ALL

A
Acquired resistance
:
It is through genetic change in a normally susceptible organism.

Alkylating agents
:
These compounds produce highly reactive carbonium ion intermediates which transfer alkyl groups to
covalent bonds.

Anthelmintics
:
These are the drugs that either kill (vermicide) or expel (vermifuge) infesting helminths.

Anti microbial resistance

:
The ability of the microorganism to withstand the effect of a normally active concentration of an antimic

Antibiotic
:
Low molecular weight substance produced by a microorganism that at low concentrations inhibits or ki

Anticancer drugs
:
These are the drugs either kill cancer cells or modify their growth.

Antifungal drugs
:
These are the drugs used for superficial and deep (systemic) fungal infections.

Antimetabolites
:
These are the analogues related to normal components of DNA or of coenzymes involved in nucleic ac

Antimicrobial agent
:
Any substance of natural, semisythetic, or synthetic origin that kills or inhibits the growth of a microorga
the host.

Antiseptics
:
Disinfectants which can be applied to the body are usually called antiseptics.

Antiviral drugs
:
Drugs used against the viral infections.
B

Bactericidal drug
:
An antibacterial agent that kills the bacterial agent that kills the bacterium at or near the same drug con

Bacteriostatic drug
:
An antibacterial drug that exhibits a large dilution difference between inhibitory and cidal effects is cons

Beta lactamase
:
These are a family of enzymes produced by many gram positive and gram negative bacteria that inacti
the beta lactam ring.

Beta lactam antibiotics

:
These are antibiotics having beta lactam ring.

Broad spectrum antibacterial agent

:
Inhibit both gram positive and gram negative bacteria.
C

Chemotherapy
:
In the original sense, a chemical that binds to and specifically kills microbes or tumor cells. The term ch
by Paul Ehrlich (1854-1915).

Conjugation
:
A plasmid is transferred from a donor bacterium to a recipient cell in which it can replicate.

Constitutive resisitance
:
Constitutive resisitance (MLSBc ) Bacteria show high level resistance to all MLSB antibiotics

Cotrimoxazole
:
The fixed dose combination of trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole

Cross Resistance
:
Acquisition of resistance to one antimicrobial agent conferring resistance to another antimicrobial agen
exposed.

D
Detergents
:
These are cleansing and emulsifying agents which frequently possess antibacterial properties.

Disinfectant
:
Chemical agents which kill or prevent multiplication of microorganisms, particularly those which cause
virusus.

Dissociated inducible cross resistance

:
Dissociated inducible cross resistance (MLSBi) Bacteria resistance to macrolides but initially fully sus
resistance to lincosamides when exposed to macrolides.

Drug destroying
:
The resistant microbe elaborates an enzyme which inactivates the antimicrobial agent.

Drug tolerant
:
Loss of affinity of the target biomolecule of the microorganism for a particular antimicrobial agent.
E
Extended spectrum penicillins
:
Semi synthetic penicillins which are active against a variety of gram negative bacilli.
I

Interferons
:
Families of glycoprotein that exert nonspecific antiviral activity through cellular processes involving syn

possess antiviral, immunomodulatory, and anti-proliferative effects.

Intrinsic resistance
:
It is natural to all the members of a specific bacterial taxonomic group ( genus, species or subspecies)
biochemical characteristics inherent to the wild-typed microorganism.
M

Minimum antibiotic concentration (MAC)

:
The concentration of antibiotic which will reduce the growth of an organism in vitro by a factor of 10 (i.e

Minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC)

:
The concentration of the antibiotic which kills 99.9% of the bacteria.

Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC)

:
The lowest concentration of an antibiotic which prevents visible growth of a bacterium.

MLSB resistance
:
Cross resistance occurs among macrolides, lincosamides and streptomycin group B antibiotics.

Multistep mutation
:
A number of gene modifications are involved; sensitivity decreases gradually in a stepwise manner.

Mutation
:
It is a stable and heritable genetic change that occurs spontaneously and randomly among microorgan

N
Narrow spectrum antibacterial agent
:
Inhibit only gram positive or gram negative bacteria.
P

Penicillinase
:
It is a narrow spectrum beta lactamase which opens the beta lactam ring and inactivates Penicillin G a

Penicillinase resistant penicillins

:
These have side chains that protect the betalactam ring from the attack by staphylococcal penicillinase

Post antibiotic sub-MIC effect

:
The effect of sub-MIC drug concentrations on bacterial growth following serial exposure to drug concen
time).
S

Semisythetic penicillins
:
These are produced by chemically combining specific side chains (in place of benzyl side chain of Pen
precursors in the mould cultures.

Sequential blockade
:
Trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole combination sequentially block the folate metabolism.

Single step mutation

:
A single gene mutation may confer high degree of resistance; emerges rapidly.

Sub MIC effect

:
Any effect of an antimicrobial on a microorganism at concentrations below the MIC (Unit = time).

Suicide inhibitor
:
Clavulanic acid inhibit the beta lactamase enzyme and it get inactivated itself after binding to the enzym

Superinfection
:
Appearance of a new infection as a result of antimicrobial therapy.
T
Transduction
:
Transfer of DNA from one bacterium to another by bacteriophages.

Transformation
:
Uptake of naked DNA present in the environment by naturally competent bacteria.

Transmissible resistance
:
The genetic material from a resistant cell passes to a susceptible cell, thereby rendering it resistant.
U
Urinary antiseptics
:

Anti bacterial agents in orally tolerated doses, attain antibacterial concentration only in the urinary tract
infections.