An optical fiber (or optical fibre) is a flexible, transparent fiber made by drawing glass

(silica) or plastic to a diameter slightly thicker than that of a human hair.[1] Optical fibers are
used most often as a means to transmit light between the two ends of the fiber and find wide
usage in fiber-optic communications, where they permit transmission over longer distances
and at higher bandwidths (data rates) than wire cables. Fibers are used instead
of metal wires because signals travel along them with lesser amounts of loss; in addition,
fibers are also immune to electromagnetic interference, a problem from which metal wires
suffer excessively.[2][3] Fibers are also used forillumination, and are wrapped in bundles so
that they may be used to carry images, thus allowing viewing in confined spaces, as in the
case of a fiberscope.[4] Specially designed fibers are also used for a variety of other
applications, some of them being fiber optic sensorsand fiber lasers.[5] Optical fibers typically
include a transparent core surrounded by a transparent cladding material with a lower index
of refraction. Light is kept in the core by the phenomenon of total internal reflection which
causes the fiber to act as a waveguide.[6] Fibers that support many propagation paths
or transverse modes are called multi-mode fibers (MMF), while those that support a single
mode are called single-mode fibers (SMF). Multi-mode fibers generally have a wider core
diameter and are used for short-distance communication links and for applications where
high power must be transmitted.[citation needed] Single-mode fibers are used for most
communication links longer than 1,000 meters (3,300 ft).[citation needed] An important aspect of a
fiber optic communication is that of extension of the fiber optic cables such that the losses
brought about by joining two different cables is kept to a minimum. [7] Joining lengths of
optical fiber often proves to be more complex than joining electrical wire or cable and
involves careful cleaving of the fibers, perfect alignment of the fiber cores, and the splicing of
these aligned fiber cores. For applications that demand a permanent connection
a mechanical splice which holds the ends of the fibers together mechanically could be used
or a fusion splice that uses heat to fuse the ends of the fibers together could be used.
Temporary or semi-permanent connections are made by means of specialized optical fiber
connectors.[8] The field of applied science and engineering concerned with the design and
application of optical fibers is known as fiber optics.
Guiding of light by refraction, the principle that makes fiber optics possible, was first
demonstrated by Daniel Colladon and Jacques Babinet in Paris in the early 1840s. John
Tyndall included a demonstration of it in his public lectures in London, 12 years later.
[9]
Tyndall also wrote about the property of total internal reflection in an introductory book
about the nature of light in 1870: When the light passes from air into water, the refracted ray
is bent towards the perpendicular... When the ray passes from water to air it is bent from the
perpendicular... If the angle which the ray in water encloses with the perpendicular to the
surface be greater than 48 degrees, the ray will not quit the water at all: it will be totally
reflected at the surface.... The angle which marks the limit where total reflection begins is
called the limiting angle of the medium. For water this angle is 4827, for flint glass it is
3841, while for diamond it is 2342. [10][11] Unpigmented human hairs have also been shown
to act as an optical fiber.[12]
Practical applications, such as close internal illumination during dentistry, appeared early in
the twentieth century. Image transmission through tubes was demonstrated independently
by the radio experimenter Clarence Hansell and the television pioneer John Logie Bairdin
the 1920s. The principle was first used for internal medical examinations by Heinrich

Lamm in the following decade. Modern optical fibers, where the glass fiber is coated with a
transparent cladding to offer a more suitable refractive index, appeared later in the decade.
[9]
Development then focused on fiber bundles for image transmission. Harold
Hopkins and Narinder Singh Kapany at Imperial College in London achieved low-loss light
transmission through a 75 cm long bundle which combined several thousand fibers. Their
article titled "A flexible fibrescope, using static scanning" was published in the
journal Nature in 1954.[13][14] The first fiber optic semi-flexible gastroscope was patented
by Basil Hirschowitz, C. Wilbur Peters, and Lawrence E. Curtiss, researchers at
the University of Michigan, in 1956. In the process of developing the gastroscope, Curtiss
produced the first glass-clad fibers; previous optical fibers had relied on air or impractical oils
and waxes as the low-index cladding material. A variety of other image transmission
applications soon followed. In 1880 Alexander Graham Bell and Sumner Tainter invented
the Photophone at the Volta Laboratory in Washington, D.C., to transmit voice signals over
an optical beam.[15] It was an advanced form of telecommunications, but subject to
atmospheric interferences and impractical until the secure transport of light that would be
offered by fiber-optical systems. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, light was guided
through bent glass rods to illuminate body cavities. [16] Jun-ichi Nishizawa, a Japanese
scientist at Tohoku University, also proposed the use of optical fibers for communications in
1963, as stated in his book published in 2004 in India.[17] Nishizawa invented other
technologies that contributed to the development of optical fiber communications, such as
the graded-index optical fiber as a channel for transmitting light from semiconductor lasers.
[18][19]
The first working fiber-optical data transmission system was demonstrated by German
physicist Manfred Brner at Telefunken Research Labs in Ulm in 1965, which was followed
by the first patent application for this technology in 1966. [20][21] NASA used fiber optics in the
television cameras that were sent to the moon. At the time, the use in the cameras
was classified confidential, and employees handling the cameras had to be supervised by
someone with an appropriate security clearance. [22] Charles K. Kao and George A.
Hockham of the British company Standard Telephones and Cables (STC) were the first to
promote the idea that the attenuation in optical fibers could be reduced below
20 decibels per kilometer (dB/km), making fibers a practical communication medium. [23] They
proposed that the attenuation in fibers available at the time was caused by impurities that
could be removed, rather than by fundamental physical effects such as scattering. They
correctly and systematically theorized the light-loss properties for optical fiber, and pointed
out the right material to use for such fibers silica glass with high purity. This discovery
earned Kao the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2009.[24]
The crucial attenuation limit of 20 dB/km was first achieved in 1970, by researchers Robert
D. Maurer, Donald Keck, Peter C. Schultz, and Frank Zimar working for American glass
maker Corning Glass Works, now Corning Incorporated. They demonstrated a fiber with
17 dB/km attenuation by doping silica glass with titanium. A few years later they produced a
fiber with only 4 dB/km attenuation using germanium dioxide as the core dopant. Such low
attenuation ushered in the era of optical fiber telecommunication. In 1981,General
Electric produced fused quartz ingots that could be drawn into strands 25 miles (40 km) long.
[25]
The Italian research center CSELT worked with Corning to develop practical optical fiber
cables, resulting in the first metropolitan fiber optic cable being deployed in Torino in 1977.
[26]
CSELT also developed an early technique for splicing optical fibers, called Springroove.[27]

Attenuation in modern optical cables is far less than in electrical copper cables, leading to
long-haul fiber connections with repeater distances of 70150 kilometers (4393 mi).
Being able to communicate effectively is the most important of all life skills. Communication
is simply the act of transferring information from one place to another, whether this be
vocally (using voice), written (using printed or digital media such as books, magazines,
websites or emails), visually (using logos, maps, charts or graphs) or non-verbally (using
body language, gestures and the tone and pitch of voice). How well this information can be
transmitted and received is a measure of how good our communication skills are.
Developing your communication skills can help all aspects of your life, from your
professional life to social gatherings and everything in between. The ability to communicate
information accurately, clearly and as intended, is a vital life skill and something that should
not be overlooked. Its never too late to work on your communication skills and by doing so
improve your quality of life. Interpersonal Skills are the skills we use when engaged in faceto-face communication with one or more other people. What we say is an important way of
getting our message across - see Verbal Communication and Effective Speaking - but using
our voice is only the tip of the iceberg. We actually communicate more information using
non-verbal signals, gestures, facial expression, body language even our appearance - see
our pages: Non-verbal Communication, Personal Presentation and Personal Appearance for
more information. Listening is a vital interpersonal communication skill. When we
communicate we spend 45% of our time listening. Most people take listening for granted but
it is not the same as hearing and should be thought of as a skill. Our Listening Skills page
acts as an introduction to the subject and lists the ten principles of listening. Active
Listening provides a lot more information about how to listen effectively and can help you to
avoid misunderstandings. We also have a page on Ineffective Listening, you may recognise
some of the bad habits you or other people have picked up when listening. Reflection and
clarification are both common techniques used to ensure that what you have heard and
understood is what was intended - you can find out more on our
pages Reflecting and Clarification.
Good interpersonal communication skills enable us to work more effectively in groups and
teams, which may be either formal, like at work, or informally - in social situations. Our
pages What are Groups and Teams? and Group Roles explain the importance of group
interactions. We also have a page on Meetings and some guidelines about How to Conduct
a Meeting. It is often desirable to build strong relationships with others, which can in turn
lead to better communication and understanding - see Building Rapport for help with
understanding how to develop interpersonal relationships and What is Empathy? to find out
how you can take these principles further and develop empathy for others. Interpersonal
communication skills are essential to developing other key life skills. Being able to
communicate well with others is often essential to solving problems that inevitably occur both
in our private and professional lives. Our section on Problem Solving provides information
and advice to aid constructive and effective problem solving. Decision making is another
area which can benefit from good communication skills as it often requires communicating
complex information so that the most appropriate decision can be made. See our
section: Decision Making for more information. Interpersonal communication is a large
subject area; our page Barriers to Effective Communication details some of the common
barriers that may mean our communication fails or is less effective than it should be. Learn
to avoid such barriers and allow your messages to be sent and received with greater

accuracy. We also provide some more specific pages that may be of interest, examples
include: Interpersonal Skills for Children, Principles of Interpersonal
Communication and Dealing with Criticism.
Medicine (British English i/mdsn/; American English i/mdsn/) is the science and
practice of the diagnosis, treatment, andprevention of disease.[1][2] The word medicine is
derived from Latin medicus, meaning "a physician".[3][4] Medicine encompasses a variety
of health
care practices
evolved
to
maintain
and
restore health by
the prevention and treatment of illness.
Contemporary
medicine
applies biomedical
sciences, biomedical research, genetics, and medical technology to diagnose, treat, and
prevent injury and disease, typically through pharmaceuticals or surgery, but also through
therapies as diverse as psychotherapy, external splints and traction, medical
devices, biologics, and ionizing radiation, amongst others.[5]
Medicine has existed for thousands of years, during most of which it was an art (an area of
skill and knowledge) frequently having connections to the religious and philosophical beliefs
of local culture. For example, a medicine man would apply herbs and sayprayers for healing,
or an ancient philosopher and physician would apply bloodletting according to the theories
of humorism. In recent centuries, since the advent of modern science, most medicine has
become a combination of art and science (both basic andapplied, under
the umbrella of medical science). While stitching technique for sutures is an art learned
through practice, the knowledge of what happens at the cellular and molecular level in the
tissues being stitched arises through science.
Prescientific forms of medicine are now known as traditional medicine and folk medicine.
They remain commonly used with or instead of scientific medicine and are thus
called alternative medicine. For example, evidence on the effectiveness of acupuncture is
"variable and inconsistent" for any condition,[6] but is generally safe when done by an
appropriately trained practitioner.[7] In contrast, treatments outside the bounds of safety and
efficacy are termed quackery.

Home
Medical information
Medicines information
Types of medicines

Types of medicines
Most medicines come in a variety of types or formats. Be aware, though, that some
medicines (particularly rare or unusual ones) only come in one type. Also, some may
be more effective in one type than another.
Preparations
In the UK, medicines often come in some of the following preparations:

Liquid
The active part of the medicine is combined with a liquid to make it easier to take or better
absorbed. A liquid may also be called a mixture, solution or syrup. Many common liquids
are now available without any added colouring or sugar.
Tablet
The active ingredient is combined with another substance and pressed into a round or oval
solid shape. There are different types of tablet. Soluble or dispersible tablets can safely be
dissolved in water.
Capsules
The active part of the medicine is contained inside a plastic shell that dissolves slowly in the
stomach. Some capsules can be taken apart so the contents can be mixed with a favourite
food. Others need to be swallowed whole so the medicine is not absorbed until the stomach
acid breaks down the capsule shell.
Other types of medicine include the following:
Topical medicines
These are creams, lotions or ointments that are applied directly onto the skin. They come in
tubs, bottles or tubes depending on the type of medicine. The active part of the medicine is
mixed with another substance that makes it easy to apply to the skin.
Suppositories
The active part of the medicine is combined with another substance and pressed into a
bullet shape so it can be inserted into the rectum (back passage). Suppositories must not
be swallowed.
Drops
These are often used where the active part of the medicine works best if it reaches the
affected area directly. They tend to be used for eye, earor nose.
Inhalers
The active part of the medicine is released under pressure directly into the lungs. Young
children may need to use a spacer device to take the medicine properly. Inhalers can be
difficult to use at first so your pharmacist will show you how to give them.
Injections
There are various types of injection, differing in how and where it is
injected. Subcutaneous or SC injections are given just under the surface of the skin.

Intramuscular or IM injections are given into a muscle. Intrathecal injections are given into
the fluid around the spinal cord. Intravenous or IV injections are given into a vein. Some
injections can be given at home but most are given at your doctors surgery (GP) or in
hospital.
Implants or patches
Some medicines are absorbed by the body through the skin, such as nicotine patches for
help in giving up smoking or contraceptive implants.
Buccal or sublingual tablets or liquids
These look similar to normal tablets or liquids but they are not swallowed. Buccal medicines
are held in the cheek so that the mouth lining absorbs the active ingredient. Sublingual
medicines work in the same way but are put underneath the tongue. Buccal and sublingual
medicines tend only to be given in very specific circumstances.
Different medicines are used to treat different problems. Some cure the problem itself and
others relieve only the signs of the problem. Sometimes you cannot take the best medicine
for your problem because:

it is not available where you live.

it is not safe if you are pregnant or breastfeeding.

you are allergic to it.

it no longer works where you live, because of drug resistance (see box below).

When this happens, you can substitute one medicine for another, but only if you are sure it
will work. The treatments we recommend in this book often give you choices if for some
reason you cannot use the best medicine. If you are unsure of what medicines to take, talk
to a health worker.
Medicines are chemicals or compounds used to cure, halt, or prevent disease; ease
symptoms; or help in the diagnosis of certain illnesses. Advances in medications have
enabled doctors to cure many diseases and save lives.
These days, medicines come from a variety of sources. Many were developed from
substances found in nature, and even today many are extracted from plants. For example,
one medicine that is used to treat certain cancers comes from the Pacific yew tree.
Some medicines are produced in a laboratory by mixing together a number of chemicals.
Others, like penicillin, are byproducts of organisms such as fungus. And a few medicines are

even biologically engineered by inserting genes into bacteria that make them produce the
desired substance.
No medicine can be sold unless it has first been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug
Administration (FDA). The manufacturers of the medication perform tests on all new
medicines and send the results to the FDA.
The FDA allows new medicines to be used only if they work and if they are safe enough.
When a medicine's benefits outweigh its known risks, the FDA usually approves the sale of
the drug. The FDA can withdraw a medication from the market at any time if it later is found
to cause harmful side effects.
The decorative arts are arts or crafts concerned with the design and manufacture of
beautiful objects that are also functional. It includesinterior design, but not
usually architecture. The decorative arts are often categorized in opposition to the "fine arts",
namely, painting,drawing, photography, and large-scale sculpture, which generally have no
function
other
than
to
be
seen.
The distinction between the decorative and the fine arts has essentially arisen from the postRenaissance art of the West, where the distinction is for the most part meaningful. This
distinction is much less meaningful when considering the art of other cultures and periods,
where the most highly regarded works or even all works include those in decorative
media. For example, Islamic art in many periods and places consists entirely of the
decorative arts, often using geometric and plant forms, as does the art of many traditional
cultures. The distinction between decorative and fine arts is not very useful for
appreciating Chinese art, and neither is it for understanding EarlyMedieval art in Europe. In
that period in Europe, fine arts such as manuscript illumination and monumental
sculpture existed, but the most prestigious works tended to be in goldsmith work, in cast
metals such as bronze, or in other techniques such as ivory carving. Large-scale wallpaintings were much less regarded, crudely executed, and rarely mentioned in contemporary
sources. They were probably seen as an inferior substitute for mosaic, which for this period
must be viewed as a fine art, though in recent centuries mosaics have tended to be seen as
decorative. The term "ars sacra" ("sacred arts") is sometimes used for medieval Christian art
done in metal, ivory, textiles, and other high-value materials but not for rarer secular works
from that period.
The early modern period lacked the hierarchical division of fine and decorative arts, which
was only established in the mid-nineteenth century. Textiles, furniture, and gold and silver,
for example, were seen as entirely equal in artistic value and were generally more expensive
than paintings or sculpture. The decorative arts played an important role in the often scripted
life of the higher echelons of society that was imitated by others. Records of objects'
placement and meticulous descriptions illustrate their multifaceted functions. They
articulated a space, defined the actors in it, and participated in the rituals and actions of daily
life. Understood in this manner, decorative arts can provide a particularly immediate and
detailed window into the past.
The term "decorative arts" is a traditional term for a rather unwieldy range of artistic
disciplines concerned with the design and ornamentation of items, usually functional, that do

not necessarily have any intrinsic aesthetic qualities. Broadly-speaking, many decorative arts
(eg. basket-weaving, cabinet-making, ceramics, tapestry and others) are also classified as
"crafts." Also, decorative art is part of the larger category of applied art.
The earliest type of decorative art was ancient pottery, notably the Jomon style Japanese
ceramics pioneered from about 14,500 BCE. It was also widely produced from about 5,000
BCE by a number of ancient Mediterranean civilizations, before reaching its apogee in
the Geometric Style, Oriental Style, Black-Figure and Red-Figure style of Ancient Greek
pottery.

Another early producer of decorative art were the Celts, whose metalwork(c.500-50 BCE) created
such personal weaponry and items of jewellery, as the gold and bronze "Oak Tree of Manching"
(c.350-50 BCE), the bronze "Battersea Shield" (c.350-50 BCE), the bronze "Witham Shield" (4th
century BCE), the silver "Gundestrup Cauldron" (c.100 BCE), the bronze "Petrie Crown" (100 BCE
- 200 CE), the gold "Broighter Gold Collar" (1st century BCE) and the gold "Broighter Boat" (1st
century BCE). Later, Celtic artisans in Ireland produced a number of exquisite ecclesiastical
objects, and other works, such as the Tara Brooch (c.700 CE), the Ardagh Chalice (8th/9th
century CE), the Derrynaflan Chalice (8th/9th century CE), the Moylough Belt Shrine (8th century
CE), the Tully Lough Cross (8th/9th century) and the Cross of Cong (12th century).
These ornamental traditions were kept alive at the European royal courts of King Charlemagne I
and later Ottonian rulers, with new art forms being developed in the area of tapestry and other
textiles. The great ChristianGothic style building program then financed the development of
European stained glass art, which it employed throughout its cathedrals in France, England,
Germany and elsewhere.

During the Italian and Northern Renaissance eras, painting and sculpture took tended to be more
serious than decorative - but see the Fontainebleau Schoolin France - and it wasn't really until the
Counter-Reformation Baroque era that decorative art again blossomed, in a variety of disciplines.
An important event during this time was the founding of the famous Gobelins TapestryFactory, in
Paris (1667), headed by Charles Le Brun (1619-90), and theBeauvais Tapestry Factory (1664),
also in Paris.
After this, came the Rococo school which gave a huge impetus to decorative crafts such as
furniture-making, domestic furnishings, glass, and textiles. If Baroque was rooted in architecture,
the Rococo style was rooted in interior design. Emerging at the court of Louis XV at the Palace of
Versailles, the style proved exceptionally popular in parts of Germany and central Europe. For
more, see French Decorative Arts (c.1640-1792); French Designers(c.1640-1792); and French
Furniture (c.1640-1792). The Rococo era is also noted for the popularity of Chinese decorative
motifs, as in chinoiserie, the pseudo-Chinese style of decoration which spread throughout Europe.
Neither the socialism of the French Revolution or the mass-production techniques of the
Industrial Revolution, were conducive to the aesthetics of ornamental crafts. As a result, it wasn't
until the late 19th century, in a reaction against machine-based products, that decorative art
again came to the fore. It did so due to William Morris and the Arts and Crafts Movement, a social
and aesthetic movement which arose out of the Arts and Crafts Exhibition Society founded in
1888, although its roots date from the 1850s and the aesthetics of the art critic John
Ruskin (1819-1900). The movement championed good design and craftsmanship, in contrast to
the standardized designs of machine-made factory products.
Around the turn of the century another design movement appeared, known as the Celtic Art
Revival Movement. Pioneered by members of the Irish intelligentsia, like WB Yeats and Lady
Gregory, as well as activists like "AE" Russell, Percy French, Oliver St John Gogarty, Padraic
Colum, and Edward Plunkett, it led to a mini-renaissance of Celtic designs and Celtic artgenerally.
Celtic-style jewellers and metalworkers began copying ancient pieces including: the Tara Brooch,
the Knights of Templar Brooch, the Dublin University Brooch and the Clarendon Brooch.

One of the world's greatest collections of this type of artwork in America can be
seen in the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York. In Europe, the Louvre and
the Victoria and Albert Museum are the greatest showcases of decorative art.

Jawaharlal Nehru, the first Prime Minister of India (office: 15 August 1947 27 May 1964),
initiated reforms to promote higher education, science, and technology in India. [2] The Indian
Institutes of Technology conceived by a 22-member committee of scholars and
entrepreneurs in order to promote technical education was inaugurated on 18 August 1951
at Kharagpur in West Bengal by the minister of education Maulana Abul Kalam Azad.[3] More
IITs were soon opened in Bombay, Madras, Kanpur and Delhi as well in the late 1950s and
early 1960s. Beginning in the 1960s, close ties with the Soviet Union enabled the Indian
Space Research Organisation to rapidly develop the Indian space program and
advance nuclear powerin India even after the first nuclear test explosion by India on 18 May
1974 at Pokhran.[4]
India accounts for about 10% of all expenditure on research and development in Asia and
the number of scientific publications grew by 45% over the five years to 2007 [citation needed].
However, according to India's science and technology minister, Kapil Sibal, India is lagging

in science and technology compared to developed countries.[5] India has only 140
researchers per 1,000,000 population, compared to 4,651 in the United States. [5] India
invested US$3.7 billion in science and technology in 20022003. [6] For comparison, China
invested about four times more than India, while the United States invested approximately
75 times more than India on science and technology.[6] The highest-ranked Indian university
for engineering and technology in 2014 was the Indian Institute of Technology Bombay at
number 16;[7] natural science ranks lower.[8] One study argued that Indian science did not
suffer from lack of funds but from unethical practices, the urge to make illegal money,
immense misuse of power, frivolouspublications and patents, faulty promotion policies,
victimisation
for
speaking
against
wrong
or
corrupt
practices
in
the management, sycophancy, and brain drain.[9]
While India has increased its output of scientific papers fourfold between 2000 and 2015
overtaking Russia and France in absolute number of papers per year, that rate has been
exceeded by China and Brazil; Indian papers generate fewer cites than average, and relative
to its population it has few scientists.[10]
The history of Science and Technology (HST) is a field of history which examines how
humanity's understanding of the natural world (science) and ability to manipulate it
(technology) have changed over the centuries. This academic discipline also studies the
cultural, economic, and political impacts of scientific innovation.
Histories of science were originally written by practicing and retired scientists, starting
primarily with William Whewell, as a way to communicate the virtues of science to the public.
In the early 1930s, after a famous paper given by the Soviet historian Boris Hessen, was
focused into looking at the ways in which scientific practices were allied with the needs and
motivations of their context. After World War II, extensive resources were put into teaching
and researching the discipline, with the hopes that it would help the public better understand
both Science and Technology as they came to play an exceedingly prominent role in the
world. In the 1960s, especially in the wake of the work done by Thomas Kuhn, the discipline
began to serve a very different function, and began to be used as a way to critically examine
the scientific enterprise. At the present time it is often closely aligned with the field ofscience
studies.[citation needed]
Modern engineering as it is understood today took form during the scientific revolution,
though much of the mathematics and science was built on the work of
needed]
the Greeks, Egyptians, Mesopotamians, Chinese, Indians.[citation
See
the
main
articlesHistory of science and History of technology for these respective topics.
Science is the systematic way of acquiring knowledge through observation and
experimentation, whereas technology is the practical application of science.Technology is
used to design products that improve the quality of human life.
Science is a systematic way of acquiring knowledge about a particular field of study.
According to Science Made Simple, a leading website in scientific eduction, science helps us
to gain knowledge, through an organized system of observation and experimentation. This
system is used to describe different natural phenomena. The aforementioned description is

that of pure science, and biology, chemistry, physics and Earth science are the basic fields of
pure science.
Technology can be defined as the products, tools and processes used to accomplish tasks in
daily life. According to Use of Technology, technology is the application of science to solve a
problem. Technology involves the application of engineering and applied sciences to solve
the practical problems of human lives.
Technology is basically human knowledge that is used to create products and artifacts with
the help of innovative tools, systems and materials. Technology is used for communication,
manufacturing, learning, securing data and transportation; it is often a consequence of
science and engineering, but technology as a human activity precedes the other two fields.
Development, whether it is human development or country development, is linked to the
proper growth and development of the technology in many ways. Technological
advancement happens when there become new inventions in the science by highly skilled
and professional scientists. We can say that technology, science and development are
equally proportional to each other. Development in the science and technology is very
necessary for the people of any nation to go hand in hand together by the people of other
countries. Development of the science and technology depends on the analysis and proper
understanding of facts. Development of technology depends on the way of application of
various scientific knowledge in right direction.
In order to enhance the economy and betterment of the people of any nation, up-to-date
knowledge, technology, science, and engineering are the fundamental requisites. A nation
can be backward and the chances of being developed country become minimal in the lack of
science and technology.
Some examples of the advancement in the technologies are establishment of railway
system, metro system, railway reservation system, internet, super computers, mobiles, smart
phones, online access of people in almost every area, etc. Government of India is creating
more opportunity to the space organization and several academic institutions (Indian
Association for the Advancement of Science) for the better technological growth and
development in the country. Some of the renowned scientists of the India who have made
possible the technological advancement in India (through their notable scientific researches
in the various fields) are Sir J. C. Bose, S. N. Bose, C. V. Raman, Dr. Homi J. Bhabha,
Srinivasa Ramanujan, father of Indias nuclear power, Dr. Har Govind Singh Khorana,
Vikram Sarabhai, etc.