(PnpuluH tremuloidcsl

(Populu" balHon7lfi'ml

Up to 30 tnCWrR in h eighL , bnrk iii first M1nonth, /o{rccnih"whito.

becomin g rough find dnrk gt'cy w i t h utC, t.ermlnul bud Hhnrp

point ed , ull bud. dark brown.

A l t.orn ate" sim ple, bro ndly cwnl , Rhoq)oj)Olfl.tcd, linc-round ed leoth,
4.0-7.5 cl1ls long, borne on long, slund er Htulkth du rk b'Tcon abov e ,
pale bolow ; pCLlol!)B nnu,UTIcd eU'I,18inl( fluttering in wind,

inCOIlRpicuOUK, /ilmol1 II), d 'nc cuL kim; , pist il luLO and staminate
I1nwf'rR on diIT(lI'Nlt trl"'". rrtlcd befure leuvctf develop in spring.

u
A greenish capRulc, cont.olnlng m ony

smuJi

tee t h, 7.5-1r..O COl. long,

benea th .

livcly low In .trcngth. Jt iall.d m ill ly ror pllip P"OdllCt., ""eh ""
blink, tl('wloIpririL und fine pri nt ingpupe-r. Aspen iM c'RPC'CiI1I1y J,Cuod
fC)r' l)utl,, 1 prod ucls such Hil Qritmtl'd Rtr andboR r'd and wllflrhourd,
Lumber' 18 li hL in wuight. Dnd if' ued for fu rnit u rr, boxC's (and
erflt.('. Core 8 lock in p wo od Mnd wall panlIR.

Heeds,

This species and Reverul vuriclic8 arc wi deeprend flnd COmrtlon

nl on g riv er Onflk. pod Ill"i.t w ooded ureas t hro ugh the cen Lrill find
northern part (If t.h I)rovinco,

. trutghL grui nod and

pIth.' brown in col our'. It is uR ed for' f\1l'niLurc. cubinctB. wooden
wore t ln d vencer. Birch logs olso mokc excellent. firo wood,

Wood i. modo ra tely heavy, hard, .tronll,

nIM

gru yi sh whito to lighL greyi"h

hrown in col."". Wood i_l\o d filrpulp. Bulsurn popl ar is nlRo uRad
In win(1hr('uk pllintir't'"
Woocl i light, ROil., low in oLe

in sta m inate nnd piRt. iII0 t il caLkin.

w
n

" m ull .

A smull. bruudly-w inged n uL l et.

river bunks th r oughout Alberto.

RlIghlly h a i ry boncu th .

v e ry AmnII, nY,ml,rOlljj tlnd h ui ry.

irrcgull.lrly loo th ed , 2,5-19 ems long. dark greerl obovc, pule r nnd

JnconRpiC:\1f'\l,

Allcrnoo, 8impio. in 810nder sLalks, ovul nnd Loporing to u point;

Common in ro restlan d, abnndOllcd fOr 'mlflnd. bUfl1ed-ovfJr urcms,

WhiLIh Lo c rea m coloured wood which i8 shorL fibrrd, lind !'ell!

'.

A dry, gt'peniRh.bro'Wl1 clIJ)!4ulc, o peni ng wb(jn muturc. Th

-------

dork ween obove und pule green

spruce,

..

-------

Wi des pread t h rou ghou t , it I. opecl.-.Ily im portant in tho north

ce n t ro l p fi rt oft.he provi nce where it iAlhc: dominltl't.l!lpecicM In the
"Borelli Mixcdwood" forest, be ing eventunlly MU ccedcd by white

' hiny

6 to 20 m eters in height, with wh itish or Ri lvc ry KJ'cy burk in thin

shel!t.a: winti\t" h'-ldM chl'StnuL brown. bud RcnlfR Rligh ly d owny, no
distin ct termlfllil bud,

Inconspicuous, AmnII in dc n flC erlt,kiuM, piM Li llut.o und !!lominnlo

nOWcfa on diffe renl t.1>CC. Deyeloped berorc tho Icuvu!5 (lxpund in
the spring.

hai ry seeds.

Alte rnate, Elimp le , ovnJ or honri-shaped. tih urp poi nlcd . ro unded

Up to 21 meterR hih with Rlout R prcodin J( brunches; durk grey,

rough de eply fUl'1'Owcd ba rk ; winter b\ld lorge und cu rved wit h 0
sticky baI8am-Rmellinggum.

... . .
.. .
..

..

"

--- -----

'

'

Boreal
Subalpine
Montane

..

D
D

(From Rowe 'Forest Regions of C8n8d8

-

'

,.

Three of the eight maj()r foret regions in Conadn Ilrc .-epre

scnted in Alb rtll; Boreal, Subalpine and Montane. Each
region has its own typical climate and chllracteritic species
compoMition,

occidell.tali..)

Usually fo und in rYH..1skl'!oC und 8wump habit.als, wh ere it grOWR

s lowly and mny he on ly 11l.18 m et.ers in height., On rnoiRl, w(ll I
dl'ained RoilA hOW('Vrr, it. cun gro w to heights of 26 metel's . Tlw
bal'k is rouh nnd O(trkcy in c olour und th e re are nUmfll'OUI'I

T.llcst of the l u rch e8, up t o 40 m c (or. high; c rown short and

ii(lrrQw wilh " curly hurizont.ul brunchcsi bark reddish-brown on
yOUI1" tn.'t'. becoming deeply furrowed on mature t.rees; budR
dl U "k brow"l . h uirlCH .

smull t'Oundcd "cddiah winter buds,

Needle-Iiko, 12.20 in fo uthor- l i k e cluster. Roft anel .I("d,r, 2,"

ems long, Iigh t .c f 'tl t u rnin g bri ght. y e l low iii thl! fluiumfl W hl '"
they fnll from the Lrco.

Poll(:r1 cUrieS (mulu) q uite Rmall, yellow; A(ll'd CUllt.' (femuie)

r'odtl ifth whcn young, becoming brown and nlmot. Hpht'riCl1l when
IIlIIl.UI'l'j Hel'd t;mull und wing-td.

Occ urs th ro ugho ut. ccnl.rol (Inti northl'rn Alborta. Rare ly Itlund in
pu re RinndR. In frlllj;ikt'g Or' li wu mp hubiLut it typic u l ly urR in
mixtul'e wit.h blnck RPI'UCC, Or) I)dtt1r ",iLc H it clin form n compo
nOI1L of v irtu ally any tYPI' uf Mtunci.

Woud ifC Illn(itlr'lIll"iy hurd und heavy. 80mfwhnt lIilv, df'ruy r'C'I>\IM

tont Ilnd ycl low iRh hl'own I.u roddl6h brow n in colour. It iH uRed ror
lum ber for l'ouJih contr'u(;Linn, fence POHts, pol os , rnilwny tieR nnd
pul pwood

Boreal

..

Pollen COn(' R ( mo lo) mull. yellowj sl'cd con os (remale) noarly

stalkleRR, if.=' (n"I If I"U, durk h row n at mat.urit.y; cone scaleR nTf>
covel 'ed with whni Ah hoirM ol1d h uvc 3oolhcd bracts; seedR nrf'
smull tlnd wing(ld

Wood i hurd, moo cr ut.cly huuvy. strong. modernt.ely re sis lant. to

Wood iF! h env y, hnrd OtH' I'i'dd)(h bruwn In colour, Although it iF!
,",uit ubI' for hot h Il1mhr'l' lIi"lc1 rni1pl hl"'JIlIlo<,' nr rl1mntp llnrt lnnrrJ>oIl
iblu locutions where it i J.{nl rnlJy fOUlld. ul pi nu lurch is of very
little commercial impol'tnnc(', ftow{'vcr, it is of importonco in
run-oil and fH'oAloll In htgh mOUl'ltuili8,
cunLrol .

Subalpine

The major I'cprcsenwtion of the Subalpine Region in Canada

is in British Columbia and Alberta. In Alberta it st,'etches
northward from the United StlltC!H border to EI po m t j us t west
of G rande Cache. The upper boundary of the Subalpine
Region formR t h e "climatic forcst line" i.c. the elevation where
continuous forest COver en do and isolated stands of trees
begin. The climate of the region i chalactc";scd by cold,
SJ\owy winters and cool, showery summe,'s, with below freez
ing temperatures being common in all months except July
and August. Approximately 50% of the pI' cipitation ()(!cur
during the winter months. Characteristic tree species of the
Subalpine RC!gion Me Engelmtlnn prucc, alpine fir, alpine
larch, lodgepole pine and whitebark pine.

A timberline Bp(!ci eR on the AlopfR of th(' Rucky Mounluins in

.outheuolorn Alberta.

dl'CUY. fl'ddiHh brown in colour with characteristic oily appear

nflf'I' 1 1 1M mninly IlJoI",1 for Imnhnr 111 hll1ldll1J: ('mull rurtipn Otlwr
U!iCR include rnilwuy ta'H, flouring .lind pulp,

MolAt mountoln .Iop.) . It. "ccurrenCe in Albcrw i. limited to tho

Kn nanaskiA Vnllpy nnd Uw CI"i)Wf04r'(,f;lt P[lM,

..

Needle.like, 4 8idcd! HOn und fl(!xiblo, 2.6-1.0 COlA long, hl ,-,l h

gl'flf'n, Ch,Hct\..'r'N or30 40 on dwa rf t. wigs , turning yellow in fitl l u rl'lt'l
btfort' fnllh'lil rrom thl' tree.

Pollon conCH (male) smull, oblon g and yolluw; Rel)e! r(Jtlt'M (rulllnlu)
2.5-<1,0 ems l ong when maturtJ, wit.h RhorLCut'Yf'd f\t.fllk; COIl(' sculc
bent slight.ly downwards on mnt. urc open eoneA, with I(nlg po int ed
bractH: seeds small with long Rf'{;d wing.

''If,W-,:rt.)w,,,,,' lr'CC 9lo 12 m otors high: crow n hn n r'I1Sfgtd

appearance
ir'rcgulurly spuced branches ; Icnvcs mosLly con
fin ed t.0 lhf' outer br'l1nchlel: burk 8mooth, thin, greyiRh on y,wng
t.reeA b ec om i ng l'c(ldih l ind tlculy on oldr LreoR; budfl often hidd\.,n
hy long whit,,, hnlr.

Needlelike, a-sided, soil. nnd nexibfe, 2.1H.il ernRlong, yellowish

green, borno in clu8te rs of15-30 on dwarftwigR, t urning ypl low In
uutumn w hen thoy f.1I from the tree.

This is the most extensive forest r gion in Canada, It com

prises th e great()T part ofthe forested area of the country,
forming a continuous belt ft'om Nowfoundland and the Labra
dor Coast westward to the Rocky Mountains and northward
toAlaska. InAlbcrta it occ upie s thc cntirc north rn halfofthe
province and stretches southwards between the agricultural
zone and the Subalpine Forest Region to the Turner Valley
area. The climate of the area is characterised by l()ng , very
cold winters, short mild summ rs and wide annual tempera
ture variations, Preipitation is generally low, ranging from
approximately 600 mm in the Houthern extent of the region to
300 mm in the north of the province, The main reason for the
extrcmes of temperature and lack of preCipitation is that the
size of thc land mass restricts the sea's influence. This allows
development of large high pr saure Centres so that during the
winter months the region is dominated by very cold, very dry
Arctic air masses. Black spruce, white spruce, tamarack and
baillam fir arc characteristic species through most of the
Boreal Region, with black spruce becoming more importantin
th() north of the province. Jack pin is pr(!tlent in north
eatern Alberta and lodgepole pine is an important compo
nent in the foothills in the western part of the province.
Broad-leaved trees are also represented throughout the region
by aspon, balsam poplar and whitR birch,

A with th Subalpine Forcst Region, the major repr genU!

tion of th Montane 'orest Region in Canada is in B,'itish
Columbia and Alb ,.tll. Tn Albclta it main occurrenccs arc in
the V1ClIl,ty of the POl'cupme H,lIs, CrowsneHL PasH, l,nct the
foothi1lA north ofWlltcrLon Lokes National Pmk. The Bow,
Saskatchewan and AthabasctI Iliver valleys also contain
Montano vegetation. The most notable feature of the I'cgion is
its association with major eastwest mountai,l vu J leY Il which
channel wa,'m Pacific oil' (chinooks) into Alberta during the
wint.eI' months, thus lesse'ling the effects of cold Arcti air
invadingAlb rtll from the north. MOllt prccipitation occurs as
snow in tho winter months. horactoristic t.ree species for tho
remon aSIl whol arc Douglas.fir a nd limh.. .. pin .., whilp moil
and cool sites, such as north-facing slop 8, III'e occupied by
RSpen, l odgepole pine und whitc sprucc.

Montane
Pub, No, S/16

HnnAing in
snmll Rel 'ubby Lree up to abeut 25 ""'lOl'R
depending upon gruwlT'IH rOfl(lltionH; bork thin, rcddiJojh .rrfy on
young trecs bceomin l/ dorkcr groy, rough und sc n ly on old tr,lIlkR.

Pollen concs ( mul e ) smull.n clORe clusters nt tho end. or yOll ng

brnnclwH; Rced COIlt'S (fumllic-) horne in pairs, UHUldly curvl'd fll)d

p,)inting toward. the end of the branches. smooth und "x"'Cdiflilly

hard. often rcmainin unnpf'l1fd on the lro' for Hl'Y ntl yCfI(R,
yellowish-groy when Illulw'(', 2.5-5.0 ems long, ticllll' thickcfi('d,
wi tho ut. pricklo8j sCl'd!1 winged.

Common or1 o U l l d hiliR and thin soil in central find northeastcrn

Al bertu. 1 L c""I)<, diRtinguiHhud from 10dgel",1 p ine m.inly by dif
fonmcl' in fo n " lind R.hnpe oft.he nccdlc u nd COfi(' characteristic8,

mnl 1 deformed, scrubby

Wood is modorutely bellvy, ROft and n.arly white in colour, It iR

rnninly uRcd for pulp. Lllmb"t i gtlnet'a ll y knot. ty und cOllsldf'!'B
Ill y leRS dcsirnblo thun lodgepole pine; uBod primurily ror hOX"R.
crat.es and ruugh cUI1l'ucion.

mounLuin t.ree. wlt.h Rhur'" Lwi!04 Lp d

limhli, lHUl a l ly 5-1 a ll1(1l0l'H in hoight. 13nrk i l1ilvl'ry-gt'l'Y I)n yOur1g

trl'r_ becoming vel'y rough und ulmust bluek lit nluturity.

N.cdle-Iike, stiff, "htlrl'-Jluinlcd, in bundle. of two, frcqu('ntly

twiRled, 2-4 erns long, yllowiRh-Rr
" ""n.

N dl'-Iiko, thick, .tiff, .Imrppoiutcd, .lIghtly curved. in bundles

orei, tightly du.torcd ut the ends o rt wigR , 2.0-7.5 cmR long, dark
groen.

Pollen co nCA (rnale) Amall, produced in Lcrrninul c1l1ti'fR; Ricd

Cor le" large, cylindrical 7.0-20.0 ems long, yclluwihbr'own, with

Hetd". grently thickvlwd at the lip; "<'Cd. nutlike, pr"cticolly
wjllKI{'i4
------

A characteristic alpino trcll 011 high rnr)Ur1LOln Rln pPR where it. is
usually much stunted nnd freqllently derorm('d by .trong wind .

Nt'('dk- llkc ill blllldlec of 5, produced in de n ce clu:Jtcru towurt!:l

An ulpin - , t.ree, JiomlltimCR or commercial valuo in shllitorcd t:litml.

WlllWO il m{.lY rellch Iwight. of up to 25 moters. On wi n tll'iwupt
. I ope. it i. u.ually pI'ORtrRte. and reduced 10 .hl'ub .i,e. aeldom
eXI.'IC'IIiIlH' 10 TYlfU'I'foil. Tht' trunk is maHsivQ and distortcd with
eithcr' 8fnOOLh or Rcaly whiti. sh bark; brunchcH usuully dufo rrnc d,
huncht'd iT, thn crown or prostrate on the ground.

WI.nd iH liht, dmlt'-A"'ftinl'd, moderately ROft and Icmonyullowi!olh

III coln\lr', [L hmi r)O commr rcinl importance, although it iH Ulwci
I n('ul ly LIM r\.u. ..1 wllod.

th(l ondH of t.he branchc!I , HlirT u n d on1l'wha curvt'd. .O-7.t')

lo ng, da1'k yeIlQw-gr(.In,

emit

Pollen cones (male) borno in smull tllrminul C ll lMt l' n4; !oIt:ed Cunf'
(female) stout. tough, oval-shllp"d lind purpliHh, 4.0.7.r. em" 1011g.
RcaleH much t.hickcned, shurppuilllcd, woody, r'cfoIinous perma
nontly closed.
------

" run.l mOllnw;n pCciCH rOl,ind

the Roc ky MOl'''t"in .

Altered along t.he timber line of

S
a n d
u
s
e
rutXI 'J;'utl'ly ort uno petie b rt)wni h in

Wood is light, cl osc-gra.ined,

colour. It iR of litt.le commcrciullmport..&ncc, 1IILhulJh wood con be

used IOI'lumbor und min . l..imbcTM.

jack pinel
lodgepole pine
hybridization

(Pscudocsuga mllnziesii)
(Until recently - P. ta:x;i(otia)

Iberta's
Provincial Tree
Long before the white
man came to North
America, tb W stern
Plains Indians began utiliz

ing the forest wealth of the

province. The trees they used
were strong, stra ight and of
uniform taper. The regular
use of these trees for the con
struction of th i r buffalo skin
lodges led the famous explorra Lewis and Clark to dub
them "lodgepole pine". Dur
ing the early years of settle
m nt, lodgepole pin
was
used by pion ra primarily
for fenc posts, fuelwood and
cabin construction. By 1883,
the railway had reached as
far west as Calgary and had
cr ated an entirely n w mar
ket for rail way ties, telegraph
poles and mining timbers.
The lodgepol pine continu s to b a major contributor
to Alb rta's forest industry
as well as providing protec
tive cover for the vital water
sheds of our province's eastrn slopes.

Larg'; tree, up to 25 muter. high: crown ORrrow and dense with

drooping branches: bark smooth, ushgrey with large resin blis

terB o n young trees, becoming greyishbrown and scaly in older
trcC8.

No die-like, 2.5-4.0 ems lonK. cILrved upwards on tho brunch,

greyish-green to bluishgreen, rowld d or notched at the tip.

Poll 'n coneR (male) small, bl uis h : 8(;'d (oneS (female) 6-10 cms
lOng, dork purple, borno at tho top of the tree; cone RcaleB fan
shop 'd, slight ly lonser than broad with short SllOon-Bhaped bractB.

High altitudes, from west-contral to "ollthwestcrn Alberta. orten

mixed with Engelmann spruce, lodgepole pine lind Alpino larch.

Ruolly 15-21 meters in heiSht. Tho crown i. symm etricol wl\h p

norrow pyramidal shape and branches extending ncil tly to t he
wound. 1'h bark i. smooth, pal e-grey with lurge re.in bliMt f8 on
young t ,cc ' becoming roughened and reddish-brown On mMUte
trflCR.

Pollen cone. (mule) smull, yeliowiRh-red; Reod cones (femule)

orecL, durk purple, 510 ems lo nll, scnloR slightly elongated with
short pointed brnc t., becomi ng 80ft when mature.

Ccnt.rol ond nonhorn Alberta, where it HomolimoH form

tcrcd underRLorey in old growth stands.

Wood i. light, 80ft. relutively low In .trength and white in colour.

It is uBod mainly for l um he r ra b ui l ding construction und pull':
also suilublo for fTlllking boxl)A nd crates.

NeedlelIke, distinctly flottened. rounded aL tho tip. arranged in

Lw() ron, 23 cmA long, dark brreen above, whithth buncuth,

11

A lol1l'c tree up to 26 meters high with u mas.ivc trunk and

Romewhat drooping brancho8; burk on yuung tr 'Cl!t rl' ",) Q th Arid
r ddiah brown becoming 10-15 cma thick Gnd deeply fisRured on
old (rees.
------

Pollen cones (male) bright red; seod cones (femulo) drooping, rod
dish brown, 5-9 cmR long, the 3-forked bracts projecting lKtyond
the broad-rounded, stiff 8coles; Hceds broudly winged,

.setH
..
-

Wood is light, .oft, rclutivcJy Ilw in strngth, Rom.what brittle,

and white in colour. It iuit Ie ror pulp nnd can be used for
muking bOXC!!i und CfOtC8, Bnr on young trees contains bliliturs
mind with U re sin (CurI!Ido hol.am ) which iR used in cementing
n. lor obs rvation with u m1cro
I 'nf4(' and mounting speci
stope. BalRam fir al8 0 makes a
h ristmuH trco ,

Needlelike, somewhat Ilattened, tapering at the bas to a vory

short .ltllk, 23 em. long, bright bluo green abovo. pale beneath.

Along the east slopes orthu Rocky Mountoin from ,I no per Park to
W nto rton and widespreud in the POfGupinc Hills.

!1

Moderately heavy, hard and ronK wood wilh roddi.h hrown

colour. Primarily used for lumoorfl'r buildingcon.truction. Other
UReR include railway tl8, OOXOB lid croie8-. DouJllafjlir 8hm
makes good hristmu8 lrccl:f.

Up to 30 M cters, or more in height; bark thin, ycllowi sh brf)YJi1 1

"omewhot .. nly.

Needle-like, in bLmdlcs of two, prod uce d hI d ense ClllRtVI'R toward"

the end. of the brunches, 2.57,5 Crr1M long, ycllowiRh-green.

P()IIn coneR (malo) borne in smull t.crminul clu Lo l' if ; fW; d conc s

(remAlel conical-shaped and woody, u.ufilly curved backward.

toward" the base of tho brunchclI, yellowisb-brown, of'Wn borne in
cluaters, 2.6-6.0 cms long, senles thickened und with 0 sharp Rpine
n the tip of each scale; seeds winged.

The ,>'Io.t Qmmon and abundant tree in the Rocky MOuntain. and
foothill rel(ionR.
ccurring on tho eastern .I opes of th o Ro<:ky
Mounluifl8 where it frequenlly rorm8 donBo uvcnucd IIlurldS (Hl
the re, u lt or firc. In areaR ac\iacont te jack pine, tho two "l>ceieR
in(.,ograttl.

(Picca marialla)

Wood iR moderately light, soft to modoru tely IIl1l' <1 nnd white to

yellowI.h brown in colour. It i. uocd ror lum ber and plywood s.

well as pulp, Lumber i. uscd muinly in gonerAl conRtruction: other
URes includo furnilurut ltiding'. floor-it,g [It)d l)lintIR. After pressure
treatment with prcilervntive., lodgepol e pine mnkeR excellent
railway ti . utility po l u s and rn lnc IImh er .

In the mu.keg ha b ita! , whero It I. vRuOlly found, it i. a smal l .low

growinglrcc, 915 mct.tr hIgh, wilh the lower branche8 festooned
with "old-mnn'. benrd" lichen, On well-drained mineral ooils
howevor, it can attoin height. or 25.30 meWro. Typically, bal'k i.
thin, scaly und I{I'cY I "h with tho Innor bnrk uBuolly olive groan,

Needle-like, shert, thick, 4oide<l, 12

t:::::::s

lodgepole pinol juult

hybridization

plno

em.

Occurs througho u ( c ntral and northern Alberto, usuully in pure

HlundK V" mukC'", but illRO mixed in with lodgopole pi n e or whit.e
I<prucC ir1 well- drained mineral Roil. bOl'doring muskeg "itcH.

Wool(! iR moderawly light, sof t. r Illtivoly strong, resilient. slraight

grolnl'd und nNtrly while in c6lour. 'rho wood iH of g l"l'ui lr'r'lpor.
tonce to pulp induAtry becauIII! of its long fibre. whi h mid
.1 r ngth to Ilnper product.; nl 0
iLable for lumber.

Pollen con ca (male) dark purpJ', 1.21.6 emR long; ""ed conea
(remalol brown to yellowishbrown tit maturity, 2.G-7.6 ems long:
cono HcuicH broudcHt. It'ur lhe: midrl le , irreol1ularly loathed on oulor
edge with prominont oroet,; ,ced;; Rmoll with wedgo-shaped
wings,
------

High r ollitud , in high valleys and on al o pes of Rocky Moun

t[lins in southwc. tern Alberta. orten mixed with firs , lnrchc. und
pi ne s.

Wood ifJ light, soft, resilient, atrght-grlllncd und whik' iII colour.

It Is uS d for pulp and lumber.

A I"rge tree r.aching up to 45 moters: roullh BCLlly bnrk, brownish

to .ilvery grey.

II

Needlelike, 4-sidud, t1ff, 2.0-2.5 ems Ions. bluish-green,

long, blue green.

Pollen cones (malo) small, durk red: .ccd coneo (femAlel purplioh
!:! ,eon. 1-4 cms long at mutlLrity, browII to purplish gl'een and
almost sphrical. ro muin in lot On ih) iree for H vc)rnl years, scalos
stilI and roundcd; seed. smull, wi n l/ed ,

LUfJ{C t.ree, rco.chlng up Lo 36 meters; crown

narrow, Hymml't.
rico l, lOwer brfii'lchCR uMlmlly drooping; burk thin, illy, rcddiMh .
browD,

Nc dI u i l k " ', 4-!o!hll!d, KLlIT, shll.f'p-point.cd, 2.133.0 emil long, bJight

gree r) ,
'

Pollen cone. (mole) .moll, yell,'w; Reed cone. (female) usually at

tho end. of young twil(ll , drooping ond turning brown at maturity.
4-5 crtltl lo ng, cllll'M thin, somewhat rounded with smooth mnr
gino: seeds with thin wings.

Wi despreod thl'oughout south-ccntral und northern Alberto, 8uC

ceeding poplar and pi no in burned ovcr urcu,

Wood is light. 80ft. rUHiliont, 8t.ruightgruincd lind wh ite ill colour.

IL ia used for lumber, plywood

und pulp ,