Pembezaan 2

3.
1 Derivative of a Function
lim
h 0
f a h f a
h
We write:
is called the derivative of
f x lim
h 0
at
a.
f a h f a
h
The derivative of f with respect to x is
There are many ways to write the derivative of
y f x
3.1 Derivative of a Function

f x
f prime x
y prime
or
the derivative of f with respect

to x
dy
dx
dee why dee ecks
or
the derivative of y with

respect to x
df
dx
dee eff dee ecks
or
the derivative of f with

respect to x
d
f
dx
x dee dee ecks uv eff uv ecks or the derivative

( d dx of f of x )
of f of x
dx does not mean d times x !

dy does not mean d times y !
dy
does not mean dy dx !
dx
(except when it is convenient to think of it as division.)
df
does not mean df dx !
dx
(except when it is convenient to think of it as division.)
d
d
f x does not mean
times f x !
dx
dx
(except when it is convenient to treat it that way.)

4
3
The derivative is
the slope of the
original function.
y f x
1
0
3
The derivative is defined

at the end points of a
function on a closed
interval.
1
0
-1
-2
y f x

6
y x 3
4
3
2
1
-3
-2
-1
0
-1
y lim
-2
-3
h 0
6
5
4
3
2
1
-3 -2 -1 0
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
x h
y lim 2 x h
h0
y 2 x
3 x2 3
h

A function is differentiable if it has a
derivative everywhere in its domain. It
must be continuous and smooth.
Functions on closed intervals must have
one-sided derivatives defined at the end
points.
3.2 Differentiability
To be differentiable, a function must be continuous
and smooth.
Derivatives will fail to exist at:
f
f x x
corner
cusp
vertical tangent
2
3
1, x 0
1, x 0
discontinuity
Most of the functions we study in calculus will be differentiable.
There are two theorems on page 110:
If f has a derivative at x = a, then f is continuous at x = a.
Since a function must be continuous to have a derivative,

if it has a derivative then it is continuous.
Intermediate Value Theorem for Derivatives
If a and b are any two points in an interval on which f is
differentiable, then f takes on every value between f a

and f b .
f b 3
1
f a
2
Between a and b, f must take

1
on every value between 2 and 3.
3.3 Rules for Differentiation

If the derivative of a function is its slope, then for a
constant function, the derivative must be zero.
d
c 0
dx
example:
y 3
y 0
The derivative of a constant is zero.

We saw that if
y x 2 , y 2 x
This is part of a pattern.
d n
n 1
x
nx
dx
examples:
f x x
f x 4x
power rule
y x8
y 8 x 7

d n
n 1
x
nx
dx
Proof:
d n
( x h) n x n
x lim
h0
dx
h
d n
x n nx n1h ... hn x n
x lim
h0
dx
h
d n
nx n1h ... hn
x lim
h0
dx
h
d n
x lim nx n1
h0
dx

constant multiple rule:
d
du
cu c
dx
dx
examples:
d n
cx cnx n 1
dx
d
7 x5 7 5 x 4 35 x 4
dx

constant multiple rule:
d
du
cu c
dx
dx
sum and difference rules:
d
du dv
u v
dx
dx dx
d
du dv
u v
dx
dx dx
4
2
y
2
x
2
y x 12 x
(Each term
is treated separately)
dy
3
3
4x 4x
y 4 x 12
dx
4

Find the horizontal tangents of:
y x 2x 2
4
dy
4 x3 4 x
dx
Horizontal tangents occur when slope = zero.

4 x3 4 x 0
Substituting the x values into the
x3 x 0
x x 1 0
2
x x 1 x 1 0
x 0, 1, 1
original equation, we get:
y 2, y 1, y 1
(The function is even, so we

only get two horizontal
tangents.)

4
y x4 2x2 2
y2
y 1
1
-2
-1
0
-1
-2

4
y x4 2x2 2
3
2
dy
4 x3 4 x
dx
1
-2
-1
0
-1
First derivative
(slope) is zero at:
x 0, 1, 1
-2

product rule:
d
dv
du
uv u v
dx
dx
dx
Notice that this is not just the

product of two derivatives.
This is sometimes memorized as: d uv u dv v du
d 2
x 3
dx
x 2 3 6 x 2 5 2 x3 5 x 2x
2 x3 5 x
d
2 x5 5 x3 6 x3 15 x
dx
d
2 x5 11x3 15 x
dx
10 x 4 33x 2 15
6 x 4 5x 2 18x 2 15 4 x 4 10 x 2
10 x 4 33x 2 15

product rule:
d
dv
du
uv u v
dx
dx
dx
d
u ( x h)v ( x h ) u ( x )v ( x )
(uv) lim
h0
dx
h
add and subtract u(x+h)v(x)

in the denominator
d
u ( x h)v( x h) u ( x)v( x) u ( x h)v( x) u ( x h)v( x)
(uv) lim
h0
dx
h
Proof
d
u ( x h)v( x h) v( x) v( x)u ( x h) u ( x)
(uv) lim
0
dx
h
d
dv
du
(uv) u v
dx
dx
dx

quotient rule:
du
dv
v u
d u
dx
dx

2
dx v
v
d 2 x 5x
2
dx x 3
3
u v du u dv
d
2
v
v

or

x 3
x 2 3 6 x 2 5 2 x3 5 x 2 x
2

Higher Order Derivatives:
dy
y
dx
is the first derivative of y with respect to x.
dy
d dy d 2 y
is the second derivative.
y
dx dx dx dx 2
(y double prime)
dy
y
is the third derivative.
dx
We will learn
later what these
d
4
y
y is the fourth derivative.
higher order
dx
derivatives are
used for.

Suppose u and v are functions that are differentiable at
x = 3, and that u(3) = 5, u(3) = -7, v(3) = 1, and v(3)= 4.
Find the following at x = 3 :
d
1. (uv)
dx
d
(uv) uv'vu'
dx
d u
2.
dx v
d u vu'uv'

dx v
v2
(1)(7) (5)(4)
27
2
1
d v
3.
dx u
d v uv'vu'

dx u
u2
(5)(4) (1)(7)
52
5(3) (1)(7) 8
27
25
d ho

dx hi
(hi)d (ho) (ho)d (hi)
(ho)(ho)
3.4 Velocity and other Rates

of Change
Consider a graph of displacement (distance traveled) vs. time.
distance
(miles)
Average velocity can be found by

taking:
change in position
s
s
change in time
t
t
time (hours)
Vave
f t t f t
s
t
t
The speedometer in your car does not measure average

velocity, but instantaneous velocity.
V t
f t t f t
ds
lim
t 0
dt
t
(The velocity at one

moment in time.)

of Change
Velocity is the first derivative of position.
Acceleration is the second derivative

of position.

of Change
Example:
Free Fall Equation
1 2
s g t
2
s 16 t
1
s 32 t 2
2
ds
V
32 t
dt
Speed is the absolute value of velocity.
Gravitational
Constants:
ft
g 32
sec2
m
g 9.8
sec2
cm
g 980
sec2

of Change
Acceleration is the derivative of velocity.
dv
a
dt
d 2s
2
dt
If distance is in:
example:
v 32t
a 32
feet
Velocity would be in:
feet
sec
Acceleration would be in:
ft
sec
sec
ft
sec 2

of Change
acc neg
vel pos &
decreasing
acc neg
vel neg &
decreasing
acc zero
vel pos &
constant
distance
velocity
zero
acc pos
vel pos &
increasing
acc zero
vel neg &
constant
acc pos
vel neg &
increasing
acc zero,
velocity zero
time

of Change
Rates of Change:
f x h f x
Average rate of change =
h
f x h f x
Instantaneous rate of change = f x lim
h 0
h
These definitions are true for any function.
( x does not have to represent time. )

of Change
For a circle:
A r2
dA d
r2
dr dr
dA
2 r
dr
dA 2 r dr
Instantaneous rate of change of the area with

respect to the radius.
For tree ring growth, if the change in area is constant then dr

must get smaller as r gets larger.

of Change
from Economics:
Marginal cost is the first derivative of the cost function, and

represents an approximation of the cost of producing one
more unit.

of Change
Example 13:
3
2
c
x
6
x
15x
Suppose it costs:
2
to produce x stoves.c x 3x 12 x 15
If you are currently producing 10 stoves,

the 11th stove will cost approximately:
The actual cost is: C 11 C 10
c 10 3 102 12 10 15
300 120 15
$195
113 6 112 15 11 103 6 102 15 10
770 550 $220
actual cost
marginal cost

of Change
Note that this is not a

great approximation
Dont let that bother you.
Marginal cost is a linear approximation of a curved
function. For large values it gives a good approximation
of the cost of producing the next item.

of Change
3.5 Derivatives of
Trigonometric Functions
Consider the function y sin
We could make a graph of the slope:
Now we connect the dots!

The resulting curve is a cosine curve.
d
sin x cos x
dx
slope
1
0
1
3.5 Derivatives of
Proof
d
sin( x h) sin x
sin x lim
h0
dx
h
d
sin x cos h sin h cos x sin x
sin x lim
h0
dx
h
d
sin x (cos h 1) sin h cos x
sin x lim
h0
dx
h
d
sin x (cos h 1)
sin h cos x
sin x lim
lim
h0
h0
dx
h
h
3.5 Derivatives of
=0
=1
d
sin x (cos h 1)
sin h cos x
sin x lim
lim
h0
h0
dx
h
h
d
sin x cos x
dx
3.5 Derivatives of
Find the derivative of cos x
d
cos( x h) cos x
cos x lim
h0
dx
h
d
cos x cos h sin h sin x cos x
cos x lim
h0
dx
h
d
cos x (cos h 1) sin h sin x
cos x lim
h0
dx
h
d
cos x (cos h 1)
sin h sin x
cos x lim
lim
h0
h0
dx
h
h
3.5 Derivatives of
=0
=1
d
cos x (cos h 1)
sin h sin x
cos x lim
lim
h0
h0
dx
h
h
d
cos x sin x
dx
3.5 Derivatives of
We can find the derivative of tangent x by using the
quotient rule.
d
tan x
dx
cos 2 x sin 2 x
cos 2 x
d sin x
dx cos x
1
cos 2 x
cos x cos x sin x sin x

cos 2 x
d
tan x sec2 x
dx
sec2 x
3.5 Derivatives of
Derivatives of the remaining trig functions
can be determined the same way.
d
sin x cos x
dx
d
cot x csc2 x
dx
d
cos x sin x
dx
d
sec x sec x tan x
dx
d
tan x sec2 x
dx
d
csc x csc x cot x
dx
3.5 Derivatives of
Jerk
A sudden change in acceleration
Definition Jerk
Jerk is the derivative of acceleration. If a bodys position
at time t is s(t), the bodys jerk at time t is
da d 2v d 3s
j (t )
2 3
dt dt
dt
3.5 Derivatives of
3.6 Chain Rule

Consider a simple composite function:
y 6 x 10
y 2 3x 5
If u 3x 5
then y 2u
y 6 x 10
y 2u
dy
6
dx
dy
2
du
6 23
dy
dy du
dx
du dx
u 3x 5
du
3
dx
3.6 Chain Rule

Chain Rule:
dy dy du
dx du dx
If f g is the composite of y f u and u g x ,

then:
f
g
fat u g x gat x f ' ( g ( x)) g ' ( x)

example:
g at x 2
f x sin x
g x x2 4
f x cos x
g x 2x
g 2 4 4 0
cos 0 2 2
1 4
f 0 g 2
Find:
3.6 Chain Rule

f g x sin x 2 4
y sin x 2 4
y sin u
u x2 4
dy
cos u
du
du
2x
dx
dy dy du
dx du dx
dy
cos u 2 x
dx
dy
cos x 2 4 2 x
dx
dy
cos 22 4 2 2
dx
dy
cos 0 4
dx
dy
4
dx
3.6 Chain Rule

Here is a faster way to find the derivative:
y sin x 2 4
d 2
y cos x 4 x 4
dx
2
y cos x 2 4 2 x
At x 2, y 4
Differentiate the outside function...
then the inside function
3.6 Chain Rule

d
cos 2 3x
dx
d
2 cos 3x cos 3x
dx
d
2cos 3x sin 3x 3x
dx
2cos 3x sin 3x 3
6cos 3x sin 3x
2
d
cos 3x
dx
The chain rule can be used

more than once.
(Thats what makes the
chain in the chain rule!)
3.6 Chain Rule

Derivative formulas include the chain rule!
d n
n 1 du
u nu
dx
dx
d
du
sin u cos u
dx
dx
d
du
cos u sin u
dx
dx
d
du
2
tan u sec u
dx
dx
etcetera
3.6 Chain Rule

Find
dy
dx
y cos(3x 2 x)
dy
sin(3x 2 x)(6 x 1)
dx
y sin(cos(x))
dy
cos(cos x)( sin x)
dx
dy
3 cos 2 (4 x3 2 x)( sin(4 x3 2 x))(12 x 2 2)
dx
dy
(36 x 2 6) cos 2 (4 x3 2 x)( sin(4 x3 2 x))
dx
y cos3 (4 x3 2 x)
3.6 Chain Rule

The chain rule enables us to find the slope of
parametrically defined curves:
dy dy dx

dt dx dt
dy
dt dy
dx
dx
dt
The slope of a parametrized

curve is given by:
dy
dy
dt
dx
dx
dt
3.6 Chain Rule

Example:
These are the equations for

an ellipse.
x 3cos t
dx
dy
3sin t
2 cos t
dt
dt
y 2sin t
dy 2 cos t
2
cot t
dx 3sin t
3
3.7 Implicit Differentiation

x2 y 2 1
d 2 d 2 d
x
y 1
dx
dx
dx
dy
2x 2 y
0
dx
dy
2y
2 x
dx
This is not a function,

but it would still be
nice to be able to find
the slope.
Do the same thing to both sides.
Note use of chain rule.
dy 2 x
dx 2 y
dy
x
dx
y

This cant be solved for y.
2 y x 2 sin y
d
d 2 d
dy
2x
2y
x sin y
dx
dx
dx
dx 2 cos y
dy
dy
2 2 x cos y
This technique is called
dx
dx
implicit differentiation.
dy
dy
2 cos y
2x
dx
dx
1 Differentiate both sides w.r.t. x.
dy
dy
2 cos y 2 x
2 Solve for
.
dx
dx

Implicit Differentiation Process
1.
2.
3.
4.
Differentiate both sides of the equation with respect to x.

Collect the terms with dy/dx on one side of the equation.
Factor out dy/dx .
Solve for dy/dx .

Find the equations of the lines tangent and normal to the
curve
x2 xy y 2 7 at (1, 2) .
x2 xy y 2 7
Note product rule.
dy
dy
2x x y 2 y
0
dx
dx
dy
dy
2x x y 2 y
0
dx
dx
dy
2 y x y 2x
dx
dy y 2 x
dx 2 y x
2 2 1 2 2
4
m
2 2 1 4 1
5

Find the equations of the lines tangent and normal to the
curve
4
m
5
x2 xy y 2 7 at (1, 2) .
tangent:
normal:
4
y 2 x 1
5
4
4
y2 x
5
5
5
y 2 x 1
4
5
5
y2 x
4
4
4
14
y x
5
5
5
3
y x
4
4

d2y
3
2
Find
if
2
x
3
y
7 .
2
dx
y 2 x x 2 y

y
3
2
2x 3 y 7
y2
6 x 6 y y 0
2
6 y y 6 x 2
6 x
6 y
x2
y
y
2x x 2
y
2 y
y y
y
2x x x
2
y y y
2x x 4
y
3
y y
Substitute y
back into the
equation.

Rational Powers of Differentiable Functions
Power Rule for Rational Powers of x
If n is any rational number, then
d n
x nx n1
dx

Proof: Let p and q be integers with q > 0.
yx
p
q
yq x p
qy
q 1
Raise both sides to the q power

Differentiate with respect to x
dy
p 1
px
dx
Solve for dy/dx

dy px p1
q1
dx qy
Substitute for y
dy
px p1
dx q( x p / q )q1
p 1
dy
px
p p / q
dx qx
dy px p1( p p / q )
dx
q
Remove parenthesis
Subtract exponents
dy p ( p / q )1
x
dx q
3.8 Derivatives of Inverse

y
Slopes are
reciprocals.
y x2
Because x and y are

reversed to find the
reciprocal function, the
following pattern always
holds:
2, 4
m4
4, 2
0
0
y x
1
m
4
4
The derivative of f 1 ( x)
x
Derivative Formula for Inverses:

1
df
dx
x f (a)
1
df
dx
x a
evaluated at f (a)
is equal to the reciprocal of
the derivative of f ( x)
evaluated at a .

We can use implicit
differentiation to find:
d
sin 1 x
dx
1.5
y sin 1 x
y sin x
0.5
y sin 1 x
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
-0.5
sin y x
dy
cos y
1
dx
d
d
sin y
x
dx
dx
dy
1
dx cos y
-1
-1.5
0.5
1.5

We can use implicit
differentiation to find:
y sin 1 x
sin y x
dy
cos y
1
dx
dy
1
dx cos y
d
sin 1 x
dx
sin 2 y cos2 y 1
d
d
sin y
x
dx
dx
cos2 y 1 sin 2 y
dy
1
dx
1 sin 2 y
dy
1
dx
1 x2
cos y 1 sin 2 y
But
2
2
so cos y is positive.
cos y 1 sin 2 y

y sin 1 x
sin y x
dy
cos y
1
dx
dy
1
dx cos y
dy
1
dx cos(sin 1 x)
dy
1
dx
1 x2
1
x
sin 1 x
1 x2

d
tan 1 x
Find
dx
y tan1 x
tan y x
dy
2
sec y
1
dx
dy
1
dx sec2 y
dy
1
dx sec2 (tan1 x)
dy
1
dx 1 x 2
1 x2
tan1 x

d
sec1 x
Find
dx
y sec1 x
sec y x
dy
1
dx sec(sec1 x) tan(sec1 x)
dy
1
dy
sec y tan y
1 dx | x | x 2 1
dx
dy
1
dx sec y tan y
x
x2 1
sec1 x
1

1
cos x
sin x cot x
d
1 du
1
sin u
dx
1 u 2 dx
d
1 du
tan 1 u
dx
1 u 2 dx
d
1
du
1
sec u
dx
u u 2 1 dx
tan x csc x
sec1 x
d
1 du
1
cos u
dx
1 u 2 dx
d
1 du
1
cot u
dx
1 u 2 dx
d
1
du
1
csc u
dx
u u 2 1 dx

Your calculator contains all
six inverse trig functions.
However it is occasionally
still useful to know the
following:
1
sec x cos
x
1
cot x
tan 1 x
1
csc x sin
x
1

Find
dy
dx
1
y cos (3x )
2
1
y cot
x
1
y x sec1 x
dy
1
6x
(6 x )
2
2
dx
(1 (3x )
1 9x4
dy
1 1
1
2 2
1 x x 1
dx
1 2
x
dy
1
x
(sec1 x)(1)
dx
| x | x2 1
3.9 Derivatives of Exponential and

Logarithmic Functions
Look at the graph of
ye
The slope at x = 0
appears to be 1.
If we assume this to be
true, then:
lim
h 0
-3
-2
-1
-1
0 h
e
1
h
0
definition of derivative
3.9 Derivatives of Exponential

and Logarithmic Functions
Now we attempt to find a general formula for the
x
derivative of y e using the definition.
d x
e xh e x
e lim
h 0
dx
h
e x eh e x
lim
h 0
h
x eh 1
lim e
h 0
h
e
1
x
e lim
h 0
h
This is the slope at x = 0, which

we have assumed to be 1.
e 1
x
d x
x
e e
dx

is its own derivative!
If we incorporate the chain rule:
d u
u du
e e
dx
dx
We can now use this formula to find the derivative of

d x
a
dx
d ln a x
e
dx
d x ln a
e
dx
x ln a d
e x ln a
dx
d x
x
a a ln a
dx
Incorporating the chain rule:
d u
du
u
a a ln a
dx
dx

So far today we have:
d u
u du
e e
dx
dx
d
du
u
u
a a ln a
dx
dx
Now it is relatively easy to find the derivative of ln x .

y ln x
y
e x
d y
d
e x
dx
dx
y dy
e
1
dx
dy 1
y
dx e
d
1
ln x
dx
x
d
1 du
ln u
dx
u dx

To find the derivative of a common log function, you
could just use the change of base rule for logs:
d
d ln x
1 d
1 1
log x
ln x
dx
dx ln10
ln10 dx
ln10 x
The formula for the derivative of a log of any base
other than e is:
d
1 du
log a u
dx
u ln a dx

d u
u du
e e
dx
dx
d
du
u
u
a a ln a
dx
dx
d
1 du
ln u
dx
u dx
d
1 du
log a u
dx
u ln a dx

Find y
ye
y 3
2x
2x
y' 2e
x2
y' 3 ln(3)(2 x)
1
3
2
y ' 3 (3x )
x
x
1
4x
y'
(e )(4)
4x 2
1 (e )
x2
y ln x
y sin (e )
4x

Logarithmic differentiation
Used when the variable is in the base and the exponent
y = xx
ln y = ln xx
ln y = x ln x
1 dy
1
x ln x
y dx
x
dy
y 1 ln x
dx
dy
x x 1 ln x
dx

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3.

is called the derivative of

The derivative of f with respect to x is

There are many ways to write the derivative of

3.1 Derivative of a Function

the derivative of f with respect

dee why dee ecks

the derivative of y with

dee eff dee ecks

the derivative of f with

x dee dee ecks uv eff uv ecks or the derivative

3.1 Derivative of a Function

dx does not mean d times x !

3.1 Derivative of a Function

3.1 Derivative of a Function

3.1 Derivative of a Function

The derivative is defined

3.1 Derivative of a Function

3.1 Derivative of a Function

If f has a derivative at x = a, then f is continuous at x = a.

Since a function must be continuous to have a derivative,

differentiable, then f takes on every value between f a

Between a and b, f must take

3.3 Rules for Differentiation

The derivative of a constant is zero.

3.3 Rules for Differentiation

This is part of a pattern.

3.3 Rules for Differentiation

3.3 Rules for Differentiation

3.3 Rules for Differentiation

sum and difference rules:

3.3 Rules for Differentiation

Horizontal tangents occur when slope = zero.

original equation, we get:

(The function is even, so we

3.3 Rules for Differentiation

3.3 Rules for Differentiation

3.3 Rules for Differentiation

Notice that this is not just the

3.3 Rules for Differentiation

add and subtract u(x+h)v(x)

3.3 Rules for Differentiation

3.3 Rules for Differentiation

is the first derivative of y with respect to x.

3.3 Rules for Differentiation

3.3 Rules for Differentiation

3.3 Rules for Differentiation

3.4 Velocity and other Rates

Average velocity can be found by

The speedometer in your car does not measure average

(The velocity at one

3.4 Velocity and other Rates

Acceleration is the second derivative

3.4 Velocity and other Rates

Free Fall Equation

Speed is the absolute value of velocity.

3.4 Velocity and other Rates

Velocity would be in:

Acceleration would be in:

3.4 Velocity and other Rates

3.4 Velocity and other Rates

3.4 Velocity and other Rates

Instantaneous rate of change of the area with

For tree ring growth, if the change in area is constant then dr