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Present Simple

You use the present simple to talk about facts, habits and routines.
Jack lives in the U.S.
She doesn't use a laptop computer.
Do they go to the gym every day?
Affirmative

Negative
I
live I
do not (don't)
He / She / It
lives He / She / It
does not (doesn't)
live
You / We / They
live You / We / They
do not (don't)
Short answers
Question
Affirmative
Negative
Do I
I
do
I
do not (don't)
Does he / she / it
live? Yes, he / she / it
does No, he / she / it
does not (doesn't)
Do you / we / they
you / we / they do
you / we / they do not (don't)

Spelling:
Most verbs add -s in the third person singular.
live lives She lives in France.
Add -es to do and go and verbs ending in -ch, -sh, -s and -x.
watch watches He watches a movie every night.
Verbs ending in consonant + -y, change to -i and add -es.
study studies She studies all the time.

Note:
The third person singular of have is has.
He has a big apartment in the city.

Present Continuous
You use the present continuous to talk about things that are happening now.
I'm reading the report.
He isn't working.
Are they having lunch?
You also use the present continuous for things that are temporary or happening around now.
I'm reading a good book at the moment.
He's working in London this week.
You use the present continuous to talk about fixed arrangements you have made for the future.
They're having dinner with Sam tomorrow tonight.

Peter isn't interviewing anyone tomorrow.


Are you going skiing next year?
Affirmative
I
am ('m)
I
He / She / It
is ('s)
writing He / She / It
You / We / They are ('re)
You / We / They
Question
Am I
Is
he / she / it
Are you / we / they

writing?

Negative
am not ('m not)
is not (isn't)
writing
are not (aren't)
Short answers
Affirmative
Negative
I
am
I
'm not
Yes, he / she / it
is No, he / she / it
isn't
you / we / they are
you / we / they aren't

Spelling:
Add -ing to most verbs.
play playing I'm playing tennis.
Verbs ending in consonant + -e, take away -e and add -ing.
write writing He's writing a letter.
Verbs ending in a vowel + a consonant, double the consonant.
sit sitting They're sitting in a park.

Present Simple or Present Continuous


You use the present simple to talk about things that happen regularly.
It often rains at this time of year.
You use the present continuous to describe things at this moment and around now.
Look! It's raining again. Lots of people are going inside.
You usually use the present simple with these verbs:
love , hate, like, agree, prefer, understand, believe , know

Past Simple: Regular Verbs


You use the past simple to talk about completed actions in the past, often with a time expression
like last night.
I called the office last night.
They didn't stay for the presentation yesterday afternoon.
She studied business administration from 1995 to 1998.
Affirmative
Negative
I
I
He / She / It
watched He / She / It
did not (didn't)
watch
You / We / They
You / We / They
Short answers
Question
Affirmative
Negative

I
Did he / she / it
you / we / they

watch?

I
Yes, he / she / it
you / we / they

I
did No, he / she / it
you / we / they

didn't

Spelling:
Add -ed to most regular verbs.
call called They called last night.
Add -d to verbs ending in consonant + -e.
arrive arrived We arrived at 9 o'clock.
Verbs ending in a consonant + -y, change -y to -i and add -ed.
study studied I studied all evening.

Question Words:
You use question words like who, when, where, what with past simple questions.
Who did she talk to?
When did they leave?
Where did you go?
What did you say?

Past Simple: Irregular Verbs


Many verbs are irregular and have irregular past simple forms.
I fell in love last year.
[fall fell]
She bought a business class ticket.
[buy bought]
They met Mr. Peterson yesterday.
[meet met]
Affirmative
Negative
I
I
He / She / It
saw He / She / It
did not (didn't)
You / We / They
You / We / They
Short answers
Question
Affirmative
Negative
I
I
I
Did he / she / it
see? Yes, he / she / it
did No, he / she / it
you / we / they
you / we / they
you / we / they

see

didn't

Was/Were (Be)
You use the past simple of the verb be to give and ask for information about yourself and other
people in the past.

I was on holiday last week.


He wasn't at the meeting yesterday.
Were they at the conference?
Affirmative
I
was I
He / She / It
was He / She / It
You / We / They
were You / We / They
Question
Was
Was
Were

I
he / she / it
you / we / they

Affirmative
I
Yes, he / she / it
you / we / they

Negative
was not (wasn't)
was not (wasn't)
were not (weren't)
Short answers
Negative
was
I
was No, he / she / it
were
you / we / they

wasn't
wasn't
weren't

Past Continuous
You use the past continuous to say what was happening at a particular time in the past.
At midnight last night, I was singing at a club.
She wasn't listening to me.
Were they dancing?
Affirmative
Negative
I
was
I
was not (wasn't)
He / She / It
was working He / She / It
was not (wasn't)
working
You / We / They were
You / We / They
were not (weren't)
Short answers
Question
Affirmative
Negative
Was I
I
was
I
wasn't
Was he / she / it
working? Yes, he / she / it
was No, he / she / it
wasn't
Were you / we / they
you / we / they were
you / we / they weren't

Past Simple and Past Continuous


You use the past simple and past continuous together in one sentence if the first action is still
going on when the second action happens.
Lisa was reading the mail when Mike came home.
(First Lisa started reading the mail, then Mike came home.)

Spelling:
Add -ing to most verbs.
play playing I was playing tennis.
Verbs ending in consonant + -e, take away -e and add -ing.
write writing He was writing a letter.
Verbs ending in a vowel + a consonant, double the consonant.

Present Perfect Simple


You use the present perfect simple to talk about your and other people's experiences.
The time that the experience happened is not important.
I've seen the Eiffel Tower.
(= at some time in my life. It doesn't matter when.)
John hasn't worked for Coca-Cola Schweppes.
(= never at any time in his life up to now.)
Affirmative
Negative
I
have ('ve)
I
have not (haven't)
He / She / It
has ('s)
worked He / She / It
has not (hasn't)
worked
You / We / They have ('ve)
You / We / They
have not (haven't)
Short answers
Question
Affirmative
Negative
Have I
I
have
I
haven't
Has he / she / it
worked? Yes, he / she / it
has No, he / she / it
hasn't
Have you / we / they
you / we / they have
you / we / they haven't'
You often use the present perfect for experience with ever, never and before.
Have you ever met him?
No, I've never met him.
Have we met before?

Note:The past participles been and gone have different meanings:


Tom has been to Hong Kong.
(He went to Hong Kong and now he's back.)
Tom has gone to Hong Kong.
(He is in Hong Kong now.)

Used to
You use used to + infinitive to talk about things that happened regularly in the past, but don't
happen now.
I used to drink a lot of tea.
(But now I don't.)
Women didn't use to smoke in public.

(But now they do.)


Affirmative
I
I
He / She / It
used to swim He / She / It
You / We / They
You / We / They
Question
I
Did he / she / it
you / we / they

Negative
did not (didn't)

use to swim

Short answers
Affirmative

Negative

I
use to swim? Yes, he / she / it
you / we / they

I
did No, he / she / it
you / we / they

didn't

Note:
You use the past simple for a completed action in the past.
I drank a lot of tea yesterday.
John smoked all my cigarettes last night!

Past Perfect Simple


You use the past perfect to talk about an action that happened before another action in the past.
When I arrived at the airport, the plane had already taken off.
(First the plane took off, then I arrived at the airport.)
When I arrived at the airport, I realized I had left my passport behind.
(First I left my passport behind. I realized after I arrived at the airport.)
Affirmative
Negative
I
I
He / She / It
had ('d) worked He / She / It
had not (hadn't)
worked
You / We / They
You / We / They
Short answers
Question
Affirmative
Negative
I
I
I
Had he / she / it
worked?
Yes, he / she / it
had No, he / she / it
hadn't
you / we / they
you / we / they
you / we / they

FUTURE
Present Continuous (Future Arrangements)
You use the present continuous to talk about fixed arrangements you have made for the future.
I'm having dinner with Sam tonight.
Peter isn't interviewing anyone tomorrow.
Affirmative
Negative

I
He / She / It
You / We / They

am ('m)
I
is ('s)
meeting He / She / It
are ('re)
You / We / They

Question
Am I
Is
he / she / it
Are you / we / they

meeting?

am not ('m not)


is not (isn't)
meeting
are not (aren't)
Short answers
Affirmative
Negative
I
am
I
'm not
Yes, he / she / it
is No, he / she / it
isn't
you / we / they are
you / we / they aren't

Spelling
Add -ing to most verbs.
play playing I'm playing tennis next week.
Verbs ending in a consonant + -e, take away -e and add -ing.
write writing She's writing to him tomorrow.
Verbs ending in a vowel + a consonant, double the consonant.
get getting They're getting married next week.

Going to (Future Plans)


You use going to + infinitive to talk about future plans.
I'm going to see the new factory tomorrow.
Anna isn't going to book the tickets.
Are they going to sign the contract?
Affirmative
I
am ('m)
I
He / She / It
is ('s) going to stay He / She / It
You / We / They are ('re)
You / We / They
Question
Am I
Is he / she / it
Are you / we / they

going to stay?

Affirmative

Negative
am not ('m not)
is not (isn't)
are not (aren't)
Short answers

going to stay

Negative

I
am
I
'm not
Yes, he / she / it
is No, he / she / it
isn't
you / we / they are
you / we / they aren't

Going to (Predictions)
You use going to to make predictions about the future. You make these predictions because of
what you can see now.
Look at that blue sky! It's going to be a beautiful day.
Watch out! You're going to hit that car.

Future Simple

You use will and will not to give opinions and to make predictions about the future.
I'll have a new job in 2003.
Sally won't get the manager's job.
Will you buy a new computer next year?
You often use will when you are not sure about your exact plans.
We'll probably visit the factory on Tuesday.
I don't think I'll be late for the meeting.
Affirmative
Negative
I
I
He / She / It
will ('ll) leave He / She / It
will not (won't)
leave
You / We / They
You / We / They
Short answers
Question
Affirmative
Negative
I
I
I
Will he / she / it
leave? Yes, he / she / it
will No, he / she / it
won't
you / we / they
you / we / they
you / we / they

Note:
You say: I don't think I'll go. (I think I won't go.)

Will (Spontaneous Decisions)


You use will to make a decision at the time of speaking, especially when you offer to do
something for someone else.
"The football game has been canceled."
"Never mind. I'll watch the basketball game instead."
"I'm hungry and there's no food in the house."
"Okay. I'll order a pizza for dinner."
"I have a terrible headache."
"You do? I'll get you some aspirin."

AUXILIARY VERBS
Can (Ability)
You use can/can't to talk about your abilities in the present.
I can speak French.
He can't drive.
They can use spreadsheets.
Affirmative
Negative
I
I
He / She / It
can ski He / She / It
cannot (can't)
You / We / They
You / We / They
Question
Short answers

ski

I
Can he / she / it
you / we / they

ski?

Affirmative

Negative

I
Yes, he / she / it
you / we / they

I
can No, he / she / it
you / we / they

can't

Note: can and can't are followed by the infinitive (without "to")

Could (Ability)
You use could/couldn't to talk about your abilities in the past.
I could read when I was four.
Peter couldn't use a computer when he was fifteen.
Could they speak English?
Affirmative
Negative
I
I
He / She / It
could drive He / She / It
could not (couldn't)
drive
You / We / They
You / We / They
Short answers
Question
Affirmative
Negative
I
I
I
Could he / she / it
drive? Yes, he / she / it
could No, he / she / it
couldn't
you / we / they
you / we / they
you / we / they

Note:
could and couldn't are followed by the infinitive (without "to")

Modals of Deduction: Present


Must
You use must + infinitive (without "to") when you are almost sure (but not 100%
sure) that something is true.
He must be on the plane.
(The plane took off on a long flight just 30 minutes ago, and he was on board.)

Can't
You use can't + infinitive (without "to") when you are almost sure (but not 100%
sure) that something is not true.
The plane can't be in Miami yet.
(The plane took off just 30 minutes ago.)

Might / May
You use might/may + infinitive (without "to") to say that something is possible.
I think he might be on a Cathay Pacific flight.
He may be on a United Airlines flight, but I'm not certain.
Note:
When speculating, you can't use must in a negative sentence.
They can't be in the meeting.
(NOT: They mustn't be in the meeting.)
When speculating, you can't use can in an affirmative sentence.
They might be in the meeting.
(NOT: They can be in the meeting.)

Should (Advice)
You use should and shouldn't to ask for and to give advice.
You use should to say that something is a good idea, and shouldn't to say that it's a bad idea.
You should take more exercise.
You shouldn't smoke.
Should I ask for a raise?
Affirmative
Negative
I
I
He / She / It
should go He / She / It
should not (shouldn't)
go
You / We / They
You / We / They
Short answers
Question
Affirmative
Negative
I
I
I
Should he / she / it
go? Yes, he / she / it
should No, he / she / it
shouldn't
you / we / they
you / we / they
you / we / they

Note:
should and shouldn't are followed by the infinitive (without "to")

Have to, Must (Obligation)


You use have/has to to say that something is necessary.
I have to go to work every day.
(I have no choice.)
Jane doesn't have to travel far to work.
(She lives close to the office.)
Do you have to give many presentations?
(Is it necessary for your job?)
You use don't/doesn't have to to say that something isn't necessary.
I don't have to work today - it's Sunday.
(I'm not working today because it's Sunday.)
Leslie doesn't have to pay to go to the gym.
(The company pays for her.)
You use must and mustn't to talk about obligations that come from you, the speaker.
You must be at the airport by nine o'clock.
(If you aren't, you'll miss the plane.)

Note:
must is more common in U.K. English than in U.S. English.
must and have to are followed by the infinitive (without "to")
PASSIVE

Passive Voice
You use the passive when you are interested in the object of the action, not the subject.
Coffee is grown in Africa.
(It is not important WHO makes the coffee.)
Our workers are paid monthly.
(It is not important WHO pays the workers.)
You can say who did the action by adding by + noun to the sentence.
His proposal was accepted by the board of directors.

Form:
subject + be + past participle
Tense
Affirmative
I am paid
Present
He/She/It is paid
Simple
We/You/They are paid
I/He/She/It was paid
Past Simple
We/You/They were paid
Present I/You/We/They have been paid
Perfect
He/She has been paid

Going to

Will
Modals

I am going to be paid
He/She/It is going to be paid
We/You/They are going to be paid

Question
Am I paid?
Is he paid?
Are we paid?
Was I paid?
Were we paid?
Have I been paid?
Has he been paid?
Am I going to be
paid?
Is he going to be
paid?
Are we going to be
paid?

I/You/He/She/It/We/They will be
Will I be paid?
paid
I/You/He/She/It/We/They should be
Should I be paid?
paid

Negative
I'm not paid
He isn't paid
We aren't paid
I wasn't paid
We weren't paid
I haven't been paid
He hasn't been paid
I'm not going to be
paid
He isn't going to be
paid
We aren't going to be
paid
He won't be paid
They shouldn't be
paid

CONDITIONAL
First Conditional
You use the first conditional to talk about things that may or may not happen in the future.
If you go out tonight, I'll come with you.
(You may or may not go out tonight.)
We'll repair the photocopier if it goes wrong.
(The photocopier may or may not go wrong.)

Form:
If + present, will/won't + infinitive (without "to")

Note:
The if-clause often comes first, but it can come second.
When the if-clause comes first, put a comma after it.
You don't need a comma when it comes second.
If it rains tomorrow, we'll stay in.
We'll stay in if it rains tomorrow.

Second Conditional
You use the second conditional to talk about real situations in the present and imaginary
situations in the future.
If I had a lot of money, I'd buy a sports car.
(But I haven't got a lot of money, so I won't.)
If I became a millionaire, I'd give all my money away.
(But I probably won't become a millionaire.)

Note 1:
You use were or was with I, he, she and it.

Form:
If + past simple, would/wouldn't + infinitive.
OR
If + past simple, could/couldn't + infinitive.

Note 2:
The if-clause often comes first, but it can come second.
When the if-clause comes first, put a comma after it.
You don't need a comma when it comes second.
If I were fitter, I'd be happier.
I'd be happier if I were fitter.

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