
Q2PU
3.31997 MVA
0.331997 pu
10MVA
S2PU
6.50183 MVA
0.650183 pu
10MVA
Table 2.34 Medium Voltage Operating Load at 10MVA base
P3PU
P2PU=

0.558210 pu
Q2PU=
0.331997 pu
S2PU=
0.650183 pu
0.894639 MVA
0.0894639 pu
10MVA
Page 74
Q3PU
0.548985 MVA
0.0548985 pu
10MVA
S3PU
1.050065 MVA
0.1050065 pu
10MVA

Table 2.35 Low Voltage Operating Load for MCC8 at 10MVA
base
P3PU=
0.0894639 pu
Q3PU=
0.0548985 pu
S3PU=
0.1050065 pu
P4PU
0.789850 MVA
0.0789850 pu
10MVA
Q 4PU
0.480991 MVA
0.0480991 pu
10MVA
S4PU
0.926013 MVA
0.0926013 pu
10MVA

Table 2.36 Low Voltage Operating Load for MCC9 at 10MVA
base
P4PU=
0.0789850 pu
Q4PU=
0.0480991 pu
S4PU=
0.0926013 pu
Page 75
Values
from
the
above
tables
represent
the
normal
operating load. These values will be used in the load flow analysis to
determine the bus voltages, power flows, current flows and power
factors.
Page 76
2.7 Connection Point Model

An
old
study
conducted
on
the
existing
system
by
Mitsubishi Heavy Industry3 indicated that the connection point

impedances are as follows:
Table 2.37 Summary of Short
connection point at 10MVA base
Z1 (pu)
Momentary
Networks
Interrupting
Networks
0.000639+0.019257
0.000685+j0.021452
Circuit
Impedance
Z2 (pu)
at
Z0 (pu)
0.000639+j0.019257 0.000555+
J0.017761
0.000685+j0.021452 0.000555+
J0.017761
Since the impedances are given in 10MVA base, no further

conversion is required.
2.8 Impedance Networks
In accordance with IEEE violet book STD 551-20064,
there are three types of fault currents namely first cycle current
(also called momentary), interrupting current, and time delayed
current. These different fault currents correspond to different
networks with which we can calculate the fault current. These
network models are summarized on the Table below.
Table 2.38 Summary of Impedance
approved short circuit calculation
Network
Momentary
Interrupting
Time Delayed
Network for
ANSI
Sequence Impedance
Positive
Negative
Zero
Positive
Negative
Zero
Positive
Negative
Zero
BAPE Project (Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, LLTD) Short Circuit Calculation

VIOLET BOOK-IEEE Std 551-2006 Recommended Practice for Calculating Short4
VIOLET BOOK-IEEE Std 551-2006 Recommended Practice for Calculating ShortCircuit Currents in Industrial and Commercial Power Systems, Section 9.3, p200
4
Page 77
Further to the above mentioned method, to simplify of the

calculation, the Impedance network of the motors for each voltage
level and bus is reduced to its Thevenins equivalent impedance.
Typical network impedance diagram is shown on figure 2.17 below.
ZEqA-Equivalent Thevenins network impedance of medium voltage

motors which includes PE-KM5806, PE-YM7601, PE-KM8639 and PEKM8601.
ZEqB-Equivalent Thevenins network impedance of Non-VFD driven

motors of MCC8.
ZEqC-Equivalent Thevenins network impedance of Non-VFD driven

motors of MCC9.
F1
Equivalent
Impedance
Network at
connection
point
ZTL1
F2
Reference
ZTRM1
F4
ZEqA
Equivalent
Impedance
Network of
MV motors
F3
ZTL2
ZTL3
F5
F6
Reference
ZTRL3A
ZTRL3B
F7
F8
F10
F9
ZEqB
Equivalent
Impedance
Network of LV
motors MCC8
Reference
ZEqC
Equivalent
Impedance
Network of LV
motors MCC9
Reference
Page 78
Figure 2.17 Typical impedance network

All impedance network diagram will be derived according to
Table 2.38.
Momentary networks
For motor equivalent impedance will be modelled by
applying the multiplying factor on Table 2.39 third column. These
factors can be used for multivoltage system that will allow a single
and
combined
momentary
network
calculation
for
both
high/medium and low voltage system.

Table 2.39 Momentary Reactance values (IEEE 399-1997)5
Using Table 7-2 of IEEE Brown book IEEE 399-1997, the values of
reactances are derived as follows:
X"d,MOM ANSI Multiplier x
X"d
Equation (2.8)
BROWN BOOK-IEEE Std 399-1997,IEEE Recommended Practice for Industrial

and Commercial Power Systems Analysis. Table 7.2, p174
Page 79
1.0 Induction Motor above 1000hp
ANSI Multiplier 1.2 - Induction motor 50hp and above

1.67 induction below 50hp
For PE-KM5806 (more than 50hp but less than 1000hp, ANSI
multiplier=1.2)

X"d,MOM 1.2 x
X"d
3.0224
X"d,MOM 3.6268 pu
R ,MOM ANSI Multiplier x
R,MOM 1.2 x 0.4534 pu

R,MOM 0.5440 pu
"
"
ZMOM,1
PU Z2 PU 0.5440 j3.6268 p.u
Adding the motor impedance to the cable impedance

Z1,CABLE= 0.008415 + j0.007008 pu
ZEQ = Z1,CABLE + ZMOM,1
ZEQ = 0.008415 + j0.007008 + 0.5440 j3.6268
ZEQ = 0.552438 +j3.633829 pu
Repeating the same calculation for the rest of the motors.
Page 80
Table 2.40 Calculation results of momentary impedance for

Medium and Low voltage motors
Original Values
Equipment
ID
R (pu)
X"d (pu)
ANSI
multiplie
r
PE-KM5806
0.4534
3.0224
PE-YM7601
0.0312
PE-KM8639
Momentary Values
R (pu)
X"d (pu)
1.2
0.5440
3.6268
0.3115
1.0
0.0312
0.3115
0.6833
4.5554
1.2
0.8200
5.4665
PE-KM8601
0.8405
5.6031
1.2
1.0086
6.7238
GM-1412
18.8232
44.8172
1.7
31.4348
74.8448
GM-1413
18.8232
44.8172
1.7
31.4348
74.8448
PE-YM4078
280.1555
667.0370
1.7
467.8597
1113.951
PE-YM4089
408.6993
973.0936
1.7
682.5278
1625.066
PE-YM4352
408.6993
973.0936
1.7
682.5278
1625.066
PE-GM4356
839.2697
1998.261
1.7
1401.580
3337.096
PE-GM4357
839.2697
1998.261
1.7
1401.580
3337.096
PE-SM4360
96.9398
230.8090
1.7
161.8894
385.4510
PE-SM6825
31.5565
75.1346
1.7
52.6994
125.4748
PE-SM6828
105.6886
251.6395
1.7
176.5000
420.2380
PE-SM6853
123.9721
295.1717
1.7
207.0334
492.9368
PE-KM6831-1
394.4567
939.1827
1.7
658.7428
1568.435
PE-KM6832-1
394.4567
939.1827
1.7
658.7428
1568.435
PE-YCM6832
289.2683
688.7340
1.7
483.0780
1150.185
PE-KM6833-1
394.4567
939.1827
1.7
658.7428
1568.435
PE-KM6834-1
394.4567
939.1827
1.7
658.7428
1568.435
PE-KM6835-1
394.4567
939.1827
1.7
658.7428
1568.435
PE-YCM6835
289.2683
688.7340
1.7
483.0780
1150.185
PE-YM6851
1172.709
2792.165
1.7
1958.424
4662.915
PE-GM-58141
394.457
939.183
1.7
658.7428
1568.435
PE-GM5821
22.883
54.484
1.7
38.2152
90.9885
Page 81
PE-GM5812
68.873
163.984
1.7
115.0186
273.8538
PE-GM5815
17.473
41.603
1.7
29.1806
69.4777
PE-GM5825
16.851
40.122
1.7
28.1414
67.0033
PE-VM5814
3.137
7.469
1.2
3.7643
8.9626
PE-GM5806A2
108.476
258.275
1.7
181.1543
431.3197
PE-GM5806B2
108.476
258.275
1.7
181.1543
431.3197
PEGM5806BD-2
188.219
448.141
1.7
314.3260
748.3953
GM8102
57.854
137.747
1.7
96.6156
230.0372
GM8103A
14.581
34.717
1.2
17.4974
41.6604
GM8103S
14.581
34.717
1.2
17.4974
41.6604
PE-7601M1
10.2108
24.3113
1.2
12.2529
29.1736
PE-YM7610
25.5025
60.7203
1.7
42.5892
101.4029
PE-GM7612
7.2945
17.3679
1.2
8.7534
20.8415
PE-7601VG1M
21.0523
50.1245
1.7
35.1573
83.7080
PE-7601VG2M
21.0523
50.1245
1.7
35.1573
83.7080
PE-7604G1MA
PE-7604G1MB
7604K1M
86.1693
205.1650
1.7
143.9028
342.6256
86.1693
205.1650
1.7
143.9028
342.6256
100.5179
239.3284
1.7
167.8650
399.6785
PE-7601G1M
46.7866
111.3966
1.7
78.1336
186.0323
PE-7605G1M
25.5025
60.7203
1.7
42.5892
101.4029
PE-KM7615
63.6988
151.6638
1.7
106.3770
253.2785
PE-Y7730
36.0823
85.9104
1.7
60.2575
143.4703
PE-Y7733
114.1848
271.8687
1.7
190.6887
454.0207
PE-7604G3M
28.927
68.873
1.7
48.3078
115.0186
PE-7604G4M
28.927
68.873
1.7
48.3078
115.0186
PE-7601VG3M
222.481
529.717
1.7
371.5437
884.6278
PE-7601VG4M
222.481
529.717
1.7
371.5437
884.6278
21.877
52.089
1.7
36.5353
86.9888
Page 82
PE-SM7714
289.268
688.734
1.7
483.0780
1150.185
SM8605
197.228
469.591
1.7
329.3714
784.2176
SM8606
1084.756
2582.753
1.7
1811.542
4313.196
KM8607
11.216
26.705
1.2
13.4595
32.0465
SM8610
197.228
469.591
1.7
329.3714
784.2176
SM8614A
197.228
469.591
1.7
329.3714
784.2176
SM8641
197.228
469.591
1.7
329.3714
784.2176
SM8645
2.981
7.099
1.2
3.5777
8.5182
PE-SM5611
39.446
93.918
1.7
65.8743
156.8435
PE-YM5611C
1141.848
2718.687
1.7
PE-YM5612
173.561
413.240
1.7
1906.887
0
289.8468
4540.207
0
690.1115
PE-Y5160
48.698
115.948
1.7
81.3263
193.6340
PE-Y5619
48.698
115.948
1.7
81.3263
193.6340
PE-Y5951
150.056
357.275
1.7
250.5927
596.6493
PE-Y5952
150.056
357.275
1.7
250.5927
596.6493
PE-SM5962
121.545
289.393
1.7
202.9801
483.2859
Table 2.41 Calculation results for equivalent impedance of

motor and cable at 10MVA base for Momentary Network
Equipment ID
Zeq
PE-KM5806
PE-YM7601
PE-KM8639
PE-KM8601
GM-1412
GM-1413
PE-YM4078
0.552438 +j3.633829
0.040638 +j0.321415
0.82583 +j5.471353
1.019452 +j6.732829
37.002591 +j76.282964
37.002591 +j76.282964
591.726919 +j1115.432908
PE-YM4089
806.395012 +j1626.547414
PE-YM4352
PE-GM4356
782.60595 +j1626.262952
1490.1741 +j3338.155448
Page 83
PE-GM4357
PE-SM4360
1490.1741 +j3338.155448
202.3152 +j386.48993
PE-SM6825
PE-SM6828
57.284837 +j127.050124
223.667948 +j420.802066
PE-SM6853
PE-KM6831-1
PE-KM6832-1
PE-YCM6832
254.201408 +j493.500781
705.910732 +j1568.999173
705.910732 +j1568.999173
530.245995 +j1150.749799
PE-KM6833-1
PE-KM6834-1
PE-KM6835-1
PE-YCM6835
705.910732
705.910732
705.910732
530.245995
+j1568.999173
+j1568.999173
+j1568.999173
+j1150.749799
PE-YM6851
2005.592404 +j4663.479343
PE-GM-5814-1
799.426357 +j1570.117402
PE-GM5821
PE-GM5812
48.348904 +j92.341204
136.456078 +j275.195423
PE-GM5815
36.384805 +j70.763962
PE-GM5825
35.345562 +j68.289575
PE-VM5814
PE-GM5806A-2
6.146216 +j10.230938
236.76103 +j432.748746
PE-GM5806B2
193.605648 +j432.819493
PE-GM5806BD-2
397.523939 +j749.895118
GM8102
114.479667 +j231.810072
GM8103A
22.287317 +j43.306017
GM8103S
22.287317 +j43.306017
Page 84
PE-7601M1
PE-YM7610
PE-GM7612
PE-7601VG1M
PE-7601VG2M
PE-7604G1M-A
PE-7604G1M-B
7604K1M
PE-7601G1M
PE-7605G1M
PE-KM7615
PE-Y7730
PE-Y7733
PE-7601VG3M
17.042835 +j30.819157
54.842593 +j103.038493
10.69397 +j22.490353
39.947275 +j85.353537
39.947275 +j85.353537
188.803802 +j344.485257
188.803802 +j344.485257
212.765992 +j401.538091
95.997631 +j187.805223
47.368374 +j103.044752
134.449886 +j255.035445
102.933735 +j145.237777
294.813695 +j455.897785
60.561187 +j116.654194
60.561187 +j116.654194
485.111369 +j886.675073
PE-7601VG4M
485.111369 +j886.675073
PE-SM7714
SM8605
SM8606
KM8607
SM8610
SM8614A
SM8641
SM8645
PE-SM5611
41.325243 +j88.634412
499.00511 +j1152.104269
400.738569 +j785.070962
1882.90979 +j4314.05006
20.460309 +j32.741287
400.738569 +j785.070962
375.308882 +j785.045702
397.867475 +j785.03663
4.495953 +j9.298503
68.853442 +j157.202369
PE-YM5611C
PE-YM5612
PE-Y5160
PE-Y5619
PE-Y5951
1938.879138 +j4540.589578
307.454454 +j692.232387
124.002482 +j195.40146
124.002482 +j195.40146
295.493726 +j598.508885
PE-Y5952
295.493726 +j598.508885
PE-SM5962
247.881115 +j485.145527
Page 85
Equivalent Thevenins Momentary

Voltage Motors (ZEQA,MOM)
0.5524
+ j3.633829
1pu
0.8258
1.0195
+j0.321415
+j5.471353
+j6.732829
Reference
KM5806
for
0.0406
1pu
Reference
Network
YM7601
1pu
Medium
ZEQA,MOM
1pu
Reference
Reference
KM8639
KM8601
Reference
Figure 2.18 Momentary Impedance of Medium Voltage

Motors and Motor Cables
Calculating for the equivalent impedance ZeqA with impedance

values from Table 2.40.
0.5524
0.0406
0.8258
1.0195
+j3.633829
+j0.321415
+j5.471353
+j6.732829
ZEQA,MOM
Figure 2.19 Equivalent Circuit of Medium Voltage Motors and

Motor Cables for Momentary Networks
1
1
1
1
1
"
"
"
"
ZEQA,MOM ZKM5806
Z YM7601
ZKM8601
ZK8639
ZEQA,MOM 0.5524 j3.6338291 0.0406 j0.3214151
0.8258 j5.4713531 1.0195 j6.732829
ZEQA,MOM 0.035107 j0.269004 pu
Page 86
0.035107
0.035107
ZEQA,MOM
Thevenins
Equivalent
for Medium
Voltage
Motors
+j0.269004
+j0.269004
1pu
Reference

Motor Cables for Momentary Networks
Since the positive and negative impedance are the same,

values
of
positive
and
negative
sequence
impedance
are
summarized as follows:
ZEQA , MOM , pos ZEQA , MOM , neg 0.035107 j0.269004 pu
Positive Sequence
Impedance Network
0.035107
+j0.269004
Negative Sequence
Impedance Network
0.035107
+j0.269004
1pu
Reference
Reference
Figure 2.21 Equivalent Network of Medium Voltage Motors

for Momentary Positive and Negative Sequence
Page 87
Equivalent Thevenins Momentary Network for Low Voltage

Motors of MCC8 (ZEQB,MOM)
37.0026
37.0026
591.7269
22.2873
+j76.282964
+j76.282964
+j1115.432908
+j43.306017
1pu
Reference
GM-1412
1pu
ZEQB
1pu
1pu
Reference
Reference
Reference
GM-1413
PE-YM4078
GM8103S
Reference
Figure 2.22 Momentary Impedance of Low Voltage Motors

and Motor Cables of MCC8
Calculating for the equivalent impedance ZEQB with impedance

37.0026
37.0026
591.7269
22.2873
+j76.282964
+j76.282964
+j1115.432908
+j43.306017
1pu
1pu
1pu
1pu
PE-YM4078
GM8103S
GM-1412
GM-1413
ZEQB,MOM
Figure 2.23 Equivalent Circuit of Low Voltage Motors and

Motor Cables of MCC8 for Momentary Networks
ZEQB,MOM
1
Z"GM-1412
1
Z"GM-1413
1
"
ZPE
- YM4078
...
1
Z"GM8103S
1
1
1
ZEQB,MOM Z"GM-1412
Z"GM-1413
Z"GM-1413
...
"
ZPE
- YM4078
Z"GM8103S
Page 88
ZEQB,MOM 37.0026 j76.2829641 37.0026 j76.2829641

591.7269 j1115.4329081 ... 22.2873 j43.3060171
ZEQB,MOM 2.189525 j4.056443 pu
2.189525
2.189525
ZEQA,MOM
Thevenins
Equivalent
for Low
Voltage
Motors of
MCC8
+J4.056443
+J4.056443
1pu
Reference

Motor Cables of MCC8 for Momentary Networks
values
of
positive
and
negative
sequence
impedance
are
ZEQB , MOM, pos ZEQB , MOM , neg 2.189525 j4.056443 pu

Positive Sequence
Impedance Network
Negative Sequence
Impedance Network
2.189525
2.189525
+J4.056443
+J4.056443
1pu
Reference
Reference
Figure 2.25 Equivalent Network of Low Voltage Motors of

MCC8 for Momentary Positive and Negative Sequence
Page 89
Equivalent Thevenins Momentary Network for Low Voltage

Motors of MCC9 (ZEQC,MOM)
54.8426
17.0428
247.8811
10.6940
ZEQB,MOM
+j103.038493
+j30.819157
+j485.145527
+j22.490353
1pu
1pu
Reference
GM-1412
1pu
1pu
Reference
Reference
Reference
GM-1413
PE-YM4078
GM8103S
Reference
Figure 2.26 Momentary Impedance of Low Voltage Motors


10.6940
54.8426
17.0428
247.8811
ZEQB,MOM
+j30.819157
+j103.038493
+j22.490353
1pu
1pu
1pu
PE-7601M1
PE-YM7610
PE-GM7612
+j485.145527
1pu
PE-SM5962
Figure 2.27 Momentary Equivalent Circuit of Low Voltage

1
1
1
"
"
"
ZEQC,MOM ZPE
ZPE
...
-7601M1 ZPE- YM7610
-GM7612
"
ZPE
-SM5962
ZEQC,MOM 17.0428 j30.8191571 54.8426 j103.0384931

10.6940 j22.4903531 ... 247.8811 j485.1455271
Page 90
ZEQB,MOM 1.486806 j2.906046 pu
1.486806
1.486806
ZEQC,MOM
Thevenins
Equivalent
for Low
Voltage
Motors of
MCC9
+J2.906046
+J2.906046
1pu
Reference

Motor Cables of MCC9 for Momentary Network
values
of
positive
and
negative
sequence
impedance
are
ZEQC , MOM , pos ZEQC , MOM, neg 1.486806 j2.906046 pu

Positive Sequence
Impedance Network
Negative Sequence
Impedance Network
1.486806
1.486806
+J2.906046
+J2.906046
1pu
Reference
Reference

Page 91

Thevenins Impedance for Momentary networks
MV Motors
(ZEQA,MOM)
LV Motors
MCC8
(ZEQB,MOM)
LV Motors
MCC9
(ZEQC,MOM)
Positive Sequence
Impedance (pu)
0.035107+j0.269004
Negative Sequence
Impedance (pu)
0.035107+j0.269004
2.189525+j4.056443
2.189525+j4.056443
1.486806+j2.906046
1.486806+j2.906046
Page 92
From previous results of transformer model, cable model,

motor model and connection point equivalent impedance, the
positive and negative sequence momentary impedance is shown in
the figure below
BUS1
0.000639
0.000048
ZTL1
+
j0.019257
j0.000137
0.000869086
Reference
ZTRM1
j0.030756955
BUS2
0.035107
0.001451
ZEQA
0.001613
ZTL3
ZTL2
j0.001007
+j0.269004
j0.001119
1pu
Reference
ZTRL3A
0.036692711
0.036692711
ZTRL3B
0.j230430227
BUS3
0.j230430227
BUS4
1.486806
2.189525
ZEQB
ZEQC
+j4.056443
+j2.906046
1pu
1pu
Reference
Reference
Figure 2.30 Momentary Positive Sequence Network
Page 93
BUS1
0.000639
0.000048
ZTL1
j0.000137
+ j0.019257
0.000869086
Reference
ZTRM1
j0.030756955
BUS2
0.035107
0.001451
ZEQA
0.001613
ZTL3
ZTL2
j0.001007
+j0.269004
Reference
ZTRL3A
j0.001119
0.036692711
0.036692711
ZTRL3B
0.j230430227
BUS3
0.j230430227
BUS4
1.486806
2.189525
ZEQB
ZEQC
+j4.056443
Reference
+j2.906046
Reference
Figure 2.31 Momentary Negative Sequence Network
Page 94
ZGEN EQ,ZERO =0.000555+ J0.017761

BUS1
Reference
ZTL1,ZERO=0.000199+j0.000043
Z TRM1,ZERO=0.000749+j0.026527
Reference
BUS2
ZTL2,ZERO=0.006843+j0.000325
Z TRL3A,ZERO=0.036692+j0.230430
BUS3
Reference
BUS4
ZTL3,ZERO =0.007604+j0.000361
Z TRL3B,ZERO=0.036692+j0.230430
Reference
Figure 2.32 Momentary Zero Sequence Network
Page 95
Interrupting networks
For motor equivalent impedance
Table 2.43 Interrupting Reactance values (IEEE 399-2016)6
Using Table 7-2 of IEEE Brown book IEEE 399-1997, the values of
reactances are derived as follows:
X"d
Equation (2.8)
BROWN BOOK-IEEE Std 399-1997,IEEE Recommended Practice for Industrial

and Commercial Power Systems Analysis. Table 7.2, p175
Page 96
1.5 Induction Motor above 1000hp
ANSI Multiplier 3.0 - Induction motor 50hp and above

neglect induction below 50hp
For PE-KM5806 (more than 50hp but less than 1000hp, ANSI
multiplier=3.0)
X"d,INT ANSI Multiplier x

X"d,INT 3.0 x
X"d
3.0224
X"d,INT 9.0671 pu
R ,MOM ANSI Multiplier x
R,MOM 3.0 x 0.4534 pu

R,MOM 1.3601 pu
Z"INT,1 PU Z"2 PU 1.3601 j9.0671 p.u
Adding the motor impedance to the cable impedance
Z1,CABLE= 0.008415 + j0.007008 pu
ZEQ = Z1,CABLE + ZMOM,1
ZEQ = 0.008415 + j0.007008 + 1.3601 j9.0671
ZEQ = 0.051829+j0.427677 pu
Repeating the same calculation for the rest of the motors.
Page 97
Table 2.44 Calculation results of interrupting impedance for

Medium and Low voltage motors
Equipment
ID
Original Values
PE-KM5806
PE-YM7601
PE-KM8639
PE-KM8601
PE-VM5814
GM8103A
0.4534
0.0312
0.6833
0.8405
3.137
14.581
X"d
(pu)
3.0224
0.3115
4.5554
5.6031
7.469
34.717
GM8103S
14.581
PE-7601M1
PE-GM7612
10.210
8
7.2945
KM8607
SM8645
11.216
2.981
R (pu)
ANSI
multiplier
Interrupting
Values
3.0
1.5
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
1.3601
0.0467
2.0499
2.5214
9.4107
43.7435
34.717
3.0
43.7435
24.311
3
17.367
9
26.705
7.099
3.0
30.6323
X"d
(pu)
9.0671
0.4673
13.6662
16.8094
22.4064
104.151
1
104.151
1
72.9340
3.0
21.8835
52.1037
3.0
3.0
33.6488
8.9441
80.1162
21.2956
R (pu)
Table 2.45 Calculation results for equivalent impedance of

motor and cable at 10MVA base for Interrupting Network
Equipment ID
ZEQ (PU)
PE-KM5806
PE-YM7601
1.368473 +j9.074062
0.056215 +j0.477183
PE-KM8639
PE-KM8601
PE-VM5814
GM8103A
2.055787 +j13.671062
2.532298 +j16.818471
11.792625 +j23.674769
48.533397 +j105.796685
GM8103S
PE-7601M1
PE-GM7612
KM8607
SM8645
48.533397 +j105.796685
35.422194 +j74.579535
23.824093 +j53.75255
40.649602 +j80.811032
9.862435 +j22.075842
Page 98
Equivalent Thevenins Interrupting Network for Medium

Voltage Motors (ZEQA)
1.3685
+ j9.0741
1pu
0.0562
2.0558
2.5323
+j0.4772
+j13.6711
+j16.8185
1pu
Reference
Reference
KM5806
YM7601
1pu
ZEQA,INT
1pu
Reference
Reference
KM8639
KM8601
Reference
Figure 2.33 Interrupting Impedance of Medium Voltage

Motors and Motor Cables
Calculating for the equivalent impedance ZeqA with impedance

1.3685
0.0562
2.0558
2.5323
+j9.0741
+j0.4772
+j13.6711
+j16.8185
ZEQA

Motor Cables
1
1
1
1
1
"
"
"
"
ZEQA,INT ZKM5806
Z YM7601
ZKM8601
ZK8639
ZEQA,INT 1.3685 j9.07411 0.0562 j0.47721
2.0558 j13.67111 2.5323 j16.8185
ZEQA,INT 0.051829 j0.427677 pu
Page 99
0.051829
0.051829
ZEQA
Thevenins
Equivalent
for Medium
Voltage
Motors
+j0.427677
+j0.427677
1pu
Reference

Motor Cables for Interrupting Network

values
of
positive
and
negative
sequence
impedance
are
ZEQA , INT , pos ZEQA , INT , neg 0.051829 j0.427677 pu
Positive Sequence
Impedance Network
Negative Sequence
Impedance Network
0.051829
0.051829
+j0.427677
+j0.427677
1pu
Reference
Reference
Figure 2.36 Equivalent Network of Medium Voltage Motors

for Interrupting Positive and Negative Sequence
Page 100
Equivalent Thevenins Interrupting Network for Low Voltage

Motors of MCC8 (ZEQB,MOM)
48.5334
48.5334
11.7926
ZEQB,INT
+j23.674769
+j105.796685
+j105.796685
1pu
1pu
Reference
1pu
Reference
PE-VM5814
Reference
GM8103A
Reference
GM8103S
Figure 2.37 Interrupting Impedance of Low Voltage Motors


48.5334
11.7926
48.5334
+j23.674769
+j105.796685
1pu
1pu
1pu
PE-VM5814
GM8103A
GM8103S
ZEQB,INT
+j105.796685

Motor Cables of MCC8 for Interrupting Networks
1
1
1
1
"
"
"
ZEQB,INT ZPE-VM5814 ZGM8103A
... ZGM8103S
ZEQB,INT 11.7926 j23.6747691 48.5334 j105.7966851

... 48.5334 j105.7966851
ZEQB,INT 7.945445 j16.359467 pu
Page 101
7.945445
7.945445
ZEQB,INT
+j16.359467
+j16.359467
1pu
Thevenins
Equivalent
for Low
Voltage
Motors of
MCC8
Reference


values
of
positive
and
negative
sequence
impedance
are
ZEQB , INT, pos ZEQB , INT , neg 7.945445 j16.359467 pu

Positive Sequence
Impedance Network
Negative Sequence
Impedance Network
7.945445
7.945445
+j16.359467
+j16.359467
1pu
Reference
Reference

MCC8 for Interrupting Positive and Negative Sequence
Page 102
Equivalent Thevenins Interrupting Network for Low Voltage

Motors of MCC9 (ZEQC,INT)
23.8241
35.4222
9.8624
40.6496
ZEQB,INT
+j53.7526
+j74.5795
+j22.0758
+j80.8110
1pu
1pu
Reference
PE-7601M1
Reference
PE-GM7612
1pu
1pu
Reference
Reference
KM8607
SM8645
Reference
Figure 2.41 Interrupting Impedance of Low Voltage Motors


9.8624
ZEQB,INT
+j74.5795
PE-7601M1
40.6496
23.8241
35.4222
+j53.7526
PE-GM7612
+j80.8110
+j22.0758
KM8607
SM8645
Figure 2.42 Interrupting Equivalent Circuit of Low Voltage

1
1
1
"
"
"
ZEQC,INT ZPE
ZKM8607
...
-7601M1 ZPE-GM7612
1
Z"SM8645
ZEQC,INT 35.4222 j74.57951 23.8241 j53.75261

Page 103
40.6496 j80.81101 ... 9.8624 j22.07581
ZEQC,INT 5.104858 j11.154007 pu
5.104858
5.104858
ZEQC,INT
+j11.154007
+j11.154007
1pu
Thevenins
Equivalent
for Low
Voltage
Motors of
MCC9
Reference


values
of
positive
and
negative
sequence
impedance
are
ZEQC , INT , pos ZEQC , INT, neg 5.104858 j11.154007
Positive Sequence
Impedance Network
pu
Negative Sequence
Impedance Network
5.104858
5.104858
+j11.154007
+j11.154007
1pu
Reference
Reference

Page 104

Thevenins Impedance for Interrupting networks
MV Motors
(ZEQA,INT)
LV Motors
MCC8
(ZEQB,INT)
LV Motors
MCC9
(ZEQC,INT)
Positive Sequence
Impedance (pu)
0.051829+j0.427677
Negative Sequence
Impedance (pu)
0.051829+j0.427677
7.945445+j16.359467
7.945445+j16.359467
5.104858+j11.154007
5.104858+j11.154007
From previous results of transformer model, cable model,

motor model and connection point equivalent impedance, the
positive and negative sequence momentary impedance is shown in
the figures 2.45, 2.46 and 2.47.
Page 105
BUS1
0.000048
0.000685
ZTL1
+j0.021452
j0.000137
0.000869086
Reference
ZTRM1
j0.030756955
BUS2
0.051829
0.001451
ZEQA
0.001613
ZTL3
ZTL2
j0.001007
+j0.427677
j0.001119
1pu
Reference
ZTRL3A
0.036692711
0.036692711
ZTRL3B
0.j230430227
BUS3
0.j230430227
BUS4
7.945445
5.104858
ZEQC
ZEQB
+j16.359467
+j11.154007
1pu
1pu
Reference
Reference
Figure 2.45 Interrupting Positive Sequence Network
Page 106
BUS1
0.000048
0.000685
ZTL1
j0.000137
+j0.021452
0.000869086
Reference
ZTRM1
j0.030756955
BUS2
0.051829
0.001451
ZEQA
0.001613
ZTL3
ZTL2
j0.001007
+j0.427677
j0.001119
1pu
Reference
ZTRL3A
0.036692711
0.036692711
ZTRL3B
0.j230430227
BUS3
0.j230430227
BUS4
7.945445
5.104858
ZEQC
ZEQB
+j16.359467
+j11.154007
1pu
1pu
Reference
Reference
Figure 2.46 Interrupting Negative Sequence Network
Page 107
ZGEN EQ,ZERO =0.000555+ J0.017761

BUS1
Reference
ZTL1,ZERO=0.000199+j0.000043
Z TRM1,ZERO=0.000749+j0.026527
Reference
BUS2
ZTL2,ZERO=0.006843+j0.000325
Z TRL3A,ZERO=0.036692+j0.230430
BUS3
Reference
BUS4
ZTL3,ZERO =0.007604+j0.000361
Z TRL3B,ZERO=0.036692+j0.230430
Reference
Figure 2.47 Interrupting Zero Sequence Network
Page 108
2.9 Admittance Network

From the admittance values derived transformers and
cables on this chapter; the admittances are calculated and
presented on figure 2.48 below.
Bus 1
y12 =[(yTL1)-1+ (yTRM1)-1]-1
y12 =0.959989-j32.341297
Bus 2
S2=P2+jQ2
0.5582 + j0.3319 p.u
y23 =[(yTL2)-1+(yTRL3A)-1]-1
y23 =0.693282-j4.206570
y24 =[(yTL3)-1+(yTRL3B)-1]-1
y24 =0.695415-j4.203698
Bus 3
Bus 4
S3=P3+jQ3
S3=0.118437+j0.072 p.u
S4=P4+jQ4
S4=0.103948+j0.06 p.u
Figure 2.48 System Admittance diagram
Page 109
CHAPTER 3-LOAD FLOW STUDY

3.1 Objectives
This load flow study will analyse two (2) operating modes of
the system. On each case the following are the objectives of the
study.
Calculate and evaluate
1. The steady state active and reactive power
2. The voltage on each bus
3. The voltage drop on each load
4. The Transformer Loadings
5. The bus bar loadings
6. The power factor of system
3.2 Methodology
A load flow study is a steady-state analysis whose aim is to
determine the voltages, currents, and real and reactive power flows
in a system under a given load condition.
This load flow study will utilize the Gauss-Seidel Method
to calculate the bus voltages due to its calculation simplicity that
individual bus voltages can be calculated iteratively via manual
calculation or with the aid of simple Microsoft excel sheet.
The load flow analysis will consist of two (2) study cases
representing two (2) operating modes namely Steady state without
capacitor and Steady state with capacitor. On each study case, a
four-step procedure will be followed.
Chapter 3-Load Flow Analysis
Page 110
Step 1 Admittance and Power Data

On this step the admittance values and power data from
chapter 2 will be presented. These data will be used in the
preceding steps.
Step 2 Bus Voltage Calculations
On this step, using Kirchhoffs Current Law, bus voltage
equation will be derived by balancing the currents going in to the
bus from the currents leaving the bus. So the vector sum of the
currents entering the bus is equal to the vector sum of the currents
going out of the bus.
IIN=IOUT
IIN
Bus i Vi
IOUT
Figure 3.1 Current flow to a bus

For each load element, the current will be represented in
terms of complex power S and bus voltage V.
S*
2
V2*
Bus i Vi
Si=Pi+jQi
Figure 3.2 Current flow through a load element
Page 111
Where S* and V* are conjugates of complex power S and Bus

voltage respectively.
For admittance element, the current entering or leaving the bus will
be represented as
Iij yij(Vi Vj )
Vi
Bus i
yij
Iij
Vj
Bus j
Figure 3.3 Current flow through an impedance(admittance)

element
The
derived
current
equation
will
yield
non-linear
equation which can only be solved using iterative method such as

Gauss-Seidel, Newton-Raphson, etc.
The author used Microsoft Excel 2010TM and developed
iteration formula that calculates voltages at each bus through
manual iteration.
Admittances
Iteration
Iteration voltage
values
Power
output at
Figure 3.4 Voltage Calculation/iteration via excel sheet
Page 112
The author further utilized the Microsoft Excel 2010s

capability to calculate directly complex qualities by enabling the
analysis tool pack add-in.
Figure 3.5 Microsoft Excel Complex quantity calculation addins

Voltage drop on each of the loads will be determined using
the calculated bus voltages.
Step 3 Calculation of Current Flow, Voltage drop, Power Flow
and Power Factor
After calculating the voltages at each bus, the current and
power flow can be derived from the following equation. From figure
3.3 the current flow (Iij) into bus Vj is given as
Iij=yij(Vi-Vj)
Equation (3.2.6)
The power Sij from into bus Vj is given as

Sij=VijIij*
Equation (3.2.7)
Given complex power in polar format S/0, the power factor will be
calculated as
PF=cos
If is positive, PF is said to be lagging and leading if is negative.
Where
yij is th complex admittance between bus i and bus j
Page 113
Iij is the complex current flow from bus i into bus j

Sij is the complex power (apparent power) flow from bus i into bus j
Vi and Vj are complex bus voltages of bus i and bus j respectively
Step 4 Evaluation of Result

Based on the results of bus voltages, voltage drops on
each loads, current and power flows and power factor, various
system and equipment parameter will be evaluated.
The summary of Load Flow case study process is shown in
figure 3.6.
CASE STUDY PROCESS
STEP 1:
ADMITTANCE MODELLING
STEP 2:
CALCULATION OF BUS VOLTAGES AND PHASE
ANGLES
STEP3:
CALCULATION OF POWER AND CURRENT
FLOWS
STEP 4:
EVALUATION OF RESULTS
Figure 3.6 Load flow case study process flow chart
Page 114
3.3 Load Flow Analysis for Case 1

(Steady State without Capacitor)
3.3.1 Introduction, Admittance and Power Data
This study case will analyse the system under normal
loading condition. All three power transformers TRM1, TRL3A and
TRL3B are on-line, all loads of PE 2 plants are running and no power
factor correction capacitor is on-line.
As shown in Table 3.1, bus 1 which is the generator bus is
the swing bus where the voltage will be 1/00 p.u. Active and
reactive power will be calculated from this bus. Bus 2, bus 3 and
bus 4 are the load bus where voltage will be calculated.
Table 3.1 Summary of Bus properties for study Case 1
Bus
Bus 1
Bus 2
Bus 3
Bus 4
Type
Generator Bus
(swing)
Load Bus
Load Bus
Load Bus
Known
V1 /10=1/00 p.u
Unknown
P and Q
P and Q
P and Q
P and Q
V2 /20
V3 /30
V4 /40
Bus 1
y12 =[(yTL1)-1+ (yTRM1)-1]-1
y12 =0.959989-j32.341297
Bus 2
S2=P2+jQ2
y23 =[(yTL2)-1+(yTRL3A)-1]-1
y23 =0.693282-j4.206570
y24 =[(yTL3)-1+(yTRL3B)-1]-1
y24 =0.695415-j4.203698
0.5582 + j 0.33199 p.u
Bus 3
Bus 4
S3=P3+jQ3
S3=0.118437+j0.072 p.u
S4=P4+jQ4
S4=0.103948+j0.06 p.u
Figure 3.7 Admittance network for Case 1
Chapter 3-Load Flow Analysis-Case 1
Page 115
From Chapter 2, values of the admittance are summarized on table 3.2.

Table 3.2 Summary of Admittances
Admittances Values (mho p.u)

y12
0.959989-j32.341297
y23
0.693282-j4.206570
y24
0.695415-j4.203698
From Chapter 2, power schedule is summarized on table 3.3

Table 3.3 Scheduled of Power
S2
S3
S4
Bus No
P (MW)
Q
(MVAR)
Bus 2
Bus 3
Bus 4
5.58210
0.8946
0.7898
3.31997
0.54898
0.48099
P (p.u) @
10MVA
base
0.558210
0.08946
0.07898
Q (p.u) @
10MVA
base
0.331997
0.054898
0.048099
3.3.2 Bus Voltage Calculation

Bus voltage will be calculated based on Gauss-Seidel
Method which is a numerical method for calculating non-linear
equations. These non-linear voltage equations will be derived as
follows:
Derivation of voltage equations
Bus no. 2
6.9kV Bus V2
At bus 2 by KCL,
Current flowing into the bus 2 from bus 1 and considering

transformer tap aTRM1 of TRM1 using equation 3.2.6:
I12 y12 (V1
V2
aTRM1
Page 116
Currents flowing out of from bus 2 bus 3 and considering

transformer tap aTRL3A of TRL3A using equation 3.2.6:
I23 y23 (V2
V3
aTRL3A

transformer tap aTRL3B of TRL3B using equation 3.2.6:
I24 y24 (V2
V4
aTRL3B
And current due to power out of the bus 2:
S*
2
V2*
By KCL, vector sum of currents in to the bus 2 equals
vector sum of current out of the bus 2.

y12 (V1
V3
V4 S*
y24 V2
2
) y23 V2
*
aTRM1
a
a
TRL3A
TRL3B V2
V2
Arranging the current equation yields a non-linear equation

for voltage V2.
S*
2
V2*
V2 aTRM1
y12 V1 y23
V3
aTRL3A
y24
V4
aTRL3B
y12 y23 y24
If we let V2(k) be the initial estimate of voltage V2 then the

iterative equation V2(k+1) will be
V3(k)
V4(k)
y12 V1 y 23
y 24
aTRL3A
aTRL3B
V2*(k)
S*
2
V2(k 1) aTRM1
y12 y 23 y 24
Equation (3.3.2)
Page 117
Bus 3 MCC8 480V bus V3

At bus 3 by KCL,
Current flowing into the bus 3 using equation 3.2.6:
V3
I23 y23 (V2
aTRL3A
S*
3
V3*
By KCL, vector sum of currents in equals vector sum of
current out of the bus 3.
V3
y23 V2
aTRL3A
S*
3
V3*

for voltage V3.
S*
3
V3 aTRL3A
V3*
y23 V2
y23

V3(k 1)
S*
(k)
3
aTRL3A
V2
y V *(k)
23 3
Equation (3.3.4)

At bus 3 by KCL,
I24 y24 (V2
V4
aTRL3B
Page 118
S*
4
V4*
By KCL, vector sum of currents in equals vector sum of
V4 S*4
y24 V2
aTRL3B V4*

for voltage V4.
S*
4
V4 aTRL3B
V4*
y24 V2
y24

S*
4
V4(k 1) aTRL3B
V2(k)
y V *(k)
24 4
Equation (3.3.6)
In summary, the following equations derived from the

above admittance network will be used to calculate for the bus
voltages.
V2(k 1) aTRM1
V3(k)
V4(k)
y12 V1 y 23
y 24
aTRL3A
aTRL3B
V2*(k)
S*
2
y12 y 23 y 24
Equation (3.3.2)
S*
3
V3(k 1) aTRL3A
V2(k)
y V *(k)
23 3
Equation (3.3.4)
S*
(k)
4
aTRL3B
V2
y V *(k)
24 4
Equation (3.3.6)
V4(k 1)
Page 119
Gauss-Siedel Iteration for bus voltage

Bus voltage estimates at
V2(0)= V3(0)= V4(0)= 1/00 V p.u
and V1(k)= 1/00 V p.u (for all values of k)
For TRM1, TRL3A and TRL3B,
tap=+ 2.5% (0.95, 0.975, 1.0, 1.025, 1.05)
Transformer taps (Primary) are selected at principal tap
aTRM1=1; aTRL3A=1; aTRL3B=1
Complex power values from table 3.3.3
S2=0.558210 + j 0.331997 p.u
S3=0.08946 + j 0.054898p.u
S4=0.07898+ j 0.048099 p.u
Taking the conjugates of the complex power
S2*=0.558210 - j 0.331997p.u
S3*=0.08946 j 0.054898p.u
S4*=0.07898 j 0.048099 p.u
Admittance values from table 3.3.2
y12=0.959989-j32.341297 p.u
y23=0.693282-j4.206570 p.u
y24=0.695415-j4.203698 p.u
(y12 + y23 + y24) = 2.348687-j40.751566 p.u
Page 120
k=0, 1st iteration

For V2(1) using equation 3.3.2
S*
2
V2(1) aTRM1
V2*(0)
y12V1 y23
V3(0)
aTRL3A
y24
V4(0)
aTRL3B
y12 y23 y24
0.558210 + j 0.331997*
0.959989 - j32.341297 1
1
V2(1) 1
2.348687 - j40.751566
2.348687 - j40.751566
0.558210 - j 0.3319971 0.695415 - j4.2036981

2.348687 - j40.751566
V2(1) = 0.991093-j0.013184p.u
For V3(1)
(1)
3
aTRL3A
S*3
(k )
V
2
*(k )
y
V
23 3
(0.0894638 j0.0548985)*
(1)
V3 1
1
1(0.693282 - j4.206570)
V3(1) = 0.983882-j0.018611p.u
For V4(1)
(1)
4
aTRL3B
S*4
(0)
2
*(0)
y24 V4
(0.0789849 j0.0480991)*
V4(1) 1
1
0.695415 - j4.2036981
V4(1) = 0.985837-j0.016446 p.u
Page 121
k=1, 2nd iteration

S*
2
V2(2) aTRM1
V2*(1)
y12 V1 y23
V3(1)
aTRL3A
aTRL3B
y12 y23 y24
0.558210 + j 0.331997*
0.990201 - j0.014405*
V2(2) 1
y24
V4(1)
2.348687 - j40.751566
0.959989 - j32.341297 1
2.348687 - j40.751566
0.693282 - j4.2065700.983882 - j0.018611

2.348687 - j40.751566
0.695415 - j4.2036980.985837 - j0.016446

2.348687 - j40.751566
V2(2) = 0.988081-j0.017155 p.u
For V3(2)
S*
3
V3(2) aTRL3A
V2(1)
y V *(1)
23 3
V3(2)
(0.0894638 j0.0548985)*
1(0.693282 - j4.206570)0.983882 - j0.018611*
0.991093 - j0.013184
V3(2) = 0.974359-j0.031784p.u
Page 122
For V4(2)
V4(2)
S*
(1)
4
aTRL3B
V2
y V *(1)
24 4
(0.0789849 j0.0480991)*
V4(2) 1
0.695415 - j4.2036980.985837 - j0.016446*
0.991093 - j0.013184
V4(2) = 0.976452-j0.029623p.u
Calculating the errors
Calculating the real term error (ereal) and imaginary term
error (eimaginary) of voltages between the first iteration and the
second iteration
V2(1) = 0.991093-j0.013184 p.u
V2(2) = 0.988081-j0.017155 p.u
ereal =|0.991093 -0.988081| =0.003011922 (>1x10-6)
eimaginary =|0.013184 0.017155| =0.003971283 (>1x10-6)
V3(1) = 0.983882-j0.018611 p.u

V3(2) = 0.974359-j0.031784 p.u
ereal =|0.983882-0.974359| =0.00952263 (>1x10-6)
eimaginary =|0.018611 j0.031784 | = 0.013172916 (>1x10-6)
V4(1) = 0.985837-j0.016446 p.u

V4(2) = 0.976452-j0.029623p.u
ereal =|0.985837-0.976452| =0.009384458 (>1x10-6)
eimaginary =|0.016446 j0.029623| = 0.013176597 (>1x10-6)
Page 123
Since all errors are still greater than 1x10-6 then further
iterations are required until the errors are less than 1x10-6 in which
case the solution is said to converge to the correct value.
K=2, 3rd iteration
S*
2
V2(3) aTRM1
V2*(2)
y12 V1 y23
V3(2)
aTRL3B
y12 y23 y24
0.558210 + j 0.331997*
V2(3) 1
y24
aTRL3A
V4(2)
0.987138 - j0.018375*
2.348687 - j40.751566
0.959989 - j32.341297 1
2.348687 - j40.751566
0.693282 - j4.2065700.973467 - j0.033004

2.348687 - j40.751566
0.695415 - j4.2036980.97556 - j0.030843

2.348687 - j40.751566
V2(3) = 0.986328-j0.020102p.u
For V3(3)
S*
3
V3(3) aTRL3A
V2(2)
y V *(2)
23 3
V3(3)
(0.0894638 j0.0548985)*
1(0.693282 - j4.206570)0.973467 - j0.033004*
0.988081 - j0.017155
V3(3) = 0.970934-j0.035697p.u
Page 124
For V4(3)
S*
4
V4(3) aTRL3B
V2(2)
y V*(2)
24 4
(0.0789849 j0.0480991)*
V4(3) 1
0.695415 - j4.2036980.97556 - j0.030843*
0.988081 - j0.017155
V4(3) = 0.973079-j0.033543p.u
error (eimaginary) of voltages between the 2nd iteration and the third
iteration
V2(2) = 0.988081-j0.017155 p.u
V2(3) = 0.986328-j0.020102 p.u
ereal =|0.988081-0.986328| =0.001752721 (>1x10-6)
eimaginary =|0.017155 -0.020102| =0.002946738 (>1x10-6)
V3(2) = 0.974359-j0.031784 p.u

V3(3) = 0.970934-j0.035697 p.u
ereal =|0.974359-0.970934| =0.003425034 (>1x10-6)
eimaginary =|0.031784 0.035697 | =0.003913351 (>1x10-6)
V4(2) = 0.976452-j0.029623 p.u

V4(3) = 0.973079-j0.033543 p.u
ereal =|0.976452-0.973079| =0.003372922 (>1x10-6)
eimaginary =|0.029623 -0.033543 | =0.003920754 (>1x10-6)
Page 125
Repeating the same calculation procedure until 15 iterations
yields an error e<1x10-6 equivalent to five (5) decimal point
accuracy. The result of the overall calculation is summarized on
table 3.4. The error calculation summarized on table 3.5 shows the
error on the 15th iteration to be at least 2x10-7 which is acceptable
and provides a decimal point accuracy which is acceptable from an
engineering application standpoint.
Table 3. 4 Bus voltage calculation results after k=15
k
V2 (Bus 2)
V3 (Bus 3)
V4 (Bus 4)
0.991093-j0.013184
0.983882-j0.018611
0.985837-j0.016446
0.988081-j0.017155
0.974359-j0.031784
0.976452-j0.029623
0.986328-j0.020102
0.970934-j0.035697
0.973079-j0.033543
0.985653-j0.020985
0.969046-j0.038635
0.971209-j0.036482
0.98531-j0.021637
0.968282-j0.039498
0.970456-j0.037348
0.985159-j0.021832
0.967909-j0.040148
0.970086-j0.037999
0.985093-j0.021975
0.96774-j0.040338
0.969919-j0.038188
0.985059-j0.022018
0.967666-j0.04048
0.969847-j0.038331
0.985047-j0.022049
0.967629-j0.040522
0.96981-j0.038373
10
0.985039-j0.022058
0.967614-j0.040553
0.969796-j0.038404
11
0.985037-j0.022065
0.967606-j0.040562
0.969788-j0.038413
12
13
14
0.985035-j0.022067
0.985035-j0.022069
0.985034-j0.022069
0.967604-j0.040569
0.967602-j0.04057
0.967601-j0.040572
0.969785-j0.03842
0.969783-j0.038422
0.969783-j0.038423
15
0.985034-j0.022069
0.967601-j0.040572
0.969782-j0.038424
Page 126
Table 3.5 Voltage Calculation Error Values

Accuracy
k
V2
V3
ereal
eimaginary
0.008907
0.0131846
0.003012
ereal
V4
eimaginary
ereal
eimaginary
0.016118
0.0186112
0.0141628
0.01644644
0.0039713
0.0095226
0.0131729
0.0093845
0.0131766
0.001753
0.0029467
0.003425
0.0039134
0.0033729
0.00392075
0.000675
0.0008832
0.0018876
0.0029381
0.0018705
0.00293904
0.000343
0.000652
0.000764
0.0008634
0.000753
0.00086607
0.00015
0.0001945
0.0003735
0.0006499
0.0003697
0.00065017
6.68E-05
0.0001433
0.0001692
0.0001892
0.0001669
0.00018988
3.32E-05
4.255E-05
7.347E-05
0.0001428
7.263E-05
0.00014288
1.29E-05
3.13E-05
3.725E-05
4.122E-05
3.675E-05
4.1391E-05
10
7.31E-06
9.259E-06
1.435E-05
3.121E-05
1.417E-05
3.1221E-05
11
2.46E-06
6.803E-06
8.149E-06
8.935E-06
8.046E-06
8.9773E-06
12
1.6E-06
2.005E-06
2.781E-06
6.785E-06
2.741E-06
6.7865E-06
13
4.65E-07
1.471E-06
1.774E-06
1.928E-06
1.752E-06
1.9381E-06
14
3.47E-07
4.322E-07
5.34E-07
1.468E-06
5.255E-07
1.4682E-06
15
8.66E-08
3.169E-07
3.842E-07
4.144E-07
3.796E-07
4.1664E-07
Calculation results:
V2(15) = 0.985034-j0.022069 p.u
V3(15) =0.967601-j0.040572 p.u
V4(15) =0.969782-j0.038424 p.u
Converting V2(15) to polar form:
V2 =
(0.985034)2+(-0.022069)2 =/Arctan(-0.022069/0.985034)0
V2 = 0.985281/-1.2830 p.u
Actual value of bus voltage is
V2 =(0.985281/-1.2830 )(Vbase)= (0.985281/-1.2830 )(6.9kV)
V2 = 6.798/-1.2830 kV
V3 =
(0.967601)2+(-0.040572)2 /Arctan(-0.040572 /0.967601)0
Page 127
V3 = 0.968451/-2.4010
p.u

V3 =(0.968451/-2.4010)(Vbase)=( 0.968451/-2.4010)(480V)
V3= 464.856/-2.4960 V

V4 = (0.969782)2+(-0.038424)2 /Arctan(-0.038424/0.969782)0
V4 = 0.970543/-2.2690 p.u
V4 =(0.970543/-2.2690)(Vbase)=( 0.970543/-2.2690)(480V)
V4= 465.8609/-2.2690 V
0.558210 + j 0.331997
3.3.3 Current, Power Flow and Power Factor Calculation

V1=1/00 V p.u
Bus 1
yTL1
S12-1
I12
yTRM1
V2=0.985281/-1.2830 V p.u
Bus 2
yTL2
S2=0.5582 + j0.331
yTRL3A
S12-2
y24
S23-2
I24
I23
y24
S23-3
Bus 3
V3=0.968451/-2.4010
p.u
S3=P3+jQ3
S3=0.118437+j0.072
S24-2
S24-4
Bus 4
V4=0.970543/-2.2680 p.u
S4=P4+jQ4
S4=0.103948+j0.06
Figure 3.8 Admittance Network with Power and Current

Flows
Page 128
Current Flows
Using equation 3.2.6 and admittance values from table
3.3.2 to calculate the current flows:
Current flow from bus 1 to bus 2 (I12) as referred from the
primary side (13.8kV) of TRM1
I12=y12(V1-V2)
I12=(0.959989-j32.341297) (1-0.9850347+j0.022069)
I12= 0.728131-j0.462808 p.u
Converting to polar form:
I12 =
(0.728131)2+ (-0.462808)2/Arctan(-0.462808/0.728131)
I12= 0.862767/-32.441480 p.u

Actual value of I12 is
I12= (I12 p.u)( Ibase 13.8kV)
I12= (0.862767/-32.441480)(418.36976)
I12= 360.955671/-32.441480 A
Current flow from bus 2 to bus 3 (I23)
I23=y23(V2-V3)
I23=(0.693282-j4.206570)(0.9850347-j0.022069-0.9676013
+j0.04057)
I23= 0.0899208 - j0.060507 p.u
I23 =
(0.0899208)2+ (-0.0607507)2 /Arctan(-0.0607507/0.0899)
I23= 0.108382/-33.9370 p.u

I23= (I23 p.u)( Ibase 480V)
I23= (0.108382/-33.9370)(12028.13061)
I23= 1303.643/-33.9370 A
Page 129

I24=y24(V2-V4)
I24=(0.695415-j4.203698) (0.985034-j0.022069 0.969782+j0.038424)
I24= 0.079354-j0.0527418 p.u
I24 =
(0.079354)2 + (-0.0527418)2/Arctan(-0.0527418/0.079354)
I24= 0.095283/-33.6100 p.u

I24= (I24 p.u)( Ibase 480V)
I24= (0.095283/-33.6100)( 12028.13061)
I24= 1146.079/-33.6100 A
Power Flow and Power Factor

Using equation 3.2.7 and the calculated voltage and current
values, power flow and power factor will be calculated.
For power out from Bus 1 to TRM1:
S1TRM1= V1I12*
S1TRM1= (1)(0.728131-j0.462808)*
S1TRM1= (0.728131+j0.4462808) p.u
S1TRM1 =
(0.728131)2+(0.4462808)2/Arctan(0.4462808/0.728131)
S1TRM1= 0.862767/32.4410 p.u

Actual value of S12 is
S1TRM1= (S12p.u)( Sbase )
S1TRM1= (0.862767/32.4410)(10MVA)
S1TRM1= 8.627/32.4410 MVA
Calculating the Power Factor
PF1TRM1=cos(32.4410)
PF1TRM1= 0.84395 lagging at bus 1
Page 130
Power Flow from TRM1 to Bus 2:

STRM12= V2I12*
STRM12= (0.985034-j0.022069)(0.728131-j0.462808)*
STRM12= 0.727448+j0.439813 p.u
STRM12 =
(0.727448)2+ (0.439813)2/Arctan(0.439813/0.727448)
STRM12= 0.850068/31.1570 p.u

STRM12= (S12p.u)( Sbase )
STRM12= (0.850068/31.1570)(10MVA)
STRM12= 8.50068/31.1570 MVA
PFTRM12=cos(31.157)
PFTRM12= 0.85575 lagging at Bus 2
For power out from Bus 2 to TRL3A:
S2TRL3A= V2I23*
S2TRL3A = (0.985034-j0.022069)(0.089920 - j0.060507)*
S2TRL3A = 0.089910+j0.057561 p.u
S2TRL3A =
(0.089910)2+ (0.057561)2/Arctan(0.057561/0.089910)
S2TRL3A = 0.106787/32.6530 p.u

Actual value of S2TRL3A is
S2TRL3A = (S2TRL3Ap.u)( Sbase )
S2TRL3A = (0.106787/32.6530 )(10MVA)
S2TRL3A = 1.06787/32.6530 MVA
PF2TRL3A=cos(32.6530)
PF2TRL3A= 0.84196 lagging
For power out from TRL3A to Bus 3:
Page 131
STRL3A3= V3I23*
STRL3A3= (0.967601-j0.0405728)( 0.0899208 - j0.060507)*
STRL3A3= 0.089462+j0.0548983 p.u
STRL3A3 = (0.089462)2+(0.0548983)2/Arctan(0.089462/0.0548983)
STRL3A3= 0.104963/31.5360 p.u
Actual value of STRL3A3 is
STRL3A3= (STRL3A3p.u)( Sbase )
STRL3A3= (0.104963/31.5360)(10MVA)
STRL3A3= 1.04963/31.5360 MVA
PFTRL3A3=cos(31.5360)
PFTRL3A3=0.85232 lagging
For power out from Bus 2 to TRL3B:
S2TRL3B= V2I24*
S2TRL3B = (0.985034-j0.022069)(0.079354-j0.052741)*
S2TRL3B = 0.079331+j0.0502011 p.u
S2TRL3B = (0.079331)2+(0.0502011)2/Arctan(0.0502011/0.079331)
S2TRL3B= 0.09388/32.3260 p.u
Actual value of S2TRL3B is
S2TRL3B= (S2TRL3B p.u)( Sbase )
S2TRL3B= (0.09388/32.3260)(10MVA)
S2TRL3B= 0.9388/32.3260 MVA
PF2TRL3B=cos(32.3260)
PF2TRL3B=0.84502 lagging
For power out from TRL3B to Bus 4:

Page 132
STRL3B4= V4I24*
STRL3B4= (0.968546-j0.039988)(0.079362-j0.052937)*
STRL3B4= 0.078983+j0.048098 p.u
STRL3B4 =
(0.078983)2+ (0.048098)2/Arctan(0.048098/0.078983)
STRL3B4= 0.092476/31.3410 p.u

Actual value of STRL3B4 is
STRL3B4= (S24p.u)( Sbase )
STRL3B4= (0.092476/31.3410)(10MVA)
STRL3B4= 0.92476/31.3410 MVA
PFTRL3B4=cos(31.340)
PFTRL3B4= 0.85409 lagging
3.3.4 Voltage Drop Calculation
According to PEC chapter 2.10.2.1 a fine print note no 4,
2.15.1.2 and fine print note no 2 recommends that the maximum
combined voltage drop for both feeders and branch circuit should
not exceed 5%, and the maximum on the branch circuit or feeder
should not exceed 3%. As per JG Summit Design Standards, under
normal condition the maximum permissible voltage drop on feeder
shall be 2% and 3% on branch circuit. On the other hand, during a
transient event such as motor starting, the maximum permissible
voltage drop at the motor being started is 15% while 10% for the
other
loads.
This
recommendation
is
related
to
equipment
performance and line loss issue. Therefore, the voltage drop should
be one of the fundamental considerations on cable selection.
Page 133
This section will calculate the voltage drop for

1. Transformer Feeder Cables
2. Medium Voltage Motors
3. 480V Loads
3.3.4.1 Voltage Drop for Transformer Feeder Cables
Calculating the percent voltage drop for feeder cable of
TRM1, TRL3A and TRL3B using equation 3.3.1.5.
%VD
Mag[I] Mag[Z]
x100
Mag[V]
Equation 3.3.1.4
3
Where Mag[I], Mag[Z] and Mag[V] are magnitude of
complex load current, cable impedance of the load and voltage of
the bus where the load is connected, respectively.
Table 3. 6 Summary of Transformer Cable Ratings
Eqpt
ID
Cable Rating
Cable Type
Size
(mm2)
Wire/
Length
(m)
R
( /km)
XL
(/km)
TL1
1CCV(8.7/15kV),
Cu/XLPE/CTS/
AWA/PVC
630
115
0.04
0.1138
TL2
3CCV(6/10(12)k
V)
185
54
0.128
0.0888
TL3
3CCV(6/10(12)k
V)
185
60
0.128
0.0888
Source: Resistance and Reactance values from Cable vendorFujikura Federal Cables SDN. BHD.
Page 134
Calculating the percent voltage drop using the resistances

and reactances from above table 3.3.1.5, as well as the current and
voltages derived from section 3.3.1.2 and 3.3.1.3.
Voltage Drop for TRM1 feeder cable TL1
For ZTL1:
Z TL1
Z TL1
[R per km jXper km ][length]

wire per phase
[0.04 j0.1138][115 / 1000]
5
Z TL1 0.00092 j0.0026174
Mag[ZTL1] =
(0.00092)2+ (0.0026174)2
= 0.002774
%VDTL1:
%VD TL1
MagI12 MagZ TL1

x 100%
MagV1
3
387.60324120.002774 x 100%
%VDTL1
13800
3
%VDTL1 0.01349%
Voltage Drop for TRL3A feeder cable TL2

For ZTL2:
Z TL1
Z TL1

wire per phase
[0.128 j0.0888][54 / 1000]
1
ZTL1 0.006912 j0.0047952
Mag[ZTL2] =
(0.006912)2+ (0.0047952)2
= 0.008412
Page 135
%VDTL2:
%VD TL2
%VD TL2
MagI23 MagZ TL2

x 100%
MagV2
3
1305.2260860.008412 x 100%
6900
%VD
TL2
0.27562%
Voltage Drop for TRL3B feeder cable TL3

For ZTL3:
Z TL1
Z TL1

wire per phase
[0.128 j0.0888][60 / 1000]
1
ZTL1 0.00768 j0.005328
Mag[ZTL3] =
(0.00768)2+ (0.005328)2
= 0.009347
%VDTL3:
%VD TL3
%VD TL3
MagI24 MagZ TL3

x 100%
MagV2
3
1147.463 0.009347 x 100%
6900
%VDTL3 0.26923%
Page 136
Table 3.7 Summary of results for transformer feeder voltage

drop
Cable Rating
Eqpt
ID
From
TL1
Bus 1
TRM1
1C-CV(8.7/15kV),
Primary Cu/XLPE/CTS/AWA/PVC
0.01349
TL2
Bus 2
Primary
of
TRL3A
3C-CV(6/10(12)kV)
0.27562
TL3
Bus 2
Primary
of
TRL3B
3C-CV(6/10(12)kV)
0.26923
To
Cable Type
%VD
3.3.4.2 Voltage Drop for Medium Voltage Motors during

Normal Running condition
3.8 Summary of Motor Feeder Cable Ratings
Eqpt
ID
Cable Type
CBLKM5806
CBLYM7601
CBLKM8639
CBLKM8601
3CCV(6/10(12kV))
1CCV(6/10(12kV))
3CCV(6/10(12)kV)
3CCV(6/10(12)kV)
Size
(mm )
Wir
e/
Length
(m)
( /km)
(/km)
185
313
0.128
0.1066
240
458
0.0986
0.1027
185
218
0.128
0.1066
185
405
0.128
0.1066
Calculating the percent voltage drop using the resistances
and reactances from above table 3.8, as well as the current and
voltages derived from section 3.3.1.2 and 3.3.1.3.
Page 137
Voltage Drop for PE-KM5806 (running condition):

For ZCBL-KM5806:
ZCBL -KM5806
ZCBL-KM5806

wire per phase
[0.128 j0.1066][313 / 1000]
1
ZCBL KM5806 0.0401 j0.0334

Mag[ZCBL-KM5806] =
(0.0401)2+ (0.0334)2
= 0.052138
%VDCBL-KM5906:
%VD
MagI MagZ
x 100%
MagV
3
%VDKM5806
60.8460.052138
6900
3
x 100%
%VDKM5806 0.07963%

For ZCBL-YM7601:
ZCBL - YM7601
ZCBL- YM7601

wire per phase
[0.0986 j0.1027][458 / 1000]
1
ZCBL KM5806 0.0452 j0.0047
Mag[ZCBL-YM7601] =
(0.0452)2+ (0.0047)2
= 0.06520
Page 138
%VDKM7601:
%VD
MagI MagZ
x 100%
MagV
3
%VDKM7601
485.8940.06520
6900
3
x 100%
%VDKM7601 0.79531%

For ZCBL-KM8639:
ZCBL -KM8639
ZCBL-KM8639

wire per phase
[0.0986 j0.1027][218 / 1000]
1
ZCBL KM8639 0.0279 j0.0232

Mag[ZCBL-KM8639] =
(0.0279)2+ (0.0232)2
= 0.03631
%VDKM8639
%VD
MagI MagZ
x 100%
MagV
%VDKM8639
3
33.0290.03631 x 100%
6900
3
%VDKM8639 0.0301%
Page 139

For ZCBL-KM8601:
ZCBL -KM8601
ZCBL-KM8601

wire per phase
[0.0986 j0.1027][405 / 1000]
1
ZCBL KM8601 0.0518 j0.0432

Mag[ZCBL-KM8601] =
(0.0518)2+ (0.0432)2
= 0.06746
%VDKM8601:
%VD
MagI MagZ
x 100%
MagV
3
%VDKM8601
26.8530.06746
6900
3
x 100%
%VDKM8601 0.04547%
Table 3.9 Summary of voltage drop for MV motor feeder

cables
Eqpt
ID
Description
PE-KM5806 Vent Recovery compressor Motor

PE-YM7601
Mixer Motor
PE-KM8639
Blower Motor
PE-KM8601
Blower Motor
% VD
(NORMAL)
0.07963
0.79531
0.0301
0.04547
Page 140
3.3.4.3 Voltage Drop for 480V Loads

Table 3.10 Cable ratings for MCC8 loads
Eqpt ID
Cable Type
CLB-GM1412
CBL-1413
3C+PECV(0.6/1kV)
3C+PECV(0.6/1kV)
3C+PECV(0.6/1kV)
3C+PECV(0.6/1kV)
3C+PECV(0.6/1kV)
3C+PECV(0.6/1kV)
3C+PECV(0.6/1kV)
4C+PECV(0.6/1kV)
4C+PECV(0.6/1kV)
3C+PECV(0.6/1kV)
3C+PECV(0.6/1kV)
3C+PECV(0.6/1kV)
3C+PECV(0.6/1kV)
3C+PECV(0.6/1kV)
3C+PECV(0.6/1kV)
3C+PECV(0.6/1kV)
3C+PECV(0.6/1kV)
3C+PECV(0.6/1kV)
3C+PECV(0.6/1kV)
3C+PECV(0.6/1kV)
3C+PE-
CBL-YM4078
CBL YM4089
CBL YM4352
CBL GM4356
CBL GM4357
CBL SM4360
CBL SM6825
CBL SM6828
CBL SM6853
CBL KM6831-1
CBL KM6832-1
CBL YCM6832
CBL KM6833-1
CBL KM6834-1
PE-KM68351
CBL YCM6835
CBL YM6851
CBL -GM5814-1
CBL -
(mm2)
Size
Wire
/
Length
(m)
(/km)
(/km)
70
374
0.343
0.0886
70
374
0.343
0.0886
2.5
302
9.45
0.113
2.5
302
9.45
0.113
2.5
244
9.45
0.113
2.5
216
9.45
0.113
2.5
216
9.45
0.113
237
3.93
0.101
95
426
0.248
0.0852
2.5
115
9.45
0.113
2.5
115
9.45
0.113
2.5
115
9.45
0.113
2.5
115
9.45
0.113
2.5
115
9.45
0.113
2.5
115
9.45
0.113
2.5
115
9.45
0.113
2.5
115
9.45
0.113
2.5
115
9.45
0.113
2.5
115
9.45
0.113
2.5
343
9.45
0.113
35
349
0.669
0.0893
Page 141
GM5821
CBL GM5812
CBL GM5815
CBL GM5825
PE-VM5814
CBL GM5806A-2
CBL GM5806B2
CBL GM5806BD2
CBL GM8102
GM8103A
CBL GM8103S
CBL SM6800
CBL -Y6860
CBL -D6810
CBL -MNDB
CBL-WRP-01
CBL-MCC
EM2
CBL-GM1504
CBLGM4351
CV(0.6/1kV)
3C+PECV(0.6/1kV)
3C+PECV(0.6/1kV)
3C+PECV(0.6/1kV)
3C+PECV(0.6/1kV)
3C+PECV(0.6/1kV)
3C+PECV(0.6/1kV)
3C+PECV(0.6/1kV)
3C+PECV(0.6/1kV)
3C+PECV(0.6/1kV)
3C+PECV(0.6/1kV)
4C+PECV(0.6/1kV)
3C+PECV(0.6/1kV)
3C+PECV(0.6/1kV)
4C+PECV(0.6/1kV)
4C+PECV(0.6/1kV)
4C+PECV(0.6/1kV)
MCC8 to
VFD
3C+PECV(0.6/1kV)
VFD to
Motor 4CNYCY(750V)
MCC8 to
VFD
3C+PECV(0.6/1kV)
VFD to
Motor 4CNYCY(750V)
16
336
1.47
0.092
50
336
0.494
0.0882
50
336
0.494
0.0882
150
343
0.16
0.0852
326
3.93
0.101
326
0.88
0.106
326
5.88
0.106
25
444
0.927
0.092
95
445
0.248
0.0852
95
445
0.248
0.0852
150
403
0.160
0.085
35
349
0.669
0.089
35
349
0.669
0.089
240
37
0.100
0.085
120
446
0.197
0.085
240
37
0.100
0.085
30
9.450
0.113
307
5.520
0.116
30
9.450
0.113
249
5.520
0.116
Page 142
CBL GM4355
CBL GM4353
CBL GM4354
CBL GM4358
MCC8 to
VFD
3C+PECV(0.6/1kV)
VFD to
Motor 4CNYCY(750V)
MCC8 to
VFD
3C+PECV(0.6/1kV)
VFD to
Motor 4CNYCY(750V)
MCC8 to
VFD
3C+PECV(0.6/1kV)
VFD to
Motor 4CNYCY(750V)
MCC8 to
VFD
3C+PECV(0.6/1kV)
VFD to
Motor 4CNYCY(750V)
30
9.450
0.113
249
5.520
0.116
30
9.450
0.113
257
5.520
0.116
30
9.450
0.113
257
5.520
0.116
30
9.450
0.113
257
5.520
0.116
Table 3.11 Cable ratings for MCC9 loads
Eqpt ID
Cable Type
CBL-7601M1
3C+PECV(0.6/1kV)
3C+PECV(0.6/1kV)
3C+PECV(0.6/1kV)
3C+PECV(0.6/1kV)
3C+PECV(0.6/1kV)
3C+PECV(0.6/1kV)
CBL -YM7610
CBL GM7612
CBL 7601VG1M
CBL 7601VG2M
CBL 7604G1M-A
(mm2)
Wire
/
Length
(m)
( /km)
(/km)
95
445
0.248
0.0852
35
422
0.669
0.0893
240
448
0.0998
0.0848
50
445
0.248
0.0852
50
445
0.248
0.0852
10
444
2.33
0.0965
Size
Page 143
CBL 7604G1M-B
CBL7604K1M
CBL 7601G1M
CBL 7605G1M
CBL -KM7615
CBL -Y7730
CBL -Y7733
CBL-PE7604G3
CBL-PE7604G4
CBL 7601VG3M
CBL 7601VG4M
CBL- PEKM7604
CBL -SM7714
CBLSM8605
CBL-SM8606
CBL -KM8607
CBL -SM8610
CBL SM8614A
CBL -SM8641
CBL SM8645
CBL -SM5611
CBL YM5611C
CBL -YM5612
CBL -Y5160
CBL -Y5619
3C+PECV(0.6/1kV)
3C+PECV(0.6/1kV)
3C+PECV(0.6/1kV)
3C+PECV(0.6/1kV)
3C+PECV(0.6/1kV)
3C+PECV(0.6/1kV)
3C+PECV(0.6/1kV)
3C+PECV(0.6/1kV)
10
444
2.33
0.0965
10
444
2.33
0.0965
25
444
0.927
0.092
50
444
0.248
0.0852
16
440
1.47
0.092
10
422
2.33
0.0965
408
5.88
0.106
35
422
0.669
0.0893
3C+PECV(0.6/1kV)
35
422
0.669
0.0893
3C+PECV(0.6/1kV)
3C+PECV(0.6/1kV)
3C+PECV(0.6/1kV)
3C+PECV(0.6/1kV)
3C+PECV(0.6/1kV)
3C+PECV(0.6/1kV)
3C+PECV(0.6/1kV)
3C+PECV(0.6/1kV)
3C+PECV(0.6/1kV)
3C+PECV(0.6/1kV)
3C+PECV(0.6/1kV)
3C+PECV(0.6/1kV)
3C+PECV(0.6/1kV)
3C+PECV(0.6/1kV)
3C+PECV(0.6/1kV)
3C+PE-
445
5.88
0.106
445
5.88
0.106
50
445
0.248
0.0852
417
0.88
0.106
2.5
174
9.45
0.113
2.5
174
9.45
0.113
25
174
0.927
0.092
2.5
174
9.45
0.113
180
5.88
0.106
2.5
167
9.45
0.113
240
212
0.0998
0.0848
78
0.88
0.106
2.5
78
9.45
0.113
461
0.88
0.106
10
422
2.33
0.0965
10
422
2.33
0.0965
Page 144
CBL -Y5951
CBL -Y5952
CBL -SM5962
CBL TR-Ex
CBL CP-7601
CBL CP-7604
CBL CP-7600
CBL -YM7607
CBL -S5961
CV(0.6/1kV)
3C+PECV(0.6/1kV)
3C+PECV(0.6/1kV)
3C+PECV(0.6/1kV)
3C+PECV(0.6/1kV)
3C+PECV(0.6/1kV)
3C+PECV(0.6/1kV)
3C+PECV(0.6/1kV)
VFD to
Motor 4CNYCY(750V)
MCC9 to
VFD 3C+PECV(0.6/1kV)
VFD to
Motor 4CNYCY(750V)
MCC9 to
VFD C+PECV(0.6/1kV)
10
444
2.33
0.0965
10
444
2.33
0.0965
10
444
2.33
0.0965
240
37
0.0996
0.0848
445
5.88
0.106
445
5.88
0.106
50
445
0.248
0.0852
185
412
0.121
0.0947
120
35
0.197
0.0852
89
5.52
0.116
405
0.88
0.106
Voltage Drop for GM-1412 (running condition)

For ZCBL-GM-1412
ZCBL -GM-1412
ZCBL-GM-1412

wire per phase
[0.343 j0.0886][374 / 1000]
1
ZCBL GM-1412 0.128 j0.033

Mag[ZCBL GM-1412 ]
0.1282 0.0332 0.132
Page 145
%VDGM1412:
%VDGM1412
MagI MagZ
x 100%
MagV
3
%VDGM1412
53.7930.132
480
x 100%
%VDGM1412 2.572%
Voltage Drop for GM-1413 (running condition)

For ZCBL-GM-1413:
ZCBL -GM-1413
ZCBL-GM-1413

wire per phase
[0.343 j0.0886][374 / 1000]
1
ZCBL GM-1413 0.128 j0.033

0.1282 0.0332 0.132
Mag[ZCBL GM-1413 ]
%VDGM1413:
%VDGM1413
MagI MagZ
x 100%
MagV
3
%VDGM1413
53.7930.132492613
480
3
x 100%
%VDGM1413 2.572%
Page 146
Voltage Drop for PE-YM4078 (running condition)

For ZCBL-YM4078:
ZCBL - YM4078
wire per phase

[9.45 j0.113][302 / 1000]
1
ZCBL- YM4078
ZCBL YM4078 2.854 j0.034

Mag[ZCBL YM4078 ] 2.8542 0.0342 2.854
%VDYM4078:
%VD YM4078
MagI MagZ
x 100%
MagV
3
%VDYM4078
2.8662.854
480
3
x 100%
%VDYM4078 2.952%
Voltage Drop for PE-YM4089 (running condition)

For ZCBL-YM4089:
ZCBL - YM4089
ZCBL- YM4089

wire per phase
[9.45 j0.113][302 / 1000]
1
ZCBL YM4089 2.854 j0.034

Mag[ZCBL YM4089 ] 2.8542 0.0342 2.854
%VDYM4089:
%VD YM4089
MagI MagZ
x 100%
MagV
3
Page 147
%VDYM4089
2.3262.854
480
3
x 100%
%VDYM4089 2.395%
By repeating the same calculation for the rest of the 480V

loads, the rest of the load voltage drop is determined and
summarized on table 3.3.1.9 for MCC8 Loads and MCC9.
Table 3.12 Summary of Voltage Drop Calculation for MCC8
Loads
Equipment ID
% VD
(NORMAL)
GM-1412
GM-1413
PE-YM4078
PE-YM4089
PE-YM4352
PE-GM4356
PE-GM4357
PE-SM4360
PE-SM6825
PE-SM6828
PE-SM6853
PE-KM6831-1
PE-KM6832-1
PE-YCM6832
PE-KM6833-1
PE-KM6834-1
PE-KM6835-1
PE-YCM6835
PE-YM6851
PE-GM-5814-1
PE-GM5821
PE-GM5812
PE-GM5815
PE-GM5825
PE-VM5814
53.793
53.793
2.866
2.326
2.326
1.181
1.181
6.673
26.837
7.345
6.262
1.968
1.968
2.684
1.968
1.968
1.968
2.684
0.662
1.968
29.078
11.271
44.427
46.068
228.436
0.132
0.132
2.854
2.854
2.306
2.041
2.041
0.932
0.112
1.087
1.087
1.087
1.087
1.087
1.087
1.087
1.087
1.087
1.087
3.242
0.236
0.495
0.169
0.169
0.062
480.0
480.0
480.0
480.0
480.0
480.0
480.0
480.0
480.0
480.0
480.0
480.0
480.0
480.0
480.0
480.0
480.0
480.0
480.0
480.0
480.0
480.0
480.0
480.0
480.0
2.572
2.572
2.952
2.395
1.935
0.870
0.870
2.244
1.082
2.881
2.456
0.772
0.772
1.052
0.772
0.772
0.772
1.052
0.260
2.302
2.472
2.013
2.703
2.803
5.125
Page 148
PE-GM5806A-2
PE-GM5806B2
PE-GM5806BD-2
GM8102
GM8103A
GM8103S
PE-SM6800
PE-Y6860
PE-D6810
MNDB
WRP-01
MCC EM2
GM-1504
PE-GM4351
PE-GM4355
PE-GM4353
PE-GM4354
PE-GM4358
7.156
7.156
4.124
13.418
63.888
63.888
27.214
20.673
20.418
412.966
336.788
245.162
6.200
0.370
6.200
4.110
6.200
4.110
6.200
0.370
6.200
0.370
6.200
0.370
1.282
0.289
1.917
0.414
0.117
0.117
0.073
0.236
0.236
0.005
0.096
0.005
0.284
1.695
0.284
1.375
0.284
1.375
0.284
1.419
0.284
1.419
0.284
1.419
480.0
480.0
480.0
480.0
480.0
480.0
480.0
480.0
480.0
480.0
480.0
480.0
480.0
480.0
480.0
480.0
480.0
480.0
480.0
480.0
480.0
480.0
480.0
480.0
3.310
0.746
2.853
2.003
2.690
2.690
0.717
1.757
1.735
0.721
11.625
0.428
0.634
0.226
0.634
2.039
0.634
2.039
0.634
0.189
0.634
0.189
0.634
0.189
Table 3.14 Summary of Voltage Drop Calculation for MCC9

Loads
Equipment
ID
% VD
(NORMAL)
PE-7601M1
PE-YM7610
PE-GM7612
PE-7601VG1M
PE-7601VG2M
PE-7604G1M-A
PE-7604G1M-B
7604K1M
PE-7601G1M
PE-7605G1M
PE-KM7615
PE-Y7730
65.166
26.091
91.219
31.607
31.607
7.722
7.722
6.620
14.222
26.091
10.446
18.441
0.117
0.285
0.059
0.117
0.117
1.035
1.035
1.035
0.414
0.116
0.648
0.984
480.0
480.0
480.0
480.0
480.0
480.0
480.0
480.0
480.0
480.0
480.0
480.0
2.744
2.682
1.931
1.331
1.331
2.885
2.885
2.473
2.123
1.096
2.443
6.549
Page 149
PE-Y7733
PE-7604G3
PE-7604G4
PE-7601VG3M
PE-7601VG4M
PE-KM7604
PE-SM7714
SM8605
SM8606
KM8607
SM8610
SM8614A
SM8641
SM8645
PE-SM5611
PE-YM5611C
PE-YM5612
PE-Y5160
PE-Y5619
PE-Y5951
PE-Y5952
PE-SM5962
TR-Ex
CP-7601
CP-7604
CP-7600
PE-YM7607
PE-S5961
6.799
26.837
26.837
2.991
2.991
30.415
2.684
3.936
0.716
63.888
3.936
3.936
3.936
223.184
19.680
0.680
4.473
15.941
15.941
5.173
5.173
6.387
431.354
1.650
2.898
35.782
121.973
264.000
2.684
5.100
2.399
0.285
0.285
2.617
2.617
0.117
0.370
1.644
1.644
0.162
1.644
1.059
1.578
0.028
0.069
0.737
0.409
0.984
0.984
1.035
1.035
1.035
0.005
2.617
2.617
0.117
0.063
0.008
0.491
0.359
480.0
480.0
480.0
480.0
480.0
480.0
480.0
480.0
480.0
480.0
480.0
480.0
480.0
480.0
480.0
480.0
480.0
480.0
480.0
480.0
480.0
480.0
480.0
480.0
480.0
480.0
480.0
480.0
480.0
480.0
5.886
2.758
2.758
2.824
2.824
1.281
0.358
2.336
0.425
3.737
2.336
1.503
2.242
2.236
0.491
0.181
0.659
5.661
5.661
1.933
1.933
2.386
0.753
1.558
2.737
1.507
2.786
0.716
0.476
0.661
Page 150
3.3.5 Evaluation of Results

Result of the calculation will be analyzed and evaluate
including the recommendations for system improvement.
3.3.5.1 Bus Voltages Evaluation
The result of the bus voltage calculation shown on the table
3.15.
Table 3.15 Summary of bus voltage calculation
V2
V3
V4
Actual
Per Unit
6.798/-1.28530 kV
464.856/-2.4010 V
465.860/-2.2690 V
0.985281/-1.28530 p.u
0.968451/-2.4010 p.u
0.970543/-2.2690 p.u
Permissible
Per Unit
Voltage
0.98
0.98
0.98
The results above shows that the bus voltage on bus 2

(6.9kV bus) is within the permissible limit of not less than 0.98 per
unit. The secondary voltage of both TRL3A and TRL3B are both
outside the permissible value of 0.98 and can still be improved by
changing the transformer tap (primary NVTC) from the nominal tap
3 to tap 4 (2.5% tap position). The per unit tap a will be 1/0.975
or 1.02564. The calculation results using the excel load flow sheet
developed by the author is shown in table 3.16. The result shows a
significant improvement of the bus voltages at bus 2 (0.993 per
unit) and 3 (0.995 per unit) under normal load condition which is
now within the permissible limit.
Table 3.16 Summary of bus voltage calculation (after
changing the taps of TRL3A and TRL3B).
V2
V3
V4
Actual
6.799/-1.2750 kV
477.037/-2.3640 V
478.040/-2.2360 V
Per Unit
0.985378/-1.2750 p.u
0.993828/-2.3640 p.u
0.995917/-2.2360 p.u
Page 151
3.3.5.2 Voltage Drop Evaluation

Voltage Drop of Transformer Feeder
Voltage drop for transformer feeders shows acceptable results as
summarized on table 3.3.1.5.2 below.
Table 3.17 Summary of Voltage drop on transformer feeder
Cable
ID
TL1
From
To
%VD
TRM1
primary
terminals
0.01349
TL2
Power
plant
BAC908
Circuit
Breaker
MV 9
Acceptance
Conclusion
Criteria
<3%
Acceptable
0.27562
<3%
Acceptable
TL3
MV 10
TRL3A
primary
terminals
TRL3B
primary
terminals
0.26923
<3%
Acceptable
The running voltage drop for MV motors shows acceptable

results as summarized on Table 3.18. In chapter 6, a detailed motor
starting analysis will be presented to analyse the effect of large
motor starting to the power system under study.
Table 3.18 Voltage Drop of MV Motors (Running Condition)
ID
Description
%VD
PEKM5806
Vent
Recovery
compressor
Motor
Mixer Motor
0.07963
Blower Motor
0.0301
PEYM7601
PEKM8639
0.79531
Acceptance
Conclusion
Criteria
<3%
Acceptable
(normal
running)
<3%
(normal
running)
<3%
(normal
running)
Acceptable
Acceptable
Page 152
PEKM8601
Blower Motor
0.04547
<3%
(normal
running)
Acceptable
Voltage Drop of 480V Loads

Based on the voltage drop calculations for 480V loads on
3.3.1.4, there are loads that has unacceptable voltage drop as
shown on the Table 3.19.
Table 3.19 Summary of 480V loads with unacceptable %VD
Equipment
ID
Description
Size (mm2)
% VD
(Normal)
Vent Recovery Ref

Compressor Motor
Main Cooling Pump motor
150
5.125
3.310
Pellet screener
10
6.549
PE-Y7733
Pellet Mass flowmeter motor
5.886
KM8607
Wash Air fan motor
25
3.737
PE-Y5160
Product purge bin filter
10
5.661
PE-Y5619
Low product purge bin filter
10
5.661
PE-VM5814
PEGM5806A-2
PE-Y7730
For each 480V motor from the above table that has unacceptable
voltage drop, recommendations with re-calculations are as follows:
For PE-VM5814:
Add one (1) more wire per phase to reduce the total impedance.
%VDVM5814
MagI MagZ
x 100%
MagV
3
%VDVM5814
228.4360.031
480
3
x 100%
%VDVM5814 2.563%
Page 153
For PE-GM5806A-2:
%VDGM5806A -2
MagI MagZ
x 100%
MagV
3
%VDGM5806A-2
7.1560.641
480
3
x 100%
%VDGM5806A-2 1.655%
For YM7730:
Change the wire size from 1 x 3C-10mm2 to 2 x 3C-16mm2
%VDYM7730
MagI MagZ
x 100%
MagV
3
%VDYM7730
18.4410.311
480
3
x 100%
%VDYM7730 2.068%
For YM7733:
%VDYM7733
MagI MagZ
x 100%
MagV
3
%VDYM7733
6.7991.2
480
3
x 100%
%VDYM7733 2.943%
Page 154
For YM8607:
%VDKM8607
%VDKM8607
MagI MagZ
x 100%
MagV
3
63.8880.081
480
3
x 100%
%VDKM8607 1.868%
For Y5160:
%VDY5160
MagI MagZ
x 100%
MagV
3
%VDY5160
15.9410.492
480
3
x 100%
%VDY5160 2.830%
For Y5619:
%VDY5619
MagI MagZ
x 100%
MagV
3
%VDY5619
15.9410.492
480
3
x 100%
%VDY5619 2.830%
Page 155
Table 3.20 Summary of results of calculation after correction
Eqpt. ID
Size
(mm2)
PE-VM5814
150
PE-GM5806A-2
6
PE-YM7730
16(10)
PE-YM7733
4
KM8607
25
PE-YM5160
10
PE-Y5619
10
wire/
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
I (A)
Z
()
% VD
% VD
Before
After
228.436
7.156
18.441
6.799
63.888
15.941
15.941
0.031
0.641
0.311
1.200
0.081
0.492
0.492
5.125
3.310
6.549
5.886
3.737
5.661
5.661
2.563
1.711
2.068
2.943
1.868
2.830
2.830
Based on the above result, after correcting the wire sizes

and increasing the number of conductors per phase, the percent
voltage drop to the 480V loads becomes satisfactory. Total cost of
the modifications will pay for itself due to savings on the reduction
of line loss and running the motor efficiently so the recommendation
is justified.
3.3.5.3 Transformer Loading Evaluation
The results of power flow calculation show a normal loading
condition for all power transformers at normal load case. JG Summit
site operating standards recommends that the power transformer
loading maintained below 60% on continues basis and below 80%
on intermittent basis (1-5 days). Based on the calculated loading at
operating condition, TRM1 can still be allowed to handle future
requirement of about 40% and is fairly sufficient.
Table 3.21 Transformer Loading on Case 1

Transformer
TRM1
TRL3A
TRL3B
Rated Capacity
(MVA-@ONAN)
40
3
3
Loading
(MVA)
8.5
1.049
0.924
%
Remarks
Loading
21.25
Satisfactory
34.99
Satisfactory
30.83
Satisfactory
Page 156
3.3.5.4 Bus Bar Loading Evaluation

As shown in table 3.22, the results of current flow
calculation show a normal loading condition for all bus bars.
Table 3.22 Bus bar Loading on Case 1
Panel
6.9kV
Switchgear
480V MCC8
480V MCC9
Bus Bar
Rating (A)
4000
Current Flow
Remarks
721.91
Satisfactory
1600
1600
1305.23
1146.08
Satisfactory
Satisfactory
3.3.5.5 Power Factor Evaluation

As shown in table 3.23, the results of power factor
calculations show a normal loading condition for all voltage level.
Table 3.23 Summary of Power Factor
Location
Apparent Power
Power Factor
Remarks
Flow (MVA)
Primary side
8.627/32.4410
84.395
Lagging
of TRM1
Secondary
Satisfactory
(>80 % LAG)
8.5/31.1570
85.575
Lagging
Side of TRM1
Satisfactory
(>80 % LAG)
Primary side
of TRL3A
Bus 3
1.06/32.6560
84.196
Lagging
1.04/31.5360
85.232
Lagging
Primary side
of TRL3B
Bus 4
0.937/32.3290
84.502
Lagging
0.924/31.3410
85.409
Lagging
Satisfactory
(>80 % LAG)
Satisfactory
(>80 % LAG)
Satisfactory
(>80 % LAG)
Satisfactory
(>80 % LAG)
Page 157
3.3.5.6 Comparison with ETAP

Using an evaluation copy of ETAPTM software, the bus
voltage calculation is simulated and compared with the authors
Microsoft Excel sheet calculations.
Figure 3.9 ETAP Simulation Snap Shot showing power flows.
Page 158
Figure 3.10 ETAP Simulation Snap Shot showing power

factors for each bus.
Figure 3.11 ETAP Simulation Snap Shot showing Current

Flows for each bus.
Page 159
As shown in table 3.24, the deviation between the results

manual load flow calculation using Microsoft Excel and ETAPTM
(evaluation copy) are fairly acceptable and that the authors model
of the power system is correct.
Table 3.24 Comparison between ETAP and Manual Excel
Sheet Calculation
Bus 2 Voltage
Bus 3 Voltage
Bus 4 Voltage
Power Flow
from Bus 1
6.790/-1.38 MVA
464.3/-2.50 MVA
465.8/-2.42 MVA
7.279+j4.644
MVA
6.798/-1.28 MVA
464.856/-2.401 MVA
465.860/-2.269 MVA
7.281+j4.628 MVA
% Deviation
Between ETAP
and Manual
Calculation
0.117%
0.119%
0.0128%
0.027/0.345%
Power Flow to
Bus 2
Power Factor
Primary side of
TRM1
Power Factor
Secondary Side
of TRM1
Power Factor at
Bus 3
Power Factor at
Bus 4
Current Flow
from Bus 1 to
Bus 2
Current Flow
From Bus 2 to
Bus 3
Current Flow
From Bus 2 to
Bus 4
7.272+j4.396
MVA
84.3% lag
7.274+j4.398 MVA
0.027/0.045%
84.395% lag
0.112%
85.6% lag
85.575% lag
0.029%
85.3% lag
85.232% lag
0.079%
85.4% lag
85.409% lag
0.011%
360.955671 A
361.2 A
0.0678%
1303.643 A
1303.9 A
0.0197%
1146.079 A
1145.2 A
0.076%
Circuit
Parameters
ETAPTM
Calculation
Manual Calculation
Page 160
3.4 Load Flow Analysis for Case 2

(Steady State with Capacitors at Bus 2)
3.4.1 Introduction, Admittance and Power Data
This study case will analyse the system under normal
loading condition. All three power transformers TRM1, TRL3A and
TRL3B are on-line, all loads of PE 2 plants are running and with
power factor correction capacitors is on-line. Voltages, currents,
power and power factor will be determined for each of the 6
switching steps scenario.
Bus 1 which is the generator bus is the swing bus where
the voltage will be 1/00 p.u. Active and reactive power will be
calculated from this bus. Bus 2, bus 3 and bus 4 are the load bus
where voltage will be calculated. An automatic switching 6 x
300kVAR Power Factor Correction Capacitors are connected to bus
2.
Table 3.24 Summary of Bus properties for study Case 1
Bus
Bus 1
Bus 2
Bus 3
Bus 4
TYPE
Generator Bus
Load Bus with Cap
Load Bus
Load Bus
Known
V1 /10=1/00 p.u
P and Q
P and Q
P and Q
Unknown
P and Q
V2 /20
V3 /30
V5 /40
Page 161
Bus 1 V1
y12 =0.993428-j32.339275
Bus 2
S2=P2+jQ2
y =0.434825-j4.361626
S2=0.5582+ j0.332 23
Bus 3
V2
y24=0.438818j4.3716651 Q3=0.3
To 1.8
Bus 4 V
4
V3
S3=P3+jQ3
S3=0.118437+j0.072
S4=P4+jQ4
S4=0.103948+j0.06
Figure 3.12 Admittance network for Case 2

From Chapter 2, values of the admittance are summarized on table
3.25.
Table 3.25 Summary of Admittances
y12
Admittances Values (mho p.u)

0.959989-j32.341297
y23
0.693282-j4.206570
y24
0.695415-j4.203698
From Chapter 2, power schedule is summarized on table 3.26.

Table 3.26 Scheduled of Power
Bus No
S2
S3
S4
Q2
Bus
Bus
Bus
Bus
2
3
4
2
P (MW)
5.58210
0.8946
0.7898
-
Q
(MVAR)
3.31997
0.54898
0.48099
0.3 to 1.8
capacitive
P (p.u)
@
10MVA
base
0.558210
0.08946
0.07898
Q (p.u)
@
10MVA
base
0.331997
0.054898
0.048099
0.03 to
1.8
Page 162
3.4.2. Bus Voltage Calculation

Derivation of voltage equations
Bus no. 2
6.9kV Bus V2
At bus 2 by KCL,
Current flowing into the bus 2 from bus 1 and considering

transformer tap aTRM1 of TRM1 using equation 3.2.6:
I12 y12 (V1
V2
aTRM1

transformer tap aTRL3A of TRL3A using equation 3.2.6:
I23 y23 (V2
V3
aTRL3A

transformer tap aTRL3B of TRL3B using equation 3.2.6:
I24 y24 (V2
V4
aTRL3B
S*
2
V2*
The current injected from the capacitor bank
Scap j
Qcap
V2*
By KCL, vector sum of currents in to the bus 2 equals vector sum of

y12 (V1
V3
) y23 V2
aTRM1
a
TRL3A
V2
V4
y24 V2
a
TRL3B
Scap *
S*
2
*
*
V2
V2
Arranging the current equation yields a non-linear equation for

voltage V2.
Page 163
S*
2
V2*
V2 aTRM1
S*
cap
y12V1 y23
V2*
V3
aTRL3A
y24
V4
aTRL3B
y12 y23 y24
If we let V2(k) be the initial estimate of voltage V2 then the iterative

equation V2(k+1) will be
S*2 S*cap
12 V1 y23
V2*(k)
V2(k 1) aTRM1
V3(k)
aTRL3A
y24
y12 y23 y24
V4(k)
aTRL3B
Equation (3.3.2)

At bus 3 by KCL,
I23 y23 (V2
V3
aTRL3A
S*
3
V3*
By KCL, vector sum of currents in equals vector sum of current out
of the bus 3.
V3
y23 V2
aTRL3A
S*
3
V3*

voltage V3.
S*
3
V3 aTRL3A
V3*
y23 V2
y23

Page 164
S*
3
V3(k 1) aTRL3A
V2(k)
y V *(k)
23 3
Equation (3.3.4)

At bus 3 by KCL,
I24 y24 (V2
V4
aTRL3B
S*
4
V4*
By KCL, vector sum of currents in equals vector sum of current out

of the bus 4.
V4 S*
4
y24 V2
aTRL3B V4*

voltage V4.
S*4
V4*
V4 aTRL3B
y24 V2
y24

S*
4
V4(k 1) aTRL3B
V2(k)
y V *(k)
24 4
Equation (3.3.6)
In summary, the following equations derived from the

above admittance network will be used to calculate for the bus
voltages.
Page 165
S*
2 j Q cap
V2(k 1) aTRM1
V2*(k)
y12 V1 y 23
V3(k)
aTRL3A
y 24
V4(k)
aTRL3B
y12 y 23 y 24
Equation (3.3.2)
S*
3
V3(k 1) aTRL3A
V2(k)
y V *(k)
23 3
Equation (3.3.4)
S*
(k)
4
aTRL3B
V2
y V *(k)
24 4
Equation (3.3.6)
V4(k 1)
Gauss-Siedel Iteration for bus voltage

Bus voltage estimates at
V2(0)= V3(0)= V4(0)= 1/00 V p.u
and V1(k)= 1/00 V p.u (for all values of k)
For TRM1, TRL3A and TRL3B,
tap=+ 2.5% (0.95, 0.975, 1.0, 1.025, 1.05)
Transformer taps (Primary) are selected at nominal value
aTRM1=1; aTRL3A=1; aTRL3B=1
Complex power values from table 3.3.3
S2=0.558210 + j 0.331997 p.u
S3=0.08946 + j 0.054898p.u
S4=0.07898+ j 0.048099 p.u
QCAP= 0.03 pu
Taking the conjugates of the complex power
S2*=0.558210 - j 0.331997 p.u
S3*=0.08946 - j 0.054898p.u
S4*=0.07898 - j 0.048099 p.u
Page 166
Admittance values from table 3.3.2

y12=0.959989-j32.341297 p.u
y23=0.693282-j4.206570 p.u
y24=0.695415-j4.203698 p.u
(y12 + y23 + y24) = 2.348687-j40.751566 pu
k=0, 1st iteration
*
S*
2 jQcap
V2(1) aTRM1
V2*(0)
y12 V1 y23
V3(0)
aTRL3A
y24
V4(0)
aTRL3B
y12 y23 y24
0.558210 + j 0.331997* j0.03*

0.959989 - j32.341297 1
1
V2(1) 1
2.348687 - j40.751566
2.348687 - j40.751566
V2(1)
0.693282 - j4.2065701 0.695415 - j4.203698 1

2.348687 - j40.751566
= 0.991826-j0.013226 p.u
For V3(1)
S*
3
V3(1) aTRL3A
V2(0)
y23V*(0)
(0.0894638 j0.0548985)*
V3(1) 1
1
1(0.693282 - j4.206570)
V3(1) = 0.983882-j0.018611p.u
For V4(1)
S*
4
V4(1) aTRL3B
V2(0)
y24 V*(0)
Page 167
(0.0789849 j0.0480991)*
V4(1) 1
1
0.695415 - j4.2036981
V4(1) = 0.985837-j0.016446 p.u
k=1, 2nd iteration

S*2 jQcap
V3(1)
V4(1)
y
V
y
12 1
23
24
V2*(1)
aTRL3A
aTRL3B
y12 y23 y24
*
V2(2) aTRM1
0.558210 + j 0.331997* j0.03*

V2(2) 1
2.348687 - j40.751566
0.959989 - j32.341297 1
2.348687 - j40.751566
0.693282 - j4.2065700.983882 - j0.018611
2.348687 - j40.751566
0.695415 - j4.2036980.985837 - j0.016446
V2(2)
00.990935 - j0.014447*
2.348687 - j40.751566
= 0.988826-j0.017198 p.u
For V3(2)
S*
3
V3(2) aTRL3A
V2(1)
y V *(1)
23 3
V3(2)
(0.0894638 j0.0548985)*
1(0.693282 - j4.206570)0.983882 - j0.018611*

0.991826 - j0.013226
V3(2) = 0.975093-j0.031826 p.u

For V4(2)
S*
4
V4(2) aTRL3B
V2(1)
y V *(1)
24 4
Page 168
0.695415 - j4.2036980.985837 - j0.016446*

0.991826 - j0.013226
V4(2) 1
(0.0789849 j0.0480991)*
V4(2) = 0.977186-j0.029665 p.u

error (eimaginary) of voltages between the first iteration and the
second iteration
V2(1) = 0.991826-j0.013226 p.u
V2(2) = 0.988826-j0.017198 p.u
ereal =|0.991826-0.988826| =0.0030002 (>1x10-6)
eimaginary =|0.013226 - 0.017198| =0.0039714 (>1x10-6)
V3(1) = 0.983882-j0.018611 p.u

V3(2) = 0.975093-j0.031826 p.u
ereal =|0.983882-0.975093| =0.008789 (>1x10-6)
eimaginary =|0.018611 - 0.031826 | =0.0132152 (>1x10-6)
V4(1) = 0.985837-j0.016446 p.u

V4(2) = 0.977186-j0.029665 p.u
ereal =|0.985837-0.977186| =0.008650 (>1x10-6)
eimaginary =|0.016446 - 0.029665 | =0.013218 (>1x10-6)
Repeating the same calculation procedure until 15 iterations
yields an error e<1x10-6 equivalent to five (5) decimal point
Page 169
accuracy. The result of the overall calculation is summarized in table

3.27. The error calculation summarized in table 3.28 shows the
error on the 15th iteration to be at least 2x10-7 which is acceptable
and provides a decimal point accuracy which is acceptable from an
engineering application standpoint.
Table 3.27 Bus voltage calculation results after k=15
k
V2 (Bus 2)
V3 (Bus 3)
V4 (Bus 4)
0.991826-j0.013226
0.983882-j0.018611
0.985837-j0.016446
0.988826-j0.017198
0.975093-j0.031826
0.977186-j0.029665
0.987229-j0.02014
0.971692-j0.035725
0.973836-j0.033573
0.986561-j0.02102
0.969961-j0.038659
0.972121-j0.036508
0.986251-j0.021669
0.969207-j0.039516
0.971378-j0.037368
0.986103-j0.021862
0.968867-j0.040162
0.971042-j0.038015
0.986043-j0.022004
0.968701-j0.04035
0.970878-j0.038203
0.986011-j0.022046
0.968634-j0.040491
0.970813-j0.038344
0.985999-j0.022077
0.968598-j0.040532
0.970777-j0.038385
10
0.985992-j0.022086
0.968585-j0.040563
0.970764-j0.038416
11
0.98599-j0.022093
0.968577-j0.040571
0.970756-j0.038425
12
13
14
0.985989-j0.022095
0.985988-j0.022096
0.985988-j0.022096
0.968575-j0.040578
0.968573-j0.04058
0.968573-j0.040581
0.970754-j0.038431
0.970752-j0.038433
0.970752-j0.038435
15
0.985988-j0.022097
0.968572-j0.040582
0.970751-j0.038435
Table 3.28 Voltage Calculation Error Values

Accuracy
k
ereal
1
2
3
4
5
0.00817
3
0.00300
0
0.00159
7
0.00066
7
0.00031
0
V2
eimaginary
ereal
V3
eimaginary
ereal
V4
eimaginary
0.013226
0.01611
0.018611
0.01416
0.016446
0.003971
0.00878
0.013215
0.00865
0.013218
0.002942
0.00340
0.003899
0.00335
0.003908
0.000880
0.00173
0.002933
0.00171
0.002934
0.000648
0.00075
0.000857
0.00074
0.000860
Page 170
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
0.00014
0.000193
7
5.986E- 0.0001419
05
3.249E- 4.215E-05
05
1.142E- 3.088E-05
05
7.101E- 9.144E-06
06
2.154E- 6.686E-06
06
1.544E- 1.974E-06
06
4.001E- 1.441E-06
07
3.34E- 4.244E-07
07
7.291E- 3.092E-07
08
0.00034
0.000646
0.00033
0.000646
0.00016 0.0001874
6
6.64E-05 0.0001414
0.00016 0.0001882
4
6.56E-05 0.0001415
3.63E-05
4.071E-05
3.58E-05
4.09E-05
1.28E-05
3.078E-05
1.27E-05
3.079E-05
7.91E-06
8.803E-06
7.81E-06
8.847E-06
2.46E-06
6.666E-06
2.42E-06
6.668E-06
1.71E-06
1.895E-06
1.69E-06
1.905E-06
4.67E-07
1.437E-06
4.59E-07
1.437E-06
3.69E-07
4.06E-07
3.65E-07
4.083E-07
Calculation results:
V2(15) = 0.985988-j0.022097 p.u
V3(15) = 0.968572-j0.040582 p.u
V4(15) = 0.970751-j0.038435 p.u
V2 =
(0.985988)2+(-0.022097)2 =/Arctan(-0.022097/0.985988)0
V2 = 0.986235/-1.2830 p.u
V2 =(0.986235/-1.2830 )(Vbase)= (0.986235/-1.2830 )(6.9kV)
V2 = 6.805/-1.2830 kV
V3 =
(0.968572)2+(-0.040582)2 =/Arctan(-0.040582/0.968572)0
V3 = 0.969422/-2.3990
p.u

V3 =(0.969422/-2.3990)(Vbase)=( 0.969422/-2.3990)(480V)
Page 171
V3= 465.322/-2.3990 V
V4 = (0.970751)2+(-0.038435)2 /Arctan(-0.038435/0.970751)0
V4 = 0.971512/-2.2670 p.u
V4 =(0.971512/-2.2670)(Vbase)=( 0.971512/-2.2670)(480V)
V4= 466.325/-2.2670 V
3.4.3 Current, Power Flow and Power Factor Calculation
Current Flows
Using equation 3.2.6 and admittance values from table 3.3.2 to
calculate the current flows:
Current flow from bus 1 to bus 2 (I12) as referred from the primary
side (6.9kV) of TRM1
I12=y12(V1-V2)
I12=( 0.959989-j32.341297) (1- 0.985988+j0.022097)
I12= 0.728104-j0.431945 p.u
I12 =
(0.728104)2+ (-j0.431945)2/Arctan(-j0.431945 /0.728104)
I12= 0.846588/-30.6790 p.u

I12= (I12 p.u)( Ibase 13.8kV)
I12= (0.846588/-30.6790 )(418.36976)
I12= 354.187/-30.6790 A
I23=y23(V2-V3)
I23=(0.693282-j4.206570) (0.985988-j0.022097 0.968572+j0.0405823)
I23= 0.089832-j0.0604435 p.u
Page 172

I23 =
(0.089832)2+ (-0.0604435)2 /Arctan(-0.0604435/0.089832)
I23= 0.108274/-33.935 0 p.u

I23= (I23 p.u)( Ibase 480V)
I23= (0.108274/-33.9350)(12028.13061)
I23= 1302.338/-33.9350 A
I24=y24(V2-V4)
I24=(0.695415-j4.203698) (0.985988-j0.0220970.970751+j0.0384)
I24= 0.079277-j0.0526870 p.u
I24 =
(0.079277)2 + (-0.0526870)2/Arctan(-0.0526870/0.079277)
I24= 0.095188/-33.6080 p.u

I24= (I24 p.u)( Ibase 480V)
I24= (0.095188/-33.6080 )( 12028.13061)
I24= 1144.936 /-33.6080 A
Power Flow and Power Factor

Using equation 3.2.7 and the calculated voltage and current values,
power flow will be calculated.
For power out from Bus 1 to TRM1:
S12= V1I12*
S12= (1)(0.728104-j0.431945)*
S12= (0.728104-j0.431945) p.u
S12 =
(0.728104)2+ (-0.431945)2/Arctan(0.431945/0.728104)
S12= 0.846588/30.6790 p.u

Page 173

S12= (S12p.u)( Sbase )
S12= (0.846588/30.6790)(10MVA)
S12= 8.4658/30.6790 MVA
PF12=cos(30.6790)
PF12= 0.86.004 lagging at bus 1
Repeating the same procedure, the calculation for the rest
of the power and power factor were performed and results are
summarized in table 2.29
Table 2.29 Power Flow and Power Factor Summary
LOCATION
Primary side of
TRM1
Secondary Side
of TRM1
Primary side of
TRL3A
Bus 3
Primary side of
TRL3B
Bus 4
APPARENT
POWER FLOW
(MVA)
8.465/30.6790
POWER FACTOR (%)

86.004
Lagging
8.349/29.3950
87.126
Lagging
1.067/32.6510
84.198
Lagging
1.049/31.5360
0.93878/32.3240
85.232
84.504
Lagging
Lagging
0.92476/31.3410
85.409
Lagging
The bus voltages, power, current and power factor for the
next five steps of the capacitor bank are calculated using the same
procedure as above and the results are summarized in the
preceding tables.
Page 174
Table 3.30 Bus Voltages on Different Capacitor Steps

kVAR
V1
300
0.98623/-1.2830 pu
6.805/-1.2830 kV
600
0.987187/-1.284 pu
6.811/-1.284 kV
900
0.988137/-1.284 pu
6.818/-1.284 kV
1200 0.98908/-1.284 pu
6.824/-1.284 kV
1500 0.990032/-1.285 pu
6.831/-1.285 kV
1800 0.990977/-1.285 pu
6.837/-1.285 kV
V2
0.96942/-2.3990 pu
465.322/-2.3990 V
0.970391/-2.3970 pu
465.788/-2.3970 V
0.971359/-2.395 pu
466.252/-2.395 V
0.972324/-2.393 pu
466.715/-2.393 V
0.973287/-2.392 pu
467.178/-2.392 V
0.974249/-2.390 pu
467.639/-2.390 V
V3
0.971512/-2.267 pu
466.325/-2.267 V
0.972479/-2.265 pu
466.790/-2.265 V
0.973444/-2.264 pu
467.253/-2.264 V
0.974407/-2.262 pu
467.715/-2.262 V
0.975368/-2.261 pu
468.176/-2.261 V
0.97632/-2.259 pu
468.637/-2.259 V
Bus Voltage (p.u)
0.995
0.99
0.985
0.98
0.975
0.97
0.965
0
500
1000
kVAR
Bus 2 (6.9kV Bus) V1
1500
2000
Bus 3 (MCC8 Bus) V2
Bus 4 (MCC9 Bus) V3

Figure 3.13 Bus Voltage versus kVAR
Based on the above comparison for each capacitor kVAR
values, the maximum value of bus voltages will occur when all six
(6) capacitor bank are on-line.
Page 175
Table 3.31 Current Flows on Different Capacitor Steps
kVAR
I1 (A)Bus 1 to
2
I2 (A) Bus 2 to 3
I3 (A) Bus 2 to 4
300
600
900
1200
1500
1800
354.187
347.779
341.750
336.116
330.894
326.102
1302.339
1301.039
1299.744
1298.454
1297.170
1295.890
1144.937
1143.799
1142.666
1141.538
1140.413
1139.294
Line Current (A)
1400.000
1200.000
1000.000
800.000
600.000
400.000
200.000
0.000
0
500
I1 (A)Bus 1 to 2
1000
kVAR
1500
2000
I2 (A) Bus 2 to 3
I3 (A) Bus 2 to 4
Figure 3.14 Line Current versus kVAR
Based on the above trend, the minimum current will occur
when all capacitor bank are on-line. It is also apparent that the
maximum current occurs if there is only one (1) capacitor bank is
on-line.
This behaviour is due to reactive current absorption of
the capacitors resulting to reduced apparent current and power and

loss reduction.
Page 176
Table 3.32 Power Flows at Different Capacitor Steps

kVAR
S1
S2
S3
(MVA) (MVA) (MVA)
8.466
1.068
0.939
600
900
1200
1500
1800
8.313
8.169
8.034
7.909
7.795
1.068
1.068
1.068
1.068
1.068
0.939
0.939
0.939
0.939
0.939
Apparent Power (MVA)
300
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
0
500
S1 (MVA)
1000
kVAR
S2 (MVA)
1500
2000
S3 (MVA)
Figure 3.15 Apparent Power Flows versus kVAR

It is apparent from the trend above that power flow through
is significantly decreased as number of capacitor banks online
increases. Again, as in the current flow, there is an absorption of
reactive power by the capacitors resulting to reduced apparent
power flow.
Page 177
Table 3.33 Power Transformer %Loading at Different

Capacitor Steps
TRM1 %
Loading
kVAR
300
600
900
1200
1500
1800
TRL3A %
Loading
20.87
20.52
20.18
19.87
19.58
19.31
TRL3B %
Loading
34.99
34.99
34.99
34.99
34.99
34.99
30.83
30.83
30.83
30.83
30.83
30.83
% Loading
40.00
30.00
20.00
10.00
0.00
0
500
1000
kVAR
TRM1 % Loading
1500
2000
TRL3A % Loading
TRL3B % Loading
Figure 3.16 Transformer Loading(%) versus kVAR
There is an obvious reduction of apparent power flow
through TRM1 (S1) and as expected, there is very minimal effect on
power flow through TRL3A and TRL3B.
Page 178
Table 3.34 Power Factor at Different Capacitor Steps

Bus 1
PF1
(%)
Bus 2
PF2
(%)
Bus 3
PF2
(%)
300
600
900
1200
1500
1800
86.004
87.586
89.129
90.620
92.047
93.398
84.198
84.200
84.202
84.204
84.206
84.208
84.504
84.506
84.507
84.509
84.511
84.513
Power Factor (%)
kVAR
94.000
92.000
90.000
88.000
86.000
84.000
82.000
0
Bus 1 PF1 (%)
500
1000
kVAR
Bus 2 PF2 (%)
1500
2000
Bus 3 PF2 (%)
Figure 3.17 Power Factor at each Major Bus versus kVAR

Power Factor on all buses shows a significant improvement
as expected. It also shows that at normal loading, the range at
which the power factor can be controlled using the given capacitor
bank is between 86% to 93.4% or about 1.23% per step
(300kVAR).
Page 179
Table 3.35 Transformer Feeder Voltage Drop at Different

Capacitor Steps
kVAR
300
%VDTL1
0.01325
%VDTL2
0.27951
%VDTL3
0.27303
600
0.01303
0.27896
0.2725
900
0.01281
0.27842
0.27196
1200
0.01261
0.27787
0.27143
1500
0.01242
0.27733
0.2709
1800
0.01225
0.27679
0.27038
0.3
%VD
0.25
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
0
500
1000
kVAR
%VDTL1
%VDTL2
1500
2000
%VDTL3
Figure 3.18 Major Feeder Voltage Drop versus kVAR

The calculation results for various capacitor steps shows
that only bus 2 bus voltage drop is affected by variation in capacitor
sizes and the rest of the buses exhibit invariance. The decrease in
voltage drop on bus 2 is due to the consequential decrease in
current flow as capacitor steps increase.
Page 180
Table 3.36 Transformer Feeder Loss at Different Capacitor

Steps
Line Loss (kW)
Loss
kVAR TL1
(kW)
300 6.572
600 6.337
900 6.119
1200 5.919
1500 5.736
1800 5.571
Loss
TL2
(kW)
4.472
4.463
4.454
4.445
4.436
4.427
Loss
TL3
(kW)
3.471
3.464
3.457
3.45
3.443
3.437
8
6
4
2
0
0
500
Loss TL1 (kW)
1000
kVAR
Loss TL2 (kW)
1500
2000
Loss TL3 (kW)
Figure 3.19 Feeder Loss versus kVAR

As a consequence of reduction in current flows through the
feeders, there is a notable decrease in the feeder loss as shown in
table 3.36 and figure 3.19.
Page 181
CHAPTER 4- SHORT CIRCUIT STUDY

4.1 Objectives
The objectives of this study are
1. Evaluate the short circuit current ratings of protection devices
a. Close and Latch (Making) rating of MV circuit breakers
b. Interrupting (Breaking) rating of the MV and LV circuit
breakers
2. In order to perform the evaluation of devices, short circuit
calculation for both Momentary Networks and Interrupting
Networks will be performed for
a. Balanced 3-phase Faults
b. Single Line to Ground Faults
c. Line to Line Faults
d. Double Line to Ground Faults
3. Provide recommendations based on the evaluation
4.2 Methodology
According to Philippine Electrical Code Part 1 2009 Article
1.10.1.9, Interrupting Rating Equipment intended to interrupt
current at fault levels shall have an interrupting rating sufficient for
the nominal circuit voltage and the current that is available at the
line terminals of the equipment. Therefore a short circuit study is
essential in properly selecting the interrupting and making capacity
of circuit breakers and fuses.
Fault points are selected such that the short circuit occur on
the
immediate
vicinity
of
the
downstream
terminals
of
the
protection equipment and is summarized on the table 4.1.
Chapter 4-Short Circuit Calculation
Page 182
Table 4.1 Summary of Fault Points

Fault
Point
F1
Fault Location
Fault Type
Networks
Bolted-3ph,SLG,
LL, DLG
Momentary,
Interrupting
F3
13.8kV Power Plant Bus

and downstream of
BAC908
Primary terminals of
TRM1
6.9kV switchgear (bus)
F4
Primary terminals TRL3A
F5
Primary terminals TRL3B
F6
MCC8 Bus
Momentary,
Interrupting
Momentary,
Interrupting
Momentary,
Interrupting
Momentary,
Interrupting
Momentary
F7
MCC9 Bus
F8
PE-KM5806 Terminals
F9
PE-YM7601 Terminals
F10
PE-KM8639 Terminals
F11
PE-KM8601 Terminals
F12
PC001 Terminals
F13
GM1412 Terminals
F14
GM1413 Terminals
F15
KM5814 Terminals
F16
GM8103A Terminals
F17
GM8103S Terminals
F18
MNDB Terminals
F19
EMBD Terminals
F20
YM7607 Terminals
F21
SM8645 Terminals
Bolted-3ph,SLG,
LL, DLG
Bolted-3ph,SLG,
LL, DLG
Bolted-3ph,SLG,
LL, DLG
Bolted-3ph,SLG,
LL, DLG
Bolted-3ph,SLG,
LL, DLG
Bolted-3ph,SLG,
LL, DLG
Bolted-3ph,SLG,
LL, DLG
Bolted-3ph,SLG,
LL, DLG
Bolted-3ph,SLG,
LL, DLG
Bolted-3ph,SLG,
LL, DLG
Bolted-3ph,SLG,
LL, DLG
Bolted-3ph,SLG,
LL, DLG
Bolted-3ph,SLG,
LL, DLG
Bolted-3ph,SLG,
LL, DLG
Bolted-3ph,SLG,
LL, DLG
Bolted-3ph,SLG,
LL, DLG
Bolted-3ph,SLG,
LL, DLG
Bolted-3ph,SLG,
LL, DLG
Bolted-3ph,SLG,
LL, DLG
Bolted-3ph,SLG,
F2
Momentary
Momentary
Momentary
Momentary
Momentary
Momentary
Momentary
Momentary
Momentary
Momentary
Momentary
Momentary
Momentary
Momentary
Momentary
Page 183
F22
GM7612 Terminals
F23
7601M1 Terminals
F24
KM8607 Terminals
LL, DLG
Bolted-3ph,SLG,
LL, DLG
Bolted-3ph,SLG,
LL, DLG
Bolted-3ph,SLG,
LL, DLG
Momentary
Momentary
Momentary
F1 is a fault point occurring just downstream of BAC 908

breaker while F2 is fault on High voltage terminal of TRM1. F3, F4
and F5 are fault points on 6.9kV buses while F6 and F7 are fault
points on 480V buses. F8 up to F24 are fault points on critical 480V
loads.
This study will use the detailed recommendations from
7
IEEE Std. 551-2006 Violet Book for calculating the fault currents
and evaluation of equipment ratings as well as ANSI IEEE 8C37.0101999. The calculations will have two major parts namely Momentary
Short circuit calculations and Interrupting short circuit calculations.
Both
momentary
and
interrupting
calculation
will
be
performed. With each calculation, the three phase fault, single line
to ground fault, line to line fault and double line to ground fault will
be calculated. Generally, the E/Z method will be used while
separate X and R network reduction will be utilized to calculate the
X/R ratio at fault point necessary in determining the AC and DC
decrement factors.
IEEE Std. 551-2006 Violet Book Recommended Practice for Calculating ShortCircuit Currents in Industrial and Commercial Power Systems, Chapter 9
8
IEEE Application Guide for AC High-Voltage Circuit Breakers Rated on
Symmetrical Current Basis
Page 184
Table 4.2 Protection Device Short Circuit Rating Evaluation

Summary
SHORT
LV
CIRCUIT
POWER FUSE
MV VCB
LV ACB
MCC
CURRENT
B
I
Rated
MOM,SYM, Interrupting
RMS
Capacity
I
Rated
Rated Making
MOM,ASY
Asymmetrical
(Peak) or
Rated Interrupting
M,PEAK
Interrupting Peak C&L
I
Rated
MOM,ASY
Asymmetrical
M,RMS
Interrupting RMS
I
Rated
INT,ASYM,
Interrupting
RMS
capacity
It should be clearly noted that motors driven by PWM type
VFD are not expected to contribute fault currents and therefore not
included in the short circuit impedance network. This is due to the
fact that in standard PWM VFD, no energy can be transferred back
to the ac line since the overvoltage condition forces the input
rectifier section of the drive into an off or non-conducting state.
For Capacitor bank, since each capacitor is installed with a
current limiting reactor, the contribution of capacitor during short
circuit condition is also neglected. Moreover, IEEE Violet Book
recommends the exclusion of capacitor contribution on short circuit
studies9.
IEEE Std. 551-2006 Violet Book Recommended Practice for Calculating ShortCircuit Currents in Industrial and Commercial Power Systems, Section 7.4, p165
Page 185
4.3 Momentary Short Circuit Calculation

The Momentary short circuit calculations also called Half
(1/2) cycle calculation will be used to evaluate the protective device
duties at cycle after the fault. For Medium-Voltage circuit
breakers, the calculated peak value of the asymmetrical momentary
short circuit current is used to check the closing and latching
capability also called making current. For Low-voltage ACBs, MCCBs
and Fuses,
the
calculated
peak
asymmetrical and the
RMS
asymmetrical value of the momentary short circuit currents will be

used to evaluate the interrupting capacity also called breaking
capacity of the protective devices as summarized on table 4.2.
Momentary calculation will be performed on fault points F1 up to F7.
4.3.1 Calculation of Momentary 3-phase Faults

A three phase fault occur when the three-phase conductors
touches each other and make a current path to ground or
equipment ground as illustrated on figure 4.1. The magnitude of the
fault current IFAULT (in per unit) is calculated as
IFAULT
VPREFAULT
ZTH
Equation 4.1
Where
VPRE-FAULT is the pre-fault per unit voltage. It will be assumed
that pre-fault voltage is 1.0 per unit
ZTH is the Thevenins Equivalent per unit Impedance at Fault
point
The value of per unit fault current IFAULT is then converted to

actual the value using the equation below.
IFAULT ACTUAL=IFAULT PER UNIT x IBASE
Where IBASE is the base current at the fault point
Page 186
Ph-A
Ph-B
Ph-C
IFAULT
ZFAULT=0
(bolted Fault)
Source
Equipment Grounding
Figure 4.1 Three-phase bolted fault
The resulting IFAULT
ACTUAL
is the momentary symmetrical
RMS value of the three phase fault current at fault point or

IMOM,SYM,RMS. The asymmetrical root-mean-square and the peak
asymmetrical value of the short circuit current will be calculated as
well using IEEE Violet book approximation 10 as shown below.
IMOM, ASYM,RMS IMOM,SYM,RMS x 1 2e
-2
X/R
-2
IMOM,ASYM,PEAK IMOM,SYM,RMS x 2 1 e X/R
0.49
X / R
3
0.1e
Equation 4.2
Equation 4.3
Equation 4.4
10
IEEE Std. 551-2006 Violet Book Recommended Practice for Calculating

Short-Circuit Currents in Industrial and Commercial Power Systems, Chapter 2,
p28
Page 187
4.3.1.1 Calculation of Momentary Three-phase Faults for

Main Buses
For Bus 1 (Fault Point F1)
Using the impedance model from chapter 2, the positive
sequence impedance with fault on F1 is shown below on figure 4.2.
BUS1
F1
0.000639
0.000048
ZTL1
+
j0.019257
j0.000137
0.000869086
Reference
ZTRM1
j0.030756955
BUS2
0.035107
0.001451
ZEQA
0.001613
ZTL3
ZTL2
j0.001007
+j0.269004
j0.001119
1pu
Reference
ZTRL3A
0.036692711
0.036692711
ZTRL3B
0.j230430227
BUS3
0.j230430227
BUS4
1.486806
2.189525
ZEQC
ZEQB
+j4.056443
+j2.906046
1pu
1pu
Reference
Reference
Figure 4.2 Momentary Positive Sequence Impedance with

fault at bus 1
Page 188
BUS1
F1
0.000639
0.000917086
+
j0.019257
Reference
ZEQA
ZTRM1 + ZTL1
+j0.030893
0.035107
2.2276687
1.525111
+0.269004i
+4.287880
+3.137595
1pu
1pu
1pu
Reference
Reference
Reference
F1
BUS1
0.000639
+ j0.019257
0.000917086
+j0.03089395
0.0404044
Reference
+j0.237222
1pu
Reference
BUS1
F1
0.000639
0.0413215
+
j0.019257
+j0.268116
1pu
Reference
Reference
Figure 4.3 Momentary Positive Sequence

Thevenins Equivalent Calculation Diagram
Impedance
1
ZTH,F1,MOM ZTL2 ZTRL3A ZEQB 1 ZTL3 ZTRL3B ZEQC 1 ZEQA 1
ZTRM1 ZTL1 ZCON
Page 189
0.0007394
+j0.0179826
1pu
Reference
Figure 4.4 Momentary Positive
Equivalent Circuit at Fault Point F1
Sequence
Thevenins
ZTH,F1,MOM 0.0007394 j0.0179826 pu
Calculating for the separate R and X

For R
BUS1
F1
0.000639
0.000048
ZTL1
Reference
REQA
0.034015
Reference
0.000869086
BUS2
RTL2
0.001451
RTRL3A 0.036692711
BUS3
REQB
RTL3
RTRL3B
0.001613
0.036692711
BUS4
1.750735
Reference
REQC
1.185925
Reference
Figure 4.5 Momentary Positive Sequence Resistance with

fault at bus 1
Page 190
BUS1
F1
0.000639
Reference
Reference
0.0006274
Reference
Figure 4.6 Equivalent Momentary
Positive
Sequence
1
R R TL2 R TRL3A REQB 1 R TL3 R TRL3B REQC 1 REQA 1
R TRM1 R TL1 RCON
R=0.0006274 pu
For X
BUS1
F1
j0.000137
ZTL1
j0.019257
Reference
j0.030756955
BUS2
XEQA
XTL2
j0.001007
XTL3
j0.001119
j0.269004
Reference
XTRL3A
j0.230430227
BUS3
XEQB
XTRL3B
j0.230430227
BUS4
j4.056443
Reference
XEQC
j2.906046
Reference
Figure 4.7 Momentary Positive Sequence Reactance with

fault at bus 1
Page 191
BUS1
F1
j0.265121
j0.019257
Reference
Reference
j0.017952
Reference
Positive
Sequence
1
X XTL2 XTRL3A XEQB 1 XTL3 XTRL3B XEQC 1 XEQA 1
XTRM1 XTL1 XCON
X=j0.017952 pu
Calculating for the Momentary 3phase Fault at F1

Momentary symmetrical rms fault current IMOM,SYM,RMS :
IMOM,SYM,RMS
VPREFAULT
ZTH,F1,MOM
VPREFAULT 1.0 pu
IMOM,SYM,RMS
1.0
0.0007394 j0.0179826
IMOM,SYM,RMS 2.282737 - j55.515243 pu

IMOM,SYM,RMS=55.56215/-87.6450 pu
Page 192
Actual Value
IMOM,SYM,RMS=55.56215/-87.6450 x IBASE 13.8kV
IMOM,SYM,RMS=55.56215/-87.6450 x 418.369 A
IMOM,SYM,RMS= 23,245.483 A
Calculating for the Motor and System Contribution to fault
IMotor
1x836.739
3477.16A
0.04040443 j0.2372222
ISystem
1x836.739
16,676.4A
0.00155608 j0.0501509
Momentary asymmetrical rms fault current IMOM,ASYM,RMS :
-2
X/R
from the calculation results of momentary symmetrical rms values,

Using separated X and R reduction, X/R ratio is calculated as
X /R
0.017952
28.612
0.000627
IMOM,ASYM,RMS 23,245.483 x 1
-2
2e28.612
IMOM,ASYM,RMS 37,523.193 A
Momentary asymmetrical peak fault current IMOM,ASYM,RMS :
Page 193
IMOM,ASYM,PEAK IMOM,SYM,RMS x
0.49
-2
2 1 e X/R
X / R
3
0.1e
0.49 0.1e
28.612
3 0.4899
IMOM,ASYM,PEAK 23245.483 x
-2x0.4899x
28.612
2 1 e
IMOM,ASYM,PEAK 62,394.567 A
The
table
below
shows
the
summary
of
results
by
performing the same calculation procedure as the above for the rest
of the major buses (F2, F3 , F4 , F5, F6 and F7). As shown in table
4.3 the results of the network impedance simplifications which is
the positive sequence impedance and the separately reduced X/R
ratio is used to calculate the momentary symmetrical fault,
momentary asymmetrical fault and the momentary asymmetrical
peak currents as shown on table 4.4.
Table 4.3 Summary of Momentary Fault Point Impedances
and X/R for Main Buses
Fault
Point
F1
F2
F3
F4
F5
F6
F7
Fault Location
13.8kV Power
Plant Bus
Primary
terminals of
TRM1
6.9kV
switchgear (bus)
Primary
terminals TRL3A
Primary
terminals TRL3B
MCC8 Bus
MCC9 Bus
0.000739 + j0.017982
Separately
Reduced
X/R
28.612
0.000783 + j0.0181
26.826
0.002274 + j0.041512
27.768
0.003709 + j0.042493
14.407
0.003861 + j0.042591
13.695
0.043135 + j0.257877
0.043743 + j0.252115
6.574
6.447
Positive Seq.
Impedance (pu)
Page 194
Table 4.4 Summary of Momentary 3 Phase Fault

Fault
Point
F1
F2
F3
F4
F5
F6
F7
Fault Location
13.8kV Power
Plant Bus
Primary
terminals of
TRM1
6.9kV
switchgear
(bus)
Primary
terminals
TRL3A
Primary
terminals
TRL3B
MCC8 Bus
MCC9 Bus
IMOM,SYM,RMS
(A)
IMOM,ASYM,
RMS (A)
IMOM,ASYM,
PEAK (A)
23,245.483
37,523.193
62,394.567
23,091.652
37,107.764
61,772.309
20,126.295
32,421.524
53,938.763
19,616.625
29,705.332
50,154.45
19,565.408
29,439.931
49,779.202
46,003.586
47,006.429
61,187.319
62,268.447
106,226.737
108,186.321
(Continuation) Table 4.4 Summary of Momentary 3 Phase

Fault Contributions
Fault
Point
F1
F2
F3
F4
F5
F6
F7
Fault Location
TRM1
MCC8 Bus
MCC9 Bus
I SYSTEM
Contribution
(A, sym
RMS)
21,713.60
I LOAD
Contribution
(A, sym
RMS)
1,542.19
21,558.56
1,543.01
16,676.38
19,456.65
19,341.16
43,542.54
43,501.20
3,477.16
173.22
239.97
2,609.34
3,684.74
Page 195
4.3.1.2 Calculation of Momentary Three-phase Faults at MV

Loads
For momentary three-phase fault at KM5806
Calculating for the individual momentary three phase fault
at motor terminals for individual Medium Voltage Motors.
BUS1
0.000639
0.000048
ZTL1
+
j0.019257
j0.000137
0.000869086
Reference
ZTRM1
j0.030756955
Zth
Reference
2.2276687
1.525111
+4.287880
+3.137595
1pu
1pu
Reference
Reference
Figure 4.9 Simplification

terminals of KM5806 (F8)
of
Equivalent
Impedance
at
ZTH ZTL2 ZTRL3A ZEQB 1 ZTL3 ZTRL3B ZEQC 1 ZCON ZTRM1 ZTL1
ZTH = 0.0020197 + j0.049027 pu
Page 196
0.5524
0.0406
0.8258
1.0195
+ j3.633829
+j0.321415
+j5.471353
+j6.732829
1pu
1pu
Reference
KM5806
YM7601
0.008415
+ j0.049027
1pu
1pu
Reference
0.0020197
1pu
Reference
Reference
Reference
KM8639
KM8601
Zth
0.0020197
0.0406
0.8258
1.0195
+j0.321415
+j5.471353
+j6.732829
+ j0.007008
F8
0.5440 3Ph
+j3.6268
1pu
Reference
KM5806
1pu
Reference
YM7601
+ j0.049027
1pu
1pu
1pu
Reference
Reference
Reference
KM8639
KM8601
Zth
Figure
4.10 Simplification
To Thevenins
Impedance at terminals of KM5806 (F8)
Equivalent
1
1
1
1
" 1
"
"
"
"
ZTH,F8,MOM ZTH
ZYM7601
ZKM8601
ZK8639 ZTLKM5860
ZKM5806
ZTH,F8,MOM=0.010480+j0.049115 pu
IMOM,SYM,RMS
VPREFAULT
Z TH,F8,MOM
VPREFAULT 1.0 pu
IMOM,SYM,RMS
1.0
0.010480 + j0.049115
Page 197
IMOM,SYM,RMS 4.2837123 - j19.755751 pu

IMOM,SYM,RMS=20.214/-77.765
pu
Actual Value
IMOM,SYM,RMS=20.214/-77.7650 x IBASE 6.9kV
IMOM,SYM,RMS=20.214/-77.7650 x 836.739 A
IMOM,SYM,RMS= 16,914.55 A
Calculating for the Motor and System Contribution to fault
IMotor
1x836.739
228.157 81.4690 A
0.544 j3.6268
ISystem (20.214 77.765)(836.739) (228.157 81.469)
ISystem 16,686.16A
The
table
below
shows
the
summary
of
results
by
of the medium voltage motors.
Table 4.5 Summary of calculation for momentary three phase
fault current and fault point impedance at motor terminals of
each MV motors and Power Factor Capacitor
Motor Fault
at
IMotor
(A)
ISYSTEM
(A)
PE-KM5806
228
16,687
16,914.55
0.010482 + j 0.048345
PE-YM7601
2672
14,263
16,924.59
0.009012 + j 0.04861
PE-KM8639
151
17,650
17,800.91
0.008043 + j 0.046312
PE-KM8601
123
15,935
16,057.54
0.013011 + j 0.050458
19,783.26
0.00308+j0.042183
PC001
IMOM,SYM,RMS
(A) (Total)
Momentary Positive
Sequence Impedance
Page 198
4.3.1.3 Calculation of Momentary Three-phase Faults at LV

Loads
GM1412 F13
Using the circuit simplification from F6 and calculating the
equivalent motor-cable impedance other than GM1412 will result on
the following circuit.
5.56775+j1.438211
0.040286
+j0.273285
2.325952
+j4.283648
F12
3Ph
18.823231
+j44.8172173
GM1412
Reference
Reference
Reference
Figure
4.11
Simplification
To
Thevenins
Impedance at terminals of GM1412 (F12)
Equivalent
Fault point impedance

ZTH,F13,MOM= 5.036830 + j2.010275 p.u
IMOM,SYM,RMS
VPREFAULT
Z TH,F8,MOM
VPREFAULT 1.0 pu
IMOM,SYM,RMS
1.0
5.036830 + j2.010275
IMOM,SYM,RMS 0.171257 - j0.068351 pu

IMOM,SYM,RMS=0.184393 p.u
Page 199
Actual Value
IMOM,SYM,RMS=0.184393 x IBASE 480V
IMOM,SYM,RMS=0.184393 x 12028.13 A
IMOM,SYM,RMS= 2217.91 A
The
table
below
shows
the
summary
of
results
by
of the Low Voltage Critical Motors.
Table 4.6 Three Phase Fault Current for Critical 480V Loads
Fault Point
GM1412
(F13)
GM1413
(F14)
KM5814
(F15)
GM8103A
(F16)
GM8103S
(F17)
MNDB (F18)
EMBD (F19)
YM7607
(F20)
SM8645
(F21)
GM7612
(F22)
7601M1
(F23)
KM8607
(F24)
IMOM,
Fault Point
Impedance (p.u)
IMOM, SYM,RMS (p.u)
SYM,RMS
5.03683 + j 2.01027
0.17125 - j 0.06835
2052
5.03683 + j 2.01027
0.17125 - j 0.06835
2052
1.75164 + j 1.47179
0.33463 - j 0.28117
4195
4.31435 + j 2.09191
0.18766 - j 0.09099
2315
4.31435 + j 2.09191
0.18766 - j 0.09099
2315
0.20308 + j 0.39405
0.20308 + j 0.39405
1.03337 - j 2.00513
1.03337 - j 2.00513
27132
27132
0.343 + j 0.38154
1.30307 - j 1.44947
23444
0.79707 + j 0.94461
0.52177 - j 0.61835
8498
1.70714 + j 1.78667
0.27955 - j 0.29258
4375
4.11122 + j 2.13814
0.19145 - j 0.09956
2316
6.09 + j 1.83224
0.15057 - j 0.0453
1692
(A)
Page 200
4.3.2 Calculation of Momentary Single Line to Ground Faults

4.3.2.1 Introduction
A single line to ground fault occur when one of the phase
conductor touches ground or equipment ground as illustrated on
figure 4.12. For Analytical convenience, phase A is traditionally
chosen as the faulted line .The magnitude of the fault current I FAULT
(in per unit) is calculated as
I
Ia1 Ia2 Ia0 aFAULT
3
IaFAULT,pu 3Ia1 3Ia2 3Ia0
IaFAULT,pu
Equation 4.5
3Vpre fault
Z1 Z2 Z0 3ZFAULT
3Vpre fault
Z1 Z2 Z0 3ZFAULT
Equation 4.6
Where Ia1, Ia2, Ia0 is the positive, negative and zero

sequence current component of IaFAULT.
Z1, Z2, Z0, is the thevenins equivalent positive, negative and zero
sequence impedance respectively.
VPRE-FAULT is the thevenins equivalent Voltage.
On this study, the fault impedance ZFAULT is assumed to be
zero as assume the maximum fault current or bolted fault condition.
In that case, equation 4.6 can be reduced to
IaFAULT,pu
3Vpre fault
Z1 Z2 Z0
Equation 4.6
Page 201
Ph-A
Ph-B
Ph-C
IFAULT
ZFAULT=0
(bolted Fault)
Source
Equipment Grounding
Figure 4.12 Illustration of Bolted Single Line to Ground Fault
The actual value is then calculated using the equation below
IaFAULT,actual IaFAULT,pu x IBASE

For X/R, the separately reduced X and R from positive
sequence,
negative
sequence
and
zero
sequence
impedance
network will be used as recommended by IEEE violet Book 11.
XsepPositive XsepNegative XsepZero

X /R
R sepPositive R sepNegative R sepZero
Equation 4.6
11
IEEE Std. 551-2006 Violet Book Recommended Practice for Calculating

Short-Circuit Currents in Industrial and Commercial Power Systems
Page 202
4.3.2.2 Calculation of Single Line to Ground Fault for Main

Buses
The fault point impedance derived from 3-phase fault
calculation at F1 is the positive sequence impedance for fault point
with the driving voltage equal to 1 pu as shown in figure 4.13.
Z TH,F1,MOM,1 Z TH,F1,MOM 0.0007394 j0.0179826 pu
0.0007394
+j0.0179826
Ia1
1pu
Reference
Figure 4.13 Momentary Positive Sequence Impedance for
Fault point 1
Consequentially, the negative sequence network is equal to
the positive sequence network impedance as shown in figure 4.14.

0.0007394
+j0.0179826
Ia2
Reference
Figure 4.14 Momentary Negative Sequence Impedance for

Fault point 1
Page 203
The zero sequence impedance at fault point F1 will derived

as follow:
F1
BUS1SLG
ZGEN EQ,ZERO =0.000555+ j0.017761
Reference
ZTL1,ZERO=0.000199+j0.000043
Z TRM1,ZERO=0.000749+j0.026527
Reference
BUS2
ZTL2,ZERO=0.006843
+j0.000325
Z TRL3A,ZERO=0.036692
+j0.230430
BUS3
Reference
BUS4
ZTL3,ZERO
=0.007604+j0.000361
Z TRL3B,ZERO=0.036692
+j0.230430
Reference
Figure 4.15 Momentary Zero Sequence Impedance Diagram
0.000555
+ j0.017761
Ia0
Reference
Figure 4.16 Momentary Zero Sequence Impedance for Fault

point 1
Z TH,F1,MOM,0 0.000555 j0.017761 pu
Page 204
Using these three impedance networks and from the

relation on equation 4.5 where Ia1=Ia2=Ia0, the equivalent network
diagram is shown below where the three impedance networks are
connected in series.
0.000555
ZMOM,ZERO,F1
+j0.017761
0.0007394
ZMOM,NEG,F1
+j0.0179826
0.0007394
+j0.0179826
ZMOM,POS,F1
1pu
Reference
Figure 4.17 Momentary Equivalent Impedance Networks for

Fault point 1
Using Equation 4.6 and figure 4.17, the SLG fault current is
calculated below.
IMOM,SYM,RMS,SLG
3VPREFAULT
Z TH,F1,MOM,1 Z TH,F1,MOM,2 Z TH,F1,MOM,0
3(1)
0.0007394 j0.0179826 0.0007394 j0.0179826 0.000555 + J0.017761
3(1)
0.0020338 j0.0537263
IMOM,SYM,RMS,SLG 2.1107975 - j55.758635 pu

Page 205
IMOM,SYM,RMS,SLG 55.7985/-87.8320 pu
Actual Value
IMOM,SYM,RMS,SLG 55.7985/-87.8320 x IBASE 13.8kV

IMOM,SYM,RMS,SLG 55.7985/-87.8320 x 418.369 A
IMOM,SYM,RMS,SLG 23,344.393 A
Momentary
asymmetrical
rms
fault
current
IMOM,ASYM,RMS,SLG
-2
X/R
From the calculation results of momentary symmetrical rms

values, Using separated X and R reduction, X/R ratio is calculated as

X /R
X /R
0.017952 0.017952 0.017761

29.652
0.0006274 0.0006274 0.000555
IMOM,ASYM,RMS 23,344.393 x 1
-2
2e 29.652
IMOM,ASYM,RMS 37,772.456 A
Momentary
asymmetrical
peak
fault
X / R
3
0.49 0.1e
current
-2
2 1 e X/R
0.49 0.1e
IMOM, ASYM,PEAK 23,344.393 x
IMOM,ASYM,RMS,SLG
29.652
3 0.489
-2x0.498x
2 1 e 29.652
IMOM,ASYM,PEAK 62,772.059A
Page 206
Calculating the system and load contribution to fault current
System Contribution (ISYSTEM)
ISYSTEM Ia1pu Ia2pu Ia0pu xIBASE

Ia0puZ1,LOAD
Ia0puZ2,LOAD
ISYSTEM
Ia0pu xIBASE
Z1,SYSTEM Z1,LOAD Z2,SYSTEM Z2,LOAD
Referring to the network simplification at figure 4.3 for Momentary

Positive Impedance we get
Z1SYSTEM = Z2SYSTEM = 0.000639 + j0.019257 pu
Z1LOAD = Z2LOAD = 0.0413215 + j0.268116 pu
I0pu
MOM,SYM,RMS,SLG
ISYSTEM
0.703599 - j18.586211 pu
0.703599 - j18.586211 0.0413215 + j0.268116
0.000639 + j0.019257 0.0413215 + j0.268116

0.703599 - j18.586211 0.0413215 + j0.268116
0.000639 + j0.019257 0.0413215 + j0.268116

0.703599 - j18.586211 x (418.369)
ISYSTEM 22,318.64 A
Load Contribution (ILOAD)
ILOAD Ia1pu Ia2pu Ia0pu xIBASE

Ia0puZ2,SYSTEM
Ia0puZ1,SYSTEM
ILOAD
Ia0pu xIBASE
Page 207
ILOAD
0.703599 - j18.586211 0.000639 + j0.019257
0.000639 + j0.019257 0.0413215 + j0.268116

0.703599 - j18.586211 0.000639 + j0.019257
0.000639 + j0.019257 0.0413215 + j0.268116

0.703599 - j18.586211 x (418.369)
ILOAD 1,032.50 A
The
table
below
shows
the
summary
of
results
by
of the major buses (F2, F3 , F4 , F5, F6 and F7) using the Microsoft
Excel
developed
by
the
author.
Table
4.7
Summarize
the
Momentary Symmetrical, Momentary Asymmetrical and Momentary

Peak
asymmetrical
currents
for
the
main
buses.
Table
4.8
summarize the current contributions from the Load and the System
for each of the main buses.
Table 4.7 Summary of Momentary Single Line to Ground
Faults
Fault
Point
F1
F2
F3
F4
F5
F6
F7
Fault Location
13.8kV Power
Plant Bus
Primary
terminals of
TRM1
6.9kV
switchgear
(bus)
Primary
terminals
TRL3A
Primary
terminals
TRL3B
MCC8 Bus
MCC9 Bus
Momentary Single Line To Ground Faults

IMOM,SYM,RMS
IMOM,ASYM,
IMOM,ASYM,
(A)
(A)
RMS
PEAK (A)
23,344.39
37,772.46
62,772.06
23,218.87
37,192.39
61,962.16
22,886.87
37,003.65
61,506.19
22,245.65
30,954.18
53,252.87
22,171.50
30,419.29
52,486.52
47,714.93
48,430.04
63,272.95
64,041.41
109,910.03
111,303.31
Page 208
Table 4.8 Summary of Single Line to Ground Fault Current

Contributions for Main Buses
Fault
Point
Fault Location
I SYSTEM
I LOAD
Contribution Contribution
(A, sym RMS) (A, sym RMS)
F1
F2
F3
F4
F5
F6
F7

Primary terminals of TRM1
MCC8 Bus
MCC9 Bus
22,318.64
22,191.03
20,270.13
22,124.68
22,002.04
46,011.25
46,019.14
1,032.50
1,034.34
2,636.06
130.96
181.29
1,804.28
2,530.89
Page 209
4.3.2.3 Calculation of Momentary Single Line To Ground

Faults at MV and LV Loads
For MV Loads
From the zero sequence impedance model of chapter 2, the
zero sequence network impedance for MV Loads is constructed.
Since all the power transformers connected to the power plant bus
are Delta-Wye grounded including TRM1, we can isolated and
simplify the network diagram as shown in the figure below. On each
fault points, the Thevenins equivalent impedance is the sum of
TRM1 zero sequence impedance and the particular MV load cable
zero sequence impedance as summarized in table 4.9.
Z TRM1,ZERO=0.000749+j0.026527
Reference
BUS2
0.039669
0.030023
0.027628
0.027628
+J 0.001886
+j0.004011
+j0.001314
+j0.001314
F8
SLG
F9
SLG
F10
SLG
F11
SLG
0.003802
+j0.00018
F12
SLG
Figure 4.18 Simplified MV Load Zero Sequence Impedance

Network
Page 210
Table 4.9 Thevenins Equivalent Impedances for Fault on MV

Loads
Fault
Point
F8
Momentary Positive
Sequence Impedance
0.010482+j0.048345
Momentary Negative
Sequence Impedance
0.010482+j0.048345
Momentary Zero
Sequence Impedance
0.040418+j0.028413
F9
0.009012+j0.048610
0.009012+j0.048610
0.030772+j0.030538
F10
0.008043+j0.046312
0.008043+j0.046312
0.028377+j0.027841
F11
0.013011+j0.050458
0.013011+j0.050458
0.052077+j0.028968
F12
0.00308+j0.042183
0.00308+j0.042183
0.004551+j0.026707
Table 4.10 Thevenins Equivalent Impedances for Fault on LV

Loads
Fault
Point
GM1412
GM1413
KM5814
GM8103A
GM8103S
MNDB
EMBD
YM7607
SM8645
GM7612
7601M1
KM8607
Positive
Sequence
Impedance
5.03683+ j
2.01027
5.03683+ j
2.01027
1.75164+ j
1.47179
4.31435+ j
2.09191
4.31435+ j
2.09191
0.20308+ j
0.39405
0.20308+ j
0.39405
0.343+ j
0.38154
0.79707+ j
0.94461
1.70714+ j
1.78667
4.11122+ j
2.13814
6.09+ j
1.83224
Negative
Sequence
Impedance
5.03683+ j
2.01027
5.03683+ j
2.01027
1.75164+ j
1.47179
4.31435+ j
2.09191
4.31435+ j
2.09191
0.20308+ j
0.39405
0.20308+ j
0.39405
0.343+ j 0.38154
0.79707+ j
0.94461
1.70714+ j
1.78667
4.11122+ j
2.13814
6.09+ j 1.83224
Zero Sequence
Impedance
12.35077+ j
1.38294
12.35077+ j
1.38294
5.02091+ j
1.25913
6.50309+ j
1.56311
6.50309+ j
1.56311
0.41054+ j
0.33754
0.41054+ j
0.33754
0.54528+ j
0.33539
2.2165+ j
0.86072
4.64308+ j
1.56237
11.12113+ j
1.56311
13.55794+ j
0.80514
Page 211
Repeating the same procedure used for calculating the

Momentary Single Line to Ground Fault Current for fault on Main
Buses, the fault current are calculated using Microsoft excel
developed by the author and the results are summarized in the
table below.
Fault Current for MV Loads.
Fault Point
IMOM,SYM,RMS,SLG (A)
(F8) PE-KM5806
(F9) PE-YM7601
(F10) PE-KM8639
(F11) PE-KM8601
(F12) PC001
18,013.59
18,354.72
19,548.60
16,562.86
22,495.35

Fault Current for LV Loads.
Fault Point
(F13) GM1412
(F14) GM1413
(F15) KM5814
(F16) GM8103A
(F17) GM8103S
(F18) MNDB
(F19) EMBD
(F20) YM7607
(F21) SM8645
(F22) GM7612
(F23) 7601M1
(F24) KM8607
IMOM,SYM,RMS,SLG (A)
1,564.38
1,564.38
3,796.78
2,229.31
2,229.31
25,946.37
25,946.37
21,868.29
7,678.70
3,776.52
1,785.85
1,381.32
Repeating the same procedure used for calculating the

current contributions to Momentary Single Line to Ground Fault for
fault on Main Buses (bus 3,6 and 7), the fault current contribution
are calculated using Microsoft excel and the results are summarized
in the table below.
Page 212
Table 4.13 Summary of Calculation Results for Momentary

Single Line to Ground Fault Current Contributions on Fault
Current on MV Loads
Motor Fault at
PEKM5806
PEYM7601
PEKM8639
PEKM8601
System
Motor
System
Motor
System
Motor
System
Motor
I0pu
3.161-j6.4423
2.6089-j6.8307
2.6965-j7.3058
3.4001-j5.6546
Positive
Sequence
Impedance
Ia1 pu
Contribution
0.0106+j0.0489
0.544+j3.6268
0.0115+j0.0575
0.0311+j0.3115
0.0081+j0.0467
0.8199+j5.4664
0.0131+j0.0508
1.0085+j6.7237
3.1241-j6.3529
0.0369-j0.0894
2.2885-j5.7214
0.3204-j1.1092
2.675-j7.2432
0.0214-j0.0626
3.3786-j5.6088
0.0214-j0.0457
Table 4.13 (continuation)

Motor Fault at
PE-KM5806
PE-YM7601
PE-KM8639
PE-KM8601
System
Motor
System
Motor
System
Motor
System
Motor
Negative
Sequence
Impedance
0.0106+j0.0489
0.544+j3.6268
0.0115+j0.0575
0.0311+j0.3115
0.0081+j0.0467
0.8199+j5.4664
0.0131+j0.0508
1.0085+j6.7237
Ia2 pu
Contribution
3.1241-j6.3529
0.0369-j0.0894
2.2885-j5.7214
0.3204-j1.1092
2.675-j7.2432
0.0214-j0.0626
3.3786-j5.6088
0.0214-j0.0457
Page 213
Table 4.13 (continuation)

Motor Fault at
PEKM5806
System
Ia0 pu
Contribution
3.161-j6.4423
ISLG pu
ISLG (A)
9.4092-j19.1482
17,851.94
Motor
0 0.0738-j0.1789
161.99
PEYM7601
System
2.6089-j6.8307
7.186-j18.2736
16,430.04
Motor
0 0.6408-j2.2185
1,932.23
PEKM8639
System
2.6965-j7.3058
Motor
8.0467-j21.7922
19,437.80
0 0.0429-j0.1252
110.82
PEKM8601
System
3.4001-j5.6546
10.1575-j16.8723
16,478.69
Motor
0 0.0428-j0.0915
PC001
84.63
22,495.35
Page 214
4.3.3 Calculation of Momentary Line to Line Faults

A line to line fault occur when two of the three phase
conductors touches each other as illustrated on figure 4.19. For
Analytical convenience, phase B and phase C is traditionally
chosen as the faulted lines. The magnitude of the fault current I FAULT
Ia 0; Ib Ic IFAULT
Ia0
1 1
I 1 1 a
a1 3
Ia2
1 a2
1 Ia
a2 Ib
a Ic
Ia0
1 1
I 1 1 a
a1 3
Ia2
1 a2
1 0
a2 Ib
a Ib
Ia0 0
Ia1
1
1
aIb a2Ib (a a2 )Ib
3
3
Ia2
1 2
1
a Ib aIb (a2 a)Ib
3
3
Ia1 Ia2
Ph-A
Ph-B
Ph-C
IFAULT
ZFAULT=0
(bolted Fault)
Figure 4.19 Illustration of Bolted Line to Line Fault

The derived relation between symmetrical component of
currents shows that Ia1=-Ia2 and Ia0=0. This means that one can
construct an equivalent sequence network where the positive and
Page 215
negative sequence impedance can be connected in parallel as

shown in figure 4.20. Using this network, the positive sequence
current can be calculated in terms of the sequence impedance
values.
Z1
Ia1
Va1
Ia2
Z2
Va2
VF
Figure 4.20 Equivalent Sequence Impedance Network for

Line to Line Fault.
Ia1 Ia2
VF
Z1 Z2
Equation 4.7
Using these values of positive and negative sequence currents,

Phase values of the fault current I b and Ic can be derived using the
matrix equation for sequence and phase domain currents.
Ia 1 1
I 1 a2
b
Ic 1 a
1 Ia0
a Ia1
a2 Ia2
Ia 0
IFAULT Ib (a2Ia1 aIa2 )
Since Ia1=-Ia2, above equation can be simplified as
IFAULT Ib (a2Ia1 aIa2 ) j 3 Ia1
Equation 4.8
Ic IFAULT j 3 Ia1
Equation 4.9
Page 216
4.3.3.1 Calculation of Line to Line Fault for Main Buses

0.0007394
+j0.0179826
Ia1
1pu
Reference
Figure 4.21 Momentary Positive Sequence Impedance for
Fault point 1

0.0007394
+j0.0179826
Ia2
Reference
Figure 4.22 Momentary Negative Sequence Impedance for

Fault point 1
Page 217

relation on equation 4.5 where Ia1=-Ia2
and Ia0=0, the equivalent
network diagram is shown in figure 4.23 where the two impedance

networks are connected in parallel.
Ia1
0.0007394
0.0007394
+j0.0179826
+j0.0179826
1 pu
Ia2
Figure 4.23 Equivalent Sequence Impedance for Fault point 1

Using equation 4.7, the value of the positive and negative
sequence impedance is calculated below.
Ia1 Ia2
VF
ZTH,MOM,1 ZTH,MOM,2
1
0.0007394 j0.0179826 0.0007394 j0.0179826
1
Ia1
0.001478 j0.035965
Ia1
Ia1 1.141368 j27.757621 pu

Ia2 Ia1 -1.141368 j27.757621 pu
Using equation 4.8 and 4.9 to calculate the line b and c fault current
Ib Ic j 3 Ia1 j 3 1.141368 j27.757621
Ib -48.077611 - j1.976908 pu
Ib=48.118/-117.640 pu
Page 218
Actual value
Ib=48.118/-117.640 x IBASE 13.8kV
Ib=48.118/-117.640 x 418.369 A
IMOM,SYM,RMS,LL = Ib= 20,131.179/-117.640 A
Momentary asymmetrical rms fault current IMOM,ASYM,RMS,LL :
-2
X/R

For X/R ratio
XsepPositive XsepNegative
X /R
R sepPositive R sepNegative
X /R
0.017952 0.017952
28.612
0.0006274 0.0006274
IMOM,ASYM,RMS,LL 20,131.179 x 1
-2
28.612
2e
IMOM,ASYM,RMS,LL 32,496.039 A
Momentary asymmetrical peak fault current IMOM,ASYM,RMS,SLG :
-2
2 1 e X/R
X / R
3
0.49 0.1e
Page 219
0.49 0.1e
28.612
3 0.489
IMOM,ASYM,PEAK,LL 20,131.179 x
-2x0.498x
2 1 e 28.612
IMOM,ASYM,PEAK,LL 54,035.28 A
Calculating for the current contribution:
j 3 Ia1Z1LOAD
IbSYSTEM
xIBASE
Z1SYSTEM Z1LOAD
j 3 Ia1Z1SYSTEM
IbLOAD
xIBASE
Z1SYSTEM Z1LOAD
Referring to the network simplification at figure 4.3 for Momentary
Positive Impedance we get
Z1LOAD = Z2LOAD = 0.0413215 + j0.268116 pu
j 3 1.1413 j27.7570.04132 + j0.268

IbSYSTEM
x418.369
0.000639 + j0.019257 0.0413 + j0.268
IbSYSTEM 18,804.53 A
j 3 1.1413 j27.7570.000639 + j0.019257

IbLOAD
x418.369
0.000639
+
j0.019257
0.0413
+
j0.268
IbSYSTEM 1,335.58 A
Page 220
The
table
below
shows
the
summary
of
results
by
Excel
developed
by
the
author.
Table
4.14
Summarize
the
Momentary Symmetrical, Momentary Asymmetrical and Momentary

Peak asymmetrical currents for the main buses. Table 4.15
Table 4.14 Summary of Momentary Line to Line Faults

Fault
Point
F1
F2
F3
F4
F5
F6
F7
Fault
Location
13.8kV
Power Plant
Bus
Primary
terminals
of TRM1
6.9kV
switchgear
(bus)
Primary
terminals
TRL3A
Primary
terminals
TRL3B
MCC8 Bus
MCC9 Bus
Momentary Line To Line Faults

IMOM,ASYM,PEAK
IMOM,SYM,RMS (A)
IMOM,ASYM,RMS (A)
(A)
20,131.18
32,496.04
54,035.28
19,997.96
32,136.27
53,496.39
17,429.88
28,077.86
46,712.34
16,988.50
25,725.57
43,435.03
16,944.14
25,495.73
43,110.05
39,840.27
40,708.76
52,989.77
53,926.06
91,995.05
93,692.10
Page 221
Table 4.15 Summary of Momentary Line to Line Fault Current

Contributions for Main Buses
I SYSTEM
I LOAD
Fault
Point
Fault Location
F1
F2
F3
F4
F5
F6
F7

MCC8 Bus
MCC9 Bus
18,804.53
18,670.26
14,442.17
16,849.95
16,749.94
37,708.95
37,673.14
1,335.58
1,336.28
3,011.31
150.01
207.82
2,259.76
3,191.08
4.3.3.2 Calculation of Line to Line Fault for MV and LV Loads

For MV Loads
The Line to line fault for MV and LV loads are calculated
using the positive and negative sequence impedance derived from
momentary three-phase and single line to ground fault calculation.
Repeating the same procedure used for calculating the momentary
line to line fault for the main buses using Microsoft excel, the
calculation results is summarized in table 4.16 ad 4.17.
Table 4.16 Calculation Results for Momentary Line to Line
Fault for MV Loads
Fault
Point
PEKM5806
PEYM7601
PEKM8639
PEKM8601
PC001
Ia1 (pu)
Mom, Sym, RMS
Ib (pu)
Mom, Sym, RMS
2.141856-j9.877875
-17.108982-j3.709803
Ib (A)
Mom, Sym,
RMS
14,648.4280
1.843597-j9.943964
-17.223451-j3.193204
14,657.1222
1.820142-j10.480192
-18.152226-j3.152579
15,416.0407
2.395899-j9.291376
-16.093135-j4.149820
13,906.2400
0.860868-j11.790259
-20.421328-j1.491067
17,132.809
Page 222
Table 4.17 Calculation Results for Momentary Line to Line

Fault for LV Loads
Fault
Point
(F13)
GM1412
(F14)
GM1413
(F15)
KM5814
(F16)
GM8103
A
(F17)
GM8103
S
(F18)
MNDB
(F19)
EMBD
(F20)
YM7607
(F21)
SM8645
(F22)
GM7612
(F23)
7601M1
(F24)
KM8607
Ia1 (pu)
Mom, Sym, RMS
Ib (pu)
Mom, Sym, RMS
0.085628j0.034175
0.085628j0.034175
0.167318j0.140587
0.093832j0.045496
-0.059194j0.148313
-0.059194j0.148313
-0.243504j0.289804
-0.078802j0.162522
0.093832j0.045496
-0.078802j0.162522
0.516685j1.002566
0.516685j1.002566
0.651537j0.724739
0.260886j0.309178
0.139779j0.146292
0.095726j0.049784
0.075286-j0.02265
-1.736496j0.894925
-1.736496j0.894925
-1.255285j1.128496
-0.535513j0.451867
-0.253385j0.242105
-0.08623-j0.165802
-0.039232-j0.1304
Ib (A)
Mom, Sym,
RMS
1,920.77
1,920.77
4,552.95
2,172.51
2,172.51
23,497.42
23,497.42
20,303.14
8,427.93
4,215.33
2,247.88
1,637.93
Page 223
4.3.4 Calculation of Momentary Double Line to Ground

Faults
A double line to ground fault occur when two of the three
phase conductors touches each other and at the same time come in
contact with the equipment grounding as illustrated on figure 4.24.
For Analytical convenience, phase B and phase C is traditionally
chosen as the faulted lines. The magnitude of the fault current I FAULT
Ph-A
ZFAULT=0
(bolted Fault)
Ph-B
IBFAULT
Ph-C
ICFAULT
Source
IN
Equipment Grounding
Figure 4.24 Illustration of Bolted Double Line to Ground Fault
For Double line to ground fault, the conditions are as follows
1. Line A current is approximately zero (IA=0)
2. Vector Sum of IB and IC is IN
3. VB=VC=0
Using condition 1 Ia=0, since Ia=Ia0+Ia1+Ia2
Ia0+Ia1+Ia2 = 0
Using the relation between the sequence voltage and phase voltage
and condition 3 (VB=VC=0)
Va0
1 1
V 1 1 a
a1 3
Va2
1 a2
1 Va
a2 Vb
a Vc
Page 224
Va0
1 1
V 1 1 a
a1
3
Va2
1 a2
Va0
1 Va
a2 0
a 0
1
1
1
Va; Va1 Va; Va2 Va
3
3
3
So it follows that
Va0 Va1 Va2

Now, using the relation derived from condition 1 and 3, the
sequence networks can be arranged as follows.
Ia1
Ia2
Va1
Ia0
ZPOS
VF
ZNEG
Va2
Va0
ZZERO
Figure 4.25 Interconnected Sequence Networks for Double

Line to Ground Fault
Using the above sequence diagram on figure 4.25, the
VF Ia1(Z1
Ia1
1
1
1
Z2
Z0
) Ia1(Z1
VF
Z2Z0
(Z1
)
Z0 Z2
Z2Z0
)
Z0 Z2
Equation 4.10
Using current division to determine the I a2 and Ia0
Z2
Ia0 Ia1
Z
Z
2
0
Equation 4.11
Page 225
Z0
Ia2 Ia1
Z
Z
2
0
Then, using the
Ia

currents Ib
Ic
Equation 4.12
relation between the sequence currents and phase

1 1 1 Ia0
1 a2 a I
a1
Equation 4.13
2
1 a a Ia2
Ia Ia0 Ia1 Ia2

Ib Ia0 a2Ia1 aIa2
Ic Ia0 aIa1 a2Ia2
For the ground current IN
IN Ib Ic
Equation 4.14
Actual Value
IaFAULT,actual IaFAULT,pu x IBASE

For X/R, the separately reduced X and R from positive
sequence,
negative
sequence
and
zero
sequence
impedance
network will be used.
Xsep,1
X /R
R sep,1
Xsep,2 Xsep,0
Xsep,2 Xsep,0
R sep,2 R sep,0
R sep,2 R sep,0
Equation 4.16
Page 226
4.3.4.1 Calculation of Double Line to Ground Fault for Main

Buses
The fault point impedances derived from single line to

ground fault calculation at F1 are
ZTH,F1,MOM,1 ZTH,F1,MOM 0.0007394 j0.0179826 pu

ZTH,F1,MOM,0 0.000555 j0.017761 pu
Using these values, the sequence network is arranged on the figure
below.
Ia1
Ia0
Ia2
0.0007394
0.0007394
0.000555
j0.0179826
j0.0179826
j0.017761
1 pu

Line to Ground Fault at F1
Calculating the positive sequence current I a1 using equation 4.10
Ia1
Ia1
VF
Z2Z0
(Z1
)
Z0 Z2
1
0.0007394 j0.01798260.000555 j0.017761
0.0007394 j0.0179826
0.0007394 j0.0179826 0.000555 j0.017761
Ia1 1.4641 - j37.091449 pu

Page 227
Z2
Ia0 Ia1
Z
Z
2
0
0.0007394 j0.0179826
Ia0 Ia1
0.000555
j
0.017761
0.0007394
j
0.0179826
Ia0 -0.645262 j18.667654 pu

Z0
Ia2 Ia1
Z
Z
2
0
0.0007394 j0.0179826
Ia2 Ia1
0.000555 j0.017761 0.0007394 j0.0179826
Ia2 -0.818737 j18.423794 ipu
Calculating the phase currents using equation 4.13
Ia 1 1 1 - 0.645262 j18.667654
I 1 a2 a 01.4641 - j37.091449
b
Ic 1 a a2 - 0.818737 j18.423794
Ia 0
Ib -49.045505 j26.024573 pu
Ib = 55.522/152.0480 pu
Ic 47.109717 j29.978391 pu
Ic = 55.839/32.47
pu
Calculating the ground current using equation 4.14
IN Ib Ic
IN -49.045505 j26.024573 47.109717 j29.978391

IN -1.935787 j56.002964 pu
IN = 56.036/91.9790 pu
Page 228
Actual Value
Ib 55.522/152.0480 x IBASE 13.8kV

Ib 55.522/152.0480 x 418.369 A
IMOM,SYM,RMS,b 23228.862/152.0480 A
Ic 55.839/32.470 x IBASE 13.8kV

Ic 55.839/32.470 x 418.369 A
IMOM,SYM,RMS,c 23361.439/32.470 A
IN 56.036/91.9790 x IBASE 13.8kV
IN 56.036/91.9790 x 418.369 A
IMOM,SYM,RMS,N 23,443.897/91.9790 A
Momentary asymmetrical rms fault currents
-2
X/R

For X/R ratio using equation 4.16
Xsep,1
X /R
R sep,1
Xsep,2 Xsep,0
Xsep,2 Xsep,0
R sep,2 R sep,0
R sep,2 R sep,0
Page 229
0.017952 x 0.017761
0.017952 0.017761 29.156
X /R
0.0006274 x 0.000555
0.0006274
0.0006274 0.000555
0.017952
IMOM,ASYM,RMS,b 23,228.862 x 1
-2
2e 29.156
IMOM, ASYM,RMS,b 37,543.784 A
IMOM,ASYM,RMS,c 23,361.439 x
-2
1 2e 29.156
IMOM,ASYM,RMS,c 37,758.063 A
Momentary asymmetrical peak fault currents
-2
2 1 e X/R
X / R
3
0.49 0.1e
29.156
3 0.489
0.49 0.1e
IMOM,ASYM,PEAK,b 23,228.862 x
-2x0.489x
2 1 e 29.156
IMOM,ASYM,PEAK,b 62,409.251 A
Page 230
IMOM,ASYM,PEAK,c 23,361.439 x
-2x0.489x
2 1 e 29.156
IMOM,ASYM,PEAK,c 37,758.063 A
Calculating for the current contribution:
a2I
aIa2puZ2,LOAD
a1puZ1,LOAD
IBSystem
Ia0pu xIBASE
a2I
aIa2puZ2,SYSTEM
a1puZ1,SYSTEM
xIBASE
IBLOAD
aIa1puZ1,LOAD
a2Ia2puZ2,LOAD
ICSystem
Ia0pu xIBASE
aI
a2Ia2puZ2,SYSTEM
a1puZ1,SYSTEM
xIBASE
ICLOAD
Referring to the network simplification at figure 4.3 for

Momentary Positive Impedance we get
Z1LOAD = Z2LOAD = 0.0413215 + j0.268116 pu
Z1LOAD + Z1SYSTEM = Z2LOAD + Z2SYSTEM = 0.0419605+j0.287373 pu
Z1,LOAD
Z1,SYSTEM Z1,LOAD
0.0413215 + j0.268116
0.9340 j7.4030 pu
0.0419605 + j0.287373
Page 231
Z1,SYSTEM
Z1,SYSTEM Z1,LOAD
0.000639 + j0.019257
0.06592 j7.4030 pu
0.0419605 + j0.287373
Z1,LOAD
IBSystem a2Ia1pu aIa2pu *
a0pu xIBASE
Z
1,LOAD
1,SYSTEM
Substituting the values to calculate the current contributions
IBSystem 22,012.50 A
IBLOAD 1,358.84 A
ICSystem 22,034.85 A
ICLOAD 1,362.17 A
INSystem 22928.75 A
INLOAD 518.45 A
Page 232
The
table
below
shows
the
summary
of
results
by
Excel developed by the author. Table 4.18, 4.19, 4.20 Summarize
the
Momentary
Symmetrical,
Momentary
Asymmetrical
and
Momentary Peak asymmetrical currents for the main buses of phase

B, phase C and neutral respectively. Table 4.21, 4.22, 4.23
Table 4.18 Summary of Momentary Double Line to Ground

Faults for Phase B
Fault
Point
F1
F2
F3
F4
F5
F6
F7
Fault
Location
13.8kV Power
Plant Bus
Primary
terminals of
TRM1
6.9kV
switchgear
(bus)
Primary
terminals
TRL3A
Primary
terminals
TRL3B
MCC8 Bus
DLG FAULT CURRENT PHASE B Ib

IMOM,SYM,
RMS(A)
IMOM,ASYM
,RMS(A)
IMOM,ASYM,
PEAK (A)
23,228.86
37,543.78
62,409.25
23,149.79
37,244.80
61,982.52
21,744.04
35,126.22
58,397.82
22,336.41
32,863.58
55,852.39
22,382.07
32,659.18
55,608.18
46,811.78
62,162.35
107,952.32
47,565.81
62,950.86
109,391.00
MCC9 Bus
Page 233

Faults for Phase C
Fault
Point
F1
F2
F3
F4
F5
F6
F7
Fault
Location
13.8kV Power
Plant Bus
Primary
terminals of
TRM1
6.9kV
switchgear
(bus)
Primary
terminals
TRL3A
Primary
terminals
TRL3B
MCC8 Bus
MCC9 Bus
DLG FAULT CURRENT PHASE C Ic

IMOM,SYM,
RMS(A)
23,361.44
IMOM,ASY
M,RMS(A)
37,758.06
IMOM,ASY
M,PEAK (A)
62,765.45
23,161.97
37,264.40
62,015.14
22,057.77
35,633.02
59,240.39
20,152.43
29,650.28
50,391.31
19,943.15
29,100.40
49,548.71
47,022.97
47,947.66
62,442.79
63,456.22
108,439.34
110,269.17
Page 234

Faults for Neutral Short Circuit Current
Fault
Point
F1
F2
F3
F4
F5
F6
F7
Fault
Location
13.8kV Power
Plant Bus
Primary
terminals of
TRM1
6.9kV
switchgear
(bus)
Primary
terminals
TRL3A
Primary
terminals
TRL3B
MCC8 Bus
MCC9 Bus
DLG FAULT NEUTRAL CURRENT In

IMOM,SYM,
RMS(A)
IMOM,ASY
M,RMS(A)
IMOM,ASY
M,PEAK (A)
23,443.90
37,891.34
62,986.99
23,347.50
37,562.89
62,511.88
26,523.46
42,847.08
71,233.87
25,605.38
37,673.21
64,026.46
25,474.63
49,558.20
49,941.53
37,171.76
65,809.37
66,095.00
63,291.65
114,285.81
114,854.64

Faults Current Contribution for Phase B
Fault
Point
F1
F2
F3
F4
F5
F6
F7
Fault Location
I SYSTEM
I LOAD

TRM1
MCC8 Bus
MCC9 Bus
22,012.50
21,939.59
1,358.84
1,351.47
20,719.87
21,286.85
21,329.92
44,417.90
45,119.75
1,188.74
1,191.03
1,191.12
2,696.67
2,751.79
Page 235

Faults Current Contribution for Phase C
Fault
Point
Fault Location
F1
F2
F3
F4
F5
F6
F7

MCC8 Bus
MCC9 Bus
I SYSTEM
I LOAD
22,034.85
21,846.11
20,911.82
19,081.06
18,879.37
44,402.31
45,266.37
1,362.17
1,351.78
1,197.19
1,132.43
1,125.75
2,702.05
2,761.50

Faults Current Contribution for Neutral
Fault
Point
F1
F2
F3
F4
F5
F6
F7
Fault Location
I SYSTEM
I LOAD

TRM1
MCC8 Bus
MCC9 Bus
22,928.76
518.45
22,834.47
25,940.65
25,042.74
24,914.87
48,469.24
48,844.15
516.32
586.56
566.25
563.36
1,095.96
1,104.44

Faults at MV and LV Loads
Double Line to Ground
Double line to ground fault for MV and LV loads are

calculated
using
the
positive,
negative
and
zero
sequence
impedance derived from momentary three-phase and single line to

ground fault calculation. Repeating the same procedure used for
calculating the momentary double to line ground fault for the main
buses using Microsoft excel, the calculation results is summarized in
table 4.16 ad 4.17.
Page 236
Table 4.24 Summary of Per Unit Sequence Fault Current for

Momentary Double Line to Ground Fault on MV Loads
Motor
Fault at
Ia1 (pu)
Ia0 (pu)
Ia2 (pu)
PE-KM5806
4.495422-j12.588457
-4.707132+j5.421164
0.211710+j7.167293
PE-YM7601
3.917636-j13.168263
-4.148078+j6.448597
0.230442+j6.719665
PE-KM8639
4.0390-j13.972787
-4.437715+j6.985188
0.398714+j6.987598
PE-KM8601
4.695331-j11.418670
-4.598863+j4.254588
-0.09646+j7.164081
PC001
1.516717-j16.936973
-1.31169+j10.293428
-0.20502+j6.643545
Table 4.25 Summary of Per Unit Sequence Fault Current for

Momentary Double Line to Ground Fault on LV Loads
Motor Fault at
Ia1 (pu)
Ia0 (pu)
Ia2 (pu)
GM1412
0.102-j0.036808
-0.0327-j0.005264
-0.0692-j0.031543
GM1413
0.102-j0.036808
-0.0327-j0.005264
-0.0692-j0.031543
KM5814
0.2053-j0.153457
-0.076-j0.025741
-0.1292-j0.127716
GM8103A
0.1202-j0.053469
-0.0529-j0.015946
-0.0673-j0.037523
GM8103S
0.1202-j0.053469
-0.0529-j0.015946
-0.0673-j0.037523
MNDB
0.7503-j1.24644
-0.4672-j0.487746
-0.283-j0.758693
EMBD
0.7503-j1.24644
-0.4672-j0.487746
-0.283-j0.758693
YM7607
0.8781-j0.891114
-0.4532-j0.332749
-0.4248-j0.558364
SM8645
0.3367-j0.34786
-0.1517-j0.077363
-0.185-j0.270497
GM7612
0.1776-j0.16323
-0.0758-j0.033877
-0.1018-j0.129353
7601M1
0.1139-j0.053429
-0.0364-j0.007289
-0.0774-j0.04614
KM8607
0.0901-j0.024195
-0.0297-j0.003088
-0.0603-j0.021106
Page 237

Fault Current on MV Loads
Fault Point
PE-KM5806
PE-YM7601
PE-KM8639
PE-KM8601
Contribution
From
Total
System
Motor
Total
System
Motor
Total
System
Motor
Total
System
Motor
PC001
Ib (A)
Ic (A)
IN (A)
20,559.40
20,342.56
219.95
20,353.26
17,852.87
2,549.73
21,644.47
21,503.94
144.97
19,328.27
19,210.24
118.66
22,072.13
12,994.81
12,837.64
181.62
14,164.53
12,358.83
2,173.84
14,919.71
14,811.92
122.84
11,698.25
11,614.48
97.19
20,955.39
18,022.26
17,941.40
81.03
19,247.16
18,237.81
1,013.09
20,773.65
20,714.78
58.88
15,726.68
15,686.72
40.18
26,047.69

Fault Current on LV Loads
Fault Point
GM1412
GM1413
KM5814
GM8103A
GM8103S
MNDB
EMBD
YM7607
SM8645
GM7612
7601M1
KM8607
Ib (A)
2,133.42
2,133.42
5,256.68
2,529.84
2,529.84
29,382.43
29,382.43
24,477.24
10,028.84
4,979.34
2,518.89
1,818.63
Ic (A)
1,882.78
1,882.78
4,245.71
2,242.56
2,242.56
23,193.47
23,193.47
20,764.36
7,770.08
3,903.19
2,159.30
1,625.54
IN (A)
1,198.04
1,198.04
2,898.31
1,994.77
1,994.77
24,372.40
24,372.40
20,290.83
6,146.84
2,996.91
1,342.72
1,080.89
Page 238
4.4 Interrupting Short Circuit Calculation

The Interrupting short circuit calculation will be used to
evaluate the protective device duties at 1 -4 cycles after the
fault. The calculated symmetrical value of the short circuit current
will be adjusted to account for the ac and dc decrement resulting to
asymmetrical value which will be used to evaluate the interrupting
capacity of the medium-voltage circuit breakers as summarized on
table 4.2. Interrupting short circuit calculation will be performed in
fault points where Medium Voltage Circuit breakers are used.
4.4.1 Calculation of Interrupting Three Phase Fault for Main
Buses
Using
the
same
set
of
equation
as
in
Momentary
Calculation, the interrupting calculation will be performed in fault

points
where
Medium Voltage
Circuit
breakers are
used
as
overcurrent protection device.
Page 239

Using the impedance model from chapter 2, the positive
sequence impedance with fault on F1 is shown below on figure 4.27.
BUS1 F1
0.000048
0.000685
ZTL1
+j0.021452
j0.000137
0.000869086
Reference
ZTRM1
j0.030756955
BUS2
0.051829
0.001451
ZEQA
0.001613
ZTL3
ZTL2
j0.001007
+j0.427677
j0.001119
1pu
Reference
ZTRL3A
0.036692711
0.036692711
ZTRL3B
0.j230430227
BUS3
0.j230430227
BUS4
7.945445
5.104858
ZEQC
ZEQB
+j16.359467
+j11.154007
1pu
1pu
Reference
Reference
Figure 4.27 Interrupting Positive Sequence Impedance with

fault at bus 1
Page 240
BUS1
F1
0.000639
ZTL1
+
j0.019257
0.000917
+j0.030893
0.051829
Reference
5.143164
7.98358
+j0.427677
+j11.385556
+j16.59090
1pu
1pu
1pu
Reference
Reference
Reference
BUS1
F1
0.000685
0.000917
+j0.021452
+j0.030893
0.05596569
Reference
+j0.404413
1pu
Reference
BUS1
F1
0.000685
0.0568827
+j0.021452
+j0.435307
1pu
Reference
Reference

Thevenins Equivalent Calculation Diagram
Impedance
Page 241
0.0007465
+j0.020453
1pu
Reference
Figure 4.29 Interrupting Positive

Equivalent Circuit at Fault Point F1
Sequence
Thevenins
1
ZTH,F1,INT ZTL2 ZTRL3A ZEQB 1 ZTL3 ZTRL3B ZEQC 1 ZEQA 1 ZTRM1 ZTL1 ZCON
ZTH,F1,INT 0.0007465 j0.0204532 pu
Calculating for the separate R and X

For R
BUS1
F1
0.000048
0.000685
Reference
0.000869086
BUS2
REQA 0.051829
Reference
ZTL1
RTL2 0.001451
RTRL3A 0.036692711
BUS3
REQB
RTL3
RTRL3B
0.001613
0.036692711
BUS4
7.945445
Reference
REQC
5.104858
Reference
Figure 4.30 Interrupting Positive Sequence Resistance with

fault at bus 1
Page 242
BUS1
F1
0.0519012
0.000685
Reference
Reference
0.00067607
Reference
Figure 4.31 Equivalent Interrupting
Positive
Sequence
1
R R TL2 R TRL3A REQB 1 R TL3 R TRL3B REQC 1 REQA 1
R TRM1 R TL1 RCON
R=0.00067607 pu
For X
BUS1
F1
j0.000137
ZTL1
j0.021452
Reference
j0.030756955
BUS2
XEQA
XTL2
j0.001007
XTL3
j0.001119
j0.427677
Reference
XTRL3A
j0.230430227
BUS3
XEQB
XTRL3B
j0.230430227
BUS4
j16.359467
Reference
XEQC
j11.154
Reference
Figure 4.32 Interrupting Positive Sequence Reactance with

fault at bus 1
Page 243
BUS1
F1
j0.433095
j0.021452
Reference
Reference
j0.020439
Reference
Positive
Sequence
1
X XTL2 XTRL3A XEQB 1 XTL3 XTRL3B XEQC 1 XEQA 1 XTRM1 XTL1 XCON
X=j0.020439 pu
Calculating for the Momentary 3phase Fault at F1

IINT,SYM,RMS
VPREFAULT
ZTH,F1,INT
VPREFAULT 1.0 pu
IINT,SYM,RMS
1.0
0.0007465 j0.020453
IINT,SYM,RMS 1.782150 - j48.826877 pu

IINT,SYM,RMS=48.859/-87.9090 pu
Actual Value
IINT,SYM,RMS=48.859/-87.9090 x IBASE 13.8kV
Page 244
IINT,SYM,RMS=48.859/-87.9090 x 418.369 A
IINT,SYM,RMS= 20,441.254 A
X /R
0.020439
30.232
0.00067607
The
table
below
shows
the
summary
of
results
by
Excel
developed
by
the
author.
Table
4.28
Summarize
the
interrupting three-phase short circuit currents for the main buses.

These values along with other Interrupting fault currents will be
used to evaluate the Interrupting Capacity of Medium Voltage circuit
breakers.
Table 4.28 Summary of Interrupting Three-phase Short
Circuit Currents and X/R ratio.
Fault
Point
F1
F2
F3
F4
F5
Fault Location
IMOM,SYM,RMS (A)
13.8kV Power
Plant Bus
Primary
terminals of
TRM1
6.9kV
switchgear (bus)
Primary
terminals TRL3A
Primary
terminals TRL3B
20,441.254
Separately
Reduced X/R
30.232
20,316.761
28.450
18,016.418
29.820
17,606.617
15.755
17,562.726
14.986
Page 245
4.4.2 Calculation of Interrupting Single Line to Ground

Faults for Main Buses
Using the same set of equation as in Momentary
points
where
Medium Voltage
Circuit
breakers are
used
as

Z TH,F1,INT,1 Z TH,F1,INT 0.0007465 j0.0204532 pu
0.0007465
+j0.020453
Ia1
1pu
Reference
Figure 4.34 Interrupting Positive Sequence Impedance for
Fault point 1
Page 246
0.0007465
+j0.020453
Ia2
Reference
Figure 4.35 Interrupting Negative Sequence Impedance for
Fault point 1
The zero sequence impedance at fault point F1 will derived

as follow:
F1
BUS1SLG
ZGEN EQ,ZERO =0.000555+ j0.017761
Reference
ZTL1,ZERO=0.000199+j0.000043
Z TRM1,ZERO=0.000749+j0.026527
BUS2
Reference
ZTL2,ZERO=0.006843
+j0.000325
Z TRL3A,ZERO=0.036692
+j0.230430
BUS3
Reference
BUS4
ZTL3,ZERO
=0.007604+j0.000361
Z TRL3B,ZERO=0.036692
+j0.230430
Reference
Figure 4.36 Interrupting Zero Sequence Impedance Diagram
Page 247
0.000555
+ j0.017761
Ia0
Reference
Figure 4.37 Interrupting Zero Sequence Impedance for Fault

point 1
ZTH,F1,INT,0 0.000555 j0.017761 pu

relation on equation 4.5 where I a1=Ia2=Ia0, the equivalent network
diagram is shown below where the three impedance networks are
connected in series.
0.000555
ZINT,ZERO,F1
+j0.017761
0.0007465
ZINT,NEG,F1
+j0.020453
0.0007465
+j0.020453
ZINT,POS,F1
1pu
Reference
Page 248
Figure 4.38 Interrupting Equivalent Impedance Networks for

Fault point 1
Using Equation 4.6 and figure 4.158, the SLG fault current
is calculated below.
IINT,SYM,RMS,SLG
3VPREFAULT
Z TH,F1,INT,1 Z TH,F1,INT,2 Z TH,F1,INT,0
3(1)
0.0007465 j0.0204532 0.0007465 j0.0204532 0.000555 + J0.017761
3(1)
0.002048 j0.058667
IINT,SYM,RMS,SLG 1.782952 - j51.073351 pu

IINT,SYM,RMS,SLG 51.104/-880 pu
Actual Value
IINT,SYM,RMS,SLG 51.104/-880 x IBASE 13.8kV
IINT,SYM,RMS,SLG 51.104/-880 x 418.369 A
IINT,SYM,RMS,SLG 21,380.522 A

For X/R ratio

X /R
X /R
0.020439 0.020439 0.017761

0.00067607 0.00067607 0.000555
30.747
Page 249
The
table
below
shows
the
summary
of
results
by
Excel
developed
by
the
author.
Table
4.29
Summarize
the
interrupting three-phase short circuit currents for the main buses.

breakers.
Table 4.29 Summary of Interrupting Single Line to Ground
Faults
Fault
Point
F1
F2
F3
F4
F5
Fault Location
Interrupting Single Line To

Ground Faults
IINT,SYM,RMS (A)
13.8kV Power Plant

Bus
21,380.522
Primary terminals
of TRM1
21,271.385
6.9kV switchgear
(bus)
21,019.777
Primary terminals
TRL3A
20,490.260
Primary terminals
TRL3B
20,426.803
X/R
30.747
26.792
30.908
8.933
8.291
Page 250
4.4.3 Calculation of Interrupting Line to Line Faults for Main

Buses
points
where
Medium Voltage
Circuit
breakers are
used
as

0.0007465
+j0.020453
Ia1
1pu
Reference
Figure 4.39 Interrupting Positive Sequence Impedance for
Fault point 1

Page 251
0.0007465
Ia2
+j0.020453
Reference
Figure 4.40 Interrupting Negative Sequence Impedance for
Fault point 1
relation on equation 4.5 where I a1=-Ia2
and Ia0=0, the equivalent
network diagram is shown in figure 4.41 where the two impedance

networks are connected in parallel.
Ia1
0.0007465
0.0007465
+j0.020453
+j0.020453
1 pu
Ia2
Figure 4.41 Equivalent Sequence Impedance for Fault point 1

Using equation 4.7, the value of the positive and negative
sequence impedance is calculated below.
Ia1 Ia2
VF
Z TH,INT,1 Z TH,INT,2
1
0.0007465 j0.0204532 0.0007465 j0.0204532
1
Ia1
0.001493 J0.040906
Ia1
Page 252
Ia1 0.891075 - J24.413438 pu

Ia2 Ia1 -0.891075 j24.413438 pu
Using equation 4.8 and 4.9 to calculate the line b and c fault current
Ib j 3 Ia1
Ib j 3 0.891075 - j24.413438
Ib -42.285316 - j1.543387 pu
Ib=42.313/-117.9090 pu
Actual value
Ib=42.313/-117.9090 x IBASE 13.8kV
Ib=42.313/-117.9090 x 418.369 A
IINT,SYM,RMS,LL = Ib=-Ic = 17,702.645 A
Page 253
The
table
below
shows
the
summary
of
results
by
Excel
developed
by
the
author.
Table
4.30
Summarize
the
interrupting Line to Line short circuit currents for the main buses.
breakers.
Table 4.30 Summary of Interrupting Line to Line Faults

Fault
Point
F1
F2
F3
F4
F5
Fault Location
Momentary Line To Line Faults
13.8kV Power Plant

Bus
TRM1
6.9kV switchgear
(bus)
Primary terminals
TRL3A
Primary terminals
TRL3B
IINT,SYM,RMS (A)
17,702.645
17,594.831
15,602.676
15,247.777
15,209.767
Page 254
4.4.4 Calculation of Interrupting Double Line to Ground

Faults for Main Buses
points
where
Medium Voltage
Circuit
breakers are
used
as

The fault point impedances derived from single line to
ground fault calculation at F1 are

ZTH,F1,INT,2 ZTH,F1,INT 0.0007465 j0.0204532 pu
Z TH,F1,INT,0 0.000555 j0.017761 pu

Using these values, the sequence network is arranged on the figure
below.
Ia1
Ia0
Ia2
0.0007465
0.0007465
+j0.020453
+j0.020453
0.000555
+j0.017761
1 pu

Line to Ground Fault at F1
Page 255
Calculating the positive sequence current Ia1 using equation 4.10
Ia1
Ia1
VF
Z2Z0
(Z1
)
Z0 Z2
1
0.0007465 j0.0204532 0.000555 j0.017761

0.0007465 j0.0204532
0.000555 j0.017761 0.0007465 j0.0204532
Ia1 1.187014 - j33.336138 pu

Z2
Ia0 Ia1
Z0 Z2
0.0007465 j0.0204532
Ia0 Ia1
0.000555 j0.017761 0.0007465 j0.0204532
Ia0 -0.591878 j17.845399 pu
Z0
Ia2 Ia1
Z0 Z2
0.000555 j0.017761
Ia2 Ia1
0.000555 j0.017761 0.0007465 j0.0204532
Ia2 -0.595135 j15.490739 ipu
Calculating the phase currents using equation 4.13
Ia 1 1
I 1 a2
b
Ic 1 a
1 - 0.591878 j17.845399
a 1.187014 - j33.336138
a2 - 0.595135 j15.490739
Ia 0
Ib -43.173133 j25.224712 pu
Ib = 50.002/149.7030 pu
Ic 41.397499 j28.311486pu
Ic = 50.152/34.367
pu
Page 256
Calculating the ground current using equation 4.14
IN Ib Ic
IN -43.173133 j25.224712 41.397499 j28.311486

IN -1.775634 j53.536199 pu
IN = 53.565/91.8990 pu
Actual Value
Ib = 50.002/149.7030 x IBASE 13.8kV
Ib = 50.002/149.7030 x 418.369
IINT,SYM,RMS,b 20,919.31/149.7030 A
Ic = 50.152/34.367
x IBASE 13.8kV
Ic = 50.152/34.367
x 418.369
IINT,SYM,RMS,c 20,982.334/34.3670 A
IN = 53.565/91.8990 x IBASE 13.8kV

IN = 53.565/91.8990 x 418.369
IINT,SYM,RMS,N 22410.202/91.8990 A
Calculating the separate X/R
X /R
(X0 X1 X2 )
(0.0204532 0.0204532 0.01776)
(R 0 R1 R2 ) (0.0007465 0.0007465 0.0005555)
X / R 28.645
Page 257
The
table
below
shows
the
summary
of
results
by
Excel
developed
by
the
author.
Table
4.31
Summarize
the
interrupting Double Line to Ground short circuit currents for the

main buses. These values along with other Interrupting fault
currents will be used to evaluate the Interrupting Capacity of
Medium Voltage circuit breakers.
Table 4.31 Summary of Interrupting Double Line to Ground

Faults
Fault
Point
F1
F2
F3
F4
F5
Fault
Location
13.8kV Power
Plant Bus
Primary
terminals of
TRM1
6.9kV
switchgear
(bus)
Primary
terminals
TRL3A
Primary
terminals
TRL3B
DLG FAULT CURRENTS

IINT,SYM,RMS,B
IINT,SYM,RMS,C
IINT,SYM,RMS,N
20919.31
20982.334
22410.202
20858.892
20812.409
22320.105
19986.624
20138.408
25224.338
20551.363
18459.184
24417.64
20593.303
18271.82
24301.009
Page 258
4.4.5 Summary of Interrupting Calculation

Based
on
the
results
of
Interrupting
short
circuit
calculations for three-phase, single line to ground, line to line and

double line to ground faults, the maximum interrupting short circuit
currents is summarized in table 4.32. For Fault point F1,F2 and F3,
maximum fault current will occur on a single line to ground fault.
For fault point F4 and F5, the maximum fault current will occur in a
double line to ground fault although these values are close to the
single line to ground fault values. These maximum values will be
adjusted to account for the ac and dc decrement and shall be used
to check the interrupting capacity of the medium voltage circuit
breakers.
Table 4.32
Calculations
Fault
Point
F1
F2
F3
F4
F5
Summary
Fault Location
13.8kV Power
Plant Bus
Primary
terminals of
TRM1
6.9kV
switchgear
(bus)
Primary
terminals
TRL3A
Primary
terminals
TRL3B
of
3Phase
20.44
Interrupting
SLG
21.38
20.31
21.27
18.01
17.60
17.56
21.01
20.49
20.426
LL
Short
Circuit
DLG
Ib
Ic
17.70
20.91
20.98
17.59
20.85
20.81
15.60
19.98
20.13
15.24
20.55 18.45
15.20
20.59 18.27
Page 259
Adjustment Factor
As per ANS C37.010-1999, AC and DC decrement curve
Figure 8 shall be applied for a three phase short-circuit current that
is fed predominantly from generators through a per unit reactance
external to the generator that is less than 1.5 times the generator
per unit sub transient reactance12.
On this study, the fault current will be conservatively
assumed to be predominantly Local therefore the C37.010-1999
Figure 8 for ac and dc decrement adjustment factor for single line to
ground fault will be used to derive the adjustment factor.
4.4.5.1 Adjustment Factor for Single Line to Ground Fault at

Fault Point F1
40
30.747
30
20
10
X/R
Factor
1.1133
Figure 4.43 Single Line-to-ground fault multiplying factors

that includes effects of ac and dc decrement as applied to F2.
Source: IEEE Std C37.010-1999 table no.9
Using Microsoft Visio Scaling of the curve on figure 4.199,
12
IEEE Std C37.010-1999 (R2005)-IEEE Application Guide for AC HighVoltage Circuit Breakers Rated on Symmetrical Current Basis, Chapter 6.3
Page 260
X/R scale: 15 vertical units/10x/r

Factor Scale: 15 horizontal units/0.1factor
For X/R = 30.747, Converting to vertical scale
15 units
x 30.747 46.1205 vertical units which is 17 horizontal
10 x / r
0.1 factor
17Horizontal units x
1 1.1133
15 horizontal units
Adjustment Factor=1.1133
The Asymmetrical RMS of Interrupting Single-Line-to-ground Fault
is
IAsym,RMS,INT=1.1133 x 21,380.522 = 23,802.935 A
4.4.5.2 Adjustment Factor for Single Line to Ground Fault
Point F2
40
30
26.792
20
10
X/R
Factor
1.0836
Figure 4.44 Line-to-ground fault multiplying factors that

includes effects of ac and dc decrement as applied to F2.
Page 261

For X/R = 26.792 , Converting to vertical scale
15 units
x 26.792 40.188 vertical units which is 12.55 hor. units
10 x / r
0.1 factor
12.55 Horizontal units x

1 1.0836
15 horizontal units
is
IAsym,RMS,INT=1.0836 x 21,271.39 = 23,049.672 A
Fault Point F3
40
30.908
30
20
10
X/R
Factor
1.1146
Figure 4.45 Single Line-to-ground fault multiplying factors

that includes effects of ac and dc decrement as applied to F3.
Page 262

For X/R = 30.908 , Converting to vertical scale
15 units
x 30.908 46.362 vertical units which is 17.2 hor. units
10 x / r
0.1 factor
17.2 Horizontal units x

1 1.1146
15 horizontal units
is
IAsym,RMS,INT=1.1146 x 21,019.777 = 23,428.643 A

Fault Point F4 and F5
Since the X/R =8.417 and is less than 10, the adjustment
factor is 1.0
is
IAsym,RMS,INT,F4= 20,551.363
4.4.5.5 Adjustment Factor for Double Line to Ground Fault at

Fault Point F4 and F5
Since the X/R=7.849 and is less than 10, the adjustment
factor is 1.0
The Asymmetrical RMS of Interrupting Double-Line-to-ground Fault
Page 263
is
IAsym,RMS,INT,F5=20,593.303A
Table 4.33 Summary of Adjusted Interrupting Short Circuit

Currents
Fault Point
Fault Location
F1
F2
F3
F4
F5
Sym, RMS
(kA)
21.38
21.27
21.01
20.55
20.59
Asym,RMS
(kA)
23.80
23.05
23.43
20.55
20.59
Page 264
Table 4.34 Summary of Short Circuit Calculation
ANSI
NETWORK
Momentary
Interrupting
Fault Type
ISC F1 (kA)
ISC at F2 (kA)
ISC at F3 (kA)
ISC at F4 (kA)
13.8kV Power Plant

Bus
TRM1
6.9kV switchgear
(bus)
Primary terminals
TRL3A
Sym,
RMS
Asym,
RMS
Asym,
Peak
Sym,
RMS
Asym,
RMS
Asym,
Peak
Sym,
RMS
Asym,
RMS
Asym,
Peak
Sym,
RMS
Asym,
RMS
Asym,
Peak
Three-Phase
23.24
37.52
62.39
23.09
37.1
61.77
20.12
32.42
53.93
19.61
29.7
50.15
Single-Lineto-ground
23.34
37.77
62.77
23.21
37.19
61.96
22.88
37
61.5
22.24
30.95
53.25
Line-to-Line
20.13
32.49
54.03
19.99
32.13
53.49
17.42
28.07
46.71
16.98
25.72
43.43
Double-lineto-ground Ib
23.22
37.54
62.4
23.14
37.24
61.98
21.74
35.12
58.39
22.33
32.86
55.85
Double-lineto-ground Ic
23.36
37.75
62.76
23.16
37.26
62.01
22.05
35.63
59.24
20.15
29.65
50.39
Three-Phase
20.44
21.38
Line-to-Line
17.7
17.59
15.6
15.24
20.91
20.85
19.98
20.55
20.98
20.81
20.13
18.45
20.31
23.80
21.27
18.01
23.04
21.01
17.6
23.42
20.49
20.49
Note: highlighted values are the maximum values of short circuit current within the same ANSI network and fault point location
Page 265
(Continuation) Table 4.34 Summary of Short Circuit Calculation
ANSI
NETWORK
Fault Type
ISC at F5 (kA)
ISC at F6 (kA)
ISC at F7 (kA)
Primary terminals
TRL3B
MCC8 Bus
MCC9 Bus
Sym,
RMS
Momentary
Interrupting
Asym,
RMS
Asym,
Peak
Sym,
RMS
Asym,
RMS
Asym,
Peak
Sym,
RMS
Asym,
RMS
Asym,
Peak
Three-Phase
19.56
29.43
49.77
46
61.18
106.2
47
62.26
108.2
Single-Line-to-ground
22.17
30.41
52.48
47.71
63.27
109.9
48.43
64.04
111.3
Line-to-Line
16.94
25.49
43.11
39.84
52.98
91.99
40.7
53.92
93.69
Double-line-to-ground Ib
22.38
32.65
55.6
46.81
62.16
108
47.56
62.95
109.4
Double-line-to-ground Ic
19.94
29.1
49.54
47.02
62.44
108.4
47.94
63.45
110.3
Three-Phase
17.56
20.42
Line-to-Line
15.2
20.59
18.27
20.59
Note: highlighted values are the maximum values of short circuit current within the same ANSI network and fault point location
Page 266
ANSI
NETWORK
Fault Type
ISC F8 (kA)
ISC at F9 (kA)
ISC at F10 (kA)
ISC at F11 (kA)
PE-KM5806
Terminals
PE-YM7601
Terminals
PE-KM8639
Terminals
PE-KM8601
Terminals
Sym,
RMS
Momentary
Asym,
RMS
Asym,
Peak
Sym,
RMS
Asym,
RMS
Asym,
Peak
Sym,
RMS
Asym,
RMS
Asym,
Peak
Sym,
RMS
Three-Phase
16.91
16.92
17.8
16.06
18.01
18.35
19.55
16.562
Line-to-Line
14.65
14.66
15.416
13.91
20.56
20.35
21.64
19.33
12.99
14.16
14.92
11.7
Asym,
RMS
Asym,
Peak
Page 267

ISC at F12 (kA)
ANSI
NETWORK
Fault Type
PC001 Terminals
Sym,
RMS
Momentary
Asym,
RMS
Asym,
Peak
GM1412 Terminals
GM1413 Terminals
Sym,
RMS
Asym,
RMS
Asym,
Peak
Sym,
RMS
19.78
2.22
2.22
22.49
Line-to-Line
17.13
1.56
1.920
1.56
1.920
22.07
2.133
2.133
20.95
1.882
1.882
Fault Type
Three-Phase
Asym,
Peak
ISC at F17 (kA)
KM5814 Terminals
GM8103A Terminals
GM8103S Terminals
Sym,
RMS
Sym,
RMS
Sym,
RMS
Asym,
RMS
Asym,
Peak
Asym,
RMS
Asym,
Peak
2.51
2.51
Line-to-Line
3.80
4.552
2.23
2.172
2.23
2.172
5.256
2.529
2.529
4.245
2.242
2.242
Asym,
RMS
ISC at F16 (kA)
5.26
Momentary
ISC at F14 (kA)
Three-Phase
ISC at F15 (kA)

ANSI
NETWORK
ISC at F13 (kA)
Asym,
RMS
Asym,
Peak
Page 268

ISC at F18 (kA)
ANSI
NETWORK
Fault Type
MNDB Terminals
Sym,
RMS
Three-Phase
Asym,
Peak
YM7607 Terminals
Sym,
RMS
Asym,
RMS
Asym,
Peak
Sym,
RMS
23.44
25.95
23.497
25.95
23.497
21.87
20.303
29.382
29.382
24.477
23.193
23.193
20.764
Line-to-Line
Fault Type
SM8645 Terminals
Sym,
RMS
Three-Phase
Asym,
RMS
Asym,
Peak
GM7612 Terminals
7601M1 Terminals
Sym,
RMS
Asym,
RMS
Asym,
Peak
Sym,
RMS
2.60
7.678
8.427
3.776
4.215
1.785
2.247
10.028
4.979
2.518
7.770
3.903
2.159
Asym,
Peak
ISC at F23 (kA)
4.87
Line-to-Line
Asym,
RMS
ISC at F22 (kA)
9.73
Momentary
EMBD Terminals
27.13
ISC at F21 (kA)

ANSI
NETWORK
ISC at F20 (kA)
27.13
Momentary
Asym,
RMS
ISC at F19 (kA)
Asym,
RMS
Asym,
Peak
Page 269

ISC at F24 (kA)
ANSI
NETWORK
Fault Type
KM8607 Terminals
Sym,
RMS
Three-Phase
Momentary
Line-to-Line
1.89
1.381
1.637
1.818
1.625
Page 270
ANSI
NETWORK
Fault
Type
Momentary
ThreePhase
SingleLine-toground
Line-toLine
Doubleline-toground
Ib
Doubleline-toground
Ic
ISC F1 (kA)
13.8kV Power Plant
Bus
ISYSTEM
ILOAD
( Sym,
( Sym,
RMS)
RMS)
ISC at F2 (kA)
TRM1
ISYSTEM
ILOAD
( Sym,
( Sym,
RMS)
RMS)
ISC at F3 (kA)
6.9kV switchgear
(bus)
ISYSTEM
ILOAD
( Sym,
( Sym,
RMS)
RMS)
ISC at F4 (kA)
Primary terminals
TRL3A
ISYSTEM
ILOAD
( Sym,
( Sym,
RMS)
RMS)
21.71
1.542
21.558
1.543
16.676
3.477
19.456
0.173
22.318
1.032
22.191
1.034
20.270
2.636
22.124
0.130
18.804
1.335
18.670
1.336
14.442
3.011
16.849
0.150
22.012
1.358
21.939
1.351
20.719
1.188
21.286
1.191
22.034
1.362
21.846
1.351
20.911
1.197
19.081
1.132
Page 271
ANSI
NETWORK
Fault
Type
Momentary
ThreePhase
SingleLinetoground
Lineto-Line
Doubleline-toground
Ib
Doubleline-toground
Ic
ISC F5 (kA)
Primary Terminal of TRL3B
ISYSTEM
ILOAD
( Sym,
( Sym,
RMS)
RMS)
ISC at F6 (kA)
MCC8
ISYSTEM
ILOAD
( Sym,
( Sym,
RMS)
RMS)
ISC at F7 (kA)
MCC9
ISYSTEM
ILOAD
( Sym,
( Sym,
RMS)
RMS)
19.341
0.239
43.542
2.609
43.501
3.684
22.002
0.181
46.011
1.804
46.019
2.530
16.749
0.207
37.708
2.259
37.673
3.191
21.329
1.191
44.417
2.696
45.119
2.751
18.879
1.125
44.402
2.702
45.266
2.761
Page 272
4.5 Equipment Evaluation of Short Circuit Capacity

4.5.1 Medium-Voltage Circuit Breakers
For medium-voltage circuit breakers, the rated short circuit
making current and the rated short circuit interrupting current will
be evaluated based on the short circuit calculations from both
momentary and interrupting calculations. The figure below shows
the medium voltage circuit breaker specification sheet.
Figure 4.46 Specification for Medium Voltage Circuit Breaker.

Source: Hyundai Heavy Industries and PE Capacity
Expansion Project files.
From Table 4.15, the maximum fault currents for both
momentary and interrupting at fault point F1, F2 and F3 are
identified. These currents will be used to evaluate the medium
voltage circuit breakers according to Table 4.2. From this table, the
rated short-circuit making current (peak) will be compared against
the
calculated
maximum
value
of
the
momentary
peak
Page 273
asymmetrical short circuit current that can occur at fault point F1,
F2 and F3. Likewise, the rated short-circuit breaking current will be
compared against the calculated maximum value of the interrupting
asymmetrical RMS short-circuit current that can occur at fault point
F1, F2 and F3. For safe operation of these circuit breakers, the
rated short-circuit making current (peak) and the rated short-circuit
breaking current should be greater than the calculated maximum
values. The proximity between these breaker ratings and the
calculated values can be quantified to allow proper evaluation. This
quantification is sometimes called Percent Safety Margin. Percent
Safety Margin is calculated as
%Safety M arg in
Fault Current Rating - Calculated fault level

x100
Calculated fault level
As per JGSPCs Electrical Standard14, at the time of order

the Safety Margin shall be not less than 30%. This means that fault
current rating of the equipment must be at least 30% higher than
the calculated fault level. This 30% or higher also allow future
expansion where new induction motors will be installed as well as
additional generating capacities.
On Table 4.35 and 4.36, the summaries of evaluation for
medium voltage circuit breakers are presented. Safety margins for
each circuit breaker are all satisfactory with no less than 100%
safety margins. This is more than the JGSPCs requirement of no
less than 30% and therefore acceptable.
14
Page 274
Table 4.35 Momentary Rating

Medium Voltage Circuit Breakers
Circuit Breaker
Ratings
CB Tag
Make/
Model
Rated
shortcircuit
Making
Current
(kA Peak)
Maximum
Calculated
Peak Asym.
Short
Circuit (kA)
52TRL3A
52TRL3B
52KM5806
52YM7601
52KM8639
52KM8601
52KM7604
52PC001-1
52PC001-2
52PC001-3
52PC001-4
52PC001-5
52PC001-6
62.77
Hyundai/
HVF2178
Hyundai/
HVF2172F
Hyundai/
HVF2172F
Hyundai/
HVF2172F
Hyundai/
HVF2172F
Hyundai/
HVF2172F
Hyundai/
HVF2172F
Hyundai/
HVF2172F
Hyundai/
HVF2172F
Hyundai/
HVF2172F
Hyundai/
HVF2172F
Hyundai/
HVF2172F
Hyundai/
HVF2172F
Hyundai/
HVF2172F
Summary
for
Calculated Momentary
Fault Current
52TRM1P
52TRM1S
Evaluation
130
61.51
130
61.51
130
61.51
130
61.51
130
61.51
130
61.51
130
61.51
130
61.51
130
61.51
130
61.51
130
61.51
130
61.51
130
61.51
130
61.51
Short
Circuit Type
where
Maximum
Short
Circuit
Condition
occur
DLG Fault at
F1
SLG Fault at
F3
SLG Fault at
F3
SLG Fault at
F3
SLG Fault at
F3
SLG Fault at
F3
SLG Fault at
F3
SLG Fault at
F3
SLG Fault at
F3
SLG Fault at
F3
SLG Fault at
F3
SLG Fault at
F3
SLG Fault at
F3
SLG Fault at
F3
SLG Fault at
F3
Safety
Margin
(%)
(100.00)
111.36
111.36
111.36
111.36
111.36
111.36
111.36
111.36
111.36
111.36
111.36
111.36
111.36
111.36
Page 275
Table 4.36 Interrupting Rating Evaluation Summary for

Medium Voltage Circuit Breakers
Circuit Breaker Ratings
CB Tag
Make/
Model
Rated Shortcircuit
Interrupting
Rating
(Asym. RMS)
52-TRM1
52-TRM1
52-TRL3A
52-TRL3B
52-KM5806
52-YM7601
52-KM8639
52-KM8601
52-KM7604
52PC001-1
52PC001-2
52PC001-3
52PC001-4
52PC001-5
52PC001-6
Hyundai/
HVF2178
Hyundai/
HVF2172F
Hyundai/
HVF2172F
Hyundai/
HVF2172F
Hyundai/
HVF2172F
Hyundai/
HVF2172F
Hyundai/
HVF2172F
Hyundai/
HVF2172F
Hyundai/
HVF2172F
Hyundai/
HVF2172F
Hyundai/
HVF2172F
Hyundai/
HVF2172F
Hyundai/
HVF2172F
Hyundai/
HVF2172F
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
Calculated Interrupting
Ratings
Short
Circuit
Maximum
Type
Calculated
where
Asym.
Maximum
RMS Short
Short
Circuit
Circuit
(kA)
Condition
occur
SLG Fault at
23.8
F1
SLG Fault at
23.42
F3
SLG Fault at
23.42
F3
SLG Fault at
23.42
F3
SLG Fault at
23.42
F3
SLG Fault at
23.42
F3
SLG Fault at
23.42
F3
SLG Fault at
23.42
F3
SLG Fault at
23.42
F3
SLG Fault at
23.42
F3
SLG Fault at
23.42
F3
SLG Fault at
23.42
F3
SLG Fault at
23.42
F3
SLG Fault at
23.42
F3
SLG Fault at
23.42
F3
Safety
Margin
(%)
(100.00
)
113.49
113.49
113.49
113.49
113.49
113.49
113.49
113.49
113.49
113.49
113.49
113.49
113.49
113.49
Page 276
4.5.2 Low-Voltage Air Circuit Breakers

For low voltage air circuit breakers, the rated breaking
capacity and the rated making capacity will be evaluated based on
the calculated short circuit from momentary calculations. The figure
below shows the air circuit breaker specification sheet.
Figure 4.47 Specification for Low Voltage Air Circuit Breaker.

From Table 4.26, the maximum fault currents for both
momentary and interrupting at fault point F6 and F7 are identified
and can occur on a single line to ground fault. These currents will be
used to evaluate the medium voltage circuit breakers according to
Table 4.2. From this table, the rated short-circuit making current
(peak) will be compared against the calculated maximum value of
the momentary peak asymmetrical short circuit current that can
occur at fault point F6 and F7. Likewise, the rated short-circuit
breaking current will be compared against the calculated maximum
value of the interrupting asymmetrical RMS short-circuit current
that can occur at the said fault points.
Page 277
Table 4.37 Making Rating Evaluation Summary for Medium

Low Voltage Air Circuit Breakers
52-TRL3A
Hyundai/Hi
AN40
220
109.9
100.2%
Short
Circuit
Type
where
Maximum
Short
Circuit
Condition
occur
SLG at F6
52-TRL3B
Hyundai/Hi
AN40
220
111.3
97.7%
SLG at F7
Make/
Model
Tag
Rated shortcircuit
Making
Current
(kA Peak)
Maximum
Calculated
Asym.Peak
Short
Circuit
(kA)
Safety
Margin
(%)
Table 4.38 Breaking Rating Evaluation Summary for Medium

Low Voltage Air Circuit Breakers
Maximum
Calculated
Sym.RMS
Short
Circuit
(kA)
Safety
Margin
(%)
Short
Circuit Type
where
Maximum
Short
Circuit
Condition
occur
Tag
Make/
Model
Rated
shortcircuit
Breaking
Current
(kA
Peak)
52-TRL3A
Hyundai/HiAN40
100
47.71
109.6%
SLG at F6
52-TRL3B
Hyundai/HiAN40
100
48.43
106.5%
SLG at F7

low voltage air circuit breakers are presented. Safety margins for
each circuit breaker are all satisfactory with more than the JGSPCs
requirement of no less than 30% and therefore acceptable.
Page 278
4.5.3 Molded Case Circuit Breakers

For molded circuit breakers (MCCB), the rated breaking
capacity will be evaluated based on the calculated short circuit from
momentary
calculations.
The
figure
below
shows
the
MCCB
specification sheet.
Figure 4.48 Specification for Molded Case Circuit Breaker.

molded case circuit breakers are presented. Safety margins for each
circuit breaker are all satisfactory with no less than 100% safety
margins. This is more than the JGSPCs requirement of no less than
30% and therefore acceptable.
Page 279

Molded Case Circuit Breakers of MCC8
Equipment ID
Description
Model
Breaking
Capacity
Sym.
RMS
(kA)
GM-1412
ICA Charge
Pump
ICA Charge
Pump
T2 Charge
Pump
BMC-200
Slurry Feed
Tank Agitator
Motor
Modifier D
Feed Tank
Agitator motor
Slurry Feed
Pump Motor
Slurry Feed
Pump Motor
Slurry Feed
Tank Agitator
Motor
DC Feed pump
Motor
T3 Feed Pump
motor
T3 Residence
Time pot
Agitator Motor
DC Residence
Time pot
Agitator Motor
T3/DC Feed
pump motor
Cylinder Roller
motor
Additive Lift
motor
Drum Dumper
motor
Solid Additive
Package
Talc bulk bag
discharger
motor
Bag Dump
station
exhaust fan
UPB100L
100
Maximum
Calculated
Sym.RMS
Short
Circuit
(kA)
47.71
UPB100L
100
47.71
109.60%
UPB100L
100
47.71
109.60%
UPB100L
100
47.71
109.60%
UPB100L
100
47.71
109.60%
UPB100L
100
47.71
109.60%
UPB100L
100
47.71
109.60%
UPB100L
100
47.71
109.60%
UPB100L
100
47.71
109.60%
UPB100L
100
47.71
109.60%
UPB100L
100
47.71
109.60%
UPB100L
100
47.71
109.60%
UPB100L
100
47.71
109.60%
UPB100L
100
47.71
109.60%
UPB100L
100
47.71
109.60%
UPB100L
100
47.71
109.60%
UPB250L
100
47.71
109.60%
UPB100L
100
47.71
109.60%
UPB100L
100
47.71
109.60%
GM-1413
GM-1504
PE-YM4078
PE-YM4089
PE-GM4351
PE-GM4355
PE-YM4352
PE-GM4353
PE-GM4354
PE-GM4356
PE-GM4357
PE-GM4358
PE-SM4360
PE-SM6825
PE-SM6828
PE-SM6800
PE-SM6853
PE-KM6831-1
Safety
Margin
(%)
109.60%
Page 280
motor
PE-KM6832-1
PE-YCM6832
PE-KM6833-1
PE-KM6834-1
PE-KM6835-1
PE-YCM6835
PE-YM6851
PE-Y6860
PE-D6810
MNDB
EMDB
PE-GM-5814-1
PE-GM5821
PE-GM5812
PE-GM5815
PE-GM5825
PE-VM5814
PE-GM5806A-2
Bag Dump
station
exhaust fan
motor
Bag Compactor
motor
Bag Dump
station
exhaust fan
motor
Bag Dump
station
exhaust fan
motor
Bag Dump
station
exhaust fan
motor
Bag Compactor
motor
Talc surge bin
filter motor
Mixer feed
hopper and
vent filter
Granular resin
surge and vent
filter
Main normal
distribution
board
480V
Emergency
MCC EM2
Vent Recovery
Ref
Compressor Oil
Pump
Glycol pump
motor
Low pressure
condensate
return pump
High pressure
condensate
return pump
Interstage
condensate
return pump
Vent Recovery
Ref
Compressor
Motor
Main Cooling
UPB100L
100
47.71
109.60%
UPB100L
100
47.71
109.60%
UPB100L
100
47.71
109.60%
UPB100L
100
47.71
109.60%
UPB100L
100
47.71
109.60%
UPB100L
100
47.71
109.60%
UPB100L
100
47.71
109.60%
UPB100L
100
47.71
109.60%
UPB100L
100
47.71
109.60%
UPB400L
100
47.71
109.60%
UPB400L
100
47.71
109.60%
UPB100L
100
47.71
109.60%
UPB100L
100
47.71
109.60%
UPB100L
100
47.71
109.60%
UPB100L
100
47.71
109.60%
UPB100L
100
47.71
109.60%
UPB400L
100
47.71
109.60%
UPB100L
100
47.71
109.60%
Page 281
Pump motor
PE-GM5806B2
PE-GM5806BD-2
Aux Cooling
pump motor
Lube oil pump
motor
UPB100L
100
47.71
109.60%
UPB100L
100
47.71
109.60%

Molded Case Circuit Breakers of MCC9
Maximum
Calculated
Sym.RMS
Short
Circuit
(kA)
Safety
Margin
(%)
Equipment
ID
Description
Model
Breaking
Capacity
Sym.
RMS
(kA)
PE-YM7607
Pelletizer Motor
UPB250L
100
48.43
106.48%
PE-7601M1
Barring unit
motor
Pellet dryer
motor
Pelleting water
pump motor
Lube oil pump
motor
Lube oil pump
motor
YM7601 starter
control panel
Lube oil return
pump motor
Lube oil return
pump motor
Cooling fan for
PE-YM7604
PE-YM7604
thyristor control
panel
Hydraulic oil
pump motor
hydraulic oil
pump motor for
S/C
Pellet dryer
exhaust fan
dryer
Pellet screener
UPB100L
100
48.43
106.48%
UPB100L
100
48.43
106.48%
UPB250L
100
48.43
106.48%
UPB250L
100
48.43
106.48%
UPB250L
100
48.43
106.48%
UPB100L
100
48.43
106.48%
UPB100L
100
48.43
106.48%
UPB100L
100
48.43
106.48%
UPB100L
100
48.43
106.48%
UPB100L
100
48.43
106.48%
UPB100L
100
48.43
106.48%
UPB100L
100
48.43
106.48%
UPB100L
100
48.43
106.48%
UPB100L
100
48.43
106.48%
Pellet Mass
flowmeter motor
Hot oil pump
UPB100L
100
48.43
106.48%
UPB100L
100
48.43
106.48%
PE-YM7610
PE-GM7612
PE-7601VG1M
PE-7601VG2M
CP-7601
PE-7604G1M-A
PE-7604G1M-B
7604K1M
CP-7604
PE-7601G1M
PE-7605G1M
PE-KM7615
PE-Y7730
PE-Y7733
PE-7604G3
Page 282
PE-7604G4
Hot oil pump
UPB100L
100
48.43
106.48%
PE-7601VG3M
Lube oil pump

motor for mixer
motor
Lube oil pump
motor for mixer
motor
Meltpump purge
air fan
Hot oil heater
control panel
Pellet rotary
feeder
Elutriator rotary
feeder motor
Elutriator Filter
rotary feeder
motor
Wash Air fan
motor
Aim grade bin
rotary feeder
Transition bin
rotary feeder
motor
Aim grade bin
rotary feeder
Pellet Blending
blower motor
Seed Bed rotary
feeder no 1
Product purge
bin rotary feeder
motor
Lube oil fan
motor
Particle screener
motor
Product purge
bin filter
Low product
purge bin filter
Seed bed resin
storage bin filter
no 1
Seed bed resin
storage bin filter
no 2
Seed bed rotary
feeder motor
UPB100L
100
48.43
106.48%
UPB100L
100
48.43
106.48%
UPB250L
100
48.43
106.48%
UPB100L
100
48.43
106.48%
UPB100L
100
48.43
106.48%
UPB100L
100
48.43
106.48%
UPB100L
100
48.43
106.48%
UPB100L
100
48.43
106.48%
UPB100L
100
48.43
106.48%
UPB100L
100
48.43
106.48%
UPB100L
100
48.43
106.48%
UPB250L
100
48.43
106.48%
UPB100L
100
48.43
106.48%
UPB250L
100
48.43
106.48%
UPB100L
100
48.43
106.48%
UPB100L
100
48.43
106.48%
UPB100L
100
48.43
106.48%
UPB100L
100
48.43
106.48%
UPB100L
100
48.43
106.48%
UPB100L
100
48.43
106.48%
UPB100L
100
48.43
106.48%
PE-7601VG4M
PE-KM7604
PE-7604E2
PE-SM7714
SM8605
SM8606
KM8607
SM8610
SM8614A
SM8641
SM8645
PE-S5961
PE-SM5611
PE-YM5611C
PE-YM5612
PE-Y5160
PE-Y5619
PE-Y5951
PE-Y5952
PE-SM5962
Page 283
CHAPTER 5-PROTECTION COORDINATION

Article 2.40.1.12 and 2.40.9.1 of Philippine Electrical Code I 2009
requires overcurrent protection coordination to minimize the hazard to
personnel and equipment. This Chapter will provide protection settings
calculation and coordination for all medium voltages loads, all power
transformers and major low voltage loads. The author utilizes the
Microsoft Excel to plot the operating curves and equipment damage
curves. It is also used to calculate, set and plot the overcurrent protection
curves.
5.1 Protection Coordination Guidelines
5.1.1 Coordination time
According to IEEE Buff book Std 242-2001, coordination
time interval (CTI) should be maintained between curves of protection
devices in series to ensure correct selective operation and to reduce
nuisance tripping15. It is therefore required to assign a suitable CTI based
on the protection device operating times and accuracy. For this study, CTI
is calculated as follows:
CTI (Device operating Times) (measurement and relay timing Errors) Safety Margin
CTI (OTCB OTRELAYO/ S )
(2ErRe lay ErCT )

100
xOTRELAY OTSAFETY
Where, OTCB is Circuit breaker interrupting time (taken as 75ms)

OTRELAY O/S is Relay overshoot time (taken as 20ms)
OTRELAY is the maximum operating time of relay (taken as 1000ms)
ErRELAY is Relay timing error (taken as +/- 2%)
ErCT is the CT error (taken as +/-5%)
OTSAFETY is the safety margin (taken as 15ms)
CTI (75 20)
((2x2) 5)
1000 15 200ms
100
15
BUFF BOOK-IEEE Std 242-2001, IEEE Recommended Practice for Protection and Coordination of
Industrial and Commercial Power Systems, Section 15.5, p596
Chapter 5-Protective Device Coordination
Page 284
CTI 200 ms
Therefore, the coordination time interval is 200ms.
5.1.2 Protection for Medium Voltage Motor

For medium voltage motor feeder unit, the following motor
protection scheme shall apply. This motor protection scheme is based on
ANSI IEEE standard C37.96-200016.
50P/51P-Phase Instantaneous and Time overcurrent relay for phase
overcurrent protection. The 51 pickup shall be set at 115% of motor FLA
using ANSI Very Inverse time-current curve while 50 pickup shall be set
at 200% of motor LRA.
50G-Ground Instantaneous relay for ground overcurrent protection shall
be 30% of the motor full load current
49-Motor overload relay protection for thermal protection.
46-Phase Unbalance relay which is to be set at 15% of the rated motor
current
37-Load Loss/under current relay which is to be set at 40% of the rated
motor current
5.1.3 Protection for Power Transformer
The Primary side circuit breaker protection relay shall compose of
a phase time overcurrent element. The primary phase time-overcurrent
relay (51) shall be set between 100 to 200% of transformer rated full-load
current with ANSI very inverse curve. This complies with the requirement
of PEC I 2009 PEC I table 4.50.1.3(a) on the maximum setting of
overcurrent protection for transformer over 600V for supervised location
for circuit breaker which is 300% of transformer rated current. This
protection serves as a back-up for a short-circuit at the secondary side of
the transformer. Primary ground fault protection pickup setting shall be
set at 30% of the primary full load current.
The secondary side circuit breaker protection relay shall have the
same elements as the primary side protection and shall serve as
overcurrent protection of the secondary bus. The secondary phase time16
13.
IEEE Std C37.96-2000-IEEE guide for AC motor protection
Page 285
overcurrent relay (51) shall be set at 110% of the transformer rated fullload current with ANSI very inverse curve. For secondary ground fault
protection, pickup setting shall be set at 30% of the full load current.
5.1.4 Protection for MV Capacitor Bank

Damage curve for the capacitor bank is based on the
vendors rapture curve. The phase time-overcurrent relay (51) shall be set
at 150% of the capacitors rated full-load current with ANSI very inverse
curve. The phase instantaneous overcurrent relay shall be set at 200% of
the capacitor inrush current. The phase instantaneous ground relay shall
be set at 30% of the capacitors rated full-load current.
5.1.5 Protection for LV Motors
50P/51P-Phase Instantaneous and Time overcurrent relay for phase
overcurrent protection. The 51 pickup shall be set at 125% of motor FLA
using ANSI Very Inverse time-current curve while 50 pickup shall be set
at 200% of motor LRA.
50G-Ground Instantaneous relay for ground overcurrent protection shall
be 20% of the circuit breaker rated current.
49-Motor overload relay protection for thermal protection.
5.1.6 Protection for LV Panel
Long-time setting- shall be set at 125% of the panel full load current.
Short-time setting- shall be set at 400 to 800% of the Long-time setting
Instantaneous current setting- shall be set at 600 to 800% of breaker
rated current
Ground Fault setting- shall be set at 20-30% of the breaker rated current
Page 286
5.2 Equipment Operating Curves and Damage Curves

5.2.1 Transformers and Feeder Cables TCC Landmark
Damage points for TRM1,TRL3A and TRL3B are based on IEEE
C57.109-1993
and
calculated
as
Category
IV
liquid-immersed
transformers (30,000kVA and above) for TRM1 and Category II liquidimmersed transformers (501-5000kVA) for TLR3A/B as shown in table
5.1, 5.2 respectively. For both TRM1 and TRL3A/B, the magnetizing
Inrush point is calculated at 12 times the transformers full load current
and is shown in table 5.3 and 5.4.
Table 5.1 Thermal and Mechanical Damage Curve for TRM1
Time (s)
1800
300
60
30
10
2
5000Z(p
u)2
8
2
TRM1 Thermal Damage Curve

Current at Wye (A)
Current at Delta (A) (58%
of Current at Wye)
2xIFL = 6693.92
3882.47
3xIFL =10040.87
5823.71
4.75xIFL =15898.05
9220.87
6.3xIFL =21085.84
12229.78
11.3xIFL =37820.63
21935.96
25xIFL =83673.95
48530.89
TRM1 Mechanical Damage Curve
0.5xIFL /Zpu =10459.24
6066.36
0.5xIFL /Zpu=10459.24
1xIFL /Zpu =20918.49
6066.36
12132.72
Page 290
Table 5.2 Thermal and Mechanical Damage Curve for TRL3A/3B

TCC
TRL3A Damage Curve
Time(s)
Current at Wye (A)
Current at Delta (A)
1800
2 xIFL =7216.87
4,185.79
300
3 xIFL = 10825.31
6,278.68
60
4.75 xIFL = 17140.08
9,941.25
30
6.3 xIFL = 22733.16
13,185.2
10
11.3 xIFL = 40775.36
23,649.7
25 xIFL = 90210.97
52,322.4
TRL3A Mechanical Damage Curve

2551Z(pu)
0.7 xIFL /Zpu =36084.39
20,928.9
4.08
0.7 xIFL /Zpu =36084.39
20,928.9
1 xIFL /Zpu =51549.13
29,898.5
Table 5.3 Magnetizing Inrush point for TRM1

Inrush Point
Current (A)
Time (S)
12xIFL,SEC =
40163.49
0.1
Table 5.4 Magnetizing Inrush point for TRL3A/B

Inrush Point
Current(A)
Time
12xIFL =43,301.27
0.1
The short circuit damage curve for TL1, TL2 and TL3 transformer
feeder cable is based on IEEE STD 242-200117 and is calculated below and
summarized in table 5.5 and 5.6.
2
ISC
234.5 TF
5
A t 1.18x10 log10 234.5 Ti
Equation 5.1
Where Isc is short circuit current (sym RMS)

A conductor size in mm2
t time in secs (0.01 to 10 seconds)
17
BUFF BOOK-IEEE Std 242-2001, IEEE Recommended Practice for Protection and Coordination of
Industrial and Commercial Power Systems, Section 9.4.2
Page 291
TF is short circuit current Temperature rating (250 0C for XLPE)

Ti is the continuous current Temperature rating (90 0C to XLPE)
Table 5.5 Short Circuit Damage curve for TL1 (5x630mm2 XLPE)
Time
(secs)
0.1
1
10
100
1000
ISC Current
(A)
4514580
451458
142763.55
45145.8
14276.35
Table 5.6 Short Circuit Damage curve for TL2/TL3 (1x185mm2

XLPE)
Time
(secs)
0.01
1
10
100
1000
ISC Current
(A)
265142
26514
8384.5
2651.4
838.45
5.2.2 Medium Voltage Motors TCC Landmark

Motor starting curves represent the time-current characteristic at
normal operating condition of the motor including the acceleration time,
the locked rotor current and the normal full load current. The points for
the medium voltage motors are summarized on tables 5.7 to 5.10.
18
The
running overload curve represents the stator thermal capability from rated
full load current back to the current drawn at breakdown torque while the
motor is running. A reduced stator insulation life will occur if the motor is
operated beyond this region. The accelerating thermal limit curve (also
called starting overload curve) represents the rotor thermal capability
during acceleration from locked rotor up to the breakdown torque for a
specified terminal voltage. Both curves for all Medium voltage motors are
shown in tables 5.11 to 5.18.
18
The ABCs of Overcurrent Coordination by THOMAS P. SMITH, P.E.
Page 292
Table 5.7 Starting Curve for KM5806

Starting Curve
Time (S)
Current (A)
3000
60.85
1000
60.85
5
60.85
3
60.85
2.3
60.85
2.1
231.21
1
265.47
0.9
266.82
0.8
267.72
0.7
268.80
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.01
269.97
271.06
271.78
272.41
273.31
273.31
Table 5.8 Starting Curve for YM7601

Starting Curve
Time (S)
Current (A)
3000
485.89
1000
485.89
5
485.89
4
485.89
3.5
485.89
3
2325.20
2
2539.88
1
2628.22
0.9
2637.06
0.8
2642.36
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.01
2648.54
2654.73
2659.14
2667.09
2669.74
2672.40
2672.40
Page 293

Starting Curve
Time (S)
Current (A)
7000.00
33.03
100.00
33.03
5.50
34.24
5.45
34.37
5.40
34.51
5.35
34.67
5.30
34.84
5.25
35.03
5.20
35.24
5.15
35.48
5.10
5.05
5.00
5.00
4.98
4.97
4.96
4.94
4.92
4.88
4.83
4.76
4.65
4.50
0.10
0.01
35.73
36.02
36.33
163.49
165.31
167.13
168.94
170.76
172.58
174.39
176.21
178.03
179.84
181.66
181.66
181.66
Page 294

Starting Curve
Time (S)
Current (A)
7000.00
26.85
100.00
26.85
5.50
27.84
5.45
27.94
5.40
28.06
5.35
28.18
5.30
28.32
5.25
28.48
5.20
28.65
5.15
28.84
5.10
5.05
5.00
5.00
4.96
4.95
4.94
4.92
4.89
4.85
4.79
4.72
4.63
4.50
0.10
0.01
29.05
29.28
29.54
132.92
134.40
135.87
137.35
138.83
140.31
141.78
143.26
144.74
146.21
147.69
147.69
147.69
Page 295
Table 5.11 Running Overload Curve for KM5806

Running OL (Cold)
Time (S)
Current (A)
7000
77.25
6000
78.15
5000
79.60
4000
81.40
3000
83.56
2000
87.71
1000
96.00
900
97.44
800
98.89
700
101.23
600
104.29
500
107.54
400
112.41
300
118.72
200
130.43
100
155.85
Table 5.12 Starting Overload Curve for KM5806
Starting OL (Cold)
Time (S)
Current (A)
40
212.73
30
249.24
20
303.60
Page 296
Table 5.13 Running Overload Curve for YM7601

Running OL (Cold)
Time (S)
Current (A)
7000
615.76
6000
633.42
5000
655.51
4000
681.13
3000
713.82
2000
764.17
1000
871.95
900
895.80
800
917.01
700
947.04
600
980.61
500
1024.79
400
1077.79
300
1157.30
200
1245.65
100
1387.00
Table 5.14 Starting Overload Curve for YM7601
Starting OL (Cold)
Time (S)
Current (A)
20
1707.24
10
2256.30
9
2357.89
8
2436.52
7
2546.06
6
2674.16
Page 297

Running OL (Cold)
Time (S)
Current (A)
7000
43.96
6000
44.56
5000
45.52
4000
46.72
3000
48.16
2000
50.92
1000
56.45
900
57.41
800
58.37
700
59.93
600
61.97
500
64.14
400
67.38
300
71.58
200
79.39
100
96.32
Starting OL (Cold)
Time (S)
20
10
9
8
Current (A)
116.05
153.37
160.28
165.63
Page 298

Running OL (Cold)
Time (S)
Current (A)
7000
35.73
6000
36.22
5000
37.00
4000
37.98
3000
39.15
2000
41.40
1000
45.89
900
46.67
800
47.45
700
48.72
600
50.38
500
52.14
400
54.77
300
58.19
200
64.54
100
78.30

Starting OL (Cold)
Time (S)
Current (A)
20
94.34
10
124.68
9
130.30
8
134.64
Damage Curve points for MV motor feeders will base on the
same philosophy as the transformer feeder cables and are summarized on
table 5.19.
Page 299
Table 5.19 Short Circuit Damage curve for Feeder Cables of

Various Load
Time
(secs)
0.01
1
10
100
1000
Time
(secs)
0.01
1
10
100
1000
KM5806
(185mm2)
265,142.00
26,514.20
8,384.53
2,651.42
838.45
Current (A)
YM7601
KM8639
(240mm2)
(185mm2)
429,960.00
265,142.00
42,996.00
26,514.20
13,596.53
8,384.53
13,819.52
2,651.42
4,428.16
838.45
KM8601
(185mm2)
265,142.00
26,514.20
8,384.53
2,651.42
838.45
PC01
(185mm2)
265,142.00
26,514.20
8,384.53
2,651.42
838.45
Current (A)
VM5814
MNDB
(150mm2)
(240mm2)
214,980.00
343,968.00
21,498.00
34,396.80
6,798.26
10,877.22
2,149.80
3,439.68
679.83
1,087.72
KM8645
(240mm2)
343,968.00
34,396.80
10,877.22
3,439.68
1,087.72
Page 300
5.3 Setting Calculations and TCC Curves

5.3.1 Phase and Ground Fault Protection Calculation for MV Loads
For KM5806 Phase and Ground Fault Protection Calculation
a. 51PYKM5806-Inverse Time Overcurrent Relay
CT ratio: 125:1
ZCT ratio: 50:1
51 Pickup Current Setting
Set at 115% of rated motor current
= (1.15) x (60.84) x (1/125)
= 0.55 In
51 Pickup Current
=(0.55)x(125)
=68.75 A
51 Curve is ANSI Very Inverse
51 Time Dial Setting

KM5806 LRC is 273.8 A and acceleration time is about 2.1
seconds therefore a 2 seconds margin above the knee of the motor
curve or above 2.1 seconds is sufficient to avoid nuisance tripping
during motor starting.
TD
t
3.922
I
IP
0.0982
2.1 2
TD
11.32
3.922
0.0982
2
273.8
1
68.75
Say TD=11.33
Page 301
b. 50PKM5806-Instantaneous Overcurrent Relay

50 Pickup current setting
200% of the LRA
=2x273.8x(1/125)
=4.38 In
50 Pickup current
=4.38x125
=547.5 A
50 Time delay
Instantaneous
time
delay
is
set
at
0.05
seconds.
c. 49KM5806-Overload Relay
=(1.15)x(60.84)x(1/125)
=0.55 In
49 pickup current
=(0.55)x(125)
=68.75 A
d. 50GKM5806-Instantaneous Ground Overcurrent Relay
50G pickup current setting
Set
at
80%
of
ZCT
ratio
or
30%
of
full
load
current(60.86A) whichever is smaller

= (0.8) x (50) x (1/50)
=0.8 In
Or
= (0.3) x (60.86) x (1/50)
=0.365 In
So use 0.365 In
50G Pickup Current
=(0.365)x(50)
=18.3 A
Page 302
50G Time delay

Instantaneous time delay is set at 0.05 seconds.
For PC001 Phase Fault Protection Calculation
a. 51PPC001-Inverse Time Overcurrent Relay
Set at 150% of capacitor rated current
=(1.25)x(150)x(1/400)
=0.56 In
51 Pickup Current
=(0.56)x(400)
=224
51 Curve is ANSI Short Inverse
51 Time Dial Setting

PC001 inrush current is 617.5 A at 0.1 seconds therefore a
margin of 1 second above the inrush is sufficient to avoid nuisance
tripping during energization.
TD
0.1 1
5.93
0.2663
0.03393
2
617.5
1
224
Say TD=6
b. 50PPC001-Instantaneous Overcurrent Relay
50 pickup current setting
200% of Inrush current (617.5A)
=2x617.5 x(1/400)
=3.08 In
Page 303
50 Pickup current
=3.08 x 400
=1232 A
50 Time delay
c. 50GPC001-Instantaneous Ground Overcurrent Relay
50G Pickup current setting
Set at 80% of ZCT ratio
= (0.8) x (50) x (1/50)
=0.8 In
50G Pickup Current
=(0.8)x(50)
=40A
50G Time delay
Page 304
Calculation for the rest of the medium voltage motors is repeated

using the same procedure and summarize in table 5.20.
Table 5.20 Summary of Phase and Ground Protection Calculation
Results for MV Loads
Relay
KM 5806
Hi-Map
YM7601
Hi-Map
KM8639
Hi-Map
KM8601
Hi-Map
PC001
Hi-Map
CT Ratio
125:1
1000:1
50:1
50:1
400:1
ZCT Ratio
50:1
50:1
50:1
50:1
50:1
CB Rating (A)
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
51 pickup
Current Setting
(A)
0.55
0.55
0.75
0.61
0.56
51 pickup
current (A)
68.75
550
37.5
30.5
224
51 curve
ANSI
Very
Inverse
ANSI Very
Inverse
ANSI
Very
Inverse
ANSI
Very
Inverse
ANSI
Short
inverse
TD
50 pickup
current setting
(A)
11.4
4.38
12
5.34
20
7.26
20
5.9
6
3.08
50 pickup
current (A)
547.5
5340
363
295
1232
50 Time delay
49 pickup
Current Setting
0.05
0.55
0.05
0.55
0.05
0.75
0.05
0.61
0.05
NA
49 pickup
current
68.75
550
37.5
30.5
NA
TD
50G pickup
current setting
(A)
50G pickup
current (A)
50G Time delay
(s)
12
0.365
3
0.8
3.5
0.198
3.8
0.8
NA
0.9
18.3
40
9.9
40
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
Page 305
5.3.2 Phase and Ground Fault Protection Calculation for LV Loads

Only critical and the biggest LV Loads are presented for
coordination purposes. These loads are VM5814 for MCC8 and SM8645 for
MCC9.
For VM5814 Phase and Ground Fault Protection
a. Long Time Setting (LT)
Set at 125% of the motor full load current (228.4)
=1.25x228.4
=285.5A, Next available setting is 290A which is 127% of the motor
full load current and is less than 250% which the PEC article
4.30.4.2 and table 4.30.4.2
requires for Inverse Time Breaker
setting.
b. Short Time Setting (ST)
Set at 800% of the Long Time setting
=8x290A
=2320A
c. Instantaneous setting
Set at 200% of the LRA (1484.8A)
=2x1484.8A
=2969.7A next available setting is 800% of LT
d. Overload Setting
=(1.15)x(228.43)x(5/300)
=4.37 In
49 Pickup Current
=(4.37)x(300/5)
=262.2A
e. Ground Fault Protection Setting
Set at 20% of the LT setting (290A)
=0.2 x 290A
=58 A
Page 306
Time delay is set at 0.1 secs (to allow coordination with upstream
breaker)
Figure 5.2 Protection Setting sheet for VM5814
Figure 5.2 Protection Setting Values for VM5814
Page 307
For SM8645 Phase and Ground Fault Protection

Set at 125% of the motor full load current (223)
=1.25x223
=278.5A, Next available setting is 290A which is 162% of the motor
full load current and is less than 250% which the PEC article
4.30.4.2 and table 4.30.4.2
requires for Inverse Time Breaker
setting.
=8x290A
=2320A
Set at 200% of the LRA (1562)
=2x1562A
=3124 A next available setting is 1000% of LT
d. Overload Setting
=(1.15)x(223)x(5/300)
=4.27 In
49 Pickup Current
=(4.27)x(300/5)
=256.2A
Page 308
Figure 5.3 Protection Setting sheet for SM8645
Page 309
For YM7607-VFD panel Phase and Ground Fault Protection

Set at 125% of the VFD input current (264)
=1.25x264
=330A, Next available setting is 340 A
=8x340A
=2720A
=8x340A
=2720 A
d. Ground Fault Protection Setting
=0.2 x 340A
=68 A
Time delay is set at 0.1 secs (to allow coordination with upstream
breaker).
Page 310
Figure 5.3 Protection Setting sheet for YM7607 VFD Panel
Figure 5.4 Protection Setting Values for YM7607
Page 311
5.3.3
Phase
and
Ground
Fault
Protection
Calculation
and
Coordination for Transformers

For TRL3A Phase and Ground Fault Protection Calculation and
Coordination
CT Information for TRL3A:
CT Ratio (primary) = 630:1
CT Ratio (secondary) =4000:5
ZCT Ratio (primary) = 50:1
NCT Ratio (secondary) = 4000:1
a. 51PTRL3AS-Secondary Side Inverse Time Overcurrent Relay
Set at 110% of transformer rated current
=(1.10)x(3608.43)x(5/4000)
=4.96 say 5 In
51 Pickup Current
= (5) x (4000/5)
=4000 A
Time Dial Setting
Time dial setting is set to provide TRL3A secondary phase
protection with at least 0.2 second coordination time clearance
(interval) from the phase and ground protection of the load that has
the highest fault at load side terminals. This fault is a double line to
ground fault at MNDB terminals at 29,382 A. Phase instantaneous
time delay is 0.03 second and the ground instantaneous time delay
is 0.1 second. Since the ground relay of this load has a higher time
delay setting, this has to coordinate with the phase protection of
the TRL3A secondary which is a demonstration of coordination
between phase and ground protection.
Page 312
TD
3.922
I
IP
0.0982
0.03 0.2
TD
1.335
3.922
0.0982
2
29,382
1
4000
TD is set at 1.335
At three phase fault current of 43.5kA at the secondary terminals of
TRL3A downstream of the circuit breaker, the tripping time is
3.922
t
0.0982 1.335 0.175 second
2
43,500
4000
b. 50GTRL3AS-Instantaneous Ground Overcurrent Relay

50G Pickup Current Setting
Set at 30% of TRL3A full load current (3608 A)
=0.3 x 3608 x (1/4000)
=0.27 In
50G Pickup Current
=0.27 x 4000
=1082.5 A
Time delay is set at 0.3 second to provide 0.2 second
coordination time interval from ground fault relay of MNDB which is
set at 0.1 second trip time from single line to ground fault that can
occur on load side terminals (25,950 A at MNDB).
The current setting is less than the maximum permitted by
PEC 2009 article 2.30.7.6 (a) (<1200A) and complies with its
requirement of setting the time delay less than 1 second for ground
fault current greater than 3000A.
Page 313
c. 51PTRL3AP-Primary Inverse Time Overcurrent Relay

=(1.1)x(251.02)x(1/630)
=0.44 In
51 Pickup Current
=(0.44)x(630)
=277
This setting is less than 300% (753 A) of TRL3A FLA as required by
PEC I 2009 Table 4.50.1.3.
Time Dial Setting

Time dial setting should satisfy all of the conditions below
(i)
Should allow Transformer Inrush (1596.7 A at 0.0157s)
TD
t
3.922
I
IP
0.0982
0.1157
TD
0.526
3.922
0.0982
2
1596.7
1
277
TD>>0.526
(ii)
Should be at least 1 second below transformer

mechanical damage curve
Time dial is set such that the proximity of the protection
curve from the lowest point of mechanical damage curve
(29kA at 2 seconds) is more than 1 second
Page 314
2 1
TD
5.76
3.922
29000
277x6.9 / 0.48
0.0982
TD<5.76
(iii)
Should coordinate with the secondary time overcurrent

relay at maximum through fault as seen by the primary
overcurrent relay. The Maximum though fault is a single
line to ground fault at 46kA at the secondary terminals
however for a single line to ground fault at secondary,
only 58% or about 26.54kA can be seen by the primary
overcurrent relay. The same is true for a double line to
ground fault at 44.4kA where the primary overcurrent
relay will only see 63% of the fault current or about
27.9kA. Therefore we used the three phase fault current
at 43.5kA as the basis for coordinating primary and
secondary overcurrent protective relay. At 43.5kA,
secondary time overcurrent relay will trip at about 0.175
second. Using this trip time, the time dial is calculated
as
TD
t
3.922
I
IP
TD
0.0982
0.175 0.2
3.922
43500x0.48 / 6.9
277
2.855
0.0982
Time dial of 2.855 satisfies both inrush condition and

transformer damage curve condition 0.526<<TD<5.76.
Page 315
The fault current at the primary of terminals of TRL3A (F4) is a

single line to ground fault at 22.124kA and tripping time is
3.922
t
0.0982 2.855 0.282 second
22,124 2
277
d. 50GTRL3AP-Instantaneous Ground Overcurrent Relay

Set at 30% of transformer rated current (251 A)
=0.3 x 251 x (1/50)
=1.51 In
50G Pickup Current
=1.51 x 50
=90.36 A
Time delay is set at 0.05 second since a ground fault on the
secondary side of a delta wye grounded transformer is not going to trip
the primary ground overcurrent relay.
Page 316
For TRL3B Phase and Ground Fault Protection Calculation and

Coordination
CT Ratio (primary)= 630:1
CT Ratio (secondary)=4000:5
ZCT Ratio (primary)=50:1
NCT Ratio (secondary)= 4000:1
a. 51PTRL3BS-Secondary Side Inverse Time Overcurrent Relay
=(1.10)x(3608.43)x(5/4000)
=4.96 In
51 Pickup Current
=(4.96)x(4000/5)
=3968
Time Dial Setting

Time dial setting is set to provide TRL3B secondary phase
(interval) from the phase and ground protection of the load that has
the highest fault at load side terminals. This fault is a double line to
ground fault at YM7607 terminals at 24,477 A. Phase instantaneous
time delay is 0.03 second and the ground instantaneous time delay
is 0.1 second.
TD
t
3.922
I
IP
0.0982
Page 317
TD
0.03 0.2
1.127
3.922
0.0982
2
24477
1
3968
TD is set at 1.127
At three phase fault current of 43.5kA at the secondary terminals of
TRL3B downstream of the circuit breaker, using the same time dial
setting the tripping time is
3.922
t
0.0982 1.127 0.148 second
43,500 2
3968
b. 50GTRL3BS-Instantaneous Ground Overcurrent Relay

Set at 30% of TRL3B full load current (3608 A)
=0.3 x 3608 x (1/4000)
=0.27 In
50G Pickup Current
=0.27 x 4000
=1082.5 A
coordination time interval from ground fault relay of YM7601 which
is set at 0.1 second trip time.
The current setting is less than the maximum permitted by
PEC 2009 article 2.30.7.6 (a) (<1200A) and complies with its
requirement of setting the time delay less than 1 second for ground
fault current greater than 3000A.
Page 318
c. 51PTRL3BP-Inverse Time Overcurrent Relay

=(1.1)x(251.02)x(1/630)
=0.44 In
51 Pickup Current
=(0.44)x(630)
=277 A
This setting is less than 300% (753 A) of TRL3A FLA as required by
PEC I 2009 Table 4.50.1.3.
Time Dial Setting

(i)
Should allow Transformer Inrush (1596.7 A at 0.0157s)
TD
t
3.922
I
IP
0.0982
0.1157
TD
0.526
3.922
0.0982
2
1596.7
1
277
TD>>0.526
(ii)
Should be at least 1 second below transformer mechanical

damage curve
(29kA at 2 seconds) is more than 1 second
Page 319
2 1
TD
5.76
3.922
29000
277x6.9 / 0.48
0.0982
TD<5.76
(iii)

overcurrent relay. The Maximum though fault is a single
line to ground fault at 46kA at the secondary terminals
however for a single line to ground fault at secondary,
only 58% or about 26.7kA can be seen by the primary
overcurrent relay. The same is true for a double line to
ground fault at 45kA where the primary overcurrent relay
will only see 63% of the fault current or about 28.35kA.
Therefore we used the three phase fault current at 43.5kA
as the basis for coordinating primary and secondary
overcurrent protective relay. At 43.5kA, primary time
overcurrent relay will trip at about 0.148 second. Using
this trip time, the time dial is calculated as
TD
t
3.922
I
IP
TD
0.0982
0.148 0.2
3.922
43500x0.48 / 6.9
277
2.65
0.0982
Page 320
Time dial of 2.65
satisfies both inrush condition and
transformer damage curve condition 0.526<<TD<5.76.
d. 50GTRL3BP-Instantaneous Ground Overcurrent Relay

Set at 80% of ZCT ratio (50)
=0.8 x 50/50
=0.8 In
50G Pickup Current

=0.8 x 50
=40 A
50G time delay set at 0.05 second
For TRM1 Phase and Ground Fault Protection Calculation and

Coordination
a. 51PTRM1S-Inverse Time Overcurrent Relay
=(1.1)x(3346.95)x(1/4000)
=0.92 In
51 Pickup Current
=(0.92)x(4000/1)
=3680
This setting is less than 300% (5020A) of TRM1 FLA as required
by PEC I 2009 Table 4.50.1.3. It will also allow TRM1's Forced-Air rating
(52MVA@2092A) to be utilized.
Page 321
51 Curve
ANSI Very Inverse curve
Time Dial Setting

Time dial setting is set to provide TRM1 secondary phase
(interval) from the phase protection of the load that has the slowest
time delay at the highest fault current. To check, trip time of both
TRL3A and TRL3B are determined and the slowest is selected.
For TRL3A, at single line to ground fault (22,124 A) at the primary
terminals, the trip time is
3.922
t
0.0982 2.855 0.282 second
22,124 2
277
For TRL3B, at single line to ground fault (22,000 A) at the primary

terminals, the trip time is
3.922
t
0.0982 2.65 0.261 second
22,000 2
277
Therefore, since TRL3A has the slowest tripping time, we will use it
to coordinate with the secondary phase protection of TRM1.
Page 322
TD
t
3.922
I
IP
TD
0.0982
0.282 0.2
2.297
3.922
0.0982
2
22,124
1
3680
TD is set at 2.297
At three phase fault current of 16.676kA at the secondary terminals
of TRM1 downstream of the circuit breaker, using the same time
dial setting the tripping time is
3.922
t
0.0982 2.297 0.687 second
16,676 2
3680
b. 50GTRM1S-Instantaneous Ground Overcurrent Relay

Set at 30% of TRL3B full load current (3346.95 A)
=0.3 x 3346.95 x (1/4000)
=0.25 In
50G Pickup Current
=0.25 x 4000
=1004 A
coordination time interval from the instantaneous ground fault
relay of the loads.
Page 323
TD
3.922
I
IP
0.0982
c. 51PTRM1P-Inverse Time Overcurrent Relay

51 pickup Current Setting
=(1.1)x(1673.47)x(1/2000)
=0.92 In
51 Pickup Current
=(0.92)x(2000/1)
=1840 A
This setting is less than 300% (5020 A) of TRM1 FLA as required by
PEC I 2009 Table 4.50.1.3. It will also allow TRM1's Forced-Air
rating (52MVA@2092A) to be utilized.
Time Dial Setting

(i)
Should allow Transformer Inrush (5933 A at 0.052s)
TD
t
3.922
I
IP
0.0982
0.052
TD
0.1
3.922
0.0982
2
5933
1
1840
TD>>0.1
(ii)
Should be at least 1 second below transformer mechanical

damage curve
Page 324

(27,194 A at 2 seconds) is more than 1 second
2 1
TD
3.922
27,194
1840x2
5.835
0.0982
TD<5.83
(iii)

overcurrent relay. At 16.676kA, primary time overcurrent
relay will trip at about 0.691 second. Using this trip time,
the time dial is calculated as
TD
3.922
I
IP
TD
0.0982
0.686 0.2
2.963
3.922
0.0982
2
16
,
676
/
2
1
1840
Time dial of 2.963 satisfies both inrush condition and transformer

damage curve condition 0.1<<TD<5.83.
d. 50GTRM1P-Instantaneous Ground Overcurrent Relay

Set at 80% of ZCT ratio (50)
=0.8 x 50/50
=0.8 In
Page 325
50G Pickup Current

=0.8 x 50
=40 A
50G time delay set at 0.05 second
Table 5.21 Summary of Phase and Ground Fault Protection
Settings for Power Transformers
TRM1
TRL3A
TRL3B
Primary 51 pickup Current

Setting (A)
0.92
0.44
0.44
Primary 51 pickup current (A)
1840
277
277
Primary 51 curve
ANSI Very
Inverse
ANSI Very
Inverse
ANSI Very
Inverse
Primary 51 TD
2.963
2.855
2.65
Primary 50G pickup current

setting (A)
0.8
1.51
0.8
Primary 50G pickup current

(A)
40
90.36
40
Primary 50G Time delay (s)
0.05
0.05
0.05
Secondary 51 pickup Current

Setting (A)
0.92
4.96
Secondary 51 pickup current

(A)
Secondary 51 curve
3680
4000
3968
ANSI Very
Inverse
2.297
ANSI Very
Inverse
1.127
ANSI Very
Inverse
1.127
0.25
0.27
0.27
1004
1082
1082
0.25
0.3
0.3
Secondary TD
Secondary 50G pickup current
setting (A)
Secondary 50G pickup current
(A)
Secondary 50G Time delay (s)
4.96
Page 326
Table 5.22 MCC8 480V LOADS Protection Settings and Equipment
Feeder No
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
Equipment ID
Description
GM-1412
GM-1413
PE-YM4078
PE-YM4089
PE-YM4352
PE-GM4356
PE-GM4357
PE-SM4360
PE-SM6825
PE-SM6828
PE-SM6853
PE-KM6831-1
PE-KM6832-1
PE-YCM6832
PE-KM6833-1
PE-KM6834-1
PE-KM6835-1
PE-YCM6835
PE-YM6851
PE-GM-5814-1
PE-GM5821
PE-GM5812
PE-GM5815
PE-GM5825
PE-VM5814
PE-GM5806A-2
PE-GM5806B2
PE-GM5806BD-2
GM8102
GM8103A
GM8103S
PE-SM6800
PE-Y6860
PE-D6810
MNDB
WRP-01
MCC EM2
ICA Charge Pump

ICA Charge Pump
BMC-200 Slurry Feed Tank Agitator Motor
Modifier D Feed Tank Agitator motor
Slurry Feed Tank Agitator Motor
T3 Residence Time pot Agitator Motor
DC Residence Time pot Agitator Motor
Cylinder Roller motor
Additive Lift motor
Drum Dumper motor
Talc bulk bag discharger motor
Bag Dump station exhaust fan motor
Bag Compactor motor
Bag Compactor motor
Talc surge bin filter motor
Vent Recovery Ref Compressor Oil Pump
Glycol pump motor
Low pressure condensate return pump
High pressure condensate return pump
Interstage condensate return pump
Vent Recovery Ref Compressor Motor
Main Cooling Pump motor
Aux Cooling pump motor
Lube oil pump motor
Hexene-1 unloading pump
Hexene-1 feed pump
Hexene-1 feed pump
Solid Additive Package
Mixer feed hopper and vent filter
Granular resin surge and vent filter
Main normal distribution board
Welding socket
480V Emergency MCC EM2
GM-1504
T2 Charge Pump
39
PE-GM4351
Slurry Feed Pump Motor
40
PE-GM4355
Slurry Feed Pump Motor
41
PE-GM4353
DC Feed pump Motor
PE-GM4354
T3 Feed Pump motor
PE-GM4358
T3/DC Feed pump motor
38
42
43
PE Size (mm2)
70
70
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
6
95
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
35
16
50
50
150
6
6
4
25
95
95
150
35
35
240
120
240
3
4
3
4
3
4
3
4
3
4
3
4
FL
(A)
53.79
53.79
2.87
2.33
2.33
1.18
1.18
6.67
26.84
7.35
6.26
1.97
1.97
2.68
1.97
1.97
1.97
2.68
0.66
1.97
29.08
11.27
44.43
46.07
228.44
7.16
7.16
4.12
13.42
63.89
63.89
125.00
20.67
20.42
412.97
336.79
245.16
6.20
0.37
6.20
4.11
6.20
4.11
6.20
0.37
6.20
0.37
6.20
0.37
MCCB-Adjustable
Electronic Type
(Hyundai-UPB)
Long Short
Amp
Time Time
Frame
Set
Set
(A)
(A)
(A)
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
400
125
125
125
125
125
125
250
125
125
400
400
400
125
290
2320
125
30
30
400
400
400
15
250
60
60
800
800
800
Instantaneous Trip Breaker

Adjustable Electronic
Type(Hundai-UPB)
Rating
(A)
Current Set
(A)
UMP-C (HYUNDAI-DIGITAL
MOTOR PROTECTION RELAY)
Ground Fault
Motor Over Current
Load Set (A) Setting
(A)
Set
50
50
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
6.3
32
6.3
6.3
2.5
2.5
3.2
2.5
2.5
2.5
3.2
2.5
2.5
32
12.5
50
50
400
400
20
15
15
15
15
50.4
192
50.4
50.4
15
15
19.2
15
15
15
19.2
15
15
224
87.5
350
350
8
8
8
6
6
6
6
8
6
8
8
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
7
7
7
7
6.3
6.3
3.2
12.5
63
63
50.4
50.4
22.4
100
504
504
8
8
7
8
8
8
20
20
160
160
8
8
67.24
67.24
3.58
2.91
2.91
1.48
1.48
8.34
33.55
9.18
7.83
2.46
2.46
3.35
2.46
2.46
2.46
3.35
0.83
2.46
36.35
14.09
55.53
57.58
285.55
8.95
8.95
5.16
16.77
79.86
79.86
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
25
25
25
80
80
80
Time
Delay
(s)
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
Required
Minimum
Equipment
Grounding
Conductor (mm2)
(Table 2.50.6.13
PEC 2009)
8
8
2
2
2
2
2
2
5.5
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
5.5
2
5.5
5.5
22
2
2
2
3.5
8
8
14
5.5
5.5
30
30
30
2
125
15
125
15
125
15
125
15
125
15
Page 327
Table 5.23 MCC9 480V LOADS Protection Settings and Equipment Grounding Conductor Summary
Feeder No
Equipment ID
Description
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
PE-7601M1
PE-YM7610
PE-GM7612
PE-7601VG1M
PE-7601VG2M
PE-7604G1M-A
PE-7604G1M-B
7604K1M
PE-7601G1M
PE-7605G1M
PE-KM7615
PE-Y7730
PE-Y7733
PE-7604G3
PE-7604G4
PE-7601VG3M
PE-7601VG4M
PE-KM7604
PE-SM7714
SM8605
SM8606
KM8607
SM8610
SM8614A
SM8641
SM8645
PE-SM5611
PE-YM5611C
PE-YM5612
PE-Y5160
PE-Y5619
PE-Y5951
PE-Y5952
PE-SM5962
TR-Ex
CP-7601
CP-7604
CP-7600
Barring unit motor

Pellet dryer motor
Pelleting water pump motor
Lube oil pump motor
Lube oil pump motor
Lube oil return pump motor
Lube oil return pump motor
Cooling fan for PE-YM7604
Hydraulic oil pump motor
hydraulic oil pump motor for S/C
Pellet dryer exhaust fan dryer
Pellet screener
Pellet Mass flowmeter motor
Hot oil pump
Hot oil pump
Lube oil pump motor for mixer motor
Lube oil pump motor for mixer motor
Meltpump purge air fan
Elutriator rotary feeder motor
Elutriator Filter rotary feeder motor
Wash Air fan motor
Aim grade bin rotary feeder
Transition bin rotary feeder motor
Aim grade bin rotary feeder
Pellet Blending blower motor
Product purge bin rotary feeder motor
Lube oil fan motor
Particle screener motor
Product purge bin filter
Low product purge bin filter
Seed bed resin storage bin filter no 1
Seed bed resin storage bin filter no 2
Seed bed rotary feeder motor
Packaging Panel
YM7601 starter control panel
PE-YM7604 control panel
Hot oil heater control panel
39
PE-YM7607
Pelletizer Motor
40
PE-S5961
Seed Bed rotary feeder no 1
PE Size (mm2)
95
35
240
50
50
10
10
10
25
50
16
10
4
35
35
4
4
50
6
2.5
2.5
25
2.5
4
2.5
240
6
2.5
6
10
10
10
10
10
240
4
4
50
185
120
4
6
FL
(A)
65.17
26.09
91.22
31.61
31.61
7.72
7.72
6.62
14.22
26.09
10.45
18.44
6.80
26.84
26.84
2.99
2.99
30.41
2.68
3.94
0.72
63.89
3.94
3.94
3.94
223.18
19.68
0.68
4.47
15.94
15.94
5.17
5.17
6.39
431.35
1.65
2.90
35.78
121.97
264.00
2.68
5.10
MCCB-Adjustable
Electronic Type
(Hyundai-UPB)
Long Short
Amp
Time Time
Frame
Set
Set
(A)
(A)
(A)
125
125
250
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
250
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
250
290 2320
250
125
125
125 19.926
40
125 19.926
40
125
15
30
125
15
30
125
400
400
800
125
15
30
125
15
30
125
50
30
400
330
125
15
Instantaneous Trip Breaker

Adjustable Electronic
Type(Hundai-UPB)
Rating
(A)
Current Set
(A)
UMP-C (HYUNDAI-DIGITAL
MOTOR PROTECTION RELAY)
Set
63
32
100
32
32
6.3
6.3
6.3
12.5
32
12.5
20
6.3
32
32
3.2
3.2
32
3.2
3.2
2.5
63
3.2
3.2
3.2
504
192
700
224
224
50.4
50.4
50.4
100
192
75
140
50.4
192
192
22.4
22.4
224
19.2
25.6
15
504
25.6
25.6
25.6
8
6
7
7
7
8
8
8
8
6
6
7
8
6
6
7
7
7
6
8
6
8
8
8
8
20
2.5
3.2
140
15
25.6
7
6
8
6.3
50.4
Ground Fault
Time
Motor Over Current
Load Set (A) Setting Delay
(A)
(s)
81.46
0.5
0.2
32.61
0.5
0.2
114.02
0.5
0.2
39.51
0.5
0.2
39.51
0.5
0.2
9.65
0.5
0.2
9.65
0.5
0.2
8.27
0.5
0.2
17.78
0.5
0.2
32.61
0.5
0.2
13.06
0.5
0.2
23.05
0.5
0.2
8.50
0.5
0.2
33.55
0.5
0.2
33.55
0.5
0.2
3.74
0.5
0.2
3.74
0.5
0.2
38.02
0.5
0.2
3.35
0.5
0.2
4.92
0.5
0.2
0.89
0.5
0.2
79.86
0.5
0.2
4.92
0.5
0.2
4.92
0.5
0.2
4.92
0.5
0.2
278.98
0.5
0.2
24.60
0.5
0.2
0.85
0.5
0.2
5.59
0.5
0.2
7.98
0.5
0.2
68
0.1
Required
Minimum
Equipment
Grounding
Conductor (mm2)
(Table 2.50.6.13
PEC 2009)
8
5.5
14
5.5
5.5
2
2
2
3.5
5.5
2
5.5
2
5.5
5.5
2
2
5.5
2
2
2
8
2
2
2
22
5.5
2
2
3.5
3.5
2
2
2
30
2
2
5.5
30
2
Page 328
5.3.4 Time Current Curves
TCC for Phase OC Protection for KM5806
1000
KM5806
CABLE
KM5806
FULL LOAD
CURVE
RUNNING
OL LIMIT
100
(185mm
1per Ph)
THERMAL
OL
&
SHORT
CIRCUIT
LIMIT
VCB:52KM5806
OLR:49KM5806
STARTING
OL LIMIT
VCB:52TRM1S
OCR: 51PTRM1S
TIME (S)
10
VCB:52TRM1P
OCR: 51PTRM1P
VCB:52KM5806
OCR: 51PKM5806
OCR: 50PKM5806
CTI=528ms
0.1
KM5806
STARTING
CURVE
0.01
1.00
F8:(DLG) 20.34kA (max)
10.00
100.00
1000.00 10000.00 100000.00
CURRENT (A) AT 6.9kV BASE
Figure 5.5 Time-Current Curve for Phase Protection of KM5806
Page 329
TCC for Phase OC Protection for YM7601

KM5806
CABLE
10000
YM7601
FULL LOAD
CURVE
1000
RUNNING
OL LIMIT
VCB:52YM7601
OCR: 51PYM7601
OCR: 50PYM7601
VCB:52TRM1P
OCR: 51PTRM1P
OCR: 50PTRM1P
100
VCB:52TRM1S
OCR: 51PTRM1S
OCR: 50PTRM1S
VCB:52YM7601
OLR:49YM7601
TIME(S)
(240mm
1per Ph)
THERMAL
OL
&
SHORT
CIRCUIT
LIMIT
10
STARTING
OL
LIMIT
CTI=623ms
0.1
YM7601
STARTING
CURVE
0.01
1.00
@F9,(DLGFault IB) 17.85kA (MAX)
10.00
100.00
1000.00 10000.00 100000.00
Figure 5.6 Time-Current Curve for Phase Protection of YM7601
Page 330
TCC for Phase Overcurrent Protection for KM8639

1000
KM8639
CABLE
(185mm2
1per Ph)
THERMAL
OL
&
SHORT
CIRCUIT
LIMIT
KM8639
FULL LOAD
CURVE
RUNNING
OL LIMIT
100
VCB:52KM8639
OCR: 51PKM8639
OCR: 50PKM8639
VCB:52TRM1P
OCR: 51PTRM1P
OCR: 50PTRM1P
VCB:52KM8639
OLR:49KM8639
STARTING
OL LIMIT
TIME(S)
10
VCB:52TRM1S
OCR: 51PTRM1S
OCR: 50PTRM1S
CTI=500ms
0.1
KM8639
STARTING
CURVE
0.01
1.00
@F10,(DLGFault IB) 21.5kA MAX
10.00
100.00
1000.00 10000.00 100000.00
Figure 5.7 Time-Current Curve for Phase Protection of KM8639
Page 331
TCC for Phase Overcurrent Protection for KM8601
1000
KM8601
CABLE
RUNNING
OL
LIMIT
100
(185mm
1per Ph)
THERMAL
OL
&
SHORT
CIRCUIT
LIMIT
VCB:52KM8601
OCR:51KM8601
OCR:50KM8601
VCB:52KM8601
OLR:49KM8601
VCB:52TRM1P
OCR: 51PTRM1P
OCR: 50PTRM1P
KM8601
OPERATING
CURVE
VCB:52TRM1S
OCR: 51PTRM1S
OCR: 50PTRM1S
TIME (S)
10
CTI=567ms
0.1
0.01
1.00
@F11, (DLGFault IB) 19.2kA (MAX)
10.00
100.00
1000.00 10000.00 100000.00

KM8601
Page 332
TCC for Phase Overcurrent Protection for PC01

PC01
CABLE
(185mm2
1per Ph)
THERMAL
OL
&
SHORT
CIRCUIT
LIMIT
1000
VCB:52PC01
OCR: 51PPC01
OCR: 50PPC01
PC01
OPERATING
CURVE
100
VCB:52TRM1P
OCR: 51PTRM1P
OCR: 50PTRM1P
1800kVAR
CAPACITOR
DAMAGE
CURVE
(10%
Probability)
VCB:52TRM1S
OCR: 51PTRM1S
OCR: 50PTRM1S
TIME (S)
10
CTI=471ms
0.1
@F12,(SLGFault) 22.49 kA (MAX)
0.01
1
10
100
1000
10000
100000
Figure 5.9 Time-Current Curve for Phase Protection of PC001
Page 333
TCC for Phase Overcurrent Protection for VM5814
1000
MCCB:52KM5814
LTD:290A @T:12s
STD:800% of LTD (6x290A)=2320A
@T:0.3s
INST:800% of 400A =3200A
KM5814
CABLE
MC5814:
OLR:49KM5814
PU:5.25
TD:25
100
(150mm
1per Ph)
THERMAL
OL
&
SHORT
CIRCUIT
LIMIT
KM5814
OPERATING
CURVE
10
TIME (S)
VCB:52TRL3AS
OCR: 51PTRL3AS
OCR: 50PTRL3AS
0.1
@F15,(DLGFault IB) 5.256kA
0.01
1
10
100
1000
10000
CURRENT (A) AT 480V BASE
100000

VM5814
Page 334
TCC for Phase Overcurrent Protection for MNDB
1000
MNDB
CABLE
MCCB:52MNDB
LTD:400A @T:12s
STD:200% of LTD (2x400A)=800A
@T:0.3s
INST:300% of 400A =1200A
(240mm
1per Ph)
THERMAL
OL
&
SHORT
CIRCUIT
LIMIT
100
MAX 400A
10
TIME (S)
VCB:52TRL3AS
OCR: 51PTRL3AS
OCR: 50PTRL3AS
SHORT CIRCUIT
WITHSTAND
25kA 1 sec
@F18,(DLGFault IB)
29382A (MAX)
0.1
CTI=270ms
0.01
1
10
100
1000
10000
100000

MNDB
Page 335
TCC for Phase Overcurrent Protection for TRL3A
1000
TL2
3MVA (OA) FULL LOAD

CURRENT (3,608)
VCB: 52TRL3AP
OCR: 51PTRL3AP
CT Ratio: 630:1
ANSI VI
51Pickup: 0.43
51TD: 5
OCR:50PTRL3AP
50Pickup: 3.8
50TimeDelay:0.35
100
VCB: 52TRL3AP
OCR: 51PTRL3AP
CT Ratio: 630:1
ANSI VI
51Pickup: 0.43
51TD: 5
OCR:50PTRL3AP
50Pickup: 3.8
50TimeDelay:0.35
TIME (s)
10
(185mm
1per Ph)
THERMAL
OL
&
SHORT
CIRCUIT
LIMIT
TRL3A (3MVA)
THERMAL
LIMIT
TRL3A
(3MVA)
MECH.
LIMIT
SC WITHSTAND
RATING
480V SWGR
TRM1 INRUSH
CURVE
CTI
=200ms
0.1
CTI
=200ms
CTI
=233ms
0.01
1
@F6,(3PHFault) 43.54 kA
100
10000
1000000

TRL3A
Page 336
TCC for Phase Overcurrent Protection for SM8645

1000
KM8645
CABLE
MCCB:52KM8645
LTD:290A @T:12s
STD:800% of LTD (6x290A)=2320A
@T:0.3s
INST:200% of LRA =3124.57A
100
(240mm
1per Ph)
THERMAL
OL
&
SHORT
CIRCUIT
LIMIT
MC:
OLR:49KM86445
PU:5.25
TD:25
VCB:52TRL3BS
OCR: 51PTRL3BS
OCR: 50PTRL3BS
TIME (S)
10
KM8645
OPERATING
CURVE
CTI=220ms
0.1
0.01
1.00
@F21,(DLGFault IB) 10.03kA (MAX)
10.00
100.00
1000.00 10000.00 100000.00

SM8645
Page 337
TCC for Phase Overcurrent Protection for TRL3B
1000
TL3
3MVA (OA) FULL LOAD

CURRENT (3,608)
VCB: 52TRL3BP
OCR: 51PTRL3BP
CT Ratio: 630:1
ANSI VI
51Pickup: 0.43
51TD: 5
100
(185mm
1per Ph)
THERMAL
OL
&
SHORT
CIRCUIT
LIMIT
VCB: 52TRL3BS
OCR: 51PTRL3BS
CT Ratio: 4000:1
ANSI VI
51Pickup: 0.81
51TD: 1
TRL3B
(3MVA)
THERMAL
LIMIT
TRL3B
(3MVA)
MECH.
LIMIT
TIME (s)
10
CTI
=200ms
CTI
=200ms
TRM1 INRUSH
CURVE
0.1
@F7,(3PHFault) 43.5 kA
@F5,(SLGFault) 22 kA (MAX)
0.01
1
100
10000
1000000

TRL3B
Page 338
TCC for Phase OC Protection for TRM1 and 6.9kV Bus

1000
TL1
40MVA (OA) FULL LOAD
CURRENT (3,346.95A)
VCB: 52TRM1P
OCR: 51PTRM1P
CT Ratio: 2000:1
ANSI VI
51Pickup: 1
51TD: 3.5
OCR:50PTRM1P
50Pickup:6.42
50TimeDelay:0.65
100
VCB: 52TRM1S
OCR: 51PTRM1S
CT Ratio: 4000:1
ANSI VI
51Pickup: 0.92
51TD: 2
OCR: 50PTRM1S
50Pickup:3.19
50TimeDelay:0.55
TIME (s)
10
(630mm
5per Ph)
THERMAL
OL
&
SHORT
CIRCUIT
LIMIT
40MVA
THERMAL
LIMIT
40MVA
MECH.
LIMIT
TRM1
INRUSH
CURVE
SC WITHSTAND
RATING
6.9kV SWGR
0.1
@F3,(3PHFault)
16.67 kA
0.01
1
10
100
1000
10000
100000
Figure 5.15 Time-Current Curve for Phase Protection of TRM1
Page 339
TCC for Ground Overcurrent Protection for TRL3A and MCC8

1000
TL2
GRFT: 50GKM5814
50Pickup: 58A
50TimeDelay:0.1s
GRFT: 50GMNDB
50Pickup: 80A
50TimeDelay:0.1s
100
(185mm
1per Ph)
THERMAL
OL
&
SHORT
CIRCUIT
LIMIT
TRL3A (3MVA)
THERMAL
LIMIT
OCGR: 50GTRL3AS
50Pickup: 0.27xIn
50Puckup
current: 1082.5 A
50TimeDelay:0.3s
TRL3A
(3MVA)
MECH.
LIMIT
10
TIME (s)
SC WITHSTAND
RATING
480V SWGR
TRM1
INRUSH
CURVE
CTI=200ms
0.1
@F6,(DLG-N) 48.5 kA
@F6,(SLGFault) 46.kA
@F18 ,(SLG Fault @ MNDB) 25.95kA
@F18,(DLG-N@ MNDB) 24.37kA
@F15,(SLGFault@ VM5814) 3.8kA
@F15,(DLG-N@ VM5814) 2.8kA
0.01
100
10000
1000000

TRL3A and MCC8
Page 340
TCC for Ground Overcurrent Protection Coordination for

TRL3B and MCC9 Load
1000
TL3
100
GRFT: 50GYM7607
50Pickup: 68A
50TimeDelay:0.1s
TIME (s)
10
(185mm
1per Ph)
THERMAL
OL
&
SHORT
CIRCUIT
LIMIT
GRFT: 50GSM8645
50Pickup: 58A
50TimeDelay:0.1s
TRL3B (3MVA)
THERMAL
LIMIT
OCGR: 50GTRL3BS
50Pickup: 0.27xIn
50Puckup
current: 1082.5 A
50TimeDelay:0.3s
TRL3B
(3MVA)
MECH.
LIMIT (58%
adjusted)
CTI
=200ms
0.1
@F7,(DLG-N) 48.4 kA
@F6,(SLGFault) 46.kA
@F21 ,(SLG Fault @ SM8645)7.67kA
@F21,(DLG-N@ SM8645) 6.15kA
@F20,(SLGFault@ YM7607) 21.86kA
0.01 @F20,(DLG-N@ YM7607)20.29kA

1
100
10000
1000000

TRL3B and MCC9
Page 341
TCC for Ground OC Protection for TRM1 and 6.9kV Bus

1000
TL1
(630mm
5per Ph)
THERMAL
OL
&
SHORT
CIRCUIT
LIMIT
50GKM8601
50GKM8639
100
50GKM5806
40MVA
THERMAL
LIMIT
50GYM7601
and
50GPC001
TIME (s)
10
TRM1
INRUSH
CURVE
SC WITHSTAND
RATING
6.9kV SWGR
50GTRL3A
and
50GTRL3B
OCGR: 50GTRM1
50Pickup: 0.25xIn
50Puckup
current: 1004 A
50TimeDelay:0.25s
0.1
SLG-MAX(PC001) 22.495 kA
SLG-MIN(YM7601) 16.43 kA
DLG-N MAX(PC001) 26 kA
DLG-N MIN(KM8601) 15.68 kA
0.01
1
10
100
1000
10000
100000

TRM1 and 6.9kV Switchgear
Page 342
5.4 Cable Evaluation

5.4.1 Medium Voltage Cable Minimum Sizing
Aside from the normal load current flowing into the
conductor, it is expected that the cable should be able to carry
short circuit current at a specified duration without damaging.
From equation 5.5, the relation between the short circuit
current I in Ampere, conductor cross-sectional area A in mm2
and tripping time t in seconds is generally referred as the cable
damage equation or curve for a given type of cable having short
circuit current temperature TF and maximum continuous current
temperature Ti.
2
ISC
234.5 TF
5
A t 1.18x10 log10 234.5 Ti
From table 9-2 of IEEE Std 242-2001, for XLPE cable,

as TF=250oC and Ti=90oC. Substituting these temperature
values to above equation yields
I
t
A SC
143
This
represent
the
minimum
cross-sectional
area
required to withstand the maximum short circuit current ISC at

tripping time of the protective device t. In this study, the author
will consider the tripping time of the backup protective device
and applying the coordination time interval. This scheme will
ensure that the cable selected is a fully protected by the
primary protective device and by the backup protection device
in case the primary protection device fails.
Page 343
For KM5806
From the TCC of KM5806 on figure 5.5, the tripping time of
the instantaneous relay at a maximum fault current of 20.34kA is
0.05s and with the same fault current the tripping of 6.9kV bus
protection is 0.578s. Allowing 0.2s coordination time interval, the
minimum required cross-sectional area is
I
t (20,340) 0.578 0.2
A SC
125.45mm2
143
143
Since the cable size used is 185mm2, then this is acceptable and will
provide about 32% margin.
The table below shows the summary of results by performing
the same calculation procedure as the above for the rest of the
major buses for the rest of the medium voltage loads. Based on the
calculation results, all medium voltage cables used are satisfactory
and can handle short circuit condition with appropriate primary and
backup protection.
Table 5.24 Summary of Calculation for Minimum Cable
Ampacity for Medium Voltage Cable
Equipment
Isc (A)
t (s)
KM5806
20,340
0.778
Calculated
Minimum
Cable Size
(mm2)
125.46
YM7601
KM8639
KM8601
PC001
TRL3A
TRL3B
TRM1
(primary
Cable)
17,850
21,500
19,200
22,490
22,124
22,000
22,318
0.873
0.75
0.817
0.721
0.482
0.461
0.570
116.63
130.21
121.36
133.54
107.41
104.45
117.83
Actual
Cable
Size
(mm2)
185
Satisfactory
240
185
185
185
185
185
630
Satisfactory
Satisfactory
Satisfactory
Satisfactory
Satisfactory
Satisfactory
Satisfactory
Remarks
5.4.2 Equipment Grounding Cable Verification

Page 344
For Medium Voltage

PEC Sizing For KM5806 equipment grounding conductor
As per PEC 2009 Article 2.50.6.13 (d) Motor Circuits, Where
the overcurrent device consists of an instantaneous trip circuit
breaker or a motor short-circuit protector, as allowed in
4.30.4.2, the equipment grounding conductor size shall be
permitted to be based on the rating of the motor overload
protective device but shall not be less than the size shown in
Table 2.50.6.13.
The motor overload pickup setting for KM5806 is 68.75
A and based on table 2.50.6.13, the size of the equipment
grounding conductor should be 8.0mm2. Note that this is 5
times smaller than what the thermal sizing suggests and in this
case the thermal sizing should be used as a minimum size to
ensure safe operation of protective device and grounding cables
in an event of short circuit.
The same procedure is repeated and the results are
summarized in table 5.25.
Table 5.25 Summary of Equipment Grounding Conductor
Sizing for MV Loads
Motor
Overload
Required
Actual
Protection/
Minimum
Equipment
Remarks
Equipment
Rating of
Size PEC
Grounding
Protective
2.50.6.13
Conductor
Device
(mm2)
Size (mm2)
(A)
KM5806
68.5
8
35
Satisfactory
YM7601
550
38
35
Not
Acceptable
KM8639
37.5
5.5
35
Satisfactory
KM8601
30.5
5.5
35
Satisfactory
PC001
224
22
35
Satisfactory
Page 345
For Low Voltage

From Table 5.22 and 5.23, the comparison of actual
equipment grounding conductor size and the minimum required as
per PEC is presented. All low voltage equipment grounding
conductor used are satisfactory.
Page 346
CHAPTER 6-BIG MOTOR STARTING ANALYSIS

6.1 Objectives
The objectives of this big motor starting analysis are
1. Evaluate the effects on the power system during a big
motor starting event. This evaluation will calculate the voltage on
each buses before, during and after a big motor start and compare
these voltages to permissible values.
2. Calculate the required number of generating units for
each motor starting.
3. Evaluate the starting performance of the big motors.
This evaluation will calculate the voltage drop on each of the big
motor
and
the
normalized
torque
delivered
during
starting
(ILR/IFLA)STARTING or the locked-rotor torque based on the motor

terminal voltage. The calculated torque delivered during starting will
be compared against the Normalized load torque (I LR/IFLA)LOAD
requirement.
4. Provide and overall evaluation and recommendation
based on this analysis
The following motors are included on this study
1. VRS Motor KM5806
2. Mixer Motor YM7601
3. Blower Motor KM8639
4. Blower Motor KM8601
5. VRS Refrigeration Compressor VM5814
6. Pellet Blending Blower SM8645
Chapter 6-Detailed Big Motor Starting Study
Page 347
6.2 Methodology
This motor starting study is an extension of the load flow
study conducted in chapter 2. Using the Load Flow sheet developed
by the author, the starting kVA of each of the big motors will be
used to determine the bus voltages, motor terminal voltage and
starting torque. The locked rotor powers are calculated as follows.
kVASTARTING LR xkVANOMINAL
IFLA
kWSTARTING kVASTARTINGxPFSTARTING
kVARSTARTING (kVASTARTING)2 (kWSTARTING)2
As per IEEE Brown Book Std 399-1997, the typical
starting power factor are as follows:
Motors below 1000hp - PFSTARTING = 0.20
Above 1000hp-PFSTARTING = 0.15
The terminal voltage of the motor is given by the equation
below
VTERM 3 6.9kVBUS ISTARTINGZMOTORCABLE

3
equation 6.2
Given that the torque delivered is proportional to the

square of the terminal voltage, the relation between the normalized
locked rotor torque at a given terminal voltage is shown below.
TLR
T
N VX
TLR
T
N VNOMINAL
VX
VNOMINAL
equation 6.3
Page 348
Where
TLR
is the normalized Locked-rotor torque at

T
N
VX
terminal voltage Vx during starting
TLR
is the normalized locked-rotor torque
T
N VNOMINAL
at nominal voltage VNOMINAL
It should be noted that the basis of the bus voltage
calculations on the load flow sheet is that the TRL3A and TRL3B tap
changer is set at -2.5% or tap number 4.
6.3 Starting Analysis
KM5806
Calculation of Bus Voltages
kVANOMINAL=727.175 kVA
ILR
4.5 , PFSTARTING=0.20
IFLA
kVASTARTING LR xkVANOMINAL (4.5)x(727.175)

IFLA
kVASTARTING 3272.287kVA
kWSTARTING kVASTARTINGxPFSTARTING (3272.287)x(0.20)
kWSTARTING 654.457kW
kVARSTARTING (kVASTARTING)2 (kWSTARTING)2
kVAR STARTING (3272.287)2 (654.457)2
kVARSTARTING 3206.173kVAR
Page 349
Using the above starting data, the values of the bus

voltages are calculated using the load flow sheet. It is assumed
that the TRL3A an TRL3B NVTC is set at -2.5%
Table 6.1 Bus Voltage Calculation Results for KM5806
Starting
KM5806
Bus 2
(6.9kV Bus)
Bus 3
(MCC8)
Bus 4
(MCC9)
Before Starting
(Permissible %
of Base
Voltage>98)
Bus
% of
Voltage
Base
Voltage
During Starting
(Permissible %
of Base
Voltage>90)
Bus
% of
Voltage
Base
Voltage
6808.593
98.675
6736.896
97.636
After Starting
(Permissible
% of Base
Voltage>98)
Bus
% of
Voltage
Base
Voltag
e
6799.11
98.53
477.726
99.526
472.5197
98.442
477.037
99.38
478.7272
99.735
473.5327
98.653
478.040
99.59
The calculation results from table 6.1 shows that the

bus voltages before, during and after the starting of KM5806 are all
within the permissible limits which ensures that the other running
motors will not stall.
Table 6.2 Total Complex Power Requirement for Starting
KM5806
Complex Power
Requirement
Before Starting
(MW,MVAR,MVA)
6.714+j4.156
7.897/31.760
Complex Power
Requirement
During Starting
(MW,MVAR,MVA)
7.373+j7.513
10.527/45.538
Complex Power
Requirement
After Starting
(MW,MVAR,MVA)
7.238+j4.597
8.575/32.419
Based on the load flow results, for normal operating

condition and for reliability, two (2) generators (8.375MVA each) is
required. Based on table 6.2, the total requirement during KM5806
startup is 7.37MW and 7.513MVAR or 10.527MVA
which means
Page 350
that the two generators will be able to share the load before, during
and after KM5806 starting. In terms of reactive power requirement,
the
maximum reactive
loading for
each
generator
is about
6.650MVAR (inductive) and during starting, the total reactive power

requirement is 7.513MVAR. This means that the two generators will
share approximately 3.756MVAR of reactive power requirement
which is below the reactive power limit of one generator.
Calculation of KM5806 Terminal Voltage and Torque
From the results of the bus voltage calculation for KM5806
starting condition, the starting terminal voltage on the said motor is
calculated as
VTERM 3 6.9kVBUS ISTARTINGZMOTORCABLE

3
6726.780 - j163.289
VTERM 3
328.152 j65.6300.0400 j0.0333
3
VTERM 6710.403 V
This terminal voltage represents the transient value during
starting and is about 97.25% of base voltage (6900V) which is
within the permissible limit of 90% or 2.75% voltage drop which is
within the permissible limit of 10%.
Using this voltage, the normalized locked-rotor torque
delivered by the motor (ratio of starting torque to nominal torque)
is calculated.
TLR
T
N VX
TLR
T
N VNOMINAL
TLR
T
N VX
0.8
VX
VNOMINAL
6,710.42
6900
Page 351
TLR
0.76
T
N VX
The calculated locked rotor torque during starting of about
0.76 is compared against the load torque requirement during
starting. As shown in figure 6.1, during starting the load requires a
torque of about 0.4 and the motor can deliver 0.76 which means
that KM5806 can be started successfully.
0.76
0.4
Figure 6.1 Combined Motor and Load Torque-speed curve for

KM5806
Calculating for the rest of the big motors using the same
process and based on the motor starting data from table 6.3 and
6.4.
Table 6.3 Big Motor Starting Data
Motor
Tag
kVASTARTING
kWSTARTING
kVARSTARTING
ILR/IFLA
PFSTARTING
KM5806
3,272.29
654.46
3,206.17
4.5
0.2
YM7601
31,938.46
4,790.77
31,577.11
5.5
0.15
KM8639
2,171.05
434.21
2,127.19
5.5
0.2
KM8601
1,765.08
353.02
1,729.42
5.5
0.2
VM5814
1234.4696
246.894
1209.528
6.5
0.2
SM8645
1206.086
241.217
1181.718
6.5
0.2
Page 352
Table 6.4 Big Motor Starting Data

Motor Tag ISTARTING
ZMOTORCABLE
KM5806
YM7601
KM8639
KM8601
VM5814
SM8645
0.0400+j0.0333
0.04515+j0.0470
0.0279+j0.0232
0.0518+j0.0431
0.05488+j0.0292
328.152+j65.63
2016.186+j1754.082
178.132+j35.626
144.823+j28.964
1456.001+j291.2
The bus voltages and terminal voltage of each motor is

calculated using the load flow calculation sheet developed by the
author, the calculation results are summarize on tables 6.5 to 6.8.
YM7601
Table 6.5 Bus Voltage Calculation Results for DOL Starting of
YM7601
YM7601
Before Starting
(Permissible %
of Base
Voltage>98)
During Starting
(Permissible % of
Base Voltage>90)
Bus
Voltage
Bus
Voltage
6087.02
% of
Base
Voltage
88.22
After Starting
(Permissible %
of Base
Voltage>98)
Bus 2 (6.9kV
Bus)
Bus 3 (MCC8)
6860.29
% of
Base
Voltage
99.42
Bus
Voltage
481.48
100.31
425.22
88.59
6799.1
1
477.04
Bus 4 (MCC9)
482.47
100.51
426.36
88.82
478.04
% of
Base
Voltage
98.54
99.38
99.59
The calculation results above for the bus voltages before

and after starting the YM7601 shows acceptable bus voltage.
However, during starting, the transient voltage dip on the three
buses
are
all
below
the
permissible
value.
It
is
therefore
recommended to use a suitable Reduce voltage starter (RVS) to

limit the starting current and to maintain the bus voltages above
the permissible limit. This will ensure that the running motors are
not going to stall. It is further recommended that an Auto
transformer type RVS should be used. A quick calculation on the
Page 353
possible values of ILR/IFLA is shown in table 6.5. Values are derived

from the load flow calculation sheet developed by the author. For
ILR/IFLA of 5.5 which is the original DOL value, the values of bus
voltages are below acceptable limit of more than 90%. By
decreasing the ratio up to 4.5, the values of the bus voltages start
to increase to permissible value of 90%.
Table 6.6 Simulation for determining the RVS tap
ILR/
IFLA
Permissible % of
Base Voltage>90
YM7601
Terminal
Voltage
Bus 4 (V)
T/Tn
Starting
T/Tn
Load
Delivered
Torque
Margin
(%)
0.30
420.15
Bus 2
Bus
3
5.5
88.21
88.58
88.82
6086.506
1.264
5
4.5
4.4
4
3.5
3.3
88.07
90.49
90.71
91.58
92.64
93.05
89.80
90.97
91.20
92.11
93.22
93.65
90.03
91.20
91.43
92.33
93.44
93.88
6165.45
6242.13
6257.21
6316.73
6389.42
6417.99
1.30
1.33
1.34
1.36
1.39
1.41
432.48
443.30
445.45
453.96
464.47
468.63
For a ILR/IFLA of 4.4, the percent tap of RVS is calculated as
IP
VS IP IFLA
I
S
VP IS
I
FLA
IP
VS IFLA
I
S
VP
I
FLA
4.4 0.8
5.5
Therefore, an RVS with an 80% reduction (tap) can be used

to achieve the permissible voltage dip on all buses during starting.
However to improve further the bus voltages during starting and as
an alternative to 80 tap RVS, a 60% tap can also be used and will
Page 354
result to further improvement in the bus voltages as shown in last

row of table 6.5. Using the 60% tap, the bus voltages becomes
93.05% for 6.9kV bus, 93.65% for MCC8 480V bus and 93.88% for
MCC9 480V bus which are all above the permissible limit.
Calculation for 60% tap.
IP
VS IFLA
I
VP S
I
FLA
3.3
0.60
5.5

YM7601 w/o auto transformer
Complex Power
Requirement
Before Starting
(MW,MVAR,MVA)
2.635+j1.795 or
3.188/34.26
Although
two(2)
Complex Power
Requirement
During Starting
(MW,MVAR,MVA)
7.564+37.987 or
38.732/78.740
generators
can
Complex Power
Requirement
After Starting
(MW,MVAR,MVA)
7.238+j4.597 or
8.575/32.419
supply
the
steady
state
requirement, starting condition with 38.73MVA or 7.564MW +

37.987MVAR requires running additional 4 generators to supply the
primarily the required reactive power without exceeding the reactive
power generation limit of 6.650MVAR
per generator. However,
using the recommendation for an auto transformer starter of 60%

tap, the new starting power requirement is calculated using the load
flow sheet and is summarized in table 6.8. This will require running
Page 355
additional two generators during starting instead of four units. This

results shows that not only did the bus voltages improved during
starting with the use of auto transformer but also the complex
power requirement for starting YM7601 becomes less and hence
more economical.

YM7601 with auto transformer
Complex Power
Requirement
Before Starting
(MW,MVAR,MVA)
2.635+j1.795 or
3.188/34.26
Complex Power
Requirement
During Starting
(MW,MVAR,MVA)
5.558+22.35 or
23.036/76.039
Complex Power
Requirement
After Starting
(MW,MVAR,MVA)
7.238+j4.597 or
8.575/32.419
KM8639
Table 6.9 Bus Voltage Calculation Results for Starting of
KM8639
KM8639
Before Starting
(Permissible % of
Base Voltage>98)
During Starting
(Permissible % of
Base Voltage>90)
After Starting
(Permissible %
of Base
Voltage>98)
Bus
% of
Voltage
Base
Voltage
6799.11
98.54
Bus
Voltage
% of Base
Voltage
Bus
Voltage
Bus 2 (6.9kV
Bus)
Bus 3 (MCC8)
6803.12
98.60
6755.64
% of
Base
Voltage
97.91
477.33
99.44
473.88
98.73
477.04
99.38
Bus 4 (MCC9)
478.33
99.65
474.89
98.94
478.04
99.59
The calculation results from the above table for voltages

before starting, during starting and after starting the KM8639 shows
acceptable values. This means that there will be no voltage issues
when starting KM8639. Calculation results for total complex power
Page 356
requirement during starting of KM8639 shown in table 6.10 and

shows that two(2) generator units is sufficient to supply both steady
state condition and the starting condition of KM8639.

KM8639
Complex Power
Requirement
Before Starting
(MW,MVAR,MVA)
6.976+j4.411or
8.254/32.306
Complex Power
Requirement
During Starting
(MW,MVAR,MVA)
7.413 +j6.634 or
9.948/41.826
Complex Power
Requirement
After Starting
(MW,MVAR,MVA)
7.238+j4.597 or
8.575/32.419

KM8601
Before Starting
(Permissible %
of Base
Voltage>98)
Bus
% of
Voltage
Base
(V)
Voltage
During Starting
(Permissible %
of Base
Voltage>90)
Bus
% of
Voltage
Base
(V)
Voltage
After Starting
(Permissible %
of Base
Voltage>98)
Bus
% of
Voltage
Base
(V)
Voltage
Bus 2 (6.9kV Bus)
6802.40
98.59
6763.84
98.03
6799.11
98.54
Bus 3 (MCC8)
477.28
99.43
474.48
98.85
477.04
99.38
Bus 4 (MCC9)
478.28
99.64
475.49
99.06
478.04
99.59

before starting, during starting and after starting the KM8601 shows
when starting KM8601. Calculation results for total complex power
requirement during starting of KM8601 shown in table 6.12 and
state condition and the starting condition of KM8601.
Page 357

KM8601
Complex Power
Requirement
Before Starting
(MW,MVAR,MVA)
7.038+j4.444
8.324/32.271
Complex Power
Requirement
During Starting
(MW,MVAR,MVA)
7.393 +j6.249 or
9.681/40.208
Complex Power
Requirement
After Starting
(MW,MVAR,MVA)
7.238+j4.597 or
8.575/32.419

VM5814
Bus 2 (6.9kV Bus)

Bus 3 (MCC8)
Bus 4 (MCC9)
Before Starting
(Permissible %
of Base
Voltage>98)
Bus
% of
Voltage
Base
(V)
Voltage
During Starting
(Permissible %
of Base
Voltage>90)
Bus
% of
Voltage
Base
(V)
Voltage
After Starting
(Permissible %
of Base
Voltage>98)
Bus
% of
Voltage
Base
(V)
Voltage
6801.34
478.54
478.20
6773.38
461.46
476.18
6799.11
477.04
478.04
98.57
99.70
99.63
98.16
96.14
99.20
98.54
99.38
99.59

before starting, during starting and after starting the VM5814
shows acceptable values. This means that there will be no voltage
issues when starting VM5814 . Calculation results for total complex
power requirement during starting of VM5814 shown in table 6.14
and shows that two(2) generator units is sufficient to supply both
steady state condition and the starting condition of VM5814 .
Page 358

VM5814
Complex Power
Requirement
Before Starting
(MW,MVAR,MVA)
7.092+j4.493
8.396/32.360
Complex Power
Requirement
During Starting
(MW,MVAR,MVA)
7.347 +j5.503 or
9.362/38.303
Complex Power
Requirement
After Starting
(MW,MVAR,MVA)
7.238+j4.597 or
8.575/32.419

SM8645
SM8645
Before Starting
(Permissible %
of Base
Voltage>98)
Bus
% of
Voltage
Base
(V)
Voltage
During Starting
(Permissible %
of Base
Voltage>90)
Bus
% of
Voltage
Base
(V)
Voltage
After Starting
(Permissible %
of Base
Voltage>98)
Bus
% of
Voltage
Base
(V)
Voltage
Bus 2 (6.9kV Bus)
6800.70
477.15
479.11
6773.49
475.18
462.49
6799.11
477.04
478.04
Bus 3 (MCC8)
Bus 4 (MCC9)
98.56
99.41
99.82
98.17
99.00
96.35
98.54
99.38
99.59

before starting, during starting and after starting the SM8645 shows
when starting SM8645. Calculation results for total complex power
requirement during starting of SM8645 shown in table 6.16 and
state condition and the starting condition of SM8645.
SM8645
Complex Power
Requirement
Before Starting
(MW,MVAR,MVA)
7.133+j4.523
8.446/32.380
Complex Power
Requirement
During Starting
(MW,MVAR,MVA)
7.381 +j5.797 or
9.386/38.147
Complex Power
Requirement
After Starting
(MW,MVAR,MVA)
7.238+j4.597 or
8.575/32.419
Page 359
The
calculation
for
the
terminal
voltage
and
normalized(with nominal) locked-rotor torque delivered of each of

the big motors is repeated using the same procedure used for
KM5806 and the results are summarized in the table 6.17. Since the
torque delivered by the motors during starting as shown in column
four(4) are all more than the load torque requirement as shown in
column five(5), all the big motors will successfully start its load.
However, though YM7601 torque delivered can still drive the load at
the given starting terminal voltage of 6076.942V starting is
affecting the bus voltages
Table 6.17 Summary of Starting Torque Evaluation
TLR/TN
(at
Nominal
Voltage)
TLR/TNOMINAL
(at
Starting
Voltage)
TLOAD/TN
OMINAL
Motor
Tag
VMOTOR
TERM (V)
Require
d
Starting
Torque
KM5806
6,718.5
0.8
0.76
0.4
YM7601
6086.50
1.625
1.26
0.3
KM8639
6748.67
1.25
1.20
0.532
KM8601
6753.32
1.15
1.10
0.624
VM5814
358.104
2.8
1.56
SM8645
436.884
2.7
2.24
0.293
Remarks
TLR/TNOMINAL@starting
> TLOAD/TNOMINAL
Success Starting
> TLOAD/TNOMINAL
Success Starting
TLR/TNOMINAL
> TLOAD/TNOMINAL
Success Starting
TLR/TNOMINAL
> TLOAD/TNOMINAL
Success Starting
TLR/TNOMINAL
> TLOAD/TNOMINAL
Success Starting
TLR/TNOMINAL
> TLOAD/TNOMINAL
Success Starting
Page 360
CHAPTER 7-ARC-FLASH ANALYSIS

7.1 Introduction
The primary objective of an arc flash study is to determine
the amount incident energy based on the available perspective
three phase arc fault current, clearing time of the protective device
during an arc fault, gap between live parts and the working
distance.
The calculated incident energies will either be used to
verify that the existing arc flash rating of the PPE is sufficient
or to specify the arc rating of new PPE. Another objective of an arcflash study is to calculate and define arc-flash boundary or the flash
protection boundary. This boundary is the distance from the arc
source in which the heat energy experienced by the skin is about
1.2 cal/cm2 which is the minimum heat energy required to incur a
curable second degree burn.
According to PEC 2009 article
1.10.1.16 1.10.1.16 Flash Protection. Switchboards, panel boards,

industrial control panels, meter socket enclosures, and motor
control centers that are in other than dwelling occupancies and are
likely to require examination, adjustment, servicing, or maintenance
while energized shall be field marked to warn licensed electrical
practitioner
or
non-licensed
electrical
practitioner
under
the
supervision of a licensed electrical practitioner of potential electric

arc flash hazards. The marking shall be located so as to be clearly
visible to licensed electrical practitioner or non-licensed electrical
practitioner
under
practitioner
before
the
supervision
examination,
of
licensed
adjustment,
electrical
servicing,
or
maintenance of the equipment. The markings must contain

information such as calculated incident energy at a given working
distance, PPE arc-flash rating required, and the flash protection
boundary.
Page 361
This analysis will evaluate 11 medium-voltage arc-flash

points and 10 low-voltage switchgear and low voltage panels arcing
energy or incident energy, hazard level and will specify the level of
PPE required as well as the flash protection boundaries.
The analysis will be based on IEEE 1584-2004 Guide for
Performing
Arc-Flash
Hazard
Calculations.
According
to
this
standard, the arcing fault current can be calculated using equation

7.1 for low-voltage systems and equation 7.2 for medium-voltage
system.
For Low-Voltage
Log(I ARC ) K 0.662 log(ISC ) 0.0966V 0.000562G

0.5588V log(ISC ) 0.0034G log(ISC )
I ARC 10Log(IARC)
Equation 7.1
For Medium-Voltage
Log(I ARC ) 0.00402 0.983 log(ISC )
Log(IARC)
I ARC 10
Equation 7.2
Where IARC is the arcing current in kA

K is -0.153 for open air and -0.097 for arcing in a box
ISC is bolted three-phase short circuit current (symmetrical
RMS)
V is the system voltage in kV
G is the conductor gap in mm
The normalized incident (Ein) energy for 0.2 seconds clearing time
and 610mm working distance is give as
Log(Ein)=k1 +k2 + 1.081log(IARC) +0.0011G
Ein=10Log(Ein)
Equation 7.3
Page 362
The incident energy at a specific location (Ei) is calculated as

Ei=4.184 Cf Ein (t/0.2) (610/D)x
Equation 7.4
Where k1 is the open air or box factor (-0.792 for Open and 0.555 for boxed)
k2 is the ungrounded/grounded factor (0 for ungrounded and
-0.113 for grounded system)
Cf is the calculation factor (1.5 for LV and 1.0 for MV)
D is working distance
X is the distance factor 2.0 for LV & MV open air, 0.973 for MV
switchgear, 1.473 for LV switchgear, 1.641 for MCC and panel
Another objective of arc-flash study is to determine the arcflash boundary which is defined by IEEE 1584 as approach limit at
a distance from exposed live parts within which a person could
receive a second degree burn if an electrical arc flash were to
occur. The incident energy at that boundary that can incur such
injury is about 5 Joule/cm2. The arc flash boundary (DB) is
calculated as
DB=[4.184 Cf Ein (t/0.2) (610x/EB)]1/x
Equation 7.5
Where DB is the distance from arc in mm

EB = incident energy at the arc flash boundary, typically
1.2 cal/cm2 or 5 Joules/cm2
Ein = incident energy normalized
Cf = calculation factor
t = arcing time in seconds from overcurrent device time
current curve
X = distance exponent
Page 363
7.2 Arc-Flash Calculation for Medium-Voltage System
13.8kV Power Plant

Switchgear
52
AFP-1
AFP-2
6.9kV
Switchgear
52
AFP-3
52
52
AFP-4
52
AFP-5
52
52
AFP-7
AFP-6
AFP-8
TRL3A
M
KM5806
YM7601
KM8639
52
52
AFP-9
AFP11
AFP-10
TRL3B
KM8601
To
MCC8
To
MCC9
Figure 7.1 Arc-Flash Location Diagram for Medium-Voltage

System
Page 364
Load Side of 52TRM1P

Calculation of Arcing Fault Current
From the result of three phase short circuit analysis in chapter 4,
ISC= 23.25kA. Both the 100% and 80% of arcing fault are
calculated using the equation 7.2,
Log(IARC ) 0.00402 0.983 log(ISC )

IARC 10Log(IARC)
Log(I ARC ) 0.00402 0.983 log(23.24) 1.347
I ARC 101.3476 22.239kA
I85%ARC 18.9kA
Using this calculated arcing current, the normalized incident energy
is calculated as
k1=-0.555, k2=-0.113, G=153mm
Ein=10Log(Ein)
Log(Ein)=-0.555-0.113+1.081log(22.239) + 0.0011(153)
Log(Ein)=0.956
Ein=100.956=9.047 joule/cm2
Calculating the incident energy at 85% arcing fault current
Log(Ein)=-0.555-0.113+1.081log(18.9) + 0.0011(153)
Log(Ein)=0.88
Ein=100.88=7.59 joule/cm2
Page 365
Using this normalized incident energies and equation 7.3, the

specific incident energy for a working distance (D) of 457mm is
calculated as
Ei=4.184 Cf Ein (t/0.2) (610/D)x
Cf=1.0 (for MV System), x=0.973 for MV switchgear
D=700mm
Clearing time of Relay Primary protective device of TRM1 51PTRM1P
at 100% arcing fault is
3.922
t
0.0982 2.98 0.37 second
19.302 2
1.84
And the clearing time of the same relay at 85% arcing fault is
3.922
t
0.0982 2.98 0.4 second
18.9 2
1.84
Incident energy at 100% arcing fault current is

Ei= 4.184 (1.0) (9.047) (0.37/0.2) (610/700)0.973
Ei=61.79 joule/cm2 or
Ei=61.79 x (1.2/5) cal/cm2 = 14.83 cal/cm2
Page 366

Ei= 4.184 (1.0) (7.59) (0.4/0.2) (610/700)0.973
Ei=56.168 x (1.2/5) cal/cm2 = 13.48 cal/cm2
As per IEEE 1584, both 100% and 85% incident energies
correspond to a hazard level 3 and would require a PPE rating of 25
cal/cm2.
Arc-Flash Boundary Calculation
Using the equation 7.5, the arc-flash boundary is calculated as
DB=[4.184 Cf Ein (t/0.2) (610x/EB)]1/x
At 100% arcing current:
DB=[4.184 (1) (9.05) (0.37/0.2) (6100.973/5)]1/0.973
DB=8409mm
DB=[4.184 (1) (7.59) (0.4/0.2) (6100.973/5)]1/0.973
DB=9274mm
This result implies that if there is an operational need to
open
the
13.8kV
load
side
switchgear
at
power
plant
for
maintenance or inspection while energized, a safety barrier of 9.3

meters from the circuit breaker cubicle should be maintained and
only personnel with a 25cal/cm2 arc-flash suit should be allowed to
enter the said barrier.
Page 367
Calculation results by repeating the same procedure for the rest of

the medium-voltage switchgears are presented in table 7.1, 7.2 and
7.3.
Table 7.1 Calculation results for normalized incident energy
ARCFLASH
POINT
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
Location
Isc
(kA)
Iarc
(kA)
22.24
19.30
19.30
En
(j/cm2)
100%
9.05
7.76
7.76
En
(j/cm2)
85%
7.59
6.51
6.51

Line Side of 52TRM1S
Load Side of 52TRM1S
and 6.9kV Bus
Line/Load Side of
52KM5806
Line/Load Side of
52YM7601
Line/Load Side of
52KM8639
Line/Load Side of
52KM8601
Line/Load Side of TRL3A
Primary Feeder
Line/Load Side of PC001
Feeder
Line/Load Side of TRL3B
Primary Feeder
Line side of PC001 panel
23.25
20.13
20.13
20.13
19.30
7.76
6.51
20.13
19.30
7.76
6.51
20.13
19.30
7.76
6.51
20.13
19.30
7.76
6.51
20.13
19.30
7.76
6.51
20.13
19.30
7.76
6.51
20.13
19.30
7.76
6.51
19.78
18.98
7.62
6.39
Note: k1=-0.555, k2=-0.113, G=153mm
Page 368

arcing fault current level
ARCFLASH
POINT
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
Location
Load Side of
52TRM1P
Line Side of
52TRM1S
Load Side of
52TRM1S and 6.9kV
Bus
Line/Load Side of
52KM5806
Line/Load Side of
52YM7601
Line/Load Side of
52KM8639
Line/Load Side of
52KM8601
Line/Load Side of
TRL3A Primary
Feeder
Line/Load Side of
PC001 Feeder
Line/Load Side of
TRL3B Primary
Feeder
Line side of PC001
panel
t
(s)
E
(J/cm2)
E
(cal/cm2)
Hazard
Level
0.37
71.78
17.23
0.73
121.05
29.05
0.57
94.00
22.56
0.05
8.25
1.98
0.05
8.25
1.98
0.05
8.25
1.98
0.05
8.25
1.98
0.05
8.25
1.98
0.05
8.25
1.98
0.05
8.25
1.98
0.05
8.10
1.94
Note: Cf=1, D=600mm, x=0.973
Page 369

arcing fault current level
ARCFLASH
POINT
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
t
(s)
E
(J/cm2)
E
(cal/cm2)
Hazard
Level
0.40
0.91
0.71
65.26
126.23
98.02
15.66
30.30
23.52
3
4
3
0.05
6.92
1.66
0.05
6.92
1.66
0.05
6.92
1.66
0.05
6.92
1.66
0.05
6.92
1.66
0.05
6.92
1.66
0.05
6.92
1.66
0.05
6.80
1.63
Location
Load Side of 52TRM1S
and 6.9kV Bus
Line/Load Side of
52KM5806
Line/Load Side of
52YM7601
Line/Load Side of
52KM8639
Line/Load Side of
52KM8601
Line/Load Side of
TRL3A Primary Feeder
Line/Load Side of
PC001 Feeder
Line/Load Side of
TRL3B Primary Feeder
Line side of PC001
panel
Note: Cf=1, D=600mm, x=0.973

Table 7.4 Calculation results for Arc-Flash Boundary (AFB)
for Medium-Voltage Loads
ARC-FLASH
POINT
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
Location
Load Side of 52TRM1S and
6.9kV Bus
Line/Load Side of 52KM5806
Line/Load Side of 52YM7601
Line/Load Side of TRL3A
Primary Feeder
Line/Load Side of PC001
Feeder
Line/Load Side of TRL3B
Primary Feeder
Line side of PC001 panel
AFB (mm)
100%
9275
15869
12237
AFB (mm)
85%
8410
16568
12775
1004
1004
1004
1004
1004
838
838
838
838
838
1004
838
1004
838
985
823
Page 370
Based on the results of medium-voltage system arc-flash

calculation, the maximum incident energy will be generated by an
arc-flash event at the line side of 52TRM1S with a calculated energy
at 100% arcing current of 29.05 cal/cm2 and at 85% arcing current
of 30.30 cal/cm2. At that point, the normalized incident energy at
100% arcing current is higher than the 85% arcing current and this
is attributed to the increase in protective relays clearing time from
0.73 second to 0.91 second. For both situation the hazard level is 4
and requires PPE rating of 40cal/cm2. The calculations also suggest
that the arc-flash boundaries are 16.6m and 12.8m for line side and
load side respectively. These distances from the breaker cubicle
must be maintained in case there is a need to perform live
inspection and maintenance and that these boundaries should only
be accessed by personnel with appropriate training and equipped
with arc-flash suit rated at 40cal/cm2. For the rest of the arc-flash
points, a boundary of approximately 1meter (0.838m) should be
maintained and only personnel with appropriate training and
equipped with an arc-flash suit rated at 5 cal/cm2 should be allowed
to enter the boundary to perform live inspection and maintenance.
Page 371
7.3 Arc-Flash Calculation for Low-Voltage System
AFP-12
52
AFP-13
AFP-14
AFP-15
AFP-16
M
TYPICAL
LV
MOTOR
EMDB/MNDB
PANEL

System MCC8
Page 372
AFP-17
52
AFP-18
AFP-19
AFP-20
AFP-21
M
TYPICAL
LV
MOTOR
YM7607 VFD
PANEL

System MCC9
Line side of secondary breaker of TRL3A
Calculation of Arcing Fault Current
From the result of three phase short circuit analysis in chapter 4,
ISC= 46kA. Both the 100% and 80% of arcing fault are calculated
using the equation 7.1,
Log(I ARC ) K 0.662 log(ISC ) 0.0966V 0.000562G

0.5588V log(ISC ) 0.0034G log(ISC )
I ARC 10Log(IARC)
Log(I ARC ) 0.097 0.662 log(46) 0.0966(0.48) 0.000562(32)

0.5588V log(46) 0.0034G log(46)
I ARC 10Log(1.351) 22.45kA
Page 373
Using this calculated arcing current, the normalized incident energy

is calculated as
k1=-0.555, k2=-0.113, G=32mm
Ein=10Log(Ein)
Log(Ein)=-0.555-0.113+1.081log(22.45) + 0.0011(32)
Log(Ein)=0.8278
Ein=100.8278=6.727 joule/cm2
Calculating the incident energy at 85% arcing fault current
Log(Ein)=-0.555-0.113+1.081log(19.081) + 0.0011(32)
Log(Ein)=0.7515
Ein=100.7515=5.643 joule/cm2
Using this normalized incident energies and equation 7.3, the
specific incident energy for a working distance (D) of 457mm is
calculated as
Ei=4.184 Cf Ein (t/0.2) (610/D)x
Cf=1.0 (for MV System), x=0.973 for MV switchgear
D=700mm
Clearing
time
of
Relay
Primary
protective
device
of
TRL3A
51PTRL3AP at 100% arcing fault is
3.922
t
0.0982 2.891 0.633 second
22.45(0.48 / 6.9) 2
0.27
Page 374
And the clearing time of the same relay at 85% arcing fault is
3.922
t
0.0982 2.891 0.773 second
0.85(22.45)(0.48 / 6.9) 2
0.27

Ei= 4.184 (1.5) (6.727) (0.633/0.2) (610/600)1.641
Ei=137.36 x (1.2/5) cal/cm2 = 32.97 cal/cm2
Ei= 4.184 (1.5) (7.59) (0.773/0.2) (610/600)1.641
Ei=140.7 x (1.2/5) cal/cm2 = 33.76 cal/cm2
As per IEEE 1584, both 100% and 85% incident energies
correspond to a hazard level 3 and would require a PPE rating of 40
cal/cm2.
Arc-Flash Boundary Calculation
Using the equation 7.5, the arc-flash boundary is calculated as
DB=[4.184 Cf Ein (t/0.2) (610x/EB)]1/x
DB=[4.184 (1.5) (6.727) (0.633/0.2) (6101.641/5)]1/1.641
DB=4518mm
Page 375

DB=[4.184 (1.5) (5.643) (0.773/0.2) (6101.641/5)]1/1.641
DB=4585mm
This result implies that if there is an operational need to
open the Line side of secondary breaker of TRL3A of MCC8 for
maintenance or inspection while energized, a safety barrier of 4.6
meters from the circuit breaker cubicle should be maintained and
only personnel with a 40 cal/cm2 arc-flash suit should be allowed to
enter the said barrier.
Calculation results by repeating the same procedure for the
rest of the medium-voltage switchgears are presented in table 7.5,
7.6, 7.7 and 7.8.
Table 7.5 Calculation results for normalized incident energy
ARCFLASH
POINT
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
Location
Isc
Iarc
En
En
Line side of secondary

breaker of TRL3A
Load side of secondary
breaker of TRL3A
Load side of the LV
motor breakers
Load side of the LV
Panels breakers
Load side of the LV
panel
Line side of secondary
breaker of TRL3B
Load side of secondary
breaker of TRL3B
Load side of the LV
motor breakers
Load side of the LV
Panels
Load side of the LV VFD
panel
46
22.45
6.727
5.643
46
22.45
6.727
5.643
46
22.45
6.727
5.643
46
22.45
6.727
5.643
46
22.45
6.727
5.643
47
22.85
6.859
5.754
47
22.85
6.859
5.754
47
22.85
6.859
5.754
47
22.85
6.859
5.754
23.44
12.8
3.666
3.075
Page 376

arcing fault current level for Low-Voltages Loads
ARCFLASH
POINT
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
Location
Line side of
secondary breaker of
TRL3A
Load side of
TRL3A
Load side of the LV
motor breakers
Load side of the LV
Panels breakers
Load side of the LV
panel
Line side of
TRL3B
Load side of
TRL3B
Load side of the LV
motor breakers
Load side of the LV
Panels
Load side of the LV
VFD panel
E
(J/cm2)
E
(cal/cm2)
Hazard
Level
137.36
32.97
65.68
15.76
6.51
1.56
6.51
1.56
6.51
1.56
135.44
32.51
54.86
13.17
6.63
1.59
6.63
1.59
3.55
0.85
Page 377

arcing fault current level for Low-Voltages Loads
ARCFLASH
POINT
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
Location
Line side of
secondary
breaker of TRL3A
Load side of
secondary
breaker of TRL3A
Load side of the
LV motor
breakers
Load side of the
LV Panels
breakers
Load side of the
LV panel
Line side of
secondary
breaker of TRL3B
Load side of
secondary
breaker of TRL3B
Load side of the
LV motor
breakers
Load side of the
LV Panels
Load side of the
LV VFD panel
t
(s)
E
(J/cm2)
E
(cal/cm2)
Hazard
Level
0.77
140.70
33.77
0.37
67.64
16.23
0.03
5.46
1.31
0.03
5.46
1.31
0.03
5.46
1.31
0.75
138.28
33.19
0.30
56.23
13.50
0.03
5.57
1.34
0.03
5.57
1.34
0.03
2.97
0.71
Page 378
Table 7.8 Calculation results for Arc-Flash Boundary (AFB)

for Medium-Voltage Loads
ARC-FLASH
POINT
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
Location
Line side of secondary breaker
of TRL3A
Load side of secondary breaker
of TRL3A
Load side of the LV motor
breakers
Load side of the LV Panels
breakers
Load side of the LV panel
Line side of secondary breaker
of TRL3B
Load side of secondary breaker
of TRL3B
Load side of the LV motor
breakers
Load side of the LV Panels
Load side of the LV VFD panel
AFB
(mm)
100%
AFB
(mm)
80%
4518
4585
2882
2934
704
633
704
633
704
633
4480
4537
2583
2622
713
640
713
487
640
437
Based on the results of Low-voltage arc-flash calculation,

the maximum incident energy will be generated by an arc-flash
event at the line side of secondary breaker of TRL3A/B with a
calculated energy at 100% arcing current of 33.97/33.51 cal/cm2
and at 85% arcing current of 33.77/33.19 cal/cm2. For both
situation, the hazard level is 4 and requires PPE rating of 40cal/cm2
and an arc-flash boundaries of about 4.6m. These distances from
the breaker cubicle must be maintained in case there is a need to
perform live inspection and maintenance and that these boundaries
should only be accessed by personnel with appropriate training and
equipped with arc-flash suit rated at 40cal/cm2. As shown on table
7.9, the minimum arc-flash boundary is at the load side of the LV
VFD panel which is about 437mm and requires an arc-flash suit of
5cal/cm2.
Page 379
CHAPTER 8-CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

8.1 Load Flow
1. Bus Voltages
As presented in chapter 3, the bus voltage for 6.9kV bus is
acceptable on both cases however, calculation shows that
MCC8 and MCC9 bus voltages are not acceptable on both
cases and therefore recommended to adjust the primary noload tag changer to -2.5%. It has been presented the
significant increase in bus voltages with the increase in
capacitor steps or kVAR.
2. Voltage Drop
Based on the calculation, voltage drop of all transformer
feeders and medium voltage loads are acceptable. However,
seven (7) low-voltage loads are identified to have an
unacceptable voltage drop and recommendation was put
forward in chapter 3 to correct the issue.
3. Transformer Loading
On both study cases, the loading of all power transformers
are well below the JGSPC SOP requirement of 60%. The study
implies that for TRM1, an additional 40% load can be handled
and about 25% and 30% for TRL3A and TRL3B respectively.
In second case where capacitors are on-line, significant
reduction on TRM can be achieved as the number of
capacitors online is increase. This is due to the absorption of
reactive power by the capacitors. It is expected that both
TRL3A and TRL3B will have no reduction on it loading as the
capacitors are connected on the 6.9kV bus.
Page 380
4. Bus Bar and Feeder Loading

Bus bar loading on both cases shows satisfactory results. There
are even significant reduction in current flows on all buses as the
number of capacitor bank increases. This resulted to decrease in
feeder loss of about 1 kW for TL1 and a few watts on TL2 and
TL3.
5. Power Factor
On both cases, the factor of each buses and the overall power
factor are all satisfactory. As expected on case 2, significant
improvement is realized as the number of capacitor banks is
increased.
This
improvement
consequentially
improved
the
transformer loading as discussed on no3.

8.2 Short Circuit Analysis
In short circuit analysis, ANSI methodology was used
calculating both momentary and interrupting short circuit currents.
These values were used to evaluate both medium-voltage and lowvoltage circuit breakers making and breaking capacity. Using
JGSPCs criteria for safety margin of not less than 30%, all breakers
exceeded the requirement and therefore satisfactory. The calculated
results were used to calculate protective device settings and
perform device coordination.
8.3 Protection Coordination
In
calculated
protection
and
coordination,
coordination
study
is
protection
settings
conducted.
are
Generally,
chronological type of coordination was used for protections that are

in series with low or no impedance in between. On the other hand
current
coordination
was
used
for
protection
that
has
high
impedance in between typically between primary and secondary of

circuit breakers.
Page 381
Minimum size of medium cables based on the calculated

maximum fault current and protective device setting are calculated.
Based on the result of this calculation, all medium voltage feeder
cables
are
above
the
minimum
calculated
requirement
and
therefore can handle both normal and abnormal condition. Another

aspect of the analysis is the evaluation of equipment grounding
conductor sizes review where the required minimum sizes are
determined based on table 2.50.6.13. This evaluation shows that all
low voltage feeder cable satisfies the minimum size requirement.
The protective device settings and the calculated fault currents are
used to calculate the arc flash energies and boundaries.
8.4 Detailed Large Motor Starting Analysis

In the motor starting analysis, motor with 100kW output
and above were evaluated. In this analysis, the bus voltages dip
during large motor starting were calculated and compared against
the permissible values. From all the large motors analysed, only
YM7601 have an unacceptable effect on the bus voltages and for
that reason it is recommended to install an RVS with at least 80%
tap to stabilize the bus voltages. Starting torque analysis were also
conducted to all large motors to determine if at the motor can still
deliver the required torque during starting. This torque study shows
that all motors can deliver the required torque during starting.
8.5 Arc-Flash Analysis
In arc-flash analysis, incident energies generated during
an arc fault is calculated for specified arc-flash points at specified
conditions and working distance to determine the severity of the
possible hazard while performing live inspection and maintenance
and to determine the rating of the arc-resistant personnel protective
clothing. The analysis also determined the arc-flash boundary which
Page 382
will be the basis of the distance from the live parts to which
minimum
arc-resistance
PPE
is
required.
The
analysis
have
identified that the maximum required arc-resistant PPE rating is

30.30 cal/cm2 representing hazard level 4 and the minimum
required is 1.66 cal/cm2 representing hazard level 1. As a plant
standard, it is recommended to use 40 cal/cm2 MACRON arc-flash
cover all suit that can be used for both maximum and minimum arcflash hazard level.
Page 383
References
1. IEEE Recommended Practice for Industrial and Commercial
Power System Analysis-IEEE Std. 399-1997
2. IEC 60909-0:2001 IEC Standard for short circuit calculation
3. BAPE Project (Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, LLTD) Short Circuit
Calculation
4. VIOLET BOOK-IEEE Std 551-2006 Recommended Practice for
Calculating Short-Circuit Currents in Industrial and Commercial
Power Systems.
5. BROWN
BOOK-IEEE
Std
399-1997,BROWN
BOOK-
IEEE
Recommended Practice for Industrial and Commercial Power

Systems Analysis.
6. PECEP(JGSPC) document V-F031-TRAN-01-006
7. Philippine Electrical Code Part 1 Volume 1 2009
8. RED BOOK-IEEE Std 141-1993, IEEE Recommended Practice for
Electric Power Distribution for Industrial Plants
9. BUFF BOOK-IEEE Std 242-2001, IEEE Recommended Practice for
Protection and Coordination of Industrial and Commercial Power
Systems
10.
GREEN
BOOK-IEEE
Std
142-1991,
IEEE
Recommended
Practice for Grounding of Industrial and Commercial Power

Systems
11.
IEEE C37.91-2000, Guide for Protective Relay Applications to
Power Transformers
12.
IEEE Std C37.010-1999 (R2005)-IEEE Application Guide for
AC High-Voltage Circuit Breakers Rated on Symmetrical Current

Basis.
13.
IEEE Std C37.96-2000-IEEE guide for AC motor protection
14.
IEC 60909-0:2001 IEC Standard for short circuit calculation
15.
Power System Analysis by Hadi Saadat 2000
Page 385
16.
Power System Analysis of San Jose 10 MVA Substation of
Antique by Engr. Hermie M. Tacogdoy 2013

17.
The ABCs of Overcurrent Coordination by Thomas P. Smith,
P.E. January 2006

18.
ABB Protection Book by Walter A. Elmore 1999
19.
Industrial-Power-Systems-Handbook-Donald-Beeman 1955
20.
IEEE 15842002, New York: IEEE, 2002.
21.
Incident energy factors and simple 480-V incident energy
equations by Tammy L. Gammon and John H. Matthews

22.
Arc Flash Calculation Guide by Jim Phillips 2014
Page 386
ATTACHMENTS
1. AFFIDAVIT OF SOLE AUTHORSHIP
2. AFFIDAVIT OF PEE No. 1 (Dr. CIRILO C. CALIBJO)
3. AFFIDAVIT OF PEE No. 2 (Engr. Benigno S. Jimenez)
4. AFFIDAVIT OF PEE No. 3 (Engr. Eric Tamondong)
5. CURRICULUM VITAE
6. MOST SIGNIFICANT & OUTSTANDING ACHIEVEMENT
CONTRIBUTION
IN
THE
ENGINEERING
7. TRANSCRIPT OF RECORDS
FIELD
OF
ELECTRICAL
REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES

PROVINCE OF _BATANGAS_____ ) SS
AFFIDAVIT OF SOLE AUTHORSHIP

I, Ryan Anthony K. Umali, of legal age, Filipino, married and a resident of Batangas
City, after having been sworn to in accordance with law, hereby depose and say:
1. That I am a Registered Electrical Engineer with PRC license number REE
0034825, valid until September 5, 2019.
2. That the undersigned affiant have sincerely and religiously undergone the said
study and research and hereby and humbly submits this Technical
Engineering Report entitled Power System Modeling and Analysis of 52
MVA Substation of Polyethylene Plant no. 2 of JG Summit
Petrochemical Corporation at Batangas City.
3. That for all legal intents and purposes, Affiant hereby states under oath that
the said report is a product of his own efforts and initiative.
IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I
_______________ at Batangas City.
hereunto
set
my
hands
this
_______
of
RYAN ANTHONY K. UMALI

Affiant
SUBSCRIBE AND SWORN TO BEFORE ME, this _________ day of
_________________ at _______________________, Affiant exhibited to me his
Community Tax Certificate No. _____________ issued on ______ at
________________.
NOTARY PUBLIC
Doc No. _______

Page No. ______
Book No. ______
Series of 2016
REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES)

Province of Batangas
)S.S.
Lipa City
)
x--------------------------------------------x
AFFIDAVIT
I, BENIGNO S. JIMENEZ, of legal age, Filipino, married, and a resident of 1230
F.P Victorino St., Bambang, Pasig City , after having been sworn to in accordance to
the law, do hereby depose and say:
That I am a Professional Electrical Engineer (PEE) holding a PRC License No.
PEE 3106 registered on May 17, 1999 with the Professional Regulation Commission
(PRC) valid until October 1, 2019;
That I am presently employed at Delta Power Engineering and Consulting as
Owner/Consultant;
That I personally know RYAN ANTHONY K. UMALI, as a Registered
Electrical Engineer (REE) and is currently employed at JG Summit Petrochemicals
Group (JGSPG) with plant office at Brgy. Simlong, Batangas City, Batangas;
That his experience record submitted to the Board of Electrical Engineering is
factual and that the technical paper entitled Power System Analysis of 52 MVA
13.8kV-6.9kV Substation of Polyethylene Plant no. 2 of JG Summit
Petrochemical Corporation at Batangas City is actually prepared by him;
That I served as one of his advisers in the preparation of his application for
examination as Professional Electrical Engineer;
IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand this 20 th day of August
2016, at Lipa City, Batangas.
____________________________
Benigno S. Jimenez, PEE
Affiant
SUBSCRIBE AND SWORN to before me this 25th day of August 2016, at Lipa City,
Batangas. Affiant exhibited to me his PRC Identification Card with Registration
Number PEE 3106, valid until October 1, 2019.
Doc No. ______;
Page No. _____;
Book No. ____;
Series of _____.
REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES)

Province of Batangas
)S.S.
Lipa City
)
x--------------------------------------------x
AFFIDAVIT
I, CIRILO C. CALIBJO, of legal age, Filipino, married, and a resident of Pavia, Iloilo, after
having been sworn to in accordance to the law, do hereby depose and say:
That I am a Professional Electrical Engineer (PEE) holding a PRC License No. PEE 3099
registered on November 13, 1998 with the Professional Regulation Commission (PRC) valid
until August 8, 2018;
That I am presently employed at Central Philippine University located in Jaro, Iloilo City
with the position of Dean of College of Computer Studies;
That I personally know RYAN ANTHONY K. UMALI, as a Registered Electrical
Engineer (REE) and is currently employed at JG Summit Petrochemicals Group (JGSPG) with
plant office at Brgy. Simlong, Batangas City, Batangas;
That his experience record submitted to the Board of Electrical Engineering is factual and
that the technical paper entitled Power System Analysis of 52 MVA 13.8kV-6.9kV
Substation of Polyethylene Plant no. 2 of JG Summit Petrochemical Corporation at
Batangas City is actually prepared by him;
That I served as one of his advisers in the preparation of his application for examination
as Professional Electrical Engineer;
IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand this 20th day of August 2016, at
Lipa City, Batangas.
CIRILO C. CALIBJO, PhD, PEE

Affiant
SUBSCRIBE AND SWORN to before me this 25th day of August 2016, at Lipa City, Batangas.
Affiant exhibited to me his PRC Identification Card with Registration Number PEE 3099, valid
until August 8, 2018.
Doc No. ______;

Page No. _____;
Book No. ____;
Series of _____.
Republic of The Philippines )

City of Batangas
) S.S.
AFFIDAVIT OF PROFESSIONAL ELECTRICAL ENGINEER
I, ENGR. ERIC TAMONDONG, of legal age, Filipino, married
and resident of 142 Brgy Ibabang Iyam, Lucena City, after having
been duly sworn to in accordance with law, hereby depose and says:
That I am Professional Electrical Engineer with PRC registration
No. 003875 issued on PRC Manila and valid until March 15, 2019.
That I personally know Engr. Ryan Anthony K. Umali, who is a
Registered Electrical Engineer with PRC license no. 0034825, and
valid until September 05, 2019.
That I have served as Consultant of Engr. Ryan Anthony K. Umali
in the preparation of his Engineering Report.
That I am executing this affidavit to attest to the forgoing facts and
integrity of Engr. Ryan Anthony K. Umali and recommend his
application for Professional Electrical Engineers license.
IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I hereunto affix my signature this ____ day
of __________, 2016 at The City of Batangas.
___________________________
ENGR. ERIC TAMONDONG
Affiant
SUBSCRIBE AND SWORN to before me this_____day of
___________.
2016 City of Batangas.
Doc. No.____
Page No.____
Book No.____
Series of 2016
CURRICULUM VITAE
I. PERSONAL
Name
Ryan Anthony Umali
Age
33
Sex
Male
Nationality
Filipino
Profession
Registered Electrical Engineer
Registration#
0034825
Home Address
Block 17, Lot 11, St. Vincent Homes,

Banay-banay, Lipa City
Phone
09175480225
Email
RyanAnthony.Umali@jgspetrochem.com
II. ENGINEERING DISCIPLINE / EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT

Masters
MS in ECE (Units) 2010
Degree
Batangas State University

Alangilan, Batangas City
Bachelors
Degree
Bachelor of Science in Electrical

Engineering
April 2004
Alangilan, Batangas City
Licensure Exam
Registered Electrical Engineer

Taken : Sept.2004
Rating: 92.1% (First Place)
REE#0034825
Validity : Sept 5, 2019
Certified Instrument and Control Engineer
Philippine Instrumentation and Control
Society
Taken: Sept 2013
3rd Place
III.
PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE
YEAR
POSITION
Sept
2014
-present
Instrument
Superintendent
RESPONSIBILITY
Manage daily
maintenance
activities
Manage and review

weekly job plans
with planning
Dept.
Manage and review

turn around
maintenance with
Planning
department
Review and
approval of Failure
analysis reports
Review of IED
maintenance and
reliability
programs
Spare parts review
COMPANY
JG Summit
Petrochemical
Corp.
and approval
Sept
2011 to
August
2014
Sr. ICE Project

Engineer for
Polyethylene
Plant capacity
Expansion
project
Sr. ICE
Commissioning
Engineer
Review and
approve Design
Engineering report
Review installation
and commissioning
of in-house project
Provide training to
Maintenance
Technician
Trainees
Skills and
Knowledge
Evaluation of
Technicians and
Engineers
Preparation and
review of Project
Engineering
standards for E&I
Participate on
HAZOPS and SIL
reviews
Review and
approval of EPC
design
Review and
approval of EPC
electrical studies
Review and
approval of SIL
studies
Review and
approval of vendor
bids and technical
offers
Review and
approval of
JG Summit
Petrochemical
Corp.
construction
documents
Nov 1,
2009 to
August
2011
Dec 12,
2006 to
Oct 31,
2009
Sr. ICE
Engineer
ICE Engineer
(Instrument,Co
ntrol and
Electrical
Engineer)
Inspection and
approval of job
packages for
Instrumentation
and Electrical
Participate on
equipment FAT and
SAT
Commissioning
and start up
support
Supervise in-house JG Summit

detailed
Petrochemical
engineering
Corp.
design/study and
construction of
various plant
modifications for
Electrical and
Instrumentation
System
Conduct
Engineering
Investigation of
equipment failures
and issue
engineering
recommendation
Perform in-house
detailed
engineering
design/study and
construction of
various plant
modifications for
Electrical and
Instrumentation
System
JG Summit
Petrochemical
Corp.
June 1,
2005 to
Decembe
r 8, 2006
Branch
Electrical
Engineer
June 1,
Instructor/Lect
2004-Apr urer
il 15,
2005
III.
Conduct
Engineering
Investigation of
equipment failures
and issue
engineering
recommendation
Review and
analyse preventive
maintenance
program
Review and
assessment of
Customer Service
Application
Investigation of
abnormalities
Provide lectures on
Electrical and
Electronics Subject
Manila Electric
Company
De La Salle
Lipa
PROJECT (Past and Present Engineering Project)
LOCATION
Bry. Simlong,
Batangas City
WORK NATURE
Basic Engineering of
C3/C4 storage
project
DURATION
COMPANY
Feb 2014
JG Summit
Petrochemical
Corp.
Bry. Simlong, Project Engineering

Batangas
of Honeywell DCS
City/Petaling
migration
Jaya, Malaysia
May 2012 to
April 2013
JG Summit
Petrochemical
Corp.
Bry. Simlong,
April 2011 to
JG Summit
Design, Installation
Batangas City
and commissioning of
Construction power
substation for ISBL
Dec 2011
Petrochemical
Corp.
Bry. Simlong,
Batangas City
Construction power
substation for OSBL
April 2011 to
Dec 2011
JG Summit
Petrochemical
Corp.
Bry. Simlong,
Batangas City
Construction power
substation for
DAELIM Site Office 1
April 2011 to
Dec 2011
JG Summit
Petrochemical
Corp.
Bry. Simlong,
Batangas City
Construction power
substation for
DAELIM Site Office 2
April 2011 to
Dec 2011
JG Summit
Petrochemical
Corp.
Bry. Simlong,
Batangas City
Design,
installation/Relocatio
n of 6.9kV Power line
of Pinamucan Raw
water supply
Substation
May 2008
JG Summit
Petrochemical
Corp.
Batangas
State
University
Design,
Fabrication/installatio
n, commissioning of
Process
Instrumentation
trainer
Sept-Dec
2010
JG Summit
Petrochemical
Corp.
Seol, South
Korea
Basic Engineering of
Naptha Cracker
Project
Dec. 2010
JG Summit
Petrochemical
Corp.
Bry. Simlong,
Batangas City
Design, Installation,
commissioning and
start up support for
Bi-modal catalyst
feeding system
Aug 2010 to
Nov 2010
JG Summit
Petrochemical
Corp.
Bry. Simlong,
Batangas City
Design of conversion
of Variable frequency
Sept 2009
JG Summit
Petrochemical
drive motor for Boiler

1 and 2
Corp.
Bry. Simlong,
Batangas City
additional load
shedding relay for
power plant
May 2009
JG Summit
Petrochemical
Corp.
Bry. Simlong,
Batangas City
July 2009
DCS current
monitoring for PP
dryer motor
JG Summit
Petrochemical
Corp.
Bry. Simlong,
Batangas City
65kVA, 1 phase,
uninterruptable
power supply
May
2007-May
2009
JG Summit
Petrochemical
Corp.
Bry. Simlong,
Batangas City
Design, Installation of
Fresh water Deluge
system
Feb-Aug
2007
JG Summit
Petrochemical
Corp.
Bry. Simlong,
Batangas City
Design, installation
250KVA INGASCO
power supply.
Jan-Mar
2007
(INGASCO
Plant) JG
Summit
Petrochemical
Corp.
VII. CONTINUING PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT (CPD)

PROGRAM DESCRIPTION
NAME OF PROVIDER
YEAR
Failure Analysis and RCA
Allied Consultancy
May 2015
Electrical Reliability
Allied Consultancy
May 2015
Vibration monitoring system
Rockwell
Jul 21-25,
Automation
2014
RSLogix 5000 Fundamentals
Rockwell
and Troubleshooting
Automation
CCC, Kuala Lumpur,
Anti-surge Control and Series
Malaysia
3+/3++ Control Systems
Feb 10-14
Sept
23-26,
2013
Training for
Operation-Maintenance
Personnel
MAXUM II Process Gas
Siemens Singapore
Chromatograph Operation and
Nov 26-30,
2012
Maintenance
Honeywell Experion
Controller/SCADA
Maintenance
Honeywell Technical
Education Center,
Oct 22-26,
2012
Petaling Jaya,
Malaysia
Honeywell Experion C300
Honeywell Technical
Engineering Implementation
Education Center,
Oct 15-19,
2012
Petaling Jaya,
Malaysia
Advanced Instrumentation
and Process Control Course
IIEE Regional
Convention-Batangas
University of the
Philippines Diliman-
April
24-May 29,
ISSI
2010
IIEE
March 2009
Advance Process Control NLC Honeywell

Singapore Ltd. Pte
Management and Maintenance EDUPRO- Amorsolo
of Windows Server 2003
St., Makati City,
Phlippines,
April 21,
2009
September
29, 30,
October
1-4, 2008
Uniformance PHD System
Honeywell
June
Administration
Singapore Ltd. Pte
15-19,
2008
Hardware and Software

Implementation of Honeywell
Emergency Shutdown System
Safety Manager
Honeywell
Singapore Ltd. Pte
June 2-18,
2008
JG Summit
Petrochemical
Corporation
Reliable Solutions for HPI and

Chemical Industries Technical
Seminar on Process
Instrumentation and Analytics
for Chemical, Petrochemical
and Hydrocarbon Processing
Industries
Siemens Automation
HPM Controller Point

Configuration and HPM/CL
Programming
Chemical
Process Training
Center Honeywell
Laboratory (CPTC)
and Drives.
June
4,2007
May 20-26
,2007
Jurong Island,
Singapore.
VIII.
SOCIAL AND CIVIC AFFILIATIONS

DESIGNATION
IIEE Northern Batangas
ASSOCIATION
YEAR
IIEE
2015-presen
Chapter-Board of Director
t
IIEE
2010-2011
IIEE
2009-2010
CREDENTIALS SUMMARY SHEET

Name of Professional
Ryan Anthony Umali
Technical Discipline
Electrical Engineer
Birthday
September 5, 1982
Academic Background
Bachelor of Science in Electrical

Engineering
Name of Institution
The undersigned certifies that the foregoing information is true and

correct.
Ryan Anthony K. Umali

REE # 034825
IIEE MEMBER # 209595
MOST SIGNIFICANT AND OUTSTANDING ACHIEVEMENT

CONTRIBUTION IN THE FIELD OF ELECTRICAL
ENGINEERING
While I was in Manila Electric Company-Batangas
Branch,
had
conducted
several
seminars
to
Barangay
Electricans on several Electrical Subjects such as Grounding

System (2 wire vs. Three wire) and Service Entrance Standards.
This have helped us as to ensure that customers within the
franchise area can have a reliable and educated electricians that
they can trust.
I was also involved in the preliminary study of
electrification of Isla Verde. We have had conducted several
surveys together with our Meralco Design team from San Pablo
with the aim of preparing the line design.
In my current company, I have conducted several
catastrophic
electrical
system
failures
and
provided
recommendations so that it will never happen again. First of my

list is the investigation of multiple failures UPS 110V AC. At that
time, we have experienced several tripping of the said UPS
which causes a major plant upset. I was task to investigate the
failure and found that the culprit is the excessive fluctuation in
the generation frequency of our Power Plant in excess of 5Hz
during a large motor starting. This affected the synchronization
system and static switches of the AC UPS and causing it to trip.
It was recommended to increase the frequency fluctuation
tolerance since the loads of our AC UPS is not affected by such
high fluctuation.
Next on my investigation is the bus tie breaker failure
during re-energization of a newly re-winded 3MVA transformer
which has caused one of our plants to partially shutdown for
several hours. In my investigation, I have found that the vector
group of the newly re-winded transformer was incorrect. I have

further investigated the reason why it was incorrect and found a
malpractice on the side of our contractor and on our own
maintenance team. Based on this investigation, we have
revised our SOPs for transformer servicing and acceptance.
I have also investigated on several cases of spurious
activation of ground relays where a ground fault occurs at an
adjacent delta-wye solidly grounded system. I have found that
equipment grounding system was erroneously interconnected at
the field between motors that are supplied from separate
transformers which resulted to ground currents flowing to both
grounding electrode and therefore detected by the grounding
CT causing erroneous trip on an otherwise healthy transformer.
This has been one of our on-going projects as part of our efforts
to improve the system reliability of our plant.
I
have
investigated
several
other
electrical
abnormalities and for all of this I have used my electrical

engineering knowledge and experience and recommendations
made have cause a significant impact not only to uplift the
Electrical Engineering practice but also improve the plant
reliability.
In Our IIEE organization, I have conducted several
seminars to schools and IIEE chapter conventions on areas of
Hazardous Area Classification (PEC chapter 5), Instrumentation
and Process Control, Power System Analysis and Protective
Relaying, EPIRA LAW and unbundling of rates (MERALCO).
These seminars have a significant impact to our fellow Electrical
Engineers and Students.
I also served as an IIEE officer (Board of Director) for
Northern Batangas Chapter. We have implemented several
programs including 2009 regional convetion, various seminars
and forums on our chapter. I also served as Board of Judges on
several regional quiz shows and reqional math wizards from

which I have served as chairman of the board. In all of these
endevours, my affiliation to IIEE has given me various roles
that I believe contributed to its success as an organization.
Ryan Anthony K. Umali
REE 0034825

Power System Analysis of 52MVA Substation For PE Expansion at JG Summit Petrochemical Corporation at Batangas City

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Power System Analysis of 52MVA Substation For PE Expansion at JG Summit Petrochemical Corporation at Batangas City

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ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING TECHNICAL REPORT

POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS OF 52MVA SUSBTATION OF

RYAN ANTHONY K. UMALI

Engr. Ryan Anthony K. Umali

Ryan Anthony K. Umali, REE

Republic of the Philippines

Engr. RYAN ANTHONY K. UMALI

provided me an indispensable tool in performing my calculations to

2.9 Admittance Network...109

CHAPTER 3-LOAD FLOW STUDY...110

CHAPTER 4- SHORT CIRCUIT STUDY.182

4.3.4.2 Calculation of Momentary

Calculation for MV Loads..301

CHAPTER 6-BIG MOTOR STARTING ANALYSIS.347

CHAPTER 8-CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION..380

Table 2.3 Transformer Datasheet...10/11

and Zero Sequence Impedance at 10MVA base....48

Table 3.20 Summary of results of calculation

Table 4.10 Thevenins Equivalent Impedances

Table 5.16 Starting Overload Curve for KM8639.298

Table 6.8 Total Complex Power Requirement

for Starting of VM5814358

Figure 2.8 Positive Sequence Impedance network of

Figure 2.27 Momentary Equivalent Circuit of Low

Figure 2.48 System Admittance diagram109

Figure 4.4 Momentary Positive Sequence Thevenins

Figure 4.20 Equivalent Sequence Impedance

Impedance for Fault point 1247

Figure 5.3 Protection Setting Values for SM8645309

calculation, big motor starting analysis, short circuit analysis,

Chapter 4 is the short circuit analysis. Calculations were

protection devices. The author utilized the Microsoft excel to plot

Figure 7.1 Arc-Flash Location Diagram for

Batangas City, 120 km south of Manila.

capacity of 510 kTA of resins per year.

Management was handled by Toyo-Thai Engineering PTE LTD of

Part of the PE Expansion project was the extension of

13.8kV/6.9kV Delta-wye (solidly grounded) transformer, two(2)

switchgears, four(4) large induction motors, Power factor

Estimated equivalent Loads

Figure 1.2 System Single Line Diagram

This technical report has the following objectives

To determine the positive, negative and zero

sequence impedance network and admittance models from

transformers and loads for both momentary and interrupting

To perform load flow study by calculating the bus

voltages, load terminal voltages, voltage drop, power flows,

To perform analysis on the load flow result and

provide recommendation for system improvement;

To perform short circuit study for both momentary

and interrupting three(3) phase fault, single line to ground,

To perform motor starting analysis for medium

To design the time-current coordination of the

overcurrent protective devices and motor overload protective

To perform Arc-flash study for medium and low

Project Scope and Limitations

performed from the JGSPCs power plant connection point at

Load Flow Study

From BAC 908 down to all PE2

Short Circuit Study

Fault point at TRM1 primary and

Device Coordination Study

From BAC 908 protection down to