Unit 1

1.1

Reading

Just a minute you two. I don't think you're telling me the

truth. This isn't your house, is it?
Man No, it's my brother's. l' m staying with him for a while.
Policeman Is he at home?
Man I'm afraid not. He's in jail for house-brcaking at the moment.
Policeman

What' s ~oing on here?

What's the man doing?

What's Fred doing?
What's the policeman doing?
Why aren't t he men leaving by the front door?
Who's climbing through the windew ?'
Who's the policeman talking to?
What's the man carrying?
Who's Fred looking at?
Who's the man staying with?
Do you think the man's telling the truth?
What do you think they're reall y doing?
1.2

Tune One

Intonation

This isn'cyour hous~is it?

T he voice falls twice: once in the statement and once in the
tag, with no pause between. T his implies that you are sure of
what you are saying and expect the other person to agree with
you. It is not a question.
You're -.,.English, -aren't you?
H e isn't -.,.English,-is he?

Policem<ln
Man
Policeman
Man

What's going on here?

Vou m ean, what's happening? Well, constable. l'm trying to
get out of the window and Fred 'here is helping me.
Why are you climbing through the window and not leaving
by the front door?
W eil, you see 1 can't find the key and I'm in a hurry. Come
on, Fred, we're wasting rime.

Now say these with the appropriate tags in the same way.
There must b e no hesitation between the statement and the
tag. T he comma is a formality and does not indicate a pause.
H e's climbing out of the window, ..... ?
Fred's helping him, ..... ?
It isn't his house, ..... ?
H e's in a hurry, ..... ?
He can't find the key, ..... ?
He's not at home, ..... ?
H e's staying with his brother, ..... ?
They're wasting time, ..... ?
They aren't telling the truth, ..... ?

We're working hard, ... .. ?

You're not concentrating, ..... ?

1.3
Tcacher
Student
Tcacher
2nd Student

Policeman
Man

Is the man or the policeman helping the old lady across the
street?
What's he carrying?
Whose case is it?
Where's he taking the old lady?
Why is he taking her to the bus station?
ls the old lady crying or laughing?
Why can't she understand the policeman?
Who's learning Russian?

Oral practi ce

Are you listening to me?

Yes, l am.
What's hc doing?
H e's listening to you.
Are you/thcy listening to me/him/her?
ls he/shc listening to me/them?
Am I sitting clown/standing up/reading a book/going to the
window/door/blackboard/teaching English/ learning English?
Is he/she sitting down, etc.?
What am 1 doing?
Where am 1 going?
What arc you doing?
What are you wearing today?
What's she wearing?

Then how can you understand her?

She's Russian, and I'm learning Russian at night-school.
Goodbye, constable.

Tune Two

Tune One

A sk me if
he's helping her across the street.
hc's taking her to the station.
she's crying.
he's learning Russian.
she can speak English.
A skme
where he's taking her.

1.4

what he's carrying.

why he's taking her to the bus station.
why she's crying.
what he's learning.

Listening comprehension

Policeman stops a man and an old lady in rire srreer.

Policeman
Man
Policeman
Man
Policeman
Man
Policeman
Man
Policeman
Man

What's going on here?

Nothing, constable. I'm helping this old lady across the street,
that's ail.
ls that your suitcasc?
Er - as a matter of fact, it's the old lady's. l' m carrying it for
her to the bus statio n.
But the bus station is the other way.
Oh, is it ? T hank you fo r telling me. Anyway, l'm taking her
to the bus station bccause she has to go to Brighton.
But there arcn' t any buses to Brighton from here.
Now you're confusing me, constable, and this poor o ld lad y.
Look, now shc's crying.
Excuse me, madam. Whac's the matter ? Why arc you crying?
She can't understand you. She's a foreigner and can' t speak
English.

1.5

Writing

Pur the verbs in brackets into the correct form:

AM/ ARE/ Is DOING

She (sit) under the tree.

He's thirsty, so he (drink) a glass of water.
What you (do)? I (write) a letter.
W e (look at) our books, but we not (read) them.
Y ou not (study) German this ycar?
6 She not (speak) to me.
7 Where he (go)? He (go) home.
8 They (wait) for you outside.
9 They not (listen co) the radio.
10 Our tcacher (stand up) but we (sit down).
2
3
4
5

2.1

Unit 1

George

Reading

Betty

How long are you going to sta)' i11 Paris?

George
Betty
George
Betty

Only a couple of days. My boss is arriving the day after

tomorrow. We're going to have lunch together, and then
we're going to talk to our Paris branch. Our firm isn't doing
wcll in France just now.
l'm sorry to hear chat. By the way, what are you doing
this evcning?
I'm going to ring up Anne and ask her out to the pictures.
Oh. She's on holiday, isn't she?
No, not ycc. She's going on holiday next week.
She's lucky. Weil, have a good time in Paris.
Who's George talking to?
What's George doing at the travel agency?
When's he leaving for Paris?
Why's hc going to Paris?
Who's meeting him at the airport?
Why is he going to act as interpreter?
How long is George going to stay in Paris?
When's his boss arriving?
What are they going to do after lunch?
ls George's firm doing well in France just now?
Who's George going to ring this evening?
When's Anne going on holiday?

2.2

Intonation

She's o~holiday,__,.isn't she? (I think she's on holic:lay, but I'r.

Tune Two

Betty
George
Betty
George
Betty
George

Beny

George! What on earth are you doing here?

I'm booking a plane ticket to Paris.
Whcn are you leaving?
Tomorrow aftcrnoon.
Are you going on business or for pleasure?
On business. Our P.1ris rtprl'St'ntatiVl' is niccting me <lt the
airport and taking me to the hotcl. Ht ~ going to act :i~
interpreter because 1 can 'c speak French very wcll.
How long are you going to scay in Paris?
IO

not sure. Do you know ?)

When you are not sure of the answer and want the other
person's opinion, your voice falls in the statement and riscs i1
the tag. This is more like a question. Compare with
Intonation 1.2.
H e's -,.comingu. isn 't he?
(1 think he's coming, but l'm not sure.)
H e isn't"""'coming,_,.is hc?
(ls hc coming? I don't really know.)
N ow say thesc with the appropriate tags in the same way .
Remcmber no pause becween statement and tag.
He's Jeaving for Paris, ..... ?
He's going to scay for a couple of days, ..... ?
11

He's going by air, ..... ?

He isn't paying, ..... ?
He can't speak French very well, ..... ?
Hc's going to ring his girl-friend, ..... ?
W c'rc having dinner together, ..... ?
You're not going, ..... ?
They're going to have dinner together, ..... ?
T hey're going to plan the following day's work, ..... ?

Anne
George
Anne
George
Anne
George
Anne

2.3

T eacher
Student
Teacher
2nd Studcnt

Ora l practice

Are you going away this weekend?

Yes, 1 am./No, I'm not.
What did he say?
He said he's going away this weekend./He said he isn't going
away this weekend.
Arc you going away this weekend?
Are you coming to my lesson tomorrow/next w cek?
Are you meeting her after the lesson?
Are you playing football/basketball/tennis/golf/bridge this
Saturday?
Arc you leaving for New York mmorrow ?
Are you having dinner with him tonight ?
Are you going to work hard at your English ?
Arc you going to watch TV tonight?
Are you going to eat out tonight ?

..

George
Anne
George
Anne
George
Anne
George
Anne

What's Anne doing at the moment ?

What's shc doing tonight?
What are they going to cat?
What's Anne's sister bringing?
When are they going to eat?
When's George Jeaving for Paris?
W hy's he going to Paris?
H ow long's hc going for?

What are you going to do after the lesson?

What are you going to do this weekend?
Where are you going after the lesson ?
Where are you going for Christmas/Eastcr/your summer
holidays?

2.4

Who's speaking to Anne?

Who's coming for a meal?
Who's buying the theatrc tickets?
Who's going to Paris?

Listening comprehension
T une One

Ask me

H ello. Is that you, Anne?

Ycs, it is. Who's speaking?
This is George speaking. H ow are you ?

what Anne's doing at the moment.

what shc's doing tonight.
who she's going with .
what they're going to eat.
what Anne's sister's bringing.

12

lJ

George on the phone to An11e

George
Anne
George

Fine, thanks. H ow arc you?

N ot too bad. What are you doing ?
W eil, at the moment l'm watching television. There's a vcry
good film on.
Oh, sorry to disturb you. l' m only ringing to ask you - wha
are you doing tonight?
l'm going to the theatre with m y sister. She's coming hcre
first for a meal.
Oh? What are you going to eat ?
W e're going to have an omelette. M y sister's bringing some
eggs and a bortle of red wine. W e're going to eat about
seven o'clock.
W hat are you going to see?
I'm not sure. She's buying the tickets. Ir's going to be a
surprise.
W eil , have a good time.
Thanks.
When am 1 going to sec you again?
What about tomorrow? I'm not going out tomorrow.
I'm leaving for Paris in the afrernoon. l'm going there on
business for a couple of days.
Oh. See you nexc week chen. H ave a good trip.

Unit J

when George is leaving for Paris.

whcre he's going.
how long he's going for.
T1111e T1110

2.5

Ask me (f
George is speaking to Anne on the phone.
she's going to the theatre tonight.
Anne's sister's coming for a meal.
thcy'rc going to have an omelette.
Annc's sister's buying the tickets.
Annc's going out tomorrow.
George's going to Paris on business.
he's going for a couple of days.

3.1

Reading

Wl1e11 i11 R ome ...

Writ ing

Pur rhe 11er/Js in brackets into the correctform:

AM DOINC/C01NG

TO DO

(Sorne sentences can have both forms, depending on the

meaning.)
What you (do) this Sunday? 1 (play) golf.
2

3
4

5
6
7
8
9
10

What you (do}? W e (watch} the telly.

1 (have) an omelette for supper tonight.

They (see) me tomorrow.

Where thcy (go) for their summer holidays?
They (go) to Japan.
Who be (write) to? H e not (write) to an yone ;
he (write) a cheque.
My son (study) at university. He (be) an enginccr.
What he (say)? He (speak) so quickly.
1 not (go) out tonight.
1 not (do) this again.

Mr Tumbull
Mrs Turnbull
Mr Turnbull

Mrs Turnbull
Mr Turnbull

When in Rome, do as the Romans do, they say.

What do the Romans do?
They live in Rome, of course, and go to work by car or bus
But sometimes it takes too long that way because of the traf
jams, so they walk .
In othcr words, the Ro mans do what everyone else does.
Yes, but they doit ditferently. Everything is different.
15

Mrs Turnbull
Mr Tumbull
Mrs Turnbull
Mr Turnbull
Mrs Turnbull
Mr Turnbull
Mrs Tumbull
Mr Tumbull
Mrs Turnbull
Mr Turnbull

What do you mean?

Weil, the climate's different for a start. le doesn't rain so much
as it does in England. The sun shines more often.
l cnvy the m the sun.
1 know. You hate the rain, don't you?
1 certainly do.
And a Roman really loves life. H e knows how to enjoy
himself.
They alwa ys eat spaghetti and drink wine, don' t they?
N ot always. But they like a good meal. Lots o f tourists go to
Ro m e j ust for the food, you know.
Reall y? H ow much does it cost to fiy to Rome?
1 don't know exactly, but it costs a lot of m oney.
Whe rc do the Romans live?
H ow do they get to work?
Why do they sometimes walk?
What 's different about the climate in Rome?
What does Mrs Turnbull envy?
What does she hate?
What does a Roman love?
D oes he know how to enjoy himself?
Do the Ro m ans always eat spaghetti and drink winc ?
What do lots of tourists go to Rome for?
Does Mrs Turnbull know how mucb it costs to fiy to R ome?

3.2

Tune One

T11n e T1110

Do thcy alwa ys drink wine?

I' m sure you don 't know.
1 know thcy likc a good meal.
I' m sure it doesn 't rain so much .
D oesn't the sun shine more often?
D on't you live in R o me?

3.3

a)
T eacher
Seu dent
Teacher
2nd Student

Where do you live?

1 live in H amburg.
What did he say?/Where does he live?
H e said he lives in H a mburg./H e lives in Hamburg.
Where do you/I live ?
Where do the English/the French/the Greeks etc. live?
Where do you/they study English?
When do you/we have English lessons?
What do 1 teach?
When do 1 teach you English?
H ow often do you/thcy corne here?
H ow do you/they get here?
H ow long do you cake to get here ?
H ow long docs it cake you to get here?
H ow long does it take co get co France/Germany etc. by car/
train/air ?
How much docs it cost to fl y to France etc?

Intonatio n
The falling tune is used when you are sure of what you are
saying.
1 know you hate the rain = Y ou-hate the rain,-don 't you?

Ora l pract ice

b)

Tune One

Transform these in the same way. No pausing at commas.

1 know they live in R ome.
I'm sure he loves life.
D on 't the y sometimes walk?
Don't you ha te rain?
I'm sure he knows how ta enjoy himself.

A sk me
how m an y ltalians I know.
how m any ltalians corne to Bricain every year.
how much moncy hc carns.
how much of his m oney goes in taxes.
which language hc speaks the best.
which scudent speaks the best English.
what w e do ncxt.
what happens next.
who they know in Rome.
who lives in Rome.

16

17

The rising tune is used as an alternative to a question.

Don't chey always eat spaghetti?
__..don' t they?

They always eat spaghetti,

3.4

he does his homework after tea.

it takes him a couple of hours to finish it.
they work hard at school nowadays.
he likcs school.
he goes to school by bus.
he meets some of his friends at the corner.
the y go co school together.
Mrs Smith's husband takcs him to school when it rains.

Listening compre he nsi on

Mrs Smith meets Mrs Turn/111/l

Mrs Smith
Mrs Turnbull
Mrs Sn11th

Mrs Turnbull
Mrs Smith
Mrs Turnbull
Mrs Smith
Mrs Turnbull
Mrs Smith

Hello, Mrs Turnbull. How are you?

Fine, thanks. H ow's your boy, Jack?
H1:'s .1 bit tirt'd. You know, he goes to school at cight o'clork
lvcry morning. He doesn't get home cill afrcr four. thcn he
does his homework after tea. le often takes him a couple o f
hours to finish it.
Poor boy. They work hard at school nowadays, don 't the y?
Does he like it?
School, you mean? Y es, he does. H e likes his tcachers, and
that always makes a difference.
Yes, it does. Does he go to school by bus?
No, he walks. He likes walking. He meets some of his fricnds
at the corner and they go together.
What does ht do when it rains?
My husband takes him in the car. He passes the school on the
way to the office.
When does Jack go to school?
Whcn docs hc gct home?
When does he do his homework?
H ow long does it take him to do it?
Does he like school or does he hate it?
Does he like his teachers or does he hate them?
How does he get to school?
Where does he meet his friends?
How does he get to school when it rains?

Tune One

3.5

Writing

Put tire 11erbs in brackets into the correct form: oo/ooES

He never (go) to the theatre.
You (watch) television every night?
3 H e always (pay) his bills promptly.
4 My father usually (shave) after breakfast.
5 How long it (takc) to get to the office? It (take) me half a
hour.
6 The Paris boat-train (leave) Victoria Station at 14.30.
7 Yo u (know) how old 1 am?
8 Jane's husband not usually (smoke).
9 Ir not ofrt'n (rain) in Egypt in August.
10 Florence (lie) on the Rjver Arno.
2

Ask me
when Jack goes to school.
when hc gcrs home.
when he does his homework.
what he does after tea.
how long it takes him to do it.
where he meets his friends.
how he gets to school when it rains.

T1111e Two

Ask me !(
Jack goes to school at eight o'clock.
he gcts home after four.
18

19

George
Anne

Unit 4

4.1

Reading

Tlie brush-~lf

George
Anne
George
Anne

,.1

George
Anne
George
Anne
George

What are you drinking?

Heavens, you're worse than the Spanish Inquisition . [' m
having a gin and tonie, if you must know. For your
information, 1 usually have a gin and tonie and a cigarette
when 1 watch the news, which I do cvery night at this time if
1 don't go out.
Actually, that's what I'm ringing you about. Are you going
out tonight, by any chance?
No, I'm going to stay at home. Why?
Weil, l'm going to the theatre and l've got a spare ticket, soThat's very kind of you, George. But my sister's coming for
a meal andAgain?
What do you mean, again? She cornes evcry week.
I'm beginning to think you don't want to see me.
What makes you say that?
You always give me the brush-off w henever 1 ask you out.
What's Anne doing?
Does she usually watch television at that time?
What else is she doing?
How many cigarettes does she smoke a day ?
When does she usually have a drink and a cigarette?
What's Anne going to do tonight?
What's George going to do?
Who's coming for a meal?
Who cornes every week?
Why does George think she doesn' t want to see him?
Who gives him the brush-off whenever he asks her out?

4.2

Into nation
__,.She's watching:.....-itelevision, but.--..he__.isn't.

George
Anne
George
Anne
George
Anne

Hello, Anne. What are you doing?

What [ usually do at this time of night. I'm watching tell y.
Do you always watch tell y at this time?
Yes, 1 watch the news. !' m also smoking a cigarette and
having a drink .
How man y cigarettes do you smoke a da y?
Yo un: very no,~y . .1rn1"t you; 1 m1uh .1bout fifteen.
1 think .
20

When you make a statement which contrasts two subjects,

use the falling tune on the subject and the rising tune at the
end of the phrase.
__,.She's watching'--"television, but... he..._,,isn't.
--.H e doesn't watch it every__,,night, but--.she........does.
Now say these in the samc w ay, giving extra stress on the
second subject. No pauses at commas.
21

Shc's smoking a cigarette, but he .....

She smokcs about fifteen a day, but he .... .
H e's very nosey, but shc .. .. .
H e doesn't smoke, but shc .... .
You're very good at this, but l .... .
Y ou never m ake mistakes, but 1 .. .. .
He works hard, but thcy .....
I'm going abroad this year, but they . .. . .
He doesn' t want co go, but you .... .
They' re going co eat when thcy get home, but you ....
You don't understand him , bue we ... ..
H e isn't tired, but we .... .

4.3

Are you going to gec up earl y tomorrow?

Do you get up early ever y morning?
When do you usually get up/go co bed?
Does he speak English well?
What language does he usually speak?
Is he speaking it at the moment ?
Are you going to speak it after the lesson?

Tune One

Ask me
what I'm doing.
what I'm going to do after the lesson.
whac 1 usually do on Sundays.
where 1 live.
where I'm living ac the moment.
who he's speaking to.
who he speaks to every day.
who he's going co speak to this evening.
why I'm doing chat.
why 1 always do that.
why I'm going co do that.

Tune

A sk me !f

Oral practice

R evisio11
What did
he say?

Are you goi ng to wacch TV tonight?

Do you always watch TV at night?
Are you watching it now?
What are you going co do afcer the lesson?
Do you usually do thac?
What are you doing no w?

T1110

h e lives in Edinburgh.

he's going to li ve in Edinburgh .

he's living in Edinburgh at the moment.
I' m working late tonight.
I'm going to work late tonight.
1 w ork lace evcry night.
she's working hard.
she works hard.
she's going to work hard .
l teach English .
l'm going to tcach French as wel l.
I'm teaching Eng lish co foreigncrs.

Are you going to have a cigarette after the lesson?

Do you usuall y have one after the lcsson ?
Arc you smoking now?
H ow man y cigarettes do you smo ke a day?
When do you have English tessons?
Whcn: do you have yo ur Eng lish kssons?
Are you having one now?
How man y lessons do you have a week?
Where do you corne from ?
Where are you living at the moment?
Are you going to live here permanent! y?

4.4

Listening co mprehens ion

Jim meets Peter on the u1ay to the cinema

What are you going to do chis weekend?
Where are you going after the tesson?
What do you usually do on Sundays?

Peter

Jim

Hello, Jim. Wherc are you going?

To the cinema. What about coming with me?

Peter
Jim
Peter

Jim
Peter

Jim
Peter

Jim
Peter
Jim
Peter
Jim
Peter

Jim
Peter

No, chanks. l'rn going home. My wife's expecting me.

What a pity. 1 believe it's a very good film.
Do you go to the cinema a lot?
Once a week. Most nights 1 sit at home and watch tclly.
Do you know what's on tonight, by any chance?
N o, I'm sorry 1 don't. 1 never read the papers till I get home.
O h . 1 sce. By the way, where are you going for your
ho lida ys this year ?
1 don't know yet. My wife's going to her mother's for a
couple of weeks. She lives by the sea, you know.
Oh, does she? That's convenient.
Y es, but l want to go to the country.
Don 't you like the sea?
Yes, vt:ry much. But 1 need peace and quiet when I' m on
ho liday. What are you going to do?
l'm going to stay at home.
Aren't you going to have a holiday abroad this ycar?
No . 1 want co buy a car, and that's going to cake every penny
l've goc.
Where's Jim going?
How often does he go to the cinema?
Where's Pe ter going?
Wh y's he going home?
What does Jim do most nights?
When does he read the papers?
Where does Jim want to go for his holida ys this year?
Where's Jim 's wife going?
H ow long's shc going for?
Wherc docs her mo ther live?
Why docs Jim want to go to the country?
What's Peter going to do for his holida ys?
Wh y isn't he going abroad?
Who's going to the cinema?
Who goes to the cinema once a week?
Who 's going to her mother's?
Who lives by the sea?
Who needs peace and quiet?
Who's going to stay at home?
Who wants to buy a car?

4.5

Writing

Put tlie 11erbs i11 brackets i1110 the correct form : AM

TO

DOING/GO ING

oo/oo

(Sorne sentences can have two forms, depending on the

meaning.)
1 usually (clcan) m y teeth after every m eal.
2
The Bournemouth train (leave) at 6 . 10.
3 H e (lcarn) Spanish this year.
4 When you (do) your homework?
5 H er husband (writc) articles for newspapers.
6 What you (do)? I (watch) tell y.
7 W c (play) tennis this afternoon. You never (ask) me to
play.
8 How m an y English people (live) in Madrid? I not (know).
9 H ow much it (cost) to go to Sicily by train?
10 They (think) they (know) everything.
11 M y sistcr (take) her children to the swimming-pool
tomorrow.
12 Anyone (know) the answer to this question? No, no one
(know).
13 We (want) to go to the football match this afternoon .
c4 How much m oncy you (have)? Not much. 1 not (eam)
much where 1 (work).
15 When the film (begin)? lt (begin) at 8.45.
16 M y husband (ask) for more money at the end of the year.
17 Who (speak) on the pho ne? 1 not (know), because he
(speak) in Dutch and I n ot (understand) a word.
18 Which birds (make) their nests on the ground?
19 She (listen) to everything we (say). Then let's change the
subjcct.
20 1 n~t (trust) her, because she (repeat) everything we (say)
to her friends.
21 You (know) where we (be)? I (think) so.
22 What this word (mean)?
23 Why she always (wear) such funny cloches? Because she
(have) no idea of fashion.
24 Who you (speak) to on the phone? 1 (speak) to George.
25 Look at that clcar sky. It (be) a beautiful day.

Unit S

Peter
Jim
S.1

Reading

What 111as the.film like?

Peter
Jim

Peter
Jim

Peter

week, so he was always tired.

lt sounds like the story of my life.
Yes, it does, docsn't it? But this man was always over-tired,
and he couldn't sleep. So he used to take two sleeping pills
every night.
[ takc sleeping pills sometimes.
Yes, but not tv;.o every nig ht. Anyway, the strain was too
much for him. He had a nervous breakdown and had to go
to hospital.
It sounds a very depressing film.
Not really. His wife was able to find a good job as an
interpreter, because she could speak French and German
Auently. After a few months' work, she had a better job than
her husband. Soin the end, they were able to buy a house, and
he didn 't have to work any more. Stupid, wasn' t it?
I don' t know. My wife used to speak French. I must tell her
to brush it up.
What was the film like?
What was a complcte waste of timc?
Why did the couple have to live with the wife's mother?
Why was the husband always tired?
Why did he use to take two sleeping pills every night?
Why did he have to go to hosp1tal?
Why was his wife able to find a good job?
What were they able to do in the end?
Whose wife used to speak French well?

5.2

Intonation

It sounds like the story of your life.

Yes, it 'does, 'docsn 't it?
Peter
Jim
Peter
Jim

Peter
Jim

Hello, Jim. What was the film like?

Awful. lt was a complete waste of time.
Why? What was it about?
lt was about a married couple. They had to live with the
wife's mother, because they didn't have enough money to
buy a house oftheir own.
A lot of young people have to do that.
Yes, but the husband had to work overtime three rimes a
26

When you want to agree with someone politely, use the

falling tune in both the statement and the tag. There are no
pauses at the commas.
It wasn't a good film.
No, it 'wasn't, 'was it?
Agree politely with the following:
lt's cold today.

27

They arcn't very fri endl y.

She speaks English well.
I don't like him.
He was rathcr rude.
I wasn 't very nice to him.
He didn't have a car last vear
She had trouble getting here..
Vou didn't have to go.
They had to )cave early.
He could spcak English when he was a child.
I couldn't doit.
She was able to get here on time coday.
I wasn't able to sce him.
He used to live in Liverpool, you know.
He ncver uscd to do that.
There used to be a cinema at the end of the road.

5.3

he say?

he say?

Were you here yesterda y?

W ere you latc for work this morning?
W ere you hungry at breakfast timc?
W ere you born in London?
W as it cold yesterda y?
Was Shakespeare English?
W as there a chair there at the last lcsson?
W ere there any desks in this room at the last lcsson?

b)
When did you have breakfast?
What did you have for breakfast?
When did you have your last lesson?

28

Did you have breakfast this morning?

Did you have tea or coffre?
Did you have a good weekend?
Oid you have good weather?
Did we have a lesson yesterday?
Did you have trouble getting hcre?
Did you have the same car last ycar?
Did you have a bicycle w hen you were a child?
Did you have a lot of money when you were yom"!g?

c)
lJid
Oid
Did
Did

you have to study Latin at school?

you have to get up early this morning?
you have to work late last night?
you have to do a lot of exams w hen you were at school?

When/wherc did you h;ivc to ~cudy L:ltin ?

H ow much did you have to pay on the bus/tram/underground
this morning?
Who did you have to pay ?

Oral practice

a)
What was the wcather Jike yesterday?
What was the date yesterda y?
What day was it?
Where wcre you born ?
Where was Shakespeare born?
When was the last time you were here?
How o ld were you when you started to lcarn English?
What did

What did

Wliat did

he say?

d)
Cou Id you spcak En~lish whl11 you "wrc a child?
Could Shakespeare speak Russian?
Could you swim when you were a child ?
Were you able to understand what 1 said just now?
W ere you able to finish work cari y yesterda y?
W ere you able to get hcrc on timc today?
When were you first able to swim?
Whcn were you first able to spcak English/French/German etc.?
Which language could you speak first ?
Which lan guage could Shakespeare/Dante/Voltaire speak ?

e)
What did

he say?

Oid
Did
Did
Did

you
you
you
you

use to study Latin at school?

use to go to school by bus?
use to have difficulty in understanding English?
use to live in Portuga l?

When did you use to study Latin?

How did you use to get to school?
What did you use to study at school?

Where did you use to go on holiday when you were a child?

5.4

Ask me if
it was a -good party.
there were any interesting people there.
Betty had a headachc.
she was tired.
she had to go straight to bed.
she was able to get to sleep immediately.
she used to take sleeping pills.
they were very stro ng.
she had to be careful.
she couldn't gct away from work early.

Listening comprehension

Betty and jean on their 111ay to work

Betty
Jean

What was the party like last night, J ean?

Not bad at all, thanks. There werc one or two intcresting
people there. Why couldn't you corne?
Weil, I couldn't get away from work early. And when I got
home I had a hcadache, so I had to go straight to bed. But
I was over-tired, because I wasn't able to get to sleep for
hours.

Betty

A sk me
what the party was like.
why Betty couldn't go.
why she had to go straight to bed.
why she wasn't able to sleep.
how many sleeping pills she used to take.
who had to be careful.
who was right.

Jean
Betty

What a shame. Why didn 't you take a sleeping pill?

I don't like them. 1 used to take them when I had to work
overtime, you know.
J ean H ow man y did you use to take?
Betty Three every nighr_
J ean Good heavens. Why did you take so many?
Betty Because 1 was undcr a terrible strain. The doctor said they
weren't very strong. Anyway, 1 used to feel awful the next
moming.
J ean l'm sure you did.
Betty The doctor said I had to be carcful.
J ean He was quite right.
Betty So I stopped drinking cotfee late at night instead.
What was the party like?
Why couldn' t Betty go?
Why did she have to go straight to bed?
Why wasn't shc able to get to sleep?
When did she use to take sleeping pills?
How man y did she use to take ?
Why did she take so man y?
How did she use to feel the next moming?
What did the doctor say?

S.S

Writing

Put the correct forms into the b/ank spaces

1
.. . . . yo~ at school yesterday?
2
It .. _.. hot last night.
.
3 W e ..... a house by the sea last summer.
H
e
.....
n't
corne
last
week
because
he
...
.
111.
4
5 H ow old ..... you when you ..... first . . . . . - - swim?
6 She ... _ . to play the piano very well when she .....
young.
.
7 ..... you have lunch early today?
8 .. ___ you _ .. _. . . ... get up early this mornmg?
9 Where ..... you bom ?
10 She ... .......... _ . leave the office early last night.

Who couldn't get away from work early?

Who was over-tired?
Who used to take sleeping pi lis?
Who was under a strain?
Who had to be careful?
30

3l

Untt 6

6.1

Bill
Pamela
Bill
Pamela

Reading

l <'l!jc>yed tha1

l'<'r)'

m 11 ch

Bill
Pamela
Bill
Pamela

,,.

Bill
Pamela
Bill

A cru ail y, 1 tried to ring you, but you wcren ' t in.
Did you ?
Yes. 1 wanted to tell you it was on.
Wh y?
Becausc it was so exciting. Ali the fan s shourcd and clapped
and checred so much you could hardl y hcar the com mcntator.
And 1 kno w how much you like foo tbal l.
N o, 1 don 't. 1 h atc it.
Really? But you uscd to play it at school , didn 't you?
Yes, 1 did. B ut 1 sto pped pl aying years ago. Listcn, PamelaWhar's the marrer ? You look as white as a sheet. Js there
anything wrong?
Yes. l' m afraid therc is. l'vc got to tell you something.
What?
r didn 't bring any money with me. 1 can 't pay the bill.
What did Pamela enjoy?
What did she watch on TV last night ?
H ow did it fini sh ?
Who played well?
W hy did Pamela try to ring Bill ?
Why could she hardly hear t he commentator?
Did Bill use to play football at school ?
Whcn d id he stop playing?
Wh y can ' t he pay the bill?

6.2

Intonation

1 know you like foot ball.

' N o, 1,don't.
You don't like foot ball.
' Yes, I ,do.

Pamela
Bill
Pamela
Bill
Pamela
Bill
Pamela

Tkh~t was good. J rcall y enjo yed chat. Thank you so much fior
as mg me.
Not at ail. Er - PamclaDid you watch tell y last nig ht ?
~o;/ didn 't. J hardl y ever watch television. Pamelai .If warched rhe football match. lt was quite exci ting
p ame a

But it fin ished in a draw. Borh rcams pla yed well, rho ugh.

32

Whcn you contradict or disagree with somebody, use the

falling tune on the YES/ No and the rising tune o n the
auxiliary. The higher you start and fini sh the mo re indignant
you sound. N o pauses ac commas.
Contradict or disag ree with the foll owing:
lt's cold today.
T hey aren 't very friend ly.
Yo u were rather rude to him.
33

r wasn't there at the time.

She uscd co have a lot o f money.
You had a Ro lls Royce last year.
He didn 't likc the film .
J tried to help you.
You couldn 't doit.
Y ou ncver worked ha rd.
The match finished in a draw.
Both teams played badly.
6.3

Charles

What did Frank watch on television last night?

How did the m atch finish?
.
What did Charles watch on tclevision last mght ?
Why didn't he watch the footba ll match?
What was the film like?
Why did he miss the bcginning of the film?
Did his wife enjoy the film ?
What happened after half an hour ?

Ora l practice

Whar did
he say?

Who watched the fo otball m atch ?

What was quite exciting?
Who missed the beginn ing of the film?
Who started to re.ad a book?

Did you watch TV last night?

Did you enjoy it?
Did you lcarn French at school?
Did you like school?
D!d you play tennis/golf/ football yesterday?
D1d hc answer my last question?
Did hc ask me a question?

A sk me if
he watched television last night.
he wanted to see the football match.
both teams played well.
the match fini shed in a dra w.
he misseci the beginning of the film .
his wife enjoyed it.
she started to read a book.

What did you watch on TV last night?

When did you Iast watch TV?
When/ wherc did you Jearn French?
What did you study at school?
6.4

A skme
what he watched on telcvisi on last night.
why he didn't see the football match.
what he wanted to watch.
what his wife preferred to see.
how it fini shed.
why he missed the beginning.

Listening comprehension

Frank and Charles discuss lasr night's television programme

Frank
Charles
Frank
Charles

Did you watch television last night, Charles?

Yes, l did.
It was a good game, wasn't it?
Oh, I didn't w atch the football match. r wanted to, but m y
wife prefcrrcd to look at the old film.
Frank
What a pity. It was guite exciting. Both teams played very
well.
Charles How did it finish?
Frank
lt finished in a draw. What was the film like?
Charles
lt was qui te good. But J missed the beg inning of it because
I had to eat first.
Frank Did your wife enjoy it?
34

N o she didn't. After half an hour she stopped watching and

star~ed to read a book.

who played well.

who enjoyed the film.
who missed the beginning.

6.S

Writing

Put the 11erbs in brackets illfo rlieir Past form

I (answer) your lettcr by return of pose.
35

2
M y mothcr (die) at the age o f nincty-two
3 The ncw supermarket on the corner (ope~) two da sa o
4 ~e(r t~cw dress (fit) hcr perfectl y when she (trv) it o~ g .
,
.
5 t ram) the whole time l was on holid
6 ~hc photographer's (devclop) m y filma~~ernight
7
e (hurry) down the Street.
.
8 They (pra Y) fo r him to recover.
9 The baby (cry) ail night.
ro The wet glass (slip) out of her hand and (drop) to the Aoor.

Unit 7

7.1

Reading

l 1mdPrstood most of 111/iat they said

-4
\
,
~ \1~
,.

~N
. ..
.').

.1
(

'

Mrs Smith
Jack
Mrs Smith
Jack

36

Mrs Smith
Jack

W clcome home, J ack. Did you have a good journey?

Yes thanks, Mum. It was a bit rough crossing the Channel,
but otherwise it was OK.
How did you get on with your French?
N ot too badly. 1 understood most of what they said when
thcy spoke slowly.
W erc the y nice to you ?
Yes, ver y. They took me out in the car nearl y every da y.
37

We went along the coast of Brittany. lt took us three days

there and back, because Pierre drave so slowly.
Mrs Smith What was the food Jike?
Jack 1 liked ic. 1 ate everything they gave me, and drank wine with
evcry meal.
Mrs Smith Oh d ear. I hope you didn't drink too much.
Jack Of course 1 did. 1 got drunk every night and took drugs as
well.
Mrs Smith Jack! You are joking, aren 't you !
Jack What do you think?
Mrs Smith P~erre seemed such a nice young man when I met him. I Jiked
him vcry much.
Jack So did 1. I still do. 1 like his sister too.
What kind ofjourney did Jack have?
H ow did he get on with his French?
Where did they take him in the car?
Why did it cake three days?
What did J ack eat?
How often did he drink wine?
What did Mrs Smith think of Pierre when she met him ?

7.2

Intonat ion
1 liked him very much.
'So did ' !.
1 didn 't like him .
' Neither did 'I.

This is a shorter way of saying:

I liked him very much too.
I didn't like him very much either.
Stress SO/N EITHER with the fall on the pronoun or noun.
No stress on the auxiliary.
He can swim.
'So can 'she.
She doesn' t speak French.
'Neither does her 'brother.
Agree or disagree with the following:
. .... I.
H e works hard.
38

They're late.
1 don'c know.
He's going co do it.
H e didn't enjoy the film.
1 used to play tennis every day.
I had to learn Latin at school.
They enjoyed themselves.
.
I didn't understand what shc sa1d.
They weren't there.
He couldn't do it.
She was hungry.
They went home early.
He sa w the film yesterda y.

7.3
What did
he say?

..... you.
. ... . 1.

. .... she.
. ... . l.
. . . .. l.
..... 1.

..... we.
..... he.
.... . 1.

..... you.
. .... Bill.
. .... she.
. .... Pamela.

Ora l practice

Did I see you in the street this afternoon?

Did 1 speak to you just now?
Did Shakespeare write H amlet?
Did you know any English last year?
Did you know me last year?
Did you corne to school yesterday?
Did you go abroad for your holidays last year?
Did you go to the football match last week?
Did you go with him?
Did you understand what 1 said?
Did you do your homework last night?
Did you read the paper this morn~ng?.
. ,
Did you hear the news on the radio th1s mormng.
Oid you sit there last time?
Oid you feel tired after work last night?
Oid you put your car av:ay last night? .
,
Oid you leave your car ~n the street last n~ght . . ,
Oid it take you a long urne co get here th1s mo rnmg.
Did you bring any money with you today?
Did you think of going away for the weekend?
Oid 1 teach you last year?
Oid you eat a lot for lunch today?
Did you drink any winc with it?
What did you eat for lunch?
Where did you eat it ?
39

Whcn did you lc:we home this m orning?

Whcrc did you buy that book?
Where did you gct that t ie?
Wherc did you kavc your car?
H ow did you gct herc?
H ow long did it takc you to get hcre?
H ow much did it cost ;i
What did you do after the last lesson?
Whcre did you think of going after the lcsson ?
What did you do last Sunday?

H arry
Bill
H arry
Bill
H arry
Bill
Harry
Bill
H arry
Bill

Extra ora l practice

J'v/ake thefol/0111i11,e sc11te11crs i111errogati11e:

They wcnt all the way home.
came
d rave
stood
sat
read
took
spoke
felt i Il

H e gave hcr a prcsent.

sent
brought
bought
got
made

1 met them yesterda y.

saw
raught
lcft
thought of
wrote to

It cost a lot.

7.4

H e atc cver ything.

drank
sa id
underst0od
lost
won
heard
did
sold
put down
kncw

Listening co mpre he nsion

Bill a11d H arry ralk aba111 111har rliey did fast 11i,el11
Bill

H ello, H arry. Where were you last night ? I looked for you
everywhcre.

H arry
Bill
H arry
Bill
Harry
Bill

H arry
Bill

1 wcnt to Pamcla's. She gave a party for some Amcri can

fricnds of hers.
Oid you enjoy yourself?
Vcry much indeed, thanks. 1 met a lot of intercsting peopk .
Wh y didn't you corne?
She didn't ask me.
How funny. l thought she liked you.
She used to. But not now.
Wh y not?
Because l asked her out to dinner a month ago.
Oidn't she want to go?
Oh yes, she wanted to go ail right. We went to that new
restaurant in the H igh Street. She ate for two hours without
stopping.
She liked the food then?
Oh yes. She liked the food ail right.
Thcn what happened? What wcnt wrong?
1 forgot to take any money with me.
Good hcavens. So what did you do?
I phoned home, and eventually my brother brought some
moncy to the restaurant. B ut it took him an hour to get
there.
Why did it take him so long?
1 think he wanted to teach me a ksson.
Whcre did Harry go last night?
Who did Pamela give the party for?
What kind of people did Harry m eet?
Why didn't Bill go?
When did he ask Pam ela out to dinner?
Oid shc want to go?
Wherc did they go?
How long did she eat for?
Did she like the food?
What went wrong?
Wherr did Bill phone?
H ow long did it take his brocher to gct to the restaurant?
Why did it cake him so long?
Who gave the party last night ?
Who asked Pam ela out to dinncr a month ago?
Who forgot to take any m oney?
Who brought Bill the m oncy?

41

Ask me ({
Harry went to Pamela's last night.
she gave a party.
he met a lot of interesting people.
Bill went.
Pamela ate a lot.
Bill forgot to take any money.
his brother brought the money.
it took him an hour to get there.

When they (win) the Pools, they (buy) a big house.

15 He (take) me to the concert and we (hear) some Chopin.
16 1 (work) hard yesterday and (do) a lot of things.
17 1 (leave) the party early because Allan (bring) me home.
18 1 (feel) tired when 1 (corne) home so I (go) straight to bed.
19 My wife (sit) in the bus but 1 (stand).
20 Who (teach) you last year?

14

A sk me
where H arry went last night.
who Pamela gave the party for.
who he met.
where they went for dinner.
how much she ate.
who forgot to cake any money.
what he did.
who brought the money.
how long it took him to get there.

7.5

Writing

Put the 11erbs in brackets into their Past form

r H e (send) his luggage in advanc.
2
We (drive) to Leicester from Birmingham and (get) there
in under two hours.
3 M y sister (see) you in the Street this afternoon.
4 1 (drinlc) a litre of wine at the party and (eat) a cheese
sandwich.
5 You (put) your chegue in the bank this morning? N o, 1
(put) it in yesterday.
6 He (meet) her for the first time last week and immcdiately
(make) a date to see her again.
7 She (give) her mother-in-law a bracelet for Christmas.
8 W e (read) the last lesson in class.
9 My wifc's fur coat (cost) a lot of money.
10 The teacher (speak) to her in English and she (understand)
everything he (say).
11 Who (write) H amlet ?
12 H e (think) he (know) her.
1 3 Whcn they (lose) their money, they (sell) their house.
42

43

Unit 8

George

Anne
8.1

Reading

Wlw 111ere yo11 doi11J? last 11(e'11?

G eorge
Anne
G eorge
Anne

Of course 1 am. 1 tricd three cimes, and in thl end 1 got so fcd
up that I asked the operat or to try. Shc sa id your phone was
o ut of ordcr.
Oh, now 1 remembcr. 1 left the recciver off the hook. 1 w as
writing some letters and I didn 't want to be disturbcd. What
did you w ant anyway?
N othing in particular. l was going to ask you to the pictures,
that 's ail.
Oh, 1 see. As a matter of fa ct, 1 was w o rking hard.
1 tho ught you said you werc writing letters.
So 1 was. 1 find that very hard work.
What was G eorge doing in Anne's office ?
What did he want to know?
When did he ring Anne last night?
How many times did he t ry to ring hcr?
What did hc do in the end ?
What was Anne doing when George rang?
Where was George going to ask her that evening?
What did Anne sa y she w as doing?

8.2

Intonation

1 told you 1 was going to ring you.

So you ' did.
lt's raining.
Soit 'is.
This is another way of saying: T hat's true. You're right. You
show surprise, either because you have fo rgottcn o r because
you have not noticed something.
so is unstressed and the high fall is on the auxiliary.

Anne
George
Anne
G eorge
Anne
George
Anne

G eorge. What on earth are you doing here?

l was looking for you.
Vou know my boss doesn 't like vou coming hc rc d urin g
~
office hours. What do you want ?.
What w ere you doing last night when 1 rang you?
What time d id you ring m e?
Abo ut seven. 1 told you 1 was going to ring you.
So you did. Are you sure you dia lied the rig ht num ber?

Show surprise at the following:

They were going t o t he cinc ma.
W e were going to ring them this m o rning.
H e's living in Madrid now.
It's snowing .
Shakespeare said that.
W e can see them to morrow.
Y o u said you had t o work latc.
There used to be a cinema thcre once.

44

45

They uscd to live next door.

1 was right.
Shc was able to find it by hcrself.
1 did it mysclf.

8.3
Wluu did

lie say?

8.4

Ora l practice

W erc you studying English a year ago ?

W ere you working for the sa me firm last year ?
Wcre you living in the same house last year?
W ere you sm o king a cigarette when 1 came in?
W ere you wearing that sweater/dress yestcrday?
Was it raining/snowing whcn you came here ?
W ere you talking to hcr when l came in ?
W as she talking to youjust now?
When was she talking to you ?
What w ere you wearing yesterday ?
Who wcre you working for last year?
Where were you living last year?
Where were you studying English last year ?
What were you doing when 1 came into class?
What wcre you doing at'this time yesterday?
What w ere you doing at eight o'clock last night?

Listening compre hension

George on the phone again to Anne

George
Anne
George
Anne
George
Anne
George
Anne
George
Anne

Is that you, Anne?

Yes, it is. That's George, 1suppose.
Yes. Listen, where were you going when 1saw you in the
street this afternoon?
1 was going home. Why?
Weil, you werc w alking so fast I thought you had another
date.
Weil, I didn't.
l tried to ring you up later, but the number was always
engaged.
1 expect it was.
What were you doing?
As a matter of fact, I was talking to my sister.

46

George
Anne
George
Anne
George
Anne
George
Anne
George

But I rang three times. I got so fcd up that in the end 1 asked
the operato r to try.
l left the recei ver off the hook.
Why?
Because I was working and 1 didn't want to be d isturbed.
What kind of work were you doing?
If you must know, l was checking somc figures for my boss.
Why didn't you ask me to help? Vou know I'm good at
fi gures.
Because it was secret and confidcntial.
Oh, sorry. 1 was only trying to hclp.
Where w as Anne going when George saw her in the street?
Why did he think she had another date?
What was Anne d oing when George tried to ring her?
Why did he ask the operator to try in the end?
Why did Anne leave the receiver off the book?
W hat kind o f work was she doing?
Why idn't she ask George to help her ?
Who saw Anne in the strcet?
Who was walking fas t ?
Who tried to ring her la ter?
Who was talking to her sister ?
W hat was always engaged ?
Who's good at fig ures?

A sk me if
she was -going home.
she was walking fast.
she was talking to her sis ter.
George rang threc rimes.
she was w orking.
she didn't want to be disturbed.
she was chccking some figures for her boss.
George is good at figures.
he was trying to hclp.
A sk me
where she was going_
why he thought shc had another date .
what she was doing.
47

Unit 9

who she was talking to.

who shc was working for.

8.5

a)

b)

Writing

9.1

I'vejust got back_I'om France

Put tlze verbs in brackets it110 the correct form: DID/ WAS D!NG
r 1 (have) breakfast when the post (corne).
2
H e (grow) a beard the last timc I (see) him.
3 They (pay) the bill as they (leavc).
4 It not (rain) heavily, so we (go) for a walk.
5 He (fall) asleep while he (drive).
6 What you (do) when I (ring) you?
7 He (tell) us he (go) to Mexico for his holidays.
8 Vou (talk) to her when I (arrive)?
9 You (work) for the sa me firm last year as you are now?
ro She not (wear) that dress when we (meet).

P11t the 11erbs in brackets into rite correct form:

Reading

WAS DOING/

USED TO DO

When I was rich, 1 (buy) a lot of cloches.

2

H e (talk) to someone just now.

3 1 always (read) under the bedclothes when 1 was young.

4 I broke my leg while I (ski).
5 What you (do) at eight o'clock last night?
6 1 (be) good at maths when 1 was at school.
7 M y daughter (practise) the piano every day, but now she
doesn't play at ail.
8 It (snow) when wc wcnt out.
9 W e (be) good friends at university, but now we hardly
ever see each other.
ro George only (try) to help Anne.

Richard
Jack
Richard
Jack
Richard
Jack
Richard

What were your holidays like?

Super. I wcnt to France.
Did you?
Yes. I've just got back. I came back ycsterday, as a matter of
fact.
Aren't you lucky. l've never been abroad.
Oh, l've becn to France twice. We've got friends there.
H ow long were you thcre for?
49

Jack
Richard
Jack
Ri chard
Jack
Richard
J ack
Richard

1 stayed nearly a fortnight.

Did you speak French ail the timc?
Most of the time. 1 think m y French has improved a lot.
What does old Thompson think ?
Our French tcacher? 1 haven't secn him yet.
1 saw him in the corridor a couple of minutes ago. H is lesson
has already started. We're late.
Oh well, it's our first day back, and l' vc never been latc
before. Did you have a good time?
1 stayed at home. T he weather's been awful here. I think this
is the worst spring we've ever had. As a matter of fact, this is
the first day we've had any sun. And now we're back at
school.
Where did Jack go for his holiday?
H as he just got back ?
When did he get back ?
Has Richard ever been abroad?
How man y times has Jack been to France?
H ow long was he there for this timc?
What does Jack think about his French?
H as he seen Thompson yet?
Where did Richard see him?
What's already started?
Has J ack ever been late before?
What's the weather been like?
What does Richard think about the spring?

9.2

Intonation

'What were your ,holidays like?

So far, questions bcginning with question words likc w110/
WHAT/ WHY/ H OW / W H EN have had the falling tune:
'What were your ' holidays like?
But when you want to show a parti cular interest, use the
rising tune as in a normal question.
'Did you en'joy your 1 holidays?
'What were your 1 holidays Jike?
Ask the following questio ns and show that you are rcally

interested to know the reply:

Where's your mother?
Where have you bccn ?
Which one do you w ant ?
Why didn't you ring me last night ?
H ow's your grand-daughter?
How long have you been married?
Where did you go for your holiday this year?
H ow many times have you been to Greece?
What did you think of it?
When did you get back?
H ow many childrcn have you got?
How much do you want for your car?
Who were you talking to just now?

9.3

What did

lie sa y?

Ora l practice

a)
Have you just arrivcd?
Have you just had lunch?
H ave you already had breakfast?
H ave you done the First Certificate examination yet ?
H ave you been to the States yet ?
Is this the first time you've done this exercisc ?
Have you just corne in or gone out ?
H as he j ust answercd a question or asked one?
Have you j ust had breakfast or lunch ?
b)
H ave you already had lunch?
When/where did you have it?
What did you have?
Have you just answered a question ?
When did you last answer a question?
H ave you seen me before?
When was the last time you saw me?
How often have you seen me this week?
When did you sce me?
Have yon evcr bccn abroad ?
Where have you been?
When did you go there?
Did you like it ?

51

Have you cvcr rcad a book in English?

What was it ca llcd?
Whcn did you rcad it?
Have you had a cigarette today?
H ave you just fini shed one?
How m<1ny have you srnoked today?
Have you just come in?
When did you corne in?
Is this the first cime you 've been here?
Have you been herc before?
When was the last time you wcre here?
Have you watched TV lately?
Did you watch TV Jase night?
What did you sce?
When w<1s the last timc you watched TV?
H ave you scen an y good fi lms latcly?
What did you see?
Where did you sec it ?
9.4

Listening comprehension

H11J?.h 111niri11.<! nt home.for Wendy

H ugh
Wendy
Hugh
W endy

Hug h
W endy
H ugh
W endy
Hug h
W endy
Hug h
W end y
H ugh
W endy
Hugh

You're lace ho me, Wendy. Where have you been?

l've been to the hairdresser's.
The hairdresser's? Haven 't you already bcen there this week ?
Yes, 1have. 1 went last Tuesday. But 1 didn't like the way he
did it. As a m atter of face, this is the first cime he's d one it
nicely.
lt looks the same to m e.
T hat's a typical man 's remark . H ave you had tea yet?
N o. 1 was waiting for you.
Well, wc haven 't got much cime, you know. Have you
forgotten wc' re going to the cinem a?
The cinema? This is the first I' vc heard of it.
H ugh, 1 told you this moming. 1 mean, 1 3sked you, 3nd you
promised to take me.
What's on anyway?
'The Scotsman in Brussels '.
l've alread y seen it.
When did you see ic?
1 saw it last week. 1 went wich Jim.

W endy
Hugh
W end y

Hugh

You ne ver told me you went to the ci ne ma with Ji m last

wcck.
Do 1 h3ve to tell you cverything?
Yes, of course you do. W c're marricd, arcn 'c wc? Anyway,
1 haven't seen it and l'm going tonight cven if 1 have to go by
m yself.
1 hope you enjoy it. l thoug ht it was awful.
Where's W endy bcen?
H as she already bcen therc this wcek?
When did she go?
Wh y has she been again ?
Why hasn 't H ugh had tea yet?
H as Hugh forgotten they are going to the cinema?
When did W endy ask him to take her to the cincma?
What's on at the cinema?
When did H ugh s<'e the film?
Who did he go with?
Who's W endy married to?
H as Wend y seen the film?
When 's sbe going to see it?
What did H ugh think of the film ?

A sk me
she's been to the hairdresser's.
she's already bcen there this week.
Hug h's had tca yet.
hc's forgotten they were going to the cinem a.
he's alread y seen the film .
he w ent last wcck.
W endy's seen the fi lm.
A sk me
whcrc W endy's been.
why Hugh hasn't had rea yet.
w h y they haven't got much rime.
when Hugh saw the film.
who he went with.
who Wendy's m arried to.

53

9.5

Wri t ing

a)
P111 tire 11er/i; i11 lirackets i11to tire corre<tfom1: HAVE DONE
You already (do) your homew o r k ?
2
I not (finish) chat book yec.
3 1 not (sec) him rccently.
4 She just (buy) that d ress.
5 Y o u just (have) lunch ?
6 They aln:ady (leave).
7 This is the second cime 1 (tell) you to learn this.
8 You (read) any good books lately?
9 H e's t he niccsc persan I evcr (m eet) .
IO This is the first cime you (be) in this room?

Unit 10

10.1

Reading
Wlrat lra11e you bee11 doi11,<??

b)
P111 the 11erbs in brackets i11to tire correo form : D IO/ HAVE DONE
1
1 (buy) chat dress two monchs ago, but 1 not (wear) it yec.
2 M y wife just (have) a baby.
3 Is this the first cime you (be) to England?
4 Yeu (see) my brocher? Y es, hejust (corne in) .
5 When you (ar rive)? 1 {ar rive) a minute ago.
6 I {dccidc) to live hcrc permancntly.
7 1 not (sec) your sister o n the bus today.
8 1 noc (sce) your sistcr coda y.
9 1 ne t (see) your sister this m o rning. N o, shc (go) to the
country for the weekend.
IO You (be) to New York ? N o, but my brocher (go) thcre
Jase year.
I I T his is the first day we (have) any sun .
1 2 H e always (be) a good student in this class.
13 H e alw ays (be) a good student when he was here.
14 They (leave) for London yet ?
15 Where you (bu y) chat hat? 1 (gec) it at a sale.
r6 Yo u 're late. Where you (be)? 1 (be) to the hairdresser 's.
17 H ow much your new bag (cost)?
18 You (read) Hamlet? Yes, as a matter of fact 1 (read) it
last night .
19 You (have) lunch yet ? Yes, t han ks. 1 already (eat) .
20 1 (Jose) m y watch . Where you (Jose) it ? 1 (Jose) it in t he
street.

Mr T urnbull
Mrs T urnbull
M r Turnb ull
Mrs Turnbull
Mr T urnbull
Mrs Turnbull

54

Oh, there you are. l've been waiting for you for half an ho u r.
What have yo u been doing?
I've been shopping. I've bought a new hac. Do you likc it?
It 's ail right. I met the Sm iths' son, Jack, while 1 w as waiting
for you. H e's j ust corne back from France.
Yes, 1 know. Mrs Smith to ld me. She's ver y pro u d of him.
She says he speaks French ftuently.
H ow long has he been learning it?
I'm not sure.

55

1.:

Mr Turnbull
Mrs Turnbull
Mr' Turnbull
Mrs Turnbull
Mr Turnbull
Mrs Turnbull
Mr Turnbull

What did you say?

1 said l'm not sure. 1 think hc's bccn ~tudying French since
he was twclvc.
Who's been studying French ?
Jack has. The Smiths' son. H ave you gonc dcaf or somethin g?
1 can 't hcar a word you 'rc sa ying. The noise of this traffic is
absolutcly awful.
Yes, it is, isn 't it? Goodness, I'm tired. l've been walking
round th shops for nearly three hours.
(mis1mdersta11din,e lier) Three hours? What do you m ean?
l've been working since eight o'clock this morning.
H ow long has Mr Turnbull bcen waiting for his wife?
What has she been doing?
What's she bought?
Whcn did he mcet Jack?
Where's Jack becn?
Who's been st udying French?
Why can't Mr Turnbull hear what his wifr is saying ?
Why is Mrs Turnbull tired?
H ow long has Mr Turnbull been working?

10.2

She li ves in Mousehole.

H is name is C holmondeky.
Arrigo Panigada won the championship.
W e wcnt t o Beaulieu.
Why do you smoke so much?
I've been studying Chinese for twenty years.
It's been raining for two w eeks.
They've bought W aterloo Bridge.
Why did you go to the concert?
W e went ski-i ng last August.
H e bought Jim's old car.
T hey were travelling on a cattle boat.

10.3
Wlrat did

lie say?

Intonation

Whe re
What
Who
Where
Why
What
H owlong ....
What
Why
Wh en
Who se
What

Oral practi ce
H ow long have you been studying English?
H ow long have you been living herc/working at your job/
sm o king/driving a car?
H ow long have I bcen teaching you ?
What have l been teaching you?
What have you been doing for the past half hour?
Wh::ir have you been studying recentl y?
H ave you been working hard today?

H e's been studying French.

, Who's bcen studying French? (,What did you say?)

A sk me
I've been working hard today/living here for many years/
teaching Eng lish for many ycars.

When you want the other pcrson to repeat what he has just
said, use the rising tune with the stress on the quest ion word.
Begin low and continue to rise with no main stress on the
other words.

A sk me
how long l've been teaching English/ living here.
how long he's been learning English/ Iiving here.
w hatl've been doing today/he's been stud ying recently.
wherc l've been living/he's been working/she's been living.
which firm he's been working for.

Wherc did you see him?

, Where did 1 sec him? (Did you sa y Where? or When ?)
T his pattern often shows surprise.
10.4
Why are you studying French?
, Why? (Becausc 1 want to. of course.)

Ask the other person to repeat w hat hc has said or asktd in

the

56

~amc

way:

Liste ning comprehension

Jea11 111aiti11,e.f>r Betty

Betty
Jean

Sarry l' m late , Jean. H ave you been waiting for me?
Of ourse 1 have. l've been waiting for nearly half an hour.
57

Ben y
Jean
Betty
Jean
Betty
Jean
Betty

Jean
Betty
Jean
Bett y

W e arranged to meet at three, and it's almost half past.

What have you been doing ail this time?
l'vc been looking fo r a fiat.
A fi at")
Yes, somewhere to live. M y landlady's daughter is gctting
married and wants to move into my fiat.
What a sham e. H ow lo ng have you been living thcrc?
Thrce years or so. But it's really too big for me, and I've bccn
looking for something smallcr for the last six months.
H ave you had an y luck yet ?
Yes, l think so. I'vc just seen a very nice one. But it's very
dirty: an old couple have been living there fo r the last
thirty years.
How much is the rent ?
l'm not sure. I' ve got to ring the agents afrer six chis evening.
I hope you get it, Bett y.
So do I. Other people have been Jooking ac the fiat, so I must
be sure to ring at six o'clock on the dot .
H ow long has J ean been waiting for Betty?
When did they arrange to mcet?
What's Betty bcen doing?
Wh y has she been loo king for a fi at?
H ow long has she been living therc?
H ow long bas she been Jooking for something smallcr?
W hat has she just seen ?
H ow long have the old couple becn living in the fiat ?
What's the matter with the Aat?
Wh y must she be sure to ring the agents at six o'clock?

how lo ng she's been living there.

how long she's been looking for somcthing smaller.
how long the old couple have bcen living there.
what she's just seen.

10.5

Writ ing

Put the 11erbs i11 brackers inro the correct fo r111 : HAVE DEEN DOING
and SINCE or FOR into the blank spaces
I (live) in Switzcrland ..... two and a half years.
2
M y father (work) for that firm ..... 1964.
3 She (play) the piano ..... she was a child.
4 H e (writc) that book .. ... eightcen m onths.
5 They (paint) their ho use .. .. last week.
6 H ow long you (study) English ? 1 (study) English . ... .
a year.
7 You (talk) to your fricnd ..... I cam e in.
8 It (rain) .. ... breakfast.
9 What he (do) ..... the past hour ?
10 Our teacher says he (teach) English ..... he was twenty.

A sk me!(
Jean's been waiting for Betty.
she's been looking for a fiat .
she's been living in her flac for threc years.
she's been looking for something smaller.
she's had any luck yet.
she's j ust seen a nice one.
an old couple have been living there.
other people have becn looking at it.
A sk me
how long she's bcen waiting for Betty.
whac Becry's been doing.

58

59

Unlt t t

11 .1

Mrs Smith
Mrs Turnbull
Mrs Smith

Reading
~f;er

lie liad ,{!one, 1 be,{!an to 111orry about l1im

Mrs Turnbull
Mrs Smith
Mrs Turnbull
Mrs Smith
Mrs Turnbull
Mrs Smith
Mrs Turnbull

N o, the second.
Did you go w ith him ?
No, 1 wish 1 had. Bccause after he had gonc, 1 began to worr
about him . H c's only sixteen , you know . And sin ce he came
back , hc's bcen talking about living there.
1 know what you mean. M y daughter's the same.
Oh yes, the last t ime 1 saw you, you said you'd been to
Scotland for the weekend.
T hat 's right. 1 went to see her and m y son-in-law. They had
jusc corne back from Canada.
H ow long had they been thcre?
Act ually, they wanted to stay for good. But they hadn't becn
there for long when they began to feel homesick.
So now thcy've corne b ack to Scotland, have they?
For the moment. They kcep moving about from one place t <
another. They used to be next door to us, but they hadn'c
been living chcrc for long before they moved to Scotland.
Then to Canada . Now b ack t o Scotland again. They're
restless, these young people.
H ow long is it si ncc Mrs Smith saw Mrs Turnbull ?
W as it the first cime Jack had bcen abroad ?
Why did M rs Smith wish she had gone with him ?
What"s Jack been talking about since he came back from
France?
W hy had Mrs T urnbull bcen to Scotland?
W here h ad her daughter and son- in-law corne back from ?
H ow long had they been in Canada?

11.2

Intonat ion

D id you go with him?

N o, 1 'wish 1 ' had (gone with him).

Mrs Smith
Mrs Turnbull
Mrs Smith
Mrs Turnbull

Hello, Mrs Turnbull. Fancy meeting you here. 1 havcn't sccn

you for a long time.
No, we haven't met since your boy Jack came back from
France.
N o, that was a month ago. He has been talking of nothing
clse since then.
lt was the first time he had been abroad , wasn 't it ?
60

When you wish you had or had not clone something in the
past at the m oment of speaking, say: 1 ' w ish l 'HAD ./I 'wish
J ' HAD N T.
1

You smoke a lot, don't you ?

Yes, 1'wish 1 'didn' t (smoke a lot). (l'm sorry 1 sm oke a lo t.)
W hcn you wish for or want som ething at the moment of
speaking, bue which is noc crue, say:
61

1 wish .i. subject - auxiliary of Past tense.

Stress WISH with the falli ng tune on the auxiliary.
Wish the following:
Did you go to Pamela 's party?
Did you buy that new dress you
wanted?
You speak German, don 't you?
ls your daughtcr good ac languagcs?
You've got a lot of money, haven't
you?
Your husband earns a lot, doesn 't he?
T hey're coming to sec us this
afternoon, aren't they?
D o you have to go now?
H ave you been to South America?
You 're very clever, aren't you?
Did you spend a lot of money in
chat shop ?
You' re married, aren' t you?

2nd Student

Teacher
Student
Teacher
2nd Scudent

No, I wish I .... .

No, I wish 1 .... .
No, l wish shc .. . . .
No, l wish l .... .
No, 1 wish hc . .. . .

Ycs, and 1 wish I ... . .

Yes, and I wish 1 . . . . .

Have you been studying English/FOR LONC?

/ FOR A LONG TIME?
Yes, 1 have./N o, I haven't.
H ow long has he been stud ying English?
He's been studying English FOR A LONG TIME.
He hnsn't been st11dyin,(/ English FOR LONG .
been studying English for long/for a long cime?
been living here for long/for a long cime?
been working ac your job for long/for a long cime?
been driving a car for long/for a long cime?
been smoking for long/for a long cime?
been playing tennis/the piano/the guitar for long/
timc?

T eacher

H ow long is it since we saw each other ?

W e haven't seen each ocher FOR A LONG TIME./ We sa111 each
other yesterda y.
What did he sa y?
62

Listening comprehension

Harry meets Bill

Harry

Bill
Harry
Bill
Harry
Bill
H arry
Bill
Harry
Bill
Harry

Bill
Teacher
Student

TlME./He said

H ow long have you been/studying English?

/living here?
/ working at your job ?
/driving a car?
/smoking?
/ playing tennis/ the piano?

Y es, 1 w ish the y .... .

Yes, 1 w ish1 .... .
No, 1 wish 1 . . .. .
No, I wish 1 ... . .

Oral practlce

H ave you
H ave you
Have you
H ave you
H ave you
H ave you
for a long

FOR A LONG

How long is it since/ we saw each other?

/you had a holiday?
/ you went to the cinema?
/ you smoked your last cigarette?
/I saw you?
/we had any homework?
/you went home to your parents?
/I askcd you a question?

No, I wish I .....

11.4
11.3

H e said you hadn't seen each other

you sa111 each ocher yesterday.

Harry

H ello, Bill. 1 haven't seen you for a long time. What have
you bcen doing?
l've becn working hard as usual. And you?
I've been on holiday.
Aren't you lucky. Where did you go?
1 went to Spain. l'd never been there before.
Did you have a good cime?
M arvellous, thanks. Guess who I met on the plane coming
back.
Who?
Pamela.
Pamela? Pamela Carter, you mean. H ow is she?
Fine. She was asking about you. She said she hadn't seen you
for nearly three months.
1 know. We haven't seen each other since I took her to that
restaurant in the H igh Street. Remember ?
Yes, 1 do. You forgot to cake any money. Anyway, 1 think
she's forgiven you . Why don't you give her a ring and ask
her out to dinner ?

Bill
H :irr y

If you'rc sure shc:'s forgotren th.1t gh:mly cvcning.

Bill
H arr y

1 did1 say <>hc had forgottcn it. 1 s:iid <>hc had forgivcn you.
So ring hcr up at o nce. Yo u've got ht'r nurn bcr. h:ive1 you ?
Er - 1 think so. But l've lost hcr address.
You're the most absent-minded m an 1 know. W e il , l'm no t

Bill
H arry

going ro d o an y more for you. You can ask ber for ber
addrcss yoursclf. And o ne m o re thing.
What's that?
Remcmber to takc some money with you this rime.
H ow long is it since H arr y saw Bill ?
Whac's Bill been doing?
Wherc's H arry bccn ?
Had he bcen to Spain before?
Who did Harry m cet on the plane coming back?
H ow long did Pamcb say it was since shc had sccn Bill?
Did H arr y sa y Pa m e la had forgotten that evening?
What did he sa y?
What's Bill lost ?
What must Bill rc m ember to t ake ncxt timc?
Who's been working bard ?
Who hadn 't been to Spain before?
Who was asking for Bill on the plane?
Who hadn't secn Bill for thrce m o nths?

A sk me!(
Bill 's been working hard.
H arry's been o n holiday.
he wcnt to Spain .
be d ne ver been thcrc be fore.
Pamela was asking about Bill.
shc hadn' t seen him for ncarl y thrce months.
she's forgiven Bill.

A sk me
what Bill's been doing.
whcrc H arry's bccn .
when he had been there bcfore.
ho w long it is sincc Pamela saw Bill.
what Bill's fo rgotten.

11 .5

Writing

a)
P111 rite 11<r/1.' ii1 /irackcts i1110 rlie corrNrjimn:

HAD DONE/HAD

BEEN D(l(NG

H e didn't corne to the film with us yestcrday. btcause hc

alrcady (sce) it.
2
Afte r she (cat) hcr su pper , she wcnt to bcd .
3 lt was the second timc 1 (read) the nave l.
4 W c (travcl) for two hours bcforc we realizcd we wcre on
the w ro ng train.
5 As soon as be (do) his homewor k, the boy ran into the
garden.
6 H e said he (work) hard ail da y.
7 The children (play) outside for an hour when it bcgan to
ram .
8 Shc only just (leave) the bo use whcn her husband pho ned.
9 H e told me he w as tired bccausc he (drive) sincc cight
o'clock this mornin g.
io W as it the first time you ever (bc) thcrc?

b)
Put tlte 11erbs in lirackers illfo the correa form
r
2

1 not (play) tennis for a long time.

1 not (play) tennis for lo ng.

W e not (dance) for a long timc, have we?

1 not (work) for that firm for long.
5 1 no t (teach) for lo ng
6 They not (live) thcre for lo ng, before they movcd to
Scotland.
7 H e made a lot of mistakes, because he not (speak) French
for a lo ng time.
8 H e no t (drive) for lo ng when he ca m e to the cross-roads.
9 H e not (walk) for lo ng whcn he saw the river.
ro H e was very deprcssed becausc hc not (work) for a long
timc.
3
4

c)
Pw rlie 11erbs i11 liracker; i1110 the correctfom1
I

3
4

65

She no t (drive) for lo ng.

H e not (do) any homework for a lo ng t im e.
It not (rain) fo r long.
She no t (swim) for lo ng beforc she began co fecl cold.

5 This is the first time he (go) to England for man y years.

Actually, he not (be) since the war.
6 They not (sec) each other for a long timc.
7 I wanted to go co the theatre because I not (be) for a long
time.
8 My brother not (live) in Manchester for long before he
had to move to Birmingham.
9 1 wrote him a long letter bccause I not (hear) from him
for a long time.
ro She not (read) for long before she fell asleep.
r 1 I (have) this cold for two weeks.
12 H ow long you (be) here? I (be) here for an hour.
13 W e not (be) to the pictures for a long time. As a matter of
face , I don't think 1 (be) since my last birthday.
14 H ow long you (wait)?
15 Our teacher told us he (teach) English since he was twenty.
16 H e not (have) his new car for long bcfore he had an
accident.
17 You (be) on holida y? Y es, l (be) to Israel.
18 H ow long he (work) for that firm ? H e says he (be) there
since 1974.
19 Y ou're Jooking tired. You not (have) a holiday for a long
cime?
20 Where you (be)? 1 not (sec) you for ages.

Tense revision

Put the 11erbs in brackets i11to the correct form and fill in the bla11k
spaces
Bill
M ary
Bill
Mary
Bill
Mary
Bill
Mary
Bill
Mary

You still (go) to night school, M ary?

Yes, of course. I (go) there for the last six months.
You (Jike) that school, ..... you?
Yes, I ..... , very much. But l not (be) very good at
German yet.
Neither ..... I, alchough 1 (study) it since last Easter.
That's not long. You (do) any cxams yet?
No, I ..... l not (have) much chance to study.
B y the wa y, who (teach) you lasc year?
1 not (remcmber) his name. 1 not (see) him sin ce the summer.
Why?
H e (be) German?
66

Bill
M ary
Bill

Y es, but he not (be) to German y for threc years.

Neither ..... my teacher. He says he not (be) to Germany
for five years. H e must (be) homc~ick, ... . . hc'
Perhaps hc (prefer) London.

Unit 11

12.1

Reading

Wliate11er sliafl I do?

Policeman
Mrs Turnbull
Policem an
Mrs Turnbul!
Policeman
Mrs Turnbull
Policeman

hungry soon becausl' be basn' t caten an ytbing coday. 1 don't

know what he'll do.
H e'll corne home, of course.
I do n 't think he'Jl evcr corne back.
Of course he w ill. H e'll corne back if he wants to.
An yway, what are you going to do aboutit?
Shall 1 corne back with you and look for him ?
Oh thank you, constable. You are kind. But I do n't think
we'll find him.
We can try, can't we? 1'11 just tell the Sergeant where l' m
going. Wait here a moment, will you? 1 shan't be lo ng.
Why can 't Mrs Turnbull find her cat?
What's the policem an sure about?
Wh y is Mrs T urnbull so worried about her cat?
Why will the cat be hungry ?
What does the policeman think the cat will do ?
What does Mrs Turn bull think?
What will the cat do if he wants to?
What does the policeman offer to do?
What will the' policeman do beforc he goes?
Will hc be long?

12.2

Intonation

' Sit 'down for a moment, ,will you?

T o make an imperative Jess of a command and more of a
request or suggestion , add the tag: WILL vou?
'Wait ' hcre a moment. , will you?

Mrs Turnbull

Policeman
Mrs Turnbull
Po licem an
Mrs Turnbull

Oh, constable, something terriblc's happened. l'vc lost my

cat. H e jumped out of the bedroom window inro the garden,
and 1 can't find him .
I'm sure he'll corne back soon.
N o, he won't. H e's never been out before and doesn't know
w berc to go. lt'Jl be dark soon. Whatever sball 1 do?
Keep cairn, madam . Sit clown a moment, will you?
Calm? Sit clown? H o w can 1 keep cairn when m y catis
missing? You don ' t seeni to undcrstand, constable, hc 'JI be
68

The tag for imperatives and suggestions in the 1st persan

plural is SJ!ALL WE?
'Lct's 'go, ,shall w e?
The voicc falls on the imperative and rises again on the
SH ALL/ WILL.

Ask somcone or make a suggestion to do the following:

Pass the butter.
Let's go to the cinema.
Give m e a cigaret te.
Lcnd me your pen a m oment.
Let 's starc.

Open the window.

Let's watch the match on the tell y.
Write this down.
Lct's go home now.
Give me a ring about six.
Let's do somcthing clse.

12.3

Oral practice

When will you see me again ?

W hen will it be dark?
When will she be twenty-one?
When shall w e sec each other again?
What time will you get home tonight?
How will you get home?
Where will you be at this rime tomorrow?
H ow long will it take you to learn English?
How long will it take you to get home?
Shall 1 open the window/shut the door?
Will you have a cigarctte/drink/sweet/cup of tea?
Will you corne to the cinema wich m e?

Offer me
a cup of tca/a sweet/a drink/a cigarette.
Offer to
open the w indow/close the door/hclp him/ lend me some
money.

12.4

Listening compre hensi on

Peter meetsjim
Peter
Jim
Peter
Jim
Peter
Jim

Will you be at home later tonight, Jim?

1 think so. Why?

There's something 1 want to ask you. 1'11 give you a ring

about eight, if that's ail right with you.
Can 't you tell me now?
1 haven't time now. l'm going to the dentist's. H e'll be
angry if I'm late.
l'i! walk with you as far as the corner of the Street.
70

Peter
Jim
Peter
Jim
Peter
Jim
Peter
Jim

Peter

Jim

lt on ly takes a couple of minuces. H e livesjust round the

corner.
1'11 leave you hcrc then.
Ali right. !'li ring you about eight thcn, shall 1?
I'm vcry curious ta know what i t '~ about. Peter.
Oh, 1 only w ant to talk about our summer holidays.
Oh. As a matter of fact, I'm not sure if I'll be able to go awa y
this year.
Why not?
Weil, you know we've just bought a house, Peter, and what
with one thing and another, l don't think we'll be able to
atford it.
What a relief. Neither shall 1. That's why l was going to ring
you. To tell you l shan't be able to have a holiday either. l' vc
just bought a car instead.
That's ail right then, isn't it? You won't have to ring me up
aftcr aU, will you?
When will Peter give Jim a ring?
Where's Peter going?
H ow long will it take him ta get there?
Will the dentist be angry if he's late ?
Wherc does the dentist live?
What does Peter want to talk to Jim about?
Why isn'tjim sure ifhe'll be able to go away this year ?
W hy was Peter going to ring him ?
Why won't he have to ring him aftcr ail?
Who'IJ be home later tanight?
Who' U be angry if Peter is late?
Who won't be able to have a holiday?
Who won't have to ringjim up after ail?

A sk me {{
Jim'JJ be home later.
Pcter'll give him a ring about eight.
the dentist will be angry if he's la te.
it' ll take Peter a couple of minutes to get therc.
Jim' ll be able to go away this year.
he'll be able to atford a holiday.
Ask me
w hcn he'IJ be home.
71

Unit U

when hlll give him a ring.

how long it"ll rnkc him to ger thl'rl'.
why he wo1i't be able to have a ho liday this yl'ar.
why he won't have to ring him up after ail.
13.1
12.5

Reading

H o111

Writi ng

1011~

111ill yo11 li<' s1ayi11~?

P111 rhl' 1 erbs i11 lmukcts i11t(l the SHALL/WILI oo.frnr wl1crc pM.>ihl1
Vou (have) a cup of cotfee?
2
They not (Jend) him the money.
3 1 (do) that for you?
4 lt (be) time fo r lunch soon.
5 W e (havi:: to) do this again .
6 Vou (be able to) spcak English well next ycar.
7 1 never (get} therc in rime. 1 (cake) a taxi?
8 He (do) it if the y (pay) him .
9 1 don 't think the y (pa y) hi m.
ro Whcre we (go) tonight?
1 J He isn't sure whcn he (be back).
12 W e can't move into our new bouse until it (be) ready.
13 We can eat as soon as they (arrive).
14 1 (do) it if 1 (have) the cime.
15 They not (be) therc w hen you (corne) .
1

Simpson
Clcrk
Simpson
Ckrk
Simpson
72

Good evening. M y name's Simpson. I booked a room by

post about a m onth ago.
Oh ycs, sir. H ere we arc. How long will you be mying?
Oh, onl y a couple of nights. Until 1 can find a room of my
own.
1 see. Ves, that will be all right. Will you be eari ng your me:
in the hotel ?
Onl y the evening meal. !'Il be out Jooking for a room most
the day.
73

as .. .

Clerk
Simpson
Clerk

Simpson
Clerk
Simpson
Clerk
Simpson

Whcre will you be having lunch?

What time will you be going home?
H ow man y more years will you be studying English?

Very good, sir. We'll be scrving dinner in half an hour, sir.

Oh good. 1'11 just go and have a bath and change.
Oh, by the way, sir, a Miss Winters lcft a message for you.
Shc asked me to tell you that shc will be working lare conighr
so she won't be able to see you until tomorrow.
Oh, I see.
But she say~ she'll g ive you a ring about 8.30 tonight.
J'll be having dinner at that time.
Thar's ail right, sir. Wc'll call you in the dining-room.
Thanks a lot. Don't forget, will you? It's m ost important.

Ask me i(
1'11 be g~ing away for the weekend.
you'll be secing me tomorrow.
I'll be going home by bus.
anybody'll be waiting for me at home.
I'll still be teaching English in ten years' time.
1'11 be having lunch at one.

How long will Simpson be staying at the hotel?

Will he be eating in the hotel?
What will he be doing most of the day?
When will they be serving dinner?
Why won't Miss Winters be able to see him until tomorrow?
What will Simpson be doing when she rings him at 8.30?
13.2

Intonation

'Don't for'get, 'will you?

When the voice falls both in the statement and the tag, the
negativc impcrative mcans: PLEASE don't forget.
Ask someone polirely not to do the following:
Don't be late.
Don't go without me.
Don't forger to buy me some cigarettes.
Don't be too long.
Don't spend too much.
Don't lose your temper.
Don't lose it.

13.3

A skme
what I'll be doing this rime tomorrow.
where I'll be going for the weekend.
when you'll be seeing me again.
when !'Il be having lunch.
what time !'Il be going home.

Oral practice

What will you be doing this weekend/time tomorrow?

Where will you be going for the weekend?
What will you be having for supper tonight?
Where will you be going for your holidays this year?
When will you be sceing me again?
When shall 1 be seeing you again?
When will you be having lunch ?
74

13.4

Listening compre hension

jean and Berry

Jean
Betty
Jean
Bett y
Jean
Betty
Jean
Betty
Jean
Betty
Jean
Betty

Will you be seeing Tom tomorrow by any chance?

Tom? Tom who?
Tom Turner, of course. He's your boy-friend, isn't he?
1 suppose so. Why do you want to know ifl'll be seeing him
tomorrow?
Because Harry's coming for a meal tomorrow night, and I
wanted to ask you and Tom as well.
Oh, 1 see. As a matter of face, 1 shan't be here. I'm going
a wa y for the weekend.
Will Tom be going with you?
No. He's got to work late at the office, so he' ll be staying in
town till Saturday.
Shall 1 ask him round later?
If you want to. He'll be happy to corne, I'm sure.
As long as you don't mind.
Not at ail. 1'11 be only too pleased to know he'll be with you
and Harry.
When's H arry coming for a meal?
75

Why does Jean want to know if Betty will be seeing Tom

tomorrow?
Why won't Betty be there?
Will Tom be going with her?
Why won't he be going w:ith her?
How long will he be staying in town for?
Why doesn't Betty mind if Jean asks him to come ?

Unit 14

14.1

Reading

Simpson' s.fi11ure /a11d/ady

Who's Betty's boy-friend?

Who's coming for a meal tomorrow ni ght ?
Who won 't be herc ?
Who'll be staying in town uncil Saturday?
Ask me {(
she'll be seeing him tomorrow night.
he'JI be going for a mcal tomorrow night.
she won't be there.
he'll be staying in town.
she minds if he goes.
Ask me
when shc'll be sceing him.
where he' ll be going for a meal.
who Betty's boy-friend is.
why she won 't be herc.
why he won't be going with her.
how long he'll be staying in town .

13.5

Writing

Pi1t the 11erbs i11 brackets imo tire correctform: SllALL/ WILL fie doin.(!.
1 I expect he (work) late tonight.
2 He n ot (work) when 1 go to see him.
3 You (have) lunch with me today?
4 We (eat) soon.
5 When you (see) Janet again?
6 I (think) of you white you arc o n holiday.
7 M y daughter not (come) for the weekend because she's ill.
8 They not (go) to Turkey again this year.
SI She not (play) tennis this afternoon?
10 They not (use) the car again today?
76

Landlady
Simpson
Landlady
Simpson
Landlad y
Simpson
Landlady

This is your room, Mr Simpson. Do you like it?

Er - it looks ver y ni ce. But it's a bit smalt, isn 't ic?
Smalt, but cosy. Will you be sta ying long?
1'11 be staying a couple of months.
I sec. I usually let this room to a girl. This is the first time
l' ve let it to a man.
I haven't taken it yet.
1 thought you said you likcd the room.

77

Simpson
Landlady
Simpson
Landlady
Simpson
Land lad y
Simpson
Landlady
Simpson
Landlady
Simpson
Landlady

J do. But 1' 11 have to think aboutit first.

Weil, don ' t take too long, will you? 1 can 't kcep it frcc
indefinitely.
1'11 let you know this afternoon.
l see. 1 suppose you ' re going ro look at other places first and
compare.
Er - yes, 1 am. ln fact, J'm seeing another place at midda y.
W ell, you won't find anything as cheap as this.
No, 1 suppose not. It's just that it's a long way from work.
The bus service is very good.
Is it? Weil, anyway, l'll ring you this afternoon.
I'm not on the phone. It's too cxpensive.
Oh. ln that case, I'll corne back about four, if that's ait right
with you.
Perfectly ail right. 1'11 be here.
H ow long will he be staying if hc takes the room?
When will he let her know?
What's he going to do first?
What's he doing at midday?
Will he find anything cheaper, according to the landlady?
When does he sa y he will ring her?
What time will he corne back?
Where will the landlad y be?

14.2

Into nat io n
lt ' looks very , nice (but it's a bit sm all).
When you have doubts about something or do not completely
agree with somebody, use the falling- rising tune.
Try to do it. I'll vtry (but I don't think 1 Can) .
The sign " is used when the voice falls and rises in the same
word.
Agree reluctantly or have doubts about the following:

Someone says

You say

Yo11 mea11

He'll help you.

1 'hope he , will.

(but 1have m y
doubts)
(but clever, no)

He's very clever,

isn't he?

H e ' works very

, ha rd.

Yo ulike him ,don't " Ycs.

you?
J'm not vcold.
Arc you warm
enough?
Can 1 borrow your You 'can if you
car?
vlike.
Can you corne
T ovmorrow ?
tomorrow?
H e's ~ood
What's he like?
" looking.
lt's a 'nice "colour.
Do you like m y
new dress?
Are you coming to Yes, l' m vcoming.
the party?
Yo u smacked m y I'm "sorry.
chi Id.

14.3

( I) Tcacher
Studcnt
(2) Teacher
Stude nt
(3) Teacher
Student
(4) T cacher
Student

(but not much)

(but I'm not ho t
either)
(but I'm not happy
about it)
(that's difficult)
(but that's about
all)
(but a terrible
design)
(but I don't want te
(but hc deserved it)

Ora l practice (See Summary 14)

The teacher reads the state ments, and the studcnt transforms
them to the correct tense to e xpress a future action.
W e've arranged to watch television to night.
W e're warchi11~ te1evision to night.
We intend to watch telcvision tonight.
W e're going to watc/1 television tonight.
W e've j ust dccided to watch television tonight.
W e' Il watcli television tonight.
As usual, we'll watch television tonig ht.
W e'll be 111atchi11g television tonight.
They've arr anged to do it.
They intend to do it.
They've j ust decided to do it.
They're doing it as usual.
H e usually sees her home after the lcsson.
H e intends to see her home after the lesson .
H e's arranged to see her home after the lesson.
He's decided to see her home after the lesson.
l've arranged to lend you the money.
l'm knding you the money as l always do.

79

I inte nd to lcnd you the money.

I've decidcd to lend you the money.

(2)
(3)

She's working latc to night as usual.

She intends t o work late tonig ht.
Shc's decided to w o r k late to night.
She's arranged to w o rk late to night.

(4)
(2)
(3)
( r)

W e've decided no t co w atch tele visio n ronight.

W e won' t watch televisio n to night as wc usuall y do.
W e've arranged not to watch te levision tonight.
W e intend no t to wat ch televisio n tonig ht.

(3)
(4)
(1)
(2)

They have no intenti o n o f doing it.

Thcy' ve decided not to doit, after ail.
They've arranged no t to d o it.
Thcy're no t d o ing it as they usually d o.

(2)
(3)
(r)
(4)

What had Bill almost forgottcn?

When is his birthda y?
H o w old w ilJ he be o n the 27th ?
Is he h aving a birthday part y?
Will H arr y be seeing J anct be fore the 27th ?
When will he be sccing her ?
What d ocs Harry o ffer to do?
What d oes Bill want her to bring ?
H o w did BilJ get to know J anet?
What 's H arr y goin g to do?
Who'll be twenty-five on the 27th ?
Who's having a birthday party?
Who' ll be seeing J anet como rro w evening?
Who's got a marvellous collection o f records ?
Who used to work with Bill ?
Who's g o ing to m arry H ar r y?

Ask me if
14.4

Listening comprehension

hc'll be t w enty-fivc o n the 27th .

he'll be coming to t he party.
hc'll be sccing J anet before thcn.
he's g o ing to m arr y her.

Bill and Harry

Bill
Harry
BilJ
H arr y
Bill
H arry
B ill
H arr y
Bi ll
H arr y
Bill
H arr y
Bill
H arry
Bill
Harry

What 's the date today?

lt's the 23rd. Why?
M y birthday's o n the 27th. I'd almost fo rgotte n.
H ow old will you be?
I'IJ be twenty-five.
Are you having a birthda y party ?
Yes, of course. W o n 't you be coming ?
Yo u haven 't asked m e yet.
I'm asking you now. By the w ay, will you be secingJanet
before then ?
Y es, 1 will. Do you w ant he r to corne too?
Yes, but I don ' t know her addrcss.
Shall I ask her for you? I'll be seeing her tomorro w evening.
That 's a good idea. Will you ask her to bring so m e o f her
records with her? Shc's got a m arvello us collectio n .
Yo u seem to know an a wful lo t about m y girl-friend.
D o n 't be so suspicio us. Rem e mber, she uscd to wor k in m y
offi ce, so I got to know her guite w ell.
Weil , ail I can say is I'm glad shc changed her job. I'm going
co m arry her , you know.
80

Ask me
ho w old hc 'll be o n the 27th.
when he's having a part y.
when he'Jl be seeing Janet.
who he's going to m arry.

14.5

Writ ing

Revision : Put the verbs in &rackets into the correctform

1 (walk) alo ng the road the o ther d ay when 1 (m eet) an old
g irl-friend of mine. She (wear) a fur coat and (look) vcry
prospero us.
' What you (do) these days?' 1 (ask) her.
' I just (finish) making m y first film ', she (say) . 'Eve ryone
(think) it (be) a g reat success w hen it (corne o ut). In m y next
film l (play) the Jead.'
' I not (know) you (want) to be an actress', 1 (answ e r).
' H o w lo ng you (w o rk) in films ?'
81

' I not (act) for very long', shc (reply). 'But when 1 (be) in
Rome last summer, l (fall in love) with a film producer.'
'T hat (be) lucky, n ot (be) it?' 1 (say) rathcr bittcrly.
' What you (mean) by lucky ?' shc (reply), angrily. 'I (work)
hard to becomc an actress.'
I (feel) bitter, because I always (want) to be an actor but l
never (have) the opportunity. J (be in love) with that girl fiv e
years ago. l always (like) her, and although 1 (feel) a little
jealous at the m o ment, I (know) l always (feel) something for
her.

Unit ts

15.1

What would you /ike for supper?

Landlady
Simpson
Landlad y
Simpson
Landlady
Simpson
Landlady

82

Reading

What would you like for supper tonight, Mr Simpson?

What do you suggest?
W eil now , let's see. W o uld you like scrambled eggs on toast
N o thanks. You gave m e an omelette for lunch.
So J did. W ell, would you like a ni ce salad, o r would you
rather have a bowl of soup ?
Er - I'd rather have a pork chop, or sausages and chips.
Something like that.
I'm sure you would, Mr Simpson. But meat is very expensivc

Simpson
Land lady
Simpson
Landlady
Simpson
Land lady
Simpson

you know. And with the low rcnt you' rc p:iying ... What
would you say to biscuits and chcest'?
I'd say it wouldn't be enough.
There's 110 need to be rude, Mr Simpson.
Sarry. Anyway, give me what you Jike.
A nicc hot cup of tea then . Or would you rarhcr have
cocoa?
Whichcvcr is cheaper.
l shan't be long. (She .~oes)
1 wish she' d give m e somet hing to eat now and then.
Wh y woldn't Mr Simpson like scrambled eggs on toast?
What else does she offer him ?
What would he rather have?
W ould biscuits and cheese be enough for him?
What does he wish?

Why won't hc switch the radio off?

Will it never stop raining ?
He sm okes too much.

15.3

T eacher
Student
T eacher
Student
T eacher
Student
T eacher
Student

15.2

1 ' wish shc'd give me somcthing

tO

,eat.

1 WISH -' W OULD expresses a strong desire chat so111(011e else will
do som ething in thefu111re, but you know that this is not likcly
to happen. Compare with r 1.2.
Tm not coming to your party.'
' I 'wish you ,would.' fi 'wish you'd ,corne.'
WISH ,

and the rise on the second part of the

Vou arc thinking: She's not coming to m y party.

Vo u say:
1 'wish she'd corne to m y ,party.
Wish the following in the same way:
Vou arcn 't listening tome.
They haven't paid me.
He won 't go.
He ncvcr rings me up.
He never asks me out to dinner.
Please speak to him about it.
Wh y doesn't she hurry up?
!ti

W ould you Jike to live in London ?

Yes, 1 would./ No, I wouldn't.
W ould you like to have dim1er with me?
Yes, I'd like to very much. Thank you ./
I'm awfully sorry, I can't. Thanks all the same.
W ould you like a sw ect?
Yes pleasc./N o thanks.
Would you likc a cup of tea or would you rather have a
coffec?
J'd rathcr have a cup o f tea (coffee).

a)

Intonation

The fall is on
sentence.

O ral p ractice

Would you
Would you
Would you
money?
W ould you

Jike a sweet/cigarctte/drink/cup of tea/coffee?

likc to live in London/Rome/ Paris/ N ew York ?
like to study Russian/ write a book/have a lot of
Jike ta/have dinner with me?
/corne to the theatre with me?
/corne to the cinema with m e?

b)
Would you like a cup of tea or wou ld you rather have a
coffee?
Which would she rathcr have?
Would you likc a sweet or wo uld you rather have a
chocolate?
Which would she rather have?
W ould you likc a beer or would you rather have a Scotch?
Wh1ch w ould hc rather have?
Would you like to go to the States for a holiday or would
you rather go to ln dia?
Where would he rather go?
Would you rather go in the summer or in the winter?
When w ould hc rather go?
Offer me a cigarette/drink/sweet etc.

85

Unit t6

16.1

Bert
Fred
Bert
Fred

Reading

Wlwr 111011/d yo11 do [( ycn1

111t>11

rite Pools?

Bert
Fred

Bert
Fred
Bert

Fred
Bert
Fred
Berc

W ouldn't you? What w ould you do with all that spare time?
As 1 said, I'd go ro und the world.
What would you do after that?
Oh, 1 don't know. lt'd take me a long time co go round the
world.
It doesn't sound very exciting.
Anyway, we haven't won the Pools, and we're not likely to
win them . So there isn't much point in talking aboutit, is
there?
I'd be happy if 1 got a rise.
And m y wife would be happy if 1 bought her a mink coat.
W eil, I'm not likely to get a rise and you haven't the money
for a mink coat, so let's corne down to earth and have
another drink.
What'll you have?
I' ll have a pint of the best.
l'd have a Scotch if 1 were you. We dcserve it.
Ali right. Make it a do uble, will you ?
What would Fred do if he won the Pools?
What would Bert buy if he won the Pools?
Who would he buy the house and garden for?
Would Fred stop working if he had a lot of money?
What would he do with his spare cime?
H ow long would it take Fred to go round the world ?
What w ould make Berc happy?
What would make Fred's wife happy?
What does Fred advise Bert to drink?

16.2

Intonation

'I'd have a 'Scotch, if /I were you.

vou expresses strong ad vice or even a
command.
The fall is in the first phrase, with the rise beginning on the
second 1.
WOULD + IF 1 WERE

Fred
Bert
Fred
Bert

Fred

If 1 won the Pools, J'd go round the w o rld.

W ould you? 1 wouldn't.
What would you do?
Oh , I don't kn ow. l'd buy a big house with a garden for the
w ifc and kids, 1 suppose. But ic's difficult to imagine having a
lot of money.
One ching's certain . If 1 had a lot ofm oney, 1 wouldn't
wo rk an y more.

88

Why don't you go? l'd 'go if ' I were you.

D on't go.
1 'wouldn't go if , 1 were you.
Transform the following the same way :
Why don't you stay?

89

They'll lend me the money if I need it.

You'll speak English well if you work hard.
You'll lcarn English q uickly if you live in Britain.
He'll ring her up if he wants to.
We'll go if we have the time.
You'll feel bettcr if you smoke less.
She' ll get wet ~fit rains.
He won't drive if it's foggy.
They won't corne if she's there.
1 won't help him even if he pays me.
He won't doit even if you pay him.
She won 't marry him even if he asks her.
They won't lend me the money even if 1 need it.

Why don't you mar ry him?

Don't stay.
Don't smoke so much.
Why don 't you ask her out to dinner?
Don't buy it.
Why don't you accept their invitation?
Don't eat at t hat restaurant.
Why don't you have something to cat before thejourney?
Don't doit.
Why don't you take an umbrella?
Don't drink any more.

16.3

Oral practice
Would
W ould
W o uld
W o uld
Would

you
you
you
you
you

be
be
be
be
be

annoyed if your wife bought a fur coat?

an gr y if someone stole your car?
pleased if someone gave you a present?
glad if you stopped work?
delighted if your parents bought you a car?

How would you feel if someone

stole your car?
broke your pen?
hit your child ?
did ail your work for you?
gave you a present?
bought you a fur coat/car/piano/motor-bikc/guitar?

What did lie say?

What would you do if you had a lot of money?

W ould you stop wor k if you had the chance?
W ould you lend me/him some money if I/he asked you?
Would you live abroad if you had the money?
If your firm offered you a job abroad, would you take it?
Tran~form

Teacher
1st Student
ind Student

16.4

George asks Anne out

George
Anne
George
Anne
George
Anne
George
Anne
George
Anne
George
Anne
George
Anne

like this:

!'Il go if she asks me.

What did he say?
He said he'd go if she asked him.

George
Anne

He' ll do it if you pa y him enough.

l'i! be there in five minutes if l take a taxi.
She'll m arry him if he asks her.

George

90

Listen ing comprehension

Anne

Hello. ls that you, Anne?

Oh, it's you , is it?
Yes, it is. A ren't you pleascd to speak to m e?
Yes, of course. But 1 wish you wouldn't ring me up at the
same time cver y evening. It's so monotonous.
Oh, sorry. 1 only wanted to know - would you like to corne
out with me tomorrow night?
Where t o?
Would you like to see the film atou r local ? It's a musical.
l'd rather go to town and see a good play.
Oh, ail right. lt costs more, you know.
Well, of course, if you can't afford it.
lt isn't that.
What then ?
l wish you'd be more enchusiastic sometimes.
I' d be more enthusiastic if you behaved yourself w hen we go
out.
What do you m ean?
Weil, you always want to talk about love and romance. Why
can't you be more pracrical sometimes? l 'd be more clown to
earth if 1 were you.
l am clown to earth. As a matt er of facr, l'm going to ask you
something special.
What?
91

George
Anne
George
Anne

W eil - would you marry me if 1 asked you?

Vou haven ' t askcd m e yet.
W eil, I'm going to ask you tomorrow night. !'Il pick you up
at the office about six. Ail right?
Ali nght.

9
IO

What does Anne wish George wouldn' t do ?

What did George want to know ?
What would he like to see?
What would Anne rather do?
What does George w ish shc'd be?
What would m ake Anne more e nthusiastic?
What's George going to ask her tomorrow night?
Who'd like to sce the musical ?
Who'd rather see a good play ?

Ask me !f
she'd
she'd
she'd
she'd
sh e'd

like to go o ut with him .

like to see the film at the local cinem a.
rather go to town.
be more enthusiastic if he behaved himself.
marry him if h e asked h er.

A skme
whcre he would like to go.
what he would likc to see.
what Anne w o uld r ather d o.
where she'd rather go.
what' d make her m ore enthusiastic.

16.5

Writi ng

Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form

You (feel) bette r if you took yo~r m edicine.
2

3
4

5
6
7
8

92

She would corne to the p arty if he (be) there.

He would help you if he (be able to).
Jf he (need) the money, w o uld you givc it to him ?
If they paid m e enough, 1 (accept) the jo b .
I'd walk home if there (be) a bus strike.
I'd do it if 1 (have to).
If he had a better salary, hc (go) abroad ever y year.
93

1 not (go) even if 1 had enough money.

H e (ring) m e up if he wanted to.

Unit 17

Peter
Alice

17.t

Reading

Peter
Alice

You should see a docror

Peter
Alice

Weil, make one then . Ring him up now. You should think
other people now and then.
Ali right, all right. Calm clown. You ought to go to the
doctor's yourself, your nerves are in such a state. Could you
give me his number, please?
Isn't it in your diary? You should write these things down.
lt'll be in the phone book. Anyway, if l went to see him no '
I'd have to put off Henri. H e should be here any minute.
Who on earth's he?
H e's a famous make-up artist. l'm sure he'd be able to covc1
up m y spots with something if I asked him.
What had Alice better do ?
When should she see a doctor ?
What could Peter do ?
What would she have to do if she wanted to see the doctor
this morning?
Who should she think of now and then?
Why does Alice say he ought to go to the doctor's himself?
What should Alice write clown in her diary?
What would she h ave to do if she went to see the doctor
now?
Who should be here any minute ?
What is she sure H enri would be able to do?

17.2

Intonation

l've got chickenpox. M easles.

Peter
Alice
Peter
Alice
Peter
Alice

Look at your face. It's covered in spots.

Let me sec. M y God, I've got chickcnpox.
Measlcs. You 'd better call the doctor immediately.
But 1 feel ail right. I think 1'11 wait till tonight.
Don't be silly. You should see a doctorat once. I could take
you in the car.
I'd have to make an appointment first if 1 wanted to see him
this morning.
94

When you want to correct what someone has just sa id, the
voice falls then rises quickl y on the same word .
This is the same as when you contradict somebody (sec 6
but the fall-rise is on one word only.
Wendy is telling a friend about her neighbours next doo1
but either she gets her facts wrong or she exaggerates a littl
Her husband, Hugh, corrects her.
Read the part of Hugh.
Wendy They told me they were married in Westminster Abbey.
Hugh St vPaul's.
Wendy And that their sonjohnHugh vj ack.
95

Wendy
Hugh
Wendy
Hugh
W endy
H ugh
W endy
Hugh
W endy
H ugh
W endy
Hugh
W endy
H ugh
W endy
Hugh
Wendy
Hugh
Wendy
Hugh
W endy
Hugh

17.3

Wl1at did
l ask?

What did
l ask?

Wliat did
he say?

- went to school at Eton.

vHarrow.
And then to Oxfordvcambridge.
- where he got a degree in history.
vEnglish.
And now he's teaching in Edinburgh.
v Glasgow.
She says he's writing a book about Shakespeare.
vMarlowe.
He's only twenty-four.
vTwenty-six.
Anyway, he got married last year.
The year bevfore.
And they went on their honeymoon for threc months.
vTwo.
They toured Greece.
vital y.
Then they took a house by the sea.
A vflat.
1 don't know how they can afford it.
' I ,do. His wife's very good with money.

Oral practice

a)
Should l/ought 1 to/had 1 better/ask him a question ?
/!end him the mone y?
/ask them to my party?
/see the new film at the Odeon?
/explain this to you again?

What did
he say?

If you had a lot of moncy, w ould you have to/work?

/get up early?
/learn English?

Wl1at did
lie say?

If you went on ho liday comorrow, would you have to

book in advance?
tell your wife first ?
tell your parents?
go to the bank first?
pack a suitcase?

Wlzat did
I ask ?

Could you/speak a little faster?

/speak English in class?
/corne hcrc tomorrow?
/give me a cigarette, please?

c)

What did
he say?

Wliat did
he say?

17.4

d)
If you had a lot of money, would you be able to
stop work ?
go round the world?
do what you like?

If you lived in England, would you be able to

speak English well ?
fi nd a j o b easil y?
send mo ney home?
Listening comprehension

George and A1111e on tlie 111ay to tire tlreatre

Should wc/ought we to/had we better/do this again?

/study it at home?
/speak English in class?
/stop for a break now?
/get here on cime?

George
Anne
George

b)
If you lived abroad, would you have to/learn the language?
/find a job?
/send money home?

George
Anne

Anne

George

H ave you thought o ver what 1 asked you yesterday ?

What was that ?
You know quite well what it was. 1 asked you if you'd
marry me.
You didn 't ask me. You said you would ask me. There's a
differencc. So you'd bctter ask me, hadn't you?
Should 1 get down on m y knees or something ?
You'd better nor. People would stare. Couldn'c you wait until
we 're in a more ro mantic place?
But you said 1 should be more clown to earth.
97

r,
'

Anne
George
Anne
George
Anne
George
Anne
George
Anne

George
Anne

So 1 did. But you'd better hurry up, or we'll be late.

Very well. Anne, will you marry me?
1 don't know.
What do you mean, you don't know?
What I said. I'll have to ask my parents first .
What for? You're over twenty-one.
That's not the point. 1 ought to tell them first.
Tell them, yes. Not ask them.
An yway, I'd have to think aboutit first before 1 took such a
big decision. I'm not at ail sure 1 could live with someone
likc you.
What's wrong with m e?
You're too practical and clown to earth. Vou should be m ore
romantic sometimes. There's a time and a place for
everything.
What did George ask Anne?
What had he bettcr ask her?
What had he better not do?
Why doesn't Anne want him to get clown on his knees?
What did Anne tell George he should be?
Why had he bettcr hurry up?
Who would she have to tell before she decided?
What would she have to do before she took such a big
decision?
What isn 't she sure about?
What does she suggest he should be sometimes?

17.5

Writing

Put

into the blank spaces.

(Sorne sentences can have two forms, depending on the
meaning.)
I ..... do some work, but 1 don't want to.
2
H e ..... go to bed if he doesn't feel well.
3 If I went by train, I ..... leave at eight .
4 If he asked me to !end him some money, I .... . refus
5 If you don't know the answer, you ..... tell me.
6 He ... .. be able to answer that question.
7 ..... you ask him to wait for me, please?
8 We ..... go to the art exhibition , if you like.
9 They ... .. be able to speak English well by now.
1 o V ou ..... go to the States if you won the first prize.
II H e ..... find it if he put on his g lasses.
12 They . .... get a visa if they went to Russia.
13 We ..... see better if you switched on the light.
14 Vou ..... be able to find a job easily with your
qualifications.
1 5 If we go to the theatre, we ..... book our seats in
advance.
16 I ..... see you tonight, if you like.
17 He ..... answer that if he were here.
18 It .... . n't be difficult to do that.
19 Even if 1 came to your part y, 1 ..... leave earl y.
20 1 ..... rcpair it if 1 knew how it worked.

Ask me !f
he should/had becter ask her to marry him.
he should/ought to/had better get clown on his knecs.
he could wait/couldn't wait for a while.
she should/ought to tell her parents first.
she'd have to think about it.
she could live with him.

I
1

SHOULD/OUGHT T/HAD BETTER/WOULD HAVE TO/couu

WOULD BE ABLE TO

Ask me
what George had better ask Anne.
what he should do.
what he ought to do.
why he couldn't wait.
what she'd have to do before she took such a big decision .
why she couldn 't live with him .

99

.,.

Untt t8

1
18.1

Reading

Yo" should have go11e to the doctor' s

1
:.:'
'

it

fl
\

Alice
Peter
Alice

Peter
Alice
Peter
Alice
Peter
Alice
Peter
Alice
Peter
Alice

have gone this morning ? What have you bcen doing sirice
I left you?
1 told you. 1 had an appointment with Henri, the beautician.
That couldn't have taken all day.
lt didn't. He should have corne at elevcn o'clock, but he
didn 't turn up till ten past twelve. And by the time he had
finished, it was lunch-time.
Finished what ?
My face, of course.
It's a pity he couldn't have made a better job of it.
Actually, he didn't do anything in the end because of the
spots. He said it would be too dangerous.
I could have told him that.
So w e j ust sat and talked.
Oh, you did, did you?
He said 1 ought to have seen him years ago. H e could have
done so much to help m y skin.
Oh, he could, could he?
So he's taking me to a skin specialist tomorrow.
Who ought Alice to have rung?
What shouldn't she have wasted?
What does Peter w ant to know?
What couldn't have taken all day ?
When shou!d Henri have corne ?
What does Peter think is a pity?
What could Peter have told him?
Why should Alice have seen Henri years ago?

.,
18.l

Intonation

W e sat and talked.

Oh, you ' did, ,did you?
He could have done so much to help m y skin.
Oh, he 'could, ,could he?
Peter
Alice
Peter
Alice
Peter

My God, your face is worse than ever. Didn't you go to the

doctor's this morning?
l didn't have time.
Vou should have made time. I told you to go. Vou should
have rung him up at once.
Vcs, 1 suppose I ought to have. 1'11 go lacer this evening.
Vou shouldn' t have wasted ail this time. Wh y couldn't you
!OO

T o sound sarcastic, the voice falls on the first auxiliary and

rises on the second.
Hugh is late for dinncr, and W endy has been waiting for him.
She is not at all pleased.
Read the part of W endy.
101

f
,.

.;1
11

'

~1
tJI

"i'
.'1

;i
~

.r

Hugh
W endy
H ugh
Wendy
Hugh
W endy
Hugh
W endy
Hugh
W endy
Hugh
W end y
Hugh

'

W endy
Hugh
W endy

18.3
,

l'm sorry I'm lateOh, you are, are you?

- but 1 met George. W e went to our local for a drink.
Oh, you did, did you?
1 was going to ring youOh, you were, were you?
- but you wouldn't have corne anyway, would you?
Oh, 1 wouldn't, wouldn't 1?
Gosh, l'm hungr y. 1 could eat a three-course meal.
Oh, you could, could you?
Weil, l've only had a sandwich today.
Oh, you have, have you?
What's the matter with you? Vou sound bad-tempered and
irritable.
Oh, 1 do, do I ?
Vou should take a tranquillizer.
O h, 1 should, should 1?

....

D id you corne to m y lesson last week?

Did you m ake an appointment to sec the dentist ?

f'

'

b)
Disapproval of a past action
Teacher
Student

Make sure the students say SHOULDN'T'VE and not SHOULDN'T

HAVE.
1 went to the party without being asked.
1 rang her up after midnight.
1 smoked a cigarette in class.
He hit me.
He broke his promise.
She refused to speak to him.
T hey were very rude to me.
V ou were making fun o f me.
Vou did it.
1 bought them a present.
Vou ate too much.
We drank too much last night.
She married him.

Ora l p ractice

a)
Duty or action not done

1
j:-1

l
1

:t
1

Teacher
Student

Did you get up early this morning?

No. 1 should have got up early, but 1 didn't./
No. 1 ought to have got up early, but 1 didn't.
The m ore natural reply would be: No, 1 should h ave done,
but 1 didn't. This exercise is to elicit the Past Participle of the
verb as well.
Make sure the students say SHOULD'VE and not SHOULD HAVE.

1 lost my temper.
Vou shouldn't have lost your temper./
Vou oughtn't to have lost your temper.

c)
Ability unfulfilled
T eacher
Student

Were you able to go yesterday?

1 could have gone, but 1 didn't.
Make sure the stu dents say couto'vE and not cOULD HAVE.

Did you do your homework last night ?

Did you go to see the film at the Odeon?
Did you have breakfast this m oming?
Did you study this at home?
Did she ring you up last night?
Did he ask you out to dinner ?
Did I explain this to you last week ?
Did she meet you yesterday aftemoon?

Were you/they able to/play tennis yesterday?

/go away for the weekend ?
/speak to him?
/do your/their homework ?
/have a holiday?
/ buy it?

102

103

f'

Was he/she able to/help you?

/be there?
/ring you up?
/lend you the money?
/tell you before?

Anne
George

Anne
d)
Contradiction or negative deduction

''

Teacher
Student

George
Anne

He went to the cinema yesterday.

He couldn't have gone, because he was ill.

George

Make sure the students say COULDN'T'vE and not couLDN'T

HAVE.

He went to the theatre last night.

She/they/he/played tennis yesterday.
/went away for the weekend.
/came to the lesson yesterday.
/had a party last night.
/had a singing Jesson yesterday.
/bought a new coat today.
/took her out to dinner last night.
/went shopping this moming.
1 saw her in the street this moming.
1 heard him singing in his bath.
1 watched the President of the United States live on TV
last night .
1 listened to the Prime Minister on the radio this morning.

_,
l,iI~
!

'

18.4

Listening comprehension

Anne
George

Anne
George
Anne

What did George think of the play?

According to George, whcre should they have gonc?
What couldn't Anne have done without cating something
first?
What could Anne have had instead of a three-course meal?
Who paid for it?
Why should George have taken a tranquillizer before he came
out?
What did George ask her for the last timc?
When should he have asked her to marry him?
What could they have talked about du ring dinncr ifhe had asked
herthen?

What's the matter with you? Didn't you enjoy the play?
No, 1 thought it was awful. W e should have gone to the
musical.
Don't be so selfish. It was a marvellous play. It was a pity we
m issed the beginning, though. We shouldn't have been so late.
1t wasn't my fault. We could have got there on time, but you
insisted on eating first.

Ask me if
they should have gone to the musical instead.
they could have got thcre on time.
she couldn't have had a sandwich instead.
he should've taken a tranquillizer before coming out.
he could've asked her at a better timc.
he shouldn't have asked her during dinner.
they couldn't have discussed their futu re instead of going to
the play.

104

105

George finally gets an answer from Anne

Anne
George

Anne
George

Weil, I was hungry. I couldn't have sat through that play

without eating something.
You could have had a sandwich or somcthing instead of a
three-course meal. l'm sure you couldn't have been that
hungry.
Why not? 1 hadn't eaten since breakfast. Anyway, I paid for
it, didn't I? So why should you worry?
I'm not worried.
Yes, you are. You're bad-tempered and irritable. You should
have taken a tranquillizer before you came out.
lt isn't a tranquillizer 1 need. It's a straight answer to my
question.
Which one?
You know very well which one. For the Iast time, will you
marry me?
1 suppose so. But you could have asked me at a becter time.
When would have been a better time?
You could have asked me while we were having dinner. W e
could have discussed our future instead of going to that silly
play.

A sk me
where they should've gone to instead.
why they couldn't have got there on time.
what she couldn't have done.
why she couldn't have been that hungry.
what he should've taken before coming out.
when he could've asked her.
when he should've asked her.
what they could have discussed.

18.5

Writing

Put SHOULD HAVE/ OUGHT TO HAVE or COULD HA VE into the

blank spaces and change the verb in brackets to the correct form
r 1 ..... (mcct) her yesterday, but 1 forgot.
2
You ..... not (hit) him so bard.
3 Hurry up. We're late already. You know we ..... (be)
there by now.
4 1 think you ..... (talk) it over with him first.
5 I' m not surprised you feel ill. Y ou .... . not (eat) that so
quickly.
6 Why didn't you ring me? We ..... (go) together.
7 They ..... not (watch) TV last night because their set's
broken.
8 Why have you been so long? lt ..... not (take) an hour
to go to the grocer's and back.
9 1 ..... not (walk) past him without speaking, could 1?
10 1 think we ..... (say) something.

Unit tS>

19.1

I'd have eaten it ail

if l'd been l1ungry

Landlady
Simpson
Landlady
Simpson
Landlady
106

Reading

You haven' t had much lunch, Mr Simpson. Don't you like

my cooking?
Oh yes, but to tell the truth, 1 wasn't very hungry.
I wouldn' t have made such a big stew if 1 had known that.
Please don't take offence. l'd have eaten it all if I'd been
hungry, but as 1 said, 1 wasn't.
I see. Perhaps next time you'll let me know beforehand. By
the way, are you going away for the weekend?
!07

rri
r

li
i!

'

Simpson
Landlad y
Simpson
Landlady

'l

Simpson

"

If I had a lot of money, I' d stop work.

Ifl'd had enough money, I'd have found a fiat of my own.
I'll be there in five minutes if 1 take a taxi.
We'll go if it stops raining.

No, I don't think so. I'd go ifl had the time, but J've got to
study for an exam.
I see. Only you went away last weekend and didn 't tell me in
advancc. You should have given me more warning.
l' m sorry. 1 would have told you earlier if I'd known, but I
wasn't invited till the last minute.
1 wouldn' t have bought so much food last Saturday if you
had told me in time. Fair's fair.
1 can only say that ifl' d had enough money last week I'd
have found a fiat of my own, and then 1 would never have
corne back at ail.
What w ouldn' t the landlady have done if she had known he
wasn't hungry?
Would hc have eaten it all ifhe had been hungry?
What would he do if he had the time?
What should he have done?
What would he have done if he had known he was going
away for the weekend?
Would shc have bought so much food if she had known in
time?
What would he have done last week ifhe'd had enough
money?

19.3
What did

he say?

What did

he say?

What did

he say?

Oral practice

Would you
have/gone to university/
if you'd had the chance?
/learned to play the piano/
/gone to England last year/
When you w ere on holiday last summer,
would you have been/fed up if it had rained ail the time?
/annoyed if you had lost ail your money?
/plcased if you'd been able to stay
longer?
/glad if it had cost less?
How w ould you have felt if/the food had been bad?
/it had rained all the time?
/you had lost al! your money?
/the holiday had been free?

.
1
1

19.2

1 would have 'told you 'earlier ifl'd ,known.

In conditional sentences (sentences with 1F) the voice usually

fa Ils on the most important word in the main part of the
sentence, .and rises on the most important word in the part
which follows IF.
If I 'won the ,Pools, I' d 'go round the 'world.
Say the following in the same way:
I' d go if I had the time.
I'd have eatcn it ail ifl'd been hungry.
I'd be happy ifl got a rise in salary.
If I won the Pools J'd go on a cruise.
l'll hclp her if she asks me.
If you don't take your medicine you won't get better.
l'd doit if l had to.

Transform

Intonation

108

Teacher
Student
T eacher
Student

I wanted to go, but he didn' t ask me.

You would have gone if he had asked you.
(You'd've gone if he'd asked you.)
You didn' t want to go, so he didn' t ask you.
I wouldn't have gone even if he had asked me.
(I wouldn' t've gone even if he'd asked me.)
W e wanted to go, but wc didn't have the time.
He wanted to doit, but they didn't pay him enough.
She wanted to marry him, but he didn't ask her.
She knew she'd get wet if it rained, but it didn' t rain.
You didn't want to help him, so he didn't ask you.
I knew they didn't want to !end me the money, so I didn't
ask them.
l knew thcy wouldn't corne cven if she were there.
109

r
1
1

19.4

Landlady
Simpson
Landlad y
Simpson
Landlady
Simpson
Landlady

Simpson
Landlady

Simpson
Landlady

Liste ning com prehension

shc'd have earned a lot of monev if shc'd had a good job.

Simpson gives in his notice

Ask me
what he should have told the landlady.
what she'd have donc if she'd had the chance.
what she'd have donc if she'd had his opportunities.

Mr Simpson, you should have told me you were going away

for the weekend.
I'd have told you earlier if l'd known, but 1 was only invited
at the last minute.
I wouldn't have bought so much food ifl'd known.
I'm very sorry. As a matter of fa ct, l've got something else
to tell you. I'll be leaving at the end of the week.
Oh, you will, will you? You have to give me a m onth's
notice, you know.
I'll pay you the full amount, don't worry.
I'm not worried. You young people are all the'same. You
think you can do what you want. You've all got so much
money to waste.
Yes, well, I'm very sorry. But 1 told you at the beginning
that I'd move as soon as 1 found a place of my own.
When 1 was your age, 1 had more sense of responsibility. 1
would have gone to university myself ifl'd had the chance.
But in my day it w as more difficult.
1 don't see what that's got to do with it.
I'm sure you don't. But l've had to work hard ail my life. If
l'd had your opportunities, 1 would have got a good job. l'd
have earned a lot of money and I'd have saved for my old
age.

19.S

Writing

Pw the 11erbs i11 brackets into the correct .form

1
She (buy) it if she had had the money.
2
He (take) you in his car if you had asked him.
3 There wo uld have been trouble if 1 (be) there !
4 T hey would have taken you with thcm if you (ask) them.
5 Ifl had known he was a foreigner, I (speak) to him in
French.
6 He would have corne if he (be able to).
7 You would have clone it if you (have to).
8 How lo ng it (take) to get there if we had gone by bus?
9 What you (do) if he had caught you?
10 We (go) to the seaside yesterday if the weather had
been fine.

What should Simpson have told the landlady?

Would he have told her earlier ifhe had known?
What wouldn't she have clone if she had known?
What else has he got to tell her ?
What would she have donc if she had had the chance?
What has she had to do ail her life?
What would she have clone if she had had his opportunities?
What would she have clone if she had got a good job?
A sk me if
he should have told her earlier.
he'd have told her earlier if he'd known.
she'd have bought so much food if she'd know n.
she'd have gone to university if she'd had the chance.
she'd have got a goodjob if she'd had his opportunities.
IIO

111

Unit 10

Jack

20.1

Mrs Smith
Jack
Mrs Smith

Reading

You' d have lzad to get a 111ork permit {( you' dfound a job

Jack
Mrs Smith
Jack
Mrs Smith

Ifl'd fou nd a job. I'd have been able ~o make enough money
.
to pay for my holiday.
If you had found a job, you'd have had to get a work permit.
That would have been easy.
Oh, would it ? Anyway, even if you had got a work permit,
you wouldn't have been able to stay long.
Why?
Because you'd have had to corne back to school. That's why.
Weil, ail I know is, ifl had stayed a couple of months I'd have
been able to speak French fluently by now.
Here's our stop. This is where we get off.
What wouldJack have had to do ifhe had gone to France
last year?
What would he have been able to do if he had found a job?
Ifhe had found a job what would he have had to get?
W ould that have been easy?
Why wouldn't he have been able to stay long?
What does Jack think he' d have been able to do if he had
stayed in France a couple of monchs?

20.2

Intonation

vMother. 'Could 1 'go to ' France this summer for m y ,holiday?

When you want to be persuasive or ask a particular favour,
the voice falls and rises often on the same word.

Jack
Mrs Smith
Jack
Mrs Smith
Jack
Mrs Smith
Jack
Mrs Smith

Wendy
Hugh
Wendy
Hugh
Wendy
Hugh
Wendy
Hugh
Wendy
Hugh

Mother.
Ycs?
Could 1 go to France this summer for my holiday?
France? What on earth for? You went there for Easter.
But 1 want to stay for the whole of the summcr this time.
lt would cost far too much.
You said that last year. But 1 could have found a job.
If you had gone last year, you would have had to find a job
first.
J 12

)
1

W endy is trying to persuade Hugh to buy her a coat.

Everything she says, whether it is one word or a phrase, has
the falli ng-rising tune.
Read the part of Wendy.
Hugh.
M'm ?
Put your book down a minute.
Why?
Listen.
I'm listening.
I saw a gorgeous coat toda y.
Did you ?
C an 1 buy it?
H ow much?
IIJ

1
1

W endy
Hugh
W endy
H ugh
W endy
Hugh
Wendy
H ugh
Wendy
Hugh
Wendy

Fifty pounds.
What?
That's not so much. Please.
No.
Hugh.
No.
You bought a suit last year.
N o, I said.
Ali right. Hugh.
What is it now?
1 bought a new hat today. W ould you like to see it?

Wltat did
he/she say?

If you'd worked harder when you were young,

would you have been able to/get a degree?
/get a better job?
/speak English well?

W hat did
lze/slze say?

lfyou'd wanted to, would you have been able to

swim the Channel last summer?
stop smoking?
go to the States?
cook the dinner last night?

20.4
20.3

Listening comprehension

Oral practice

Hugh and W endy relaxing in the garden

What did
he say?

What did
he/she say?

What did
he/she say?

a)
An obligation you would have had if something had happened in
the past
If you had gone to the States last year,
would you have had to/get a visa ?
/find a job?
/tell your wife?
/buy different clothes ?
/borrow money?
/leam American ?
/ask your parents' permission?
/book in advance?

W ould you have had to make an appointment first if

you'd gonc to the doctor's?
you'd wanted to speak to your boss?
you'd had to see your bank manager?
you'd spoken to your husband before breakfast?

l'm glad we didn' t go for a drive today. lt would have been

too tiring.
Hugh I would have enjoyed it.
Wendy W e'd have had to wait several hours in a trafficjam.
H ugh If we'd gone, I'd have bcen able to have a swim.
Wendy But the roads would have been so crowded. W e wouldn't
have been able to get out of London.
Hugh Oh, it wouldn't have been as bad as that.
W endy Anywa y, you didn't suggest going until half past eleven. If
we had wanted to go to Brighton, we'd have had to leave
early in the morning.
Hugh I'd have been able to get there in an hour if l'd driven fast.
Wendy You know 1 hate driving fast. And another thing - we'd have
had to corne back as soon as we had got there.
Hugh Why ?
Wendy Because we'd ncver have got back home in ail that traffic, of
course.
Hugh Oh well. If we had gone, it would probably have rained
anyway. lt always does.
Wendy

b)
An ability you would have had !f ;omething had happened in the
past
If you'd had lessons,
would you have been able to/drive a car?
/speak English Auently?
/play the piano?

Why is W endy glad thcy didn't go for a drive?

Who would have enjoyed it?
How long would they have had to wait in a traffic jam ?
What would Hugh have been able to do if they had gone ?
Why w ouldn' t they have been able to get out of London ?
When would they have had to Jeave if they had wanted to go
to Brighton?

Jt4

115

Would he have been able to get there in an hour if he had

driven fast?
What would pro bably have happened if they had gone?

10

l1
I2

A sk me !f
it would have been too tiring.
they'd have h ad to wait several hours in a traffic jam.
H ugh would have enjoyed it.
he' d have been able to swim if they had gone.
the roads would have been crowded.
they'd have been able to get out of London.
they'd have had to leave early if they'd wanted to go to
Brighton.
he'd have been able to get there in an hour if he'd driven fa st.
Ask me
how long they would have had to wait in a trafficjam.
what he'd have been able to do if they had gone.
when they would have had to leave if they'd wanted to go to
Brighton.
why they would have had to corne back as soon as they'd got
there.

j:

20.S

13
14
15

16
r7

18
19
20

Writing

Put SHOULD

or
into the blank spaces, and change the
verbs in brackets into the correct form
HAVE/WOULD HAVE HAD TO/COULD HAVE

WOU LD HAVE BEEN ABLE TO

3
4

,,

5
6
7
8

9
116

1 told you the theatre would be sold out. W e ..... (book)

our scats in advance.
H e .. . . . (teil) m e he was married.
Why didn ' t you tell me be fore? Y ou ..... (do).
She ..... (go) to Birmingham yesterday, but she wasn' t
feeling well.
If he had gone by plane, he ... . . pay more.
If we had bought that house, wc .... . get a m o rtgage.
If he had wanted to go abroad, he ..... get a passport.
T hey ..... take their baby with them, if the y had gone
to the party.
If l had w anted to sec him, l .... . m ake an appointment
first.
J

17

I ... . . (dance) ail nig ht.

H e ..... (answer) ail the questions, but they only asked
him one.
You were at the station early. You not ..... (ca tch) an
earlier train?
I ..... (go) yesterday, but he cancelled m y appointmcnt.
1 ..... (go) to the dentist's yesterday, but 1 cancelled m y
appointm ent.
W e ..... (ask) her husband as well, but he was busy.
I ..... buy a new car if I hadn ' t spent ail m y money.
They ..... pass the exam if they had worked harder.
If you had wanted to stay longer, you ... .. gct a work
permit.
You ..... speak English well if you had srayed in England
for two years.
1 forgot I had an appointment with the dentist yesterday.
I ..... (be) there at 10.15 .

Unit lt

21.1

came. Last cime she said we didn't pay her so much as the
Jones's do next door.
Peter Well, tell hcr that if we have to pay her more shc'll have to
get here on cime. She should have been here at seven last
Saturday and she didn't tum up till half past.
Alice She said she couldn't get away from the office early.
Peter She could have got away if she'd tried.
Alice She'd have been here on time ifher boss hadn't given her
some extra work at the last minute.
Peter She should pull herself together. She's too neurotic and bossy
for me. She'll have a nervous breakdown if she isn't careful.
Alice Anyway, I'll ask her to be here by scven. Soif she gets here on
time, we'll be able to catch the 7.20 train.

Reading

}Hst supposing

What will Alice have to do if they go to the theatre?

Who would corne if she could?
What would they have to do if she came ?
What will Betty have to do if they pay her more?
What time should she have been there last Saturda y?
What excuse did Betty make for being lace?
What will happen to Betty if she isn't careful?
What train will they be able to catch if Betty gets there by
seven?

21.2

Intonation

Revision
Identify the following Intonation patterns and then read
aloud. The numbers in brackets refer to the Unies in which the
pattern first appears.

Peter

Alice
Peter
Alice
Peter
Alice

Wou Id you like to go to the thcatre tonight ? There's :i good

play on at the Aldwych.
1 wouldn't mind. But if we go, 1'11 have to get a babysitter.
That won't be difficult, will it?
1 don't know. Betty would corne if she could, but 1 think shc's
gone away for the weekend.
You could ring her up and find out, couldn 't you?
Y es, 1 could. But we'd have to pay her more money if she
118

George
Anne
George
Anne
George
Anne
George

Anne

Where shall we go for our honeymoon? (9)

Where? (10) Let's stay in London, shall we? (12)
In London? (10) Whatever for?
We'd save money chat way. You'd like that, wouldn't
you? (2)
1 suppose so. (14) But 1 wish you wouldn't keep on implying
chat I'm mean. (15)
Well, you are, aren't you? (1)
No, I'm not. (6) 1 wouldn't take you out so often if 1 were
mean. (19)
1 pay. (17)
119

George

Anne
George
Anne
George
Anne
George
Anne
George

he'll lend me the money if 1 ask him.

he'd lend me the money if 1 asked him.
he'd have lent me the money if l'd asked him.

Oh, you do, do you? (18) Then don't forget to pay for the
wedding, w ill you? (13) 1 want to be married in a Registry
Office, but you don't. (4) You told me so yesterday.
Yes, 1 did, didn't 1? (5) 1wish 1 hadn't said that now. (1 1)
Why?
Because my parents can't afford it.
Anne. (20)
M'm?
Let's get married at once, shall we? (12) 1'11 pay for everything
if we get married quietly. (19) 1 told you that ages ago.
So you did. (8) Ail right. But I'd book the time soon ifl were
you. (16) 1 might change m y mind again.
So might 1. (7)

she'll help you if you ask her.

she'd help you if you asked her.
she'd have helped you if you had asked her.

21.4

Jean and Betty

Jean

21 .3

What did
he say?

Betty
Jean

Oral practice
Will you go home by taxi if it's raining?
W o uld you go home by taxi if it were raining ?
W ould you have gone home by taxi last night if it had been
raining?

Betty
Jean
Betty

W ill you drive home if it's fogg y?

Would you drive home if it were foggy?
W ould you have driven home last night if it had bcen foggy?

Jean

Betty
Jean

Will you be home in five minutes if you take a taxi?

W ould you be home in five minutes if you took a taxi?
Would you have been home in five minutes last night if you
had taken a taxi ?

Betty
Jean
Betty

Will you lend me some money if 1 ask you?

W ould you lend me some money if I asked you ?
W ould you have lent me some money if 1 had asked you?

Jean
Betty

Will you help her if she asks you?

W ould you help her if she asked you?
W 0uld you have helped her if she had asked you?
A sk me if
1'11 go home by taxi if it's raining.
I'd go home by taxi if it were raining.
I'd have gonc home by taxi last night if it had been raining.
120

Liste ning co mpre hension

Jean
Betty
Jean
Betty

Have you heard the la test ? George and Anne are getting
married.
Y es, I know. She rang me this moming.
Just think. They w ould never have met if it hadn't been for
me. 1 introduced them five years ago.
Yes, but remember 1 introduced you to George first ..
So you did. So we're both responsible. How romant1c.
I don't think so. He wouldn't have asked her if she hadn't
insisted. She's very bossy, you know.
She knows what she wants, that's true. 1 remember when we
were at school together she told me once that she would have
liked to be Elizabeth 1.
Why?
Because she could have sent her teachers to the Tower of
London.
She hasn't changed much, has she?
You sound a little bitter.
I am. You know 1 would have married George ifhe had
asked me. 1 shall love him until 1 die.
Po or Betty. Will you be going to the wedding ?
I'll go if they ask me. 1'11 have to, shan't 1? 1 don't want them
to think l'm jealous.
1 wonder what she'll wear.
She'll have to wear something to cover those legs.
Don't be wicked, Betty.
W eil, it's true. And you know, she never stops eating. She'll
get very fat if she isn't careful.
W ould George and Anne have met if it hadn' t been for Jean?
Who introduced George to Jean?
121

According to Betty, would George have asked Anne if she

hadn't insisted?
When Anne was at school, who would she have liked to be?
Why?
W ould Betty have married George if he had asked her?
How long will Betty love George?
Will she be going to George and Anne's wedding?
Why?
What will Anne have to wear?
What will happen to Anne if she isn't careful ?
Why?
Ask me if
they would have met if it hadn't been for Jean.
Anne would have liked to be Elizabeth 1.
Betty would have rnarried hirn ifhe had asked her.
she'll be going to the wedding.
she'll go if they ask her.
Anne'll get fat if she isn't careful.

I' d Iike you to learn this by heart, if you (be able to).
He' d have liked me to help him ifl (have) the time.
r 2 She'll get very fat if she not (be) carcful.
r 3 If I had passed the First Certificate, I (be able to) start
studying for the Proficiency.
r 4 If he goes to England, he (be able to) speak English.
15 Ifhe went to Rome, he (be able to) see the Colosseum.
16 If he had gone to Greece, he (be able to) visit the
Parthenon.
17 I (go) ifl have to, but I don't really want to.
18 I'd go ifl (have to), but I'd rather stay at home.
19 I'd have gone if I (have to), but luckily he couldn't
remernber my phone number, so he (be able to) tell me
intime.
20 We'll be exhausted if we not (stop) soon.

10
II

Ask me
who Anne would have liked ta be.
what she could have done.
why Betty will have ta go to the wedding.
what will happen if Anne doesn't stop eating.

21 .S

Writing

Put the verbs in brackets into the correct Jorm

1
Will he corne to the party if we (ask) hirn?
2
Would he corne to the party if we (ask) hirn?
3 Would he have corne to the party ifwe (ask) hirn?
4 If l had known he was coming to the party, I (ask) his
girl-friend too.
5 If you want her to corne to the party, you (have to) ask
her boy-friend too.
6 If you had wanted her to corne, you (have to) ask her
bay-friend toa .
7 Do you think he would help me if I (ask) him?
8 1 wauldn't rnarry you even if you (be) the last man in the
world.
9 If you worked for that firm, they (expect) you to work
overtirne?
122

123

Summary of Tenses

The Present Continuous is used for an action that is happening

at the moment of speaking. The action is happening now.

l'm taking her to the bus station.

Unit 1

Present Continuous tense

Positive o r subject + p resent of TO BE + present participle

Affirmative l'm (l am) teachin~ English.
You're (you are) learning English.
He's (he is) reading a book.
She's (she is) going to the window.
lt's {it is) raining.
We' re (we are) speaking English.
You're (you are) sitting down.
They're (they are) standing up.
Negative

Interrogative

lt is also used for a continuous present action, but which is not

necessarily happening at the moment of speaking.

l'm learning Russian at night school.

Unit l

The Future of Intention is formed by the present of

TO BE + GOING TO + infinitive

l'm going to ring up Anne and ask her to the pictures.

l'm not teaching French.

You aren't (you're not) learning Russian.
He isn't (he's not) reading a book.
She isn't (she's not) going to the window.
lt isn't (it's not) rainin,e.
W e aren't (we're not) speaking Chinese.
You aren't (you're not) sitting doum.
They aren't (they're not) standing up.
Are you learning French?
No, you're not.
Yes, you are.
Am I teaching English?
Yes, 1 am.
No, l'm not.
Is he reading a book?

No, he's not.

Yes, he is.
Is she going to the window?
Yes, she is.
No, she's not.
Is it raining?
Yes, it is.
No, it's not.
Are we speaking English?
Yes, we are.
No, we're not.
Are you sitting doum?
Yes, we are.
No, we're not.
Are they standing up?
Yes, they are.
No, they're not.
124

Present Continuous tense and the Future of Intention

GOIN G TO expresses the Intention now to do someth ing in the

future.

He's going to stay in Paris for a couple of days.

They're going to have lunch together.
He's not going ro do ic.
(He does not intend to do it.)
Note
No, you aren't.

The Present Continuous can also be used to express a future

action. Usually with an adverb of time, it is used for a definitely
arranged action in the future.

No, he isn 't.

My boss is arriving the day after tomorrow.

M y sister's coming to suppcr tonight.
He's leaving for Paris in the aftemoon.

No, she isn't.

No, it isn't.
No, wc aren't.
No, we aren't.
No, thcy aren't.

When am l going to see you again?

(When do you intend to see me again ?)
(See also Unit 4.)

Compare

l'm meeting him this evening.

(Definitely arranged.)
l'm going to meet him this evening.
(That is my intention at the moment. The action will
probably happcn.)
See also section 1 of 'Reported Speech'.
125

Unit l

Interrogative

Negative

Affirmative

He 111a1cl1es television every night.

Time passes slowly.
He studies English every week.

a) Simple Present te nse

oo/ooEs + subject + infinitive without TO

Do I teach English every da y?
Yes, you do.
No, you don't.
Do you corne to school every da y?
Yes, 1 do.
No, I don't.
Does he speak English well?
Yes, he does.
No, he doesn't.
Does she go abroad every year?
Yes, she does.
No, she doesn't.
Does it rain much in England?
Yes, it does.
No, it doesn't.
Do we study English twice a week?
Yes, we do.
No, we don't.
Do you have much fog in your country?
Yes, we do.
No, we don't.
Do they like leaming English?
Yes, they do.
No, they don't.
subject + ooN'T/DOESN'T + infinitive without TO
I don't teach English every day.
You don't corne to school every moming.
He doesn't speak English well.
She doesn't go abroad every year.
It doesn't work.
We don't study English every evening.
You don't ha11e fog in your country.
They don't like learning English.

* If the infinitive ends in o, SH, CH, SS or x, add

goes, wishes, watches, kisses, fixes

ES

If the infinitive ends in Y preceded by a consonant, change the

to 1 and add ES
study - studies
But if the y is preceded by a vowel, add s as usual
pay - pays

The Sim ple Present is used for habituai actions and permanent
truths.

Jack goes to school every morning.

The sun shines more often in Rome.
lt can also be used for future actions taking place at an official
time, according to timetables etc.

The plane leaves London Airpurt at 14.32.

Sec also section 2 of ' Reporccd Speech'.
Note

Certain verbs are not usually used in the continuous form .

They take the Simple Present even when they express an
action that is happening at the moment of speaking.
Herc are some of them.

But the 3rd persan singular (HE, SHE, 1T) is followed by the
infinitive 1- s*
He works in an office.
She goes to England every year.
She washes the floor every day.

Jack is at school at the moment.

1 believe it's a very good film.
lt costs a lot to go to Rome.
I forget his exact words at the moment.
Do youforgive me for being so rude ?
She hates studying.
Anne has a television set. (have = possess)
but: Anne is having a gin and tonie. (have = drink)
Do you hear what 1 am saying?
hear
1 know l'm right.
know
She likes this television programme.
like
The Romans lo11e life.
love
1 don't understand you. What do yo11 mea11?

126

127

subject + infinitive without TO

I go abroad every year.
You study English every week.
We work in an office.
You speak English very well.
They go to a football match every Saturday.

be
believe
cost
forget
forgiv e
hate
have

.'
~

i
l

He doesn't remember what happened.

I see what you mean.
but: I'm seeing him tomorrow. (see = meet)
seem
He seems very happy in bis job.
smell
That soup smells good.
taste
It tastes good too.
think
I tlzink you're very good at English. (opinion)
but: I'm thinking of going abroad this summer.
understand They don't understand what he's saying.
want
He wants to speak to you.
rcmcmber

The Simple Present expresses an action that happens regularly.

I go to the cincma once a week.

She always ul(l(cl1es TV at this time.
lt is also used for permanent truths.

Florence lies on the River Arno.

A future action can be expressed :
1. with the Present Continuous
H e is jlying to Edinburgh tomorrow.
(Definite. Everything arranged. Adverb of time.)

b) WHO, WHAT, WHICH, HOW MUCH? HOW MANY?

do not take 00/ DOES (or any auxiliary) when they are
the subjects of a question

How man y Germans oo you know?

Ho111 many Germans SPEA K English ?

with COlNG TO + infinitive

He is going to .fly to Edinburgh.
(At the moment he intends to fly. Not so definite as Present
Continuous.)
2.

You is the subject of the first question, so oo is used to makc

the interrogative.
Hou1 man y Germans is the subject of the second question, so DO
is not used.
H ow much
How much

Compare with:
H e is going to Edinburgh by air.
. .
(Definitt=. Everything arrangcd. He has bought h1s ticket.)

it cost?
you earn?

How m11ch rain FALLS every winter?

How much <?f your salary GOES in
taxes?
Which book DO yo11 want ? Whicl1 student SPEA KS the best
English?
What DO tlzey want?
What HAPPENS to gas when you
light it ? It burns.
Who DO you know here? Who KNOWS you here?
DOES

DO

3. with the Simple Present

H e's going to Edinburgh by air and the plane leaves at
(Time stated by airlinc.)

15.00.

The Prime Minister returns from Scotland tomorrow. (Official

event.)
Remember some vcrbs do not take a continuous tense.

Unit 4

Revision of Present Continuous, GOING TO,

Simple Present
The Present Continuous expresses an action that is happening now.

Note

Another use of CO ING TO

I want to buy a car, and that's going to take every penny
l've got.
(Speaker's ccrtainty about a future action.)

Anne's smoking a cigarette and watching television.

The Present Continuous can express an action that is happening
in the present, but not necessarily at this particular moment.

I'm going home. It's going to rain in a minute.

(1 think it will rain in a minute.)

Hc's learning Russian.

128

129

Unit S

Affirmari 11e

Negati11e

Interrogati 11e

a) Past tense of TO BE

c) Past tense of TO HAVE TO

( WAS
You WERE
He/ she/ it/ there w AS

W e WERE
You WERE
They/there WERE

1 w ASN'T (was not)

You WEREN'T (were not)
H e/she/it/thcre WASN'T (w as
not)

W e WEREN'T (were n o t)
You WEREN'T (were not)
They/there WEREN'T (were not)

WAS l?
WERE you?
w AS h e/she/ it/ thcrc?

WERE we?
WERE you?
WERE they/there ?

Affirmati 11e

HAD TO is the past of MUST. lt always expresses an obligation

in the past.

Negari11e

Interrogati11e
b) Past tense of T 0 HA VE

Affirmati11e

Negatlle

subject + HAD TO l.. infinitive

I had to go straight to bed.
He had to work ovcrtime three times a week.

subject + HAD
B etty had a h ead ache last night.
H e had the sam e car last year .

subject + DIDN'T HAVE TO + infinitive

(Absence of obligation in the past.)
H e didn't ha11e to work any more.
l didn't have to study Latin at school.
om ~ subject + HAVE TO+ infinitive
Did you have to get up early this m o rning?
Y es, 1 did. No, 1 didn' t .

The forms HADN "r GOT TO/ HAD VOU GOT TO? can be used in the
negative and interrogative, but arc not so frequcnt in spo k en
English.

subject -r DIDN'T HAVE

They did11't har1e enough money to buy a house of thcir own.

d) Past tense of TO BE ABLE TO

Interrogari 11e

DID + subject + HAVE

Did you ha11e the sa me car last year?
Y es, I did. No, 1 didn' t.
Did he ha11e a n crvous breakdown?
Yes, he did. N o, h e didn't.
T here ar e two other forms of ncgative and interrogative:
H e hadn't the sam e car last year.
Had he the sa m e car last year ?
He hadn't ,(!ot the same car last year.
Had he got the sa me car last year?

!.

~
1

These forms can o nly be used when HAVE means possess.

When HAVE has anoth er m eaning, DID/DIDN'T must b e used.

1didn't ha11e breakfast this morning.} HADN'T or HAD HE GOT

Did Ize ha11e a n ervous b reakdown?
cannot be used hcre.

Affirmari11e

subject + COULD + infinitive wi_tho u_t _To

subject + WAS/WERE ABLE TO ~ mfimt1ve

COULD and WAS/WERE ABLE TO express an ability to do

something in the past.
H e could su1im whcn he was six.
H e 1vas able to swim when he was six.
But only WAS/WERE ABLE TO express an ability to do one
particular action successfully in the past.
I 111as able to anrn1er the last question.
(not COULD)
H e was able to J?er here o n timc ycste rday. (not COULD)

om/ n10N'T is always correct for interrogatives and negatives.

His wife 111as able co .find a good job as an interpreter, bccause

shc could speak Fren ch and G erman Auently.

130

3I

lnterrogati11e

COULo ...: subject + infiniti ve without TO

WAS/WERE + subject -;- ABLE TO-:- infinitive

USED TO also describes something that existed in the past. but

does not exist now.

There 11sed to be a tobacconist's at the corner of this street.

(But there isn 't one there now .)

There .is the same difference in meaning between these two

fo rms in the interrogative as in the affirmative.

Cou Id yo11 s111it11 when you were six?

Were you able to su1im w hen you were six ?

Negative

But

W ere you able to ans111er the last question? (not couto)

W as he able to get here on tim e yesterday? (not couw)
Negative

subject + COULDN'T + infinit1ve witho ut TO

subject + WASN'T/ WEREN'T ABLE TO+ infinitive

Y o u didn 'r use ro go to school by bus. } sam e

Y ou never used to go to school by bus. meaning

Interrogative

There is no difference in meaning between these two forms in

th e negative.

( couldn't get away from work early.

1 wasn't able to get away from work early.
And
H e couldn't s/eep.
Unit 6

H is father said he could borrow bis car.

Interrogative
Negative

USED TO expresses a regu lar action or habit in the past, which

has now stopped.

Compare

subjcct + useo TO + infinitive

Be tty used to take three sleeping pills ever y nig ht.
(But now she doesn't.)
You used to go to school by bus.
(When you were a child.)
I smoke twcnty cigarettes a day.
(I Still do.)
I used to smoke twenty cigarettes a da y.

(But now I don't.)

1 32

Past tense of Regular Verbs

m o + subject + infinitive without TO
subject _._ m oN'T ..L.. infinitive without TO

Did you wa1cl1 tell y last night?

Yes, I did. No, I didn't.
M y wife didn't enjoy it.

e) USED TO

Affirmative

om + subject t- USE TO 1- infinitive

Did you use ro live in Lo ndo n ?
Y es, I did. No, I didn't.
Did there use to be a cincma thcre?
Y es, there did.
USED YOU TO ?/I USEDN'T TO can also b e used in the
interrogative and negative, but are no t so frequent in spoken
English.
See also section 3 o f 'R eported Speech'.

H e 111asn't able to sleep.

WAS/ WERE ABLE TO express ability on ly, never permission.
COULD must be used for permission.

subject + DIDN'T USE TO -t- infinitive

subject + NEVER USED TO ..... infinitive

Affirmative

The past of regular verbs for ail persons is formed by adding

ED to the infinitive, o r o if the infinitive ends in E.
to clean I cleaned the windows yesterday.
to call
H e called to see you this morning.
to dance Y ou danced w ith my wife for two hours last night.
to like
Shc liked dancing with you.

If the infinitive ends in Y and is preceded by a consonant, the

Y is changed to !ED.
to try
1 tried to ring you.
to marry Shc married Jane's brother.
133

But : to play

The old lad y fell AS she was ,qetti11g o.tf the bus.
(She fell during the actio n of getting off the bus)

B o th team s played w ell. (p receded by a vow e l)

If the infinitive is one syllable ending in a co nsonant preced

by one vow e l, the consonant is dou bled before adding ED.
to sto p 1 sto pped playing football years ago.
to clap The fans clapped loudly during the m atch.
But: to g reet H e g reeted m e w armly. (2 vowels)

He 1ued 111 r('ad the paper whik his wife Clioktd the supper.
(Habituai action in the past .)
.
He ivas reading the paper while his wife cooked (or, was cookrng)
the supper.
( contin uo us action in the past , but it happened o n ly once.)

~he S.imple Past is used for an action completed at a particuta r

t1me in the past. The time is either expressed or understood.

The Past Contin uous is also used for an intended action in the
past, but which did not or is not going to happen .

W e u1atched TV last nig ht.

They played tennis yesterday.
H e asked me a question (a minute ago).
1 enjoyed the film ver y much (when I saw it).
See also sections 2, 3 and IO of ' Reported Speech '.

Unit 7

I was ,qoing to ask you to the pictures.

(That was m y intentio n .)
I was on/ y trying to help.
.
(That was m y intentio n, b u t obviously I am no t hclpmg you
at ail.)

Past tense of lrregular Verbs

See also sections

and 4 of ' Repo rted Speech'

See lise of Irregular Verbs, page 155.

Unit 9
Unit 8

Affirmati11e
Negative
Interrogative

Present Perfect t ense

Past Continuous t e nse

subject 1- WAS/WERE+ present participle
subject + WASN'T/ WEREN'T + presen t particip k
WAS/ WERE+ subject + present participle
Where UJere you going when
afternoon?
I u1as going hom e .

r saw

A_tfirma1i11e
Nega ti11e
lnterroJ!atirle
N o te

you in the Street this

The Past Continuous expresses an action that contin ued for a

cer.tain period in the past, often simultaneously with another
action.
WHILE G eorge was 111alking alo ng the street, he saw Anne.
W e rnre 111atchin,{? tekvision WHC:N the pho ne rang.
She left the receiver o ff the hook, because shc was working hard.

The Present Pe rfect is used w ith t he foll owing a~ve rbs to

express an action that did or did not take place in the recent
past.
JUST

Compare

.. 1

a)

subject .i... HAVE/HAS 1 past part1c1p e

subject .J. HAVEN'T/ HASN'T .J_ past part icipie
HAVE/ HAS -- subject -r past participle
Ail verbs in English take HAVE/HAS in com posite tenses (except
in the passive).
W e'11e (have) /Jeen there .
l'11e (I have) just arri1m i.
Yo
11'11e stopped work.
Hai1e yo11 been there?
T
l1ey'11e
liad a good holiday.
He' s (hc has) go11e.
Sile Jia511'1 (she has not) ll'.ft yet .
Ir' s (it has) cost a lot o f money.

VET

ALREADY

LATEL Y RECENTLY

The old lad y got off the bus and .Jll.

(First she g ot off the bus and the n she fell.)

1 /tai1e JUST .eot /l(fck from Fran ce.

134

135

She lias ALREADY le/i.

They ha11e11't come YET.
Ha 11e you see11 any good film s

l lil'ed in France for man y ycars.

(The timc is statcd. the action is fin ished. Simple Past.)
l ha11e li11ed in France, bue now 1 live in Italy.
(The time is not stated and is not important. Only the action is
important; the fa ct that I have lived in France. Present
Perfect.)

LATELv?

le is used wich the expression: This is the first cime/da y ...

This is the first rime l've done this exercise

This is the .f1rst day 111e'11e had any sun.
.

Hafle you seen that film at the Odeon?

(The time is not stated, but the question refers to the past and
includes the prescnt. The film is still at the Odcon. Present
Perfect.)

lt is used after superlatives.

This is the 111orst spring we have e11er had

Sec also section 5 of ' Rcported Speech' ..

Did you see chat film at the Odeon?

(The time is not stated, but the question refers only to the past.
The film is no longer at the Odeon. Simple Past.)

b) The difference
be t ween t he present Perfect and the
Simple
Past

1
The Present Perfect expresses an action which means until now
or in my /ife. The exact time is not stated, but sometimes an
adverb of frequency is used.

The Simple Past ex

.
is stated or undersf;;~~es a past action chat is finished. The time

Pedro 111rote to me fast 111eek.

When did you J!O to the hairdresser's?
1 wem last T11esday.

Ha11e you EVER been to England?

They lta11e NEVER been to England.
She ha$ ALWAYS done her wo rk well.
He has SELDOM ,1?i11en me an y homcwork.

The Present Perfect expresses a pa

.
b
important. Only the action is im St action, .ut. the t ime is not
with now. The action may h
port~nt: and it is connected
appen agarn in the future.

Have you been to the States?

( EVER is understood, i11 yo11r l!f - until no111.)

Pedro lias fllritte11 to m e several times

Where ha11e yo 11 been?

l'11e bee11 to the hairdresser's.

Compare

Unit 10

Affirmati11e
Negaci11e
In1 errogaci11e

/'11e ~vor~ed hard this m orning.

(hAct1on I~ the past, but connected with no111. lt is still the
t e morrung.)
l wo~ked.hard this momilig.
(Action m the past, but said after lunch. N o connect1'0
.h
now.)

n w1t

subject :,_ H AVE/ HAS BEEN -;- present participle

subject ..1 HAVEN 'T/HASN 'T BEEN ..1.. present p articiple
HAVE/ HAS + subject + BEEN -!- present parti ci pie
The Present Perfect Continuous expresses an action that began
in the past and is still continuing or has only just finished.

~o'": m~ny cigarettes have you smoked today'

( ~th1on Ill the past, but connected with no111. Toda y .

1s not
fimis ed.)
136

Present Pe rfect Co nt inuous t ense

..
1

4.

How long lia11e you bee11 studying English ?

I har1e /Jee11 srndyin~ English for a ycar.
(I began English a year ago; l have continued to stud y it until
1101/1, and I probably will continue in the future.)
137

11
l

He .ltas.bee11 111orki11g since eight o'clock this morning.

(lt. 1s mil t.he sam e day. H e began working at cight o'clock
th1s mornmg and has continued working until a short tiinc
ago. H e has just finished working.)

lt was the first time he had /1ee11 abroad.

See also section 6 of ' Reported Speech'.

Past Perfect Co ntinuous tense

sr~c~ expresses a specific time in the past.

lt ind1cates the beginning of the act ion.

See also Units 19 :md 21.

See also sections 3, 5 and 7 ot 'Reported Speech'.

Affirmati11e
Negati11e
Interrogative

since Tuesday
since M arch
si11ce J 973
since four o'clock
since last year
since he was twelve

The Past Perfect Continuous expresses an action that was

continuing in the past before another action happened.

I was very tired because l ltad ileen 111orki11g hard.

H e had bee11 walkin,Q for two hours before he arrived at the
village.
See also sections 4, 6 and 7 of 'Reported Speech'.

FOR expresses a period of time.

for a week
for two hours
for the last six m onths
for many years

Unit 11

b) FOR LONG/ FOR A LONG TIME

Negative

Past Pe rfect tense

LONG

negative Past Perfect .., FOR A LONG TlME

H e l1ad11't s111died English FOR A LONG TIME.

subject + HAD -'- past participle

subject + HADN'T -L past participle
HAD + subject + past participle
The Past Perfect e~presses an action in the past that happened
before another action or before a certain time in the past.

negative Prcsent Perfect J.. FOR A LONG TIME

H e hasn't s111died English FOR A LON<.; nME.
(And he is not studying it now.)
negative Present Perfect Continuous -'- FOR
H e hasn't /1een s111dying English FOR LONG.
(But he is still studying it .)

a)
Affirmative
Negatlle
Interrogative

subject -1- HAD BEEN -l- present participle

subject + HADN'T BEEN - present participle
HAD -1- subject BEEN - prescnt participle

negative Past Perfect Continuous -'- FOR LONG

H e had~11 been s111dyi11J! English FOR LONG.
Note

Begin with the subject and the verb in English, not the time.

After he had .~one, 1 began to worry about him.

When 1 ltadfinished lunch, I went out.
Had you seen the film before?

The verbs BE and HAVE, and verbs like SEE, HEAR, KNOW
do not usuatly take a conti nuous form with SINCE and FOR.

lt is used with the expression: lt was the first/second time/day

that ...

I ha11en'1 bec11 TO England for a long time.

(1 am not in England at the moment.)

138

139

c)

1 ha11e11't been IN England for long.

(I am in England at the moment.)
H e liadn't beeii in England for long before he got a job.
She '1as11'1 /rad that dress for long.
1 lra11e11't see11 you for a long time.
They talked for nearly three heurs, because they liadn't see11
each other for a long time.
I liaven't kno111n him for long.
1
I ha11en t heard that song since last summer.

Affirmative

He lias studied English FOR A LONG TIME.

}
He lias been studying English FOR A LONG TIME.

He

[111errogati11e

sa me
meaning

Has he been studying English FOR LONG?

} samc
Has lie been srudying English FOR A LONG TIME?
meaning

T~e Continuous form is always correct in the interrogative

Wtth FOR LONG/FOR A LONG TIME, except for verbs of
perception and BE and HA VE.

Ha11e you been here FOR LONG/ FOR A LONG TIME ?

Hasn't lie kno11111 her FOR LONG/ FOR A LONG TIME?

Affirmative

Future tense
subject + SHALL/ W1LL + infinitive without TO
l'i/ (1 shall) be thirty tomorrow.
Yo11'/I (you will) be hungry by this evening.
He' Il (hc will) kno111 the answer.
She'll (she will) understand.
lt' Il (it will) be dark soon.
W e'll (we shall) miss the bus.
You'll (you will) be late.
Th ey' Il (the y will) never belie11e you.

k11(lll'

the answer .

Sliall I see you comorrow?

Will yo11 be hungry by this cvening?
Will l1e 111ait for you afterwards?
Sltall u1e go to the pictures?
Will you be late?
Will they /end you the money?
Students often confuse SHALL and WILL in the first person
singular and plural. Usually 1/wE WILL means a strong desire
or intention to do something:
1 wi/l go.
We won't do it.
The difference between SHALL and WILL is not so important
today, as people in man y regions of Britain use WILL f~r
ail persons. or avoid the problem bv saying 1'LL/WE'LL mstead
of l SHALL or 1 WILL.
In the interrogative, howevcr, ic is still better to use SHALL
for the first person sing ular and plural:
SHALL T sre you tomorrow?
What SHALL we do?

Hasn't lie been studying English FOR LONG?

} sa me
Hasn't he been stridying English FOR A LONG TIME? mcaning

Un it 12

(will not)

We slia11't (shall not) miJs the bus.

Yo11 11'011't (will no t) be late .
They 111011't (will not) belie11e you.

FOR LONG cannot be used in the affirmative.

lnterrogati 11e

111oi1'1

Tt 111clll't (will not) be d ark soon.

Use of the
Future 1

Unpremeditated intention: actions that the speaker has only just

decided to do or not do in the future.

l'i/ just tell the Seq~cant where l'm going. We fllon 't (or ll'e
slta11't) do this exercise to d ay.
Remember both the Present Continuous and the COING TO
form express the future when the actio n has already been
arranged or when there is a premedit ated intention to do
something in the future.

I shan't (shall not) be thirty tomorrow.

Yo11 111011 1 (will not) be hungry.

['Il f!.O to the mountains tomorrow.

(I've just decided this minute.)
l'm ~oinf!. to the mountains tomorrow.
.
.
(I'm definitely going tomorrow. Ever ythmg 1s arranged.)

140

141

Compare

He'll corne WH EN he is rcad y.

I'll wait fo r you UNTI L you arril'e.
I'll go AS SOON AS I' 11e .finisl1ed.

Offers
,

W ill yo11 /ia11e a cigarette?

Yes, pkasc.
Slrall l ope11 the wi ndow?
No, thanks.

But t he Future can be used afte r WHEN a nd IF when the

speaker is not su re or has some dou bt.

I'm not sure t f / '// be able ro f.O a111ay this year.

I doubt IF l' i/ see him.
I don' t know WHEN / '// see hi m again.

Requests

W ill yo11 slwt the door, please?

Yes, of course. Certainly.

The Future can also be used in the interrogative after WHEN .

Suggestions
WH EN

Shall 111e go to the cinema ?

Ycs, let's.
3

shall l see you again ?

See also sections 8 and

10

o f ' Repo rted Speech '.

Future actions or events that are inevitable or habituai.

l' i/ be thirty to morrow.

!t' I/ be dark soon.

Unit 13

Future Continuo us te nse

...
4

''

Speaker's opinion

A:fflrmative

He' // be (will be) 111orki11f. late to night.

J'm sure lie'// come back soon.

l slzan't be able to ha11e a holiday this year.
. ;

Jn rerrogati11e

Asking infor mation abo ut someth ing that w ill or w ill not
happen in t he future .

Negative

Whatevcr sliall I do?

Whcn sliall I see you again ?
Will lie he/p you with your w ork ?
6

Use of Future
Conrinuous r

The first type of conditional sentence (see Unit 2 1).

Future

subject + SHAL L/WI LI. BE ..!.. p rescnt participle

l'i/ be (shall be) seei11.<! you tomorrow.

If -:- Present

SHA LL/ WILL _... subject -t- BE +

present participle
Sliall l be seein!! you tom orrow?
W ill he fie 111orki11~ latc tonight ?
subj ect _... SHAN'T/ W oN'T BE -t- prcsent participle
I s/i an't be seeing you tom orrow.
He ivon't be UJorkin~ latc tonight.

To substitute the GOING TO form in questions. This makes the

question more polite.

He'// come back if he wants to .

A Future te nse is not used after words like IF
AS SOON AS

WHEN

How long will you be staying?

Sliall 1 be seein;? you to morrow ?

UNTJ L
2

He'll com e back

142

If

wc ask him.

To express an action in th e future that will start and continue

for an indefinit e pe r iod.

...
143

\\
i

,.

j
~
!' . "

4 Future Continuous l'if be _;eei11g him on Tuesday.

(Without deliberate intention. Oftcn
an action that usually happens in the
future. )
m eaning : I'll sec him as usual on Tuesda y.
R emember, howcver, that the Present Continuous, the Future
and the Future Continuous have other uses as wcll (see Units
1, 12and 13).

l'if lie /ia,,i11,q dinner at that time.

1 wonder what l slialf be doing this time next ycar.
3

Compare

To express a future action (a) that will happen in the normal

course of evencs; (b) depending on external circumstances.

a)
W e'lf be ser,,ing dinner in half an hour.
(As usual. That's the time we normally serve dinner.)
W e're servi11g dinner in half an hour.
(Ever ything is organized and_arranged.)

Unit 15

Present C ondit iona l 1

subject + w o uLD f- infinitive without TO
/'d /ike (would like) to go for a drive.
lt'd be (would be) good for us to get some fresh air.

b)
He'/f /1e staying in town till Saturday.
(Bccause he has got to work.)
He's stayi11g in town till Saturday.
(H e has arranged to stay, perhaps because hc wants to.)

SHOULD is the grammatically correct form for the 1st persan

singular and plural, but in spoken English w ou10 is being used
more and more for ail persans. This avoids confusion with
the Present Conditional of HAVE TO - SHOULD (see Unit 17).

The difference between t he Future Continuous and the Present

C:ontinuous to express a future action is very slight, and often
e1ther can be used. Remember, however, that the Present
Continuous used for a future action always implies intention or
pre-arrangement.

aj

The Present Conditional of both LIKE and WANT 1s

WOULD LIKE.

See also section 9 of 'Reported Speech'.

Unit 14

Wou Id you like to go to the States?

Yes, I would./ No, I wouldn't.
W ou Id you like a cup of tea?
Yes, please./No thanks.

Revision of future actions

b)

Thcre are fo ur m ain wa ys of ex pressing a future action :

Prcsent Continuous l' m seei11g him on Tuesday.
(D efinitely arranged. Dclibcrate future
action.)
meaning: I've arranged to see him on Tuesday.
2 Future of Intention l'm going to see him on Tuesday.
(Premeditated action in the future .)
meaning: 1 intend to see him on Tuesda y.
3 Future
l'i/ see him on Tuesday.
(Unpremeditated intention. Suddcn
decision.)
meaning: I've just decided to see him on Tuesday.

The Present Conditional of PR.EFER is often

WOULD RATHER
infinitive without TO.

I would likc to go to Switzerland for Christmas, but m y wife

would ratl1er go to Egypt .
The ncgative is WOULD HATHER NOT + infinitive w ithout T()
J'd ratfier not go to the cincma tonight, if you don't mind.
Unit 16

Present Co nd itio nal Il

Present Conditional-i 1F-'- Past (see Unit 2 1)
[ would ,<!,O round the world IF 1 11'011 the Pools.
145

This m eans t_he same as SHOULD HA VE, but is not used so much in
spoken Enghsh.

Unit 19

The Past Conditional is formed with

subject + WOULD HAVE + past participle for all persons
followed by IF + Past Perfect

b)

Negative

SHOUlDN'T HAVE +

past participle for ail persans

You shouldn't have wasted ail this time.

We shouldn't have been so Iate.

I 111ould ha11e gone to university

Note

in

HAVE expresses the speaker's opinion about an

t e past.
1

I would have told you earlier

c)

See also Unit 2r.

See also sections 1 o and

Unit 20

W e could ha11e got there o n time, but we didn't.

He could have done so much to help my skin.
Cb OUhLD H~ VE expresses an ability to do something in the past
ut t e action was not done.

.l

:1

Note

IF T had

knoum.

The pronunciation is SHOULDN T VE not SHOULDN'T HA VE.

The Past Conditional of TO BE ABLE TO is:

COULD HAVE
past participle for ail persons

1 lrnd lrnd the chance.

(But I didn't know.)

An alternati_ve is OUGHT N'T TO HAVE + past partici pie for all

persons.
Thish means
the same as SHOULDN'T HAVE, b u t 1s
not
d

use so mue m spoken English.

:j

1t'

(But 1 didn't have the chance.)

SH?U~DNh'T

action

Past Co nditional Il

The pronunciation is COULD'VE not COULD HAVE.

11

of 'Reported Speech'.

Past Conditional Ill

a)

The Past Conditional of TO HAVE TO is also

wouLO HA VE HAO TO + infinitive for ail persans.
Use this form when there would have been an obligation to do
something in the past IF a condition had been fulfilled .

You would have had to get a work permit If you hadformd a job.
IF we' d 111tm red to go to Brighton. we' d lw11 e lurd ro /eaflc cari y.
Compare with SHOUlD HAV E and OUGHT TO HAVE (Unit 18).

d)

Ne)!ati ve

COULDN'T HA VE +
1

past partici pie for ail persons

1 wuldn'.t hai1e sat through that play without eating

somethmg first.

You couldn't IM11e been that hungry.

3 He went to the cinema yesterday.
He couldn't have gone, because he was ill.

b)
The Past Conditional of TO BE ABLE TO is also
WOULD HAVE BEEN ABLE T O + infinitive for ail persons

' 'l
;

COULDN'T HAVE expresses

1 an inab~lity to do something in the past;
2 a negat1ve supposition or
3 a contradiction of what someone has said about a past action.

''

l!

.1

Note

The pronunciation is COULDN'T'VE not COULDN'T HA VE.

148

There is very little difference between WOULD HAVE BEEN

ABLE TO and COULD HAVE (see unit 18), as both forms
express an ability in the past. WOULD HAVE BEEN ABLE TO
is usually used with an IF clause giving a condition.

l' d ha11e been able to ger there If T' d dri ''en fast.
We could ha11e got there on time (but we didn't).
COULD HAVE is also possible in l but W OUlD HAV E BF.EN ABLE
TO is not so possible in 2, because there is no IF.
1

149

Unit 21

The three Conditionals

Reported Speech

f uture + IF + Presen t
1 She t~1 ill marry hirn IF he asks her.
When the reporting verb is in the Present, Future or Present
Perfect, there is no change fro m Direct to Indirect (Reported)
Speech.

Rcfe~s.to a. possible future action, which will happen if a

condmon 1s fu lfilled in the future.

Prcsent Condition al + IF + Past

She 111ould marry hirn IF he asked her.

Rcfers to a future action which is possible but the

d ..
is lcss Jikely to be fulfilled.

con 1t1on

Tm very happy.'
H e says hc's very happy.
H e'll say hc's very happy.
He's j ust said he's very happy.

Past Conditional + IF + Past Perfect

3 She 111ould have married him IF he had asked hcr.

But when the reporting verb is in the Past tense, the following
changes usually take place.

Refe~s. to the past. The action cannot happen now because the
cond1t1on cannot be fulfilled.

Present Contnuous usual ly becomes Past Continuous

a) To express the future in the past.

See also sections ro and

'l'm lea1Jin,{! fo r Paris in the afternoon.'

II

of ' Reported Speech'.

George said li e

f/J(IS

/ea11in.</ for Paris that afternoon .

But if the statement ts reported i111mediately afterwards, the

tense can remain unchanged .

'l'm going away for the weekend.'

What did he say?
He said (or, hc says) lie's goi11g au1ay for the weekend.
b) To express an act ion that is happening at the moment of
speaki ng.

'l'm trying to get through the w indow.'

The thief said he was tryi11g to get through the window.

'

Simple Present sometimes becomes the Simple Past.

' J go to the cinema once a week.'

Jirn told Peter he wenr to the cinema once a week.
But whe n the Simple Present expresses an habituai action, the
the tense can re main unchanged if the action is still habituai at
the moment of speaki ng.
151

I'
Jim told Peter he goes to the cinema once a week. (He still
goes.)

He said lie u1as bom in Norway.

'Shakespeare 111rote H amlet.'
The teacher told the class that Shakespeare "'rote Hamlet.

Oim told Peter lie lflent to the cinema once a week can imply
that he no longer goes to the cinema.)

d) For actions reported immediately afterwards.

T he tense can also remain unchanged if reported immed iately

afterwards.

' I 111auhed TV last night.'

He said lie lf!atcl1ed TV last night.

' My plane leaves at 17.10.'

What did he say?
He said (or, he says) his plane leaves at 17.10.
H e said his plane leji at 17.10. (Reported lacer.)

Past Continuous sometimes becomes Past Perfect

Continuous.

' J 111as 111orki11J( hard.'

Permanent t ruths usually remain unchanged.

Anne told George sire had /1een workin,c hard.

.
d
. Il
But usually the Past Continuous remains unchange ' espec1a y
with words like WHEN /WHILE/AS.

'Florence lies on the River Arno.'

The teacher explained to the class that Florence lies on the
River Arno.

.!

Simple Past usually becomes Past Perfect.

'[ met J ack whilc I lfl<IS 111aitinJ( for you.'

.
Mrs Turnbull told hcr husband slie llad met Jack wh1\e she was
111aitinj( for him.

'We 111e111 to that new restaurant in the High Street.'

Bill said they liad ,{!one to that new restaurant in the High Street.

lt remains unchanged for statements reported immediately

afterwards.

But the Simple Past remains unchanged

a) For habituai actions in the past.

' I 111as 111orki11J( for the sa me firm last year .'

(What did he say?)

He said lie 111as 111orki11~ for the sam e firm last year.

' l used to take three sleeping pills every night.'

Betty told J ean she used to take three sleeping pills every night.

b) For an ability in the past.

'She u1as able to find a good job as an interpreter beca use sire
could speak French and German fluently.'
Jim explained that she was able to .find a good job as an
interpreter because she could speak French and German
fluently.

Present Pe rfect usually becomes Past Perfect.

' !' rie jusr ~or /J<1ck from France.'

Jack told' Richard I": IMdj11sr ,<J.ot /1ack from France.
Statements reported immediately afterwards need not change
tense.

c) For a fact.

' I'11e just arrifled.'

Wh ~t did hc sa y?

'l 111as born in Norway.'

He sa id (or, he says) lie'_; Just arri11 ed.

153

1
~

P res~n t Perfect Continuous usual ly becomes Past Perfect

Contrnuous.

Like the Future. the Future Continuous changes for statements

reported immediat e ly.

'1'11e been 111airi11g for nearly half an hour.'

Jean told Betty slie liad been 111airi11g for nearly half an hour.

' fi/ be ,(!Oll}l a111ay for the weekend.'

What did he say?

H e said lie 111011/d /}( .eoi11,Q a111ay for the weekend.
BUT He says he will be going away for the weekend.
1

Statements reported immed iately afterwards need not change

tense.

IO

' l'11e been leaming English for two years.'

What did he sa y?
H e said (or, he says) he's been leaming English for two ycars.
7

'l'd like to do som c gardening.'

Wendy told H ugh she 11101tld like to do some gardening.
' If 1 won the Pools l'd go round the world.'
Fred told Bert lie 111ould go round the world if he 111011 the Pools.

Past Perfect and Past Perfect Continuous remain

unchanged.

'They hadjust came back from Canada.'

Mrs Turnbull told Mrs Smith that rhey hadjust come back fro m
Canada.

Note

T he Past tense after

IF

also remains unchanged .

' Th ey liad11 'r been li11ing there for long before they moved to
Scotland.
Mrs Turnbull said rhey liadn't been li11i11.e there for long heforc
they movcd co Scotland.

ln many languages the Present Conditional changes to

the Past Conditional in Reported Speech. This is not the case in
English.
. .
The Present Conditional always refe rs to the future , so 1t 1s
logical that this tense cannot change to the Past Cond itional in
Reported Speech, because the Past Cond itional always refers to
the past in cnglish.

Future becomes Present Conditional.

The only time the Present Conditional changes is when

the condition is no longer possible.

~ .

Present Conditional remains unchanged.

' /' Il ,(!i11e you a ring about eight.'

Peter cold Jim he 111011/d gi11e him a ring about eight.

'1'11 marry him if he asks me.' } St. Il

.bl
t poss1 e
' I'd marry h"1m 1.f h e as ked me. '
Betty told Jean sl1e 111011ld 111arry George if he asked her.
(Still possible)

For statements reported immediately afterwards, the Future

sounds unnatu ral in Reported Speech.

Betty told Jean slie 111011ld l1a11e married George if he liad

asked her.
(No longer possible. George has married someonc else, or he
is dead)

BUT:

' Ir' Il he dark soon.'

What did he say?
H e said it would be dark soon.
NOT He said it will be dark soon.
BUT He says it w ill be dark soon.
9

Fut u~e Continuous becomes Present Cond itional

Contrnuous (not presented in this boo k).

'l' li be stayi11g a couple of nights.'

Mr Simpson told the clerk lie 111011/d be srayin)! a coupk ofnights.
154

11

Past Conditi onal remains unchanged.

'She'd lia11e /1een here on timc if her boss had11'1giJ1en her extra
work.'
Ali ce cold Peter that Berry 111011/d /iatJe h<'en there on rime if
her boss lwdn'r ,(!i11e11 hcr extra work.
155

lrregular Verbs

li!ti11iti11e
be
bear
beat
becorne
begin
bend
bind
bite
bleed
blow
break
bring
build
burst
buy
cast
catch
choose
corne
cost
creep
eut
dig
do
draw
drink
drive
c:it

f>.1_,f fl'llSC

was/were
bore
beat
became
began
bent
bound
bit
bled
blew
bro ke
brought
built
burst
bought
cast
ca ught
chose
came
cost
crept
eut
dug
did
drew
drank
drave
:ne

fall

fell

feed
feel
fight
find
fl y
forbid
forger
forgive

fed
fclt
fought
found
flew
fo rbade
forgot
fo rgave

156

Pn.-1pnrticiplr
bccn
borne, born
beaten
become
begun
be nt
bound
bitten
bled
blown
broken
brought
bu ilt
burst
bought
cast
caught
chosen
corne
cost
crept
eut
dug
do ne
drawn
drunk
driven
e:iten
fa lien
fed
fclt
foug ht
fo und
flown
forbidden
forgotten
forgiven

li~~niti11e

Paste tel/Se

Past participlc

get
give
go
grow
hang
have
hear
hi de
hit
hold
hurt
keep
know
Jay
lead
leave
Jend
let
lie
!ose
make
m e an
meet
mistake
pay
put
read
ride
ring
ri se
run
say
see
sell
send
set
shake
shine
shoot
shut
sing

got
gave
went
grew
hung, hanged
had
heard
hid
hit
held
hurt
kept
knew
laid
led
left
lent
let
lay
lest
made
meant
met
mistook
paid
put
read
rode
rang
rose
ran
said
saw
sold
sent
set
shook
shone
shot
shut
sang

got
given
gone
grown
hung, hanged
had
heard
hidden
hit
held
hurt
kept
known
laid
Jed
left
lent
let
Iain
Jost
made
meant
m et
mistaken
paid
put
read
ridden
rung
ri sen
run
said
seen
sold
sent
set
shaken
shone
shot
shut
sung

157

't.l

. 1'
;.

fl!~llIl'C

Past tense

Past participle

sink
sic
skcp
slide
speak
spend
spic
split
spread
sprmg
stand
steal
stick
seing
stink
swear
sweep
sw1m
swing
take
teach
tear
tell
think
throw
trcad
understand
upset
wake
wcar
w eave
weep

sank
sat
skpt
slid
spoke
spent
spat
split
spread
sprang
stood
stole
stuck
stung
stank
swore
swept
swam
swung
took
taught
tore
told
thought
threw
trod
understood
upset
woke
wore
wove
wept
won
wound
wrung
wrote

sunk
sac
slept
slid
spokcn
spent
spat
split
spread
sprung
stood
stol en
stuck
stung
stunk
sworn
swept
swum
swung
ta ken
taught
corn
told
thought
thrown
trodden
understood
upset
woken
worn
woven
wept
won
wound
wrung
written

Wiil

wind
wrmg
write