Point To Point Radio Link Design Final

Point to Point Radio Link Design
Basic Considerations
Eduardo Alvarez, SalesTechnical Support
May, 2013
Agenda
Propagation
Terrain Profiles
Power Budget
Prediction Methods for terrestrial Line-of-Sight Systems
Error Performance Objetives
Summary
Proprietary and Confidential
Propagation
Microwave in atmosphere
n o a tm o s p h e re
w it h a tm o s p h e re
s tr a i g h t ra y s
b e n t r a ys
It i s th e r a d io w a v e s in te r a c t io n w ith th e m o le c u le s in t h e
a tm o s p h e r e t h a t b e n d s t h e m .
A s f o r v is ib le lig h t , t h e r a d io w a v e s m a y b e tr e a te d w ith
r a y o p t ic s o n a la r g e s c a le .
Under normal conditions (well mixed air) the atmosphere has

decreased density with height. Waves bend towards denser medium
K-value factor
K - v a l u e i s a c o m m o n u s e d v a l u e to i n d i c a t e r a y b e n d i n g
K=
re
=
a
1
1 dn .
( +
) a
a dn
dN
( 1+a .
.1 0-6 )
dh
F o r a n o rm a l a t m o s p h e r e d N / d h = - 4 0
K =
1
( 1 + 6 3 7 0 . ( -4 0 ) . 1 0 - 6 )
= 1.3 3
h ( km )
4/3 1
2 /3
K
- 2/ 3
4 /3
2
K = - 2/3
1
R
1
2 /3
30 0
N -U N I T S
E A R T H R A D IU S
a = 63 7 0 k m
k-Value Example: Normal Conditions

860
1.33
Normal level
at the receiver
840
820
800
780
1.33
760
K=1.33
740
dN =-40
dh
720
700
1.33
680
0
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
44.7
k-Value Example: Sub Refraction

860
0.66
840
820
Diffraction fading
at the receiver
800
780
0.66
K=0.66
760
dN =+80
dh
740
720
700
0.66
680
0
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
44.7
k-Value Example: Super Refraction

100.00
860
Overreach at the
receiver
840
820
800
100.00
780
760
K=100
dN =-155.4
dh
740
720
100.00
700
680
0
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
44.7
Ducting: Temperature Inversion
d M >0
dh
T his r e gi o n is c oo le d
b y th e gr ou nd
D ay tim e
Convection
mixes the
atmosphere
dN Constant
dh
dM <0
dh
M o rn i n g
Calm night
No convection
Temperatureinversion
Ground based
duct rises to
become an
elevated duct
Ducting Example: Normal Conditions

860
1.33
840
820
800
1.33
Normal level
at the
receiver
780
760
740
720
700
1.33
680
0
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
44.7
Ducting Example
Up Normal Conditions (Layer build up)
Ducting fading
at the receiver
Atmospheric Multipath
K=0.35
860
-0.35
840
820
800
780
760
740
720
K=1.33
1.33
700
680
0
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Due to inversion layer in the atmosphere, more than one possible path for a radio
signal to reach from Transmitter to Receiver.
44.7
Multipath: Received Signal
Vector representation of received signal

Resulting power
Flat Fading
Signal fade attenuating the complete channel bandwidth:
Flat Fading
Nominal Input level
Flat fade,- Complete

channel reduced
Attenuation [dB]
-5
-10
-15
-20
-25
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
Intermediate frequency [MHz]
Dispersive Fading
Signal fade attenuating parts channel bandwidth
Nominal Input level
Down faded signal
Attenuation [dB]
-5
Average power is reduced

-10
-15
-20
-25
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
Ground Reflections
860
1.33
Wanted signal
840
820
Reflected signal
with phase delay
800
780
1.33
760
740
720
Reflected signal
700
Reflection surface
1.33
680
0
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
44.7
Terrain Surfaces
-0.3
-0.4
-0.5
-0.6
+ (Reflected Signal x reflection co-efficient)
water
steppes with no vegetation
-0.2
cultivated fields
-0.1
Wanted Signal
hills with bushes
Reflection Co-efficient
0.0
hills with
trees
Resultant signal =
-0.7
-0.8
-0.9
-1.0
Examples of reflection coefficients. Indications only.
Rain drop shape / Polarisation

Falling Rain drops
0.1 mm
Due to the shape of

the falling raindrop
the vertical
polarization has the
least attenuation
The difference is
dependent on drop
size distributions and
hence somewhat
intensity dependent.
Typical difference:
E
H
V Pol
3 dB
E
H pol
E field and H field of

V and H polarised
signals
Fade mechanisms
Flat Fading
Ground Reflections
Ducting
Precipitation
Diffraction loss
Selective Fading
Ground Reflections
Probabilities of Flat and Selective fading follow each other as the same
multipath mechanisms result in both flat and selective fading.
Fresnel Zones
d1
d2
d3
F1
First Fresnel Zone
Definition: The Fresnel zone is defined as the locus of points

where d3-(d1+d2)=/2.
is the wavelength and is given by =c/f where f is the frequency
in GHz and c is the speed of light.
F1 is be expressed as F1= 17.3
d1 . d2 m, where d=d1+d2 (in

f . d Km)
Depolarisation
Depolarisation: Reduction of the cross polarisation discrimination (XPD).

A reflected component of the co-polarised signal due to scattering or reflection from land or water
surfaces
A reflected component of the co-polarised signal due to reflection from an atmospheric layer
A direct component of the signal due to refractive bending in the atmosphere
Clear air disturbances follows multipath probability: The same Path and Climatic descriptions are
used.
Depolarisation due to rain is under study: XPD of more than 20 dB seem to be possible during
rainy conditions
Terrain Profiles
The Bristol channel path Topographic Map
23
The Bristol channel path Topographic Profile
Obstacles like trees and

Buildings are added based
on site survey observations
Trees
Buildings
24
ITU-R Rec. P.530 Clearance Criteria

Determine the antenna heights required for clearance for the first Fresnel zone (F1)
over the highest obstacle calculated with k = 4/3
Obtain the value of ke (99.9%) from figure below for the path length. Calculate
the antenna heights required for the value of ke and the following Fresnel zone
clearance radii:
1
Temperate climate
0.0 F1 if there is a
single isolated path
obstruction.
0.3 F1 if the path
obstruction is
extended along a
portion of the path.
Tropical climate
0.6 F1 for path
lengths greater
than about 30 km.
0.9
0.8
ke
0.7
0.6
0.5
10
20
50
path length in km
100
For space diversity antenna the criteria is:

0.6 F1 to 0.3 F1 if the path obstruction is extended along a portion of the path
0.3 F1 to 0.0 F1 if there are one or two isolated obstacles on the path profile
Ref. ITU-R P.530-11
25
Diffraction Losses
10
B: theoretical knife-edge loss curve

D: theoretical smooth spherical Earth loss curve
Diffraction loss relative to free space (dB)
Ad : empirical diffraction loss for intermediate terrain

h: amount by which the radio path clears the Earth
F1: radius of the first Fresnel zone
10
B
Ref. ITU-R P.530-11

20
Ad
30
D
40
1.5
0.5
Normalized clearance
0.5
h/F 1
Drawing Path Profile
2
7
Earth Bulge
In order to draw the line of sight straight in a path profile, a ray bending due to
variations in K value is added to the terrain heights
The modif ication of the ter rain heights is give by

d 1 . d2
M=
1 2.74 . k
d1 , d2 distanes in km
k - k value. Includes both earth and ray curvature
k= 0.6
k= 1.33
M
SITE A
d2
Real ground height from map
d1
SITE B
k=
Path profile Example: First Clearance Criteria
Line Of Sight (LOS)

100% First Fresnel zone
Terrain height including

K=1.33 effect
Actual terrain height
Path profile Example: Second Clearance Criteria
Line Of Sight (LOS)


Kmin=0.61 effect
Path profile Example: Final Path Profile

K=1.33 effect
740
Line Of Sight (LOS)
720
700
Elevation (m)
680
660
640
620

Kmin=0.61 effect
600
580
560
0
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
Path length (22.84 km)

Mkns MSC
Latitude
33 51 16.00 N
Longitude
005 32 23.00 W
Azimuth
86.45
Elevation
585 m ASL
Antenna CL 40.0 m AGL
FE028
Latitude
33 52 01.00 N
Longitude
005 17 36.00 W
Azimuth
266.59
Elevation
668 m ASL
Antenna CL 46.0 m AGL
Frequency (MHz) = 7500.0

K = 1.33, 0.61
%F1 = 100.00, 30.00
Data From Field Survey

Vegetation, constructions and other obstacles to be
placed on the path profile
Sites and critical points heights to be calibrated
according to observations
Path profile as seen by light can be used with k=1.17
and frequency = infinity
Other towers, power lines
Horizontal clearance
Ground Reflections
860
1.33
840
Wanted signal
820
800
Reflected signal
With phase shift
780
1.33
760
740
Reflected signal
720
700
Reflection surface: Conductive surfaces will produce stronger reflections
1.33
680
0
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
44.7
Height Gain Curves

Relative Receive Signal (dB)
4
-2
-4
-8
-6
- 10
- 12
- 14
- 16
- 18
5.0
10
1.33
860
25
800
30
35
Site 2 Antenna heig ht ( m)
1.33
780
760
40
740
45
720
50
55
700
1.33
60.0
680
0
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
44.7
The distance difference between direct and reflected ray will cause different signal
strength at the receiver: Antennas located at different heights will receive
different signal strengths. This can be represented in a height - gain diagram.
Signal level vs. Antenna height
20
820
H1=20.0 m, K=1.33 F=8000.0 M Hz, V
15
840
Height-Gain: k Effect
H1=30.0 m, K=1.33 F=5000.0 MHz, V
H1=30.0 m, K=0.60 F=5000.0 MHz, V
H1=30.0 m, K=1000.00 F=5000.0 MHz, V
4
2
0
-2
-4
-6
-8
-10
-12
-14
-16
-18
-20
-22
-24
-26
5.0
10
15
20
25
30
35
Site 2 Antenna heig ht (m)
40
45
50
55
60.0
880
0.60
860
840
820
800
0.60
780
760
740
720
700
0.60
680
0
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
44.7
880
860
1.33
840
820
800
1.33
780
760
740
720
700
1.33
680
0
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
44.7
880
1000.00
860
840
820
800
1000.00
780
760
740
720
700
1000.00
680
0
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
44.7
Alleviating Ground Reflections

Links should be sited where possible to reduce the occurrence of
significant surface reflections by means of:
Using space diversity with optimal choice of antenna heights
Using frequency diversity
Choice of vertical polarization
Use of antenna discrimination
Shielding of the reflection point
Moving of reflection point to poorer reflecting surface
Optimum Antenna Separation

K=1.33
-2
-4
-6
-8
-10
-12
-14
-16
-18
5.0
10
860
1.33
20
820
30
35
Site 2 Antenna heig ht (m)
780
25
/2
800
1.33
760
40
740
45
720
50
55
700
1.33
60.0
680
0
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
44.7
Signal level vs. Antenna height
H1=20.0 m, K=1.33 F=8000.0 MHz, V
15
840
Frequency Diversity Effect

H1=30.0 m,
H1=30.0 m,
H1=30.0 m,
H1=30.0 m,
K=1.33 F=5000.0 MHz, V

K=1.33 F=5056.0 MHz, V
K=1000.00 F=5112.0 MHz, V
K=1000.00 F=5168.0 MHz, V
4
2
0
-2
-4
-6
-8
-10
-12
-14
-16
-18
-20
-22
-24
-26
5.0
10
15
20
25
30
35
Site 2 Antenna height (m)
40
45
50
55
60.0
Polarization Effect
H1=30.0 m, K=1.33 F=5000.0 MHz, V
H1=30.0 m, K=1.33 F=5000.0 MHz, H
-2
-4
-6
-8
-10
-12
-14
-16
-18
-20
-22
5.0
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60.0
Antenna Discrimination Effect

H1=30.0 m, K=1.33 F=5000.0 MHz, V
-2
-4
-6
-8
Tilt 0.50
-10
-12
No Tilt
-14
-16
-18
-20
-22
-24
5.0
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60.0
Shielding Reflection Point
960
940
Antenna
height with
excessive
Clearance
920
900
880
860
1.33
840
820
800
780
1.33
760
740
720
700
1.33
680
0
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
44.7
Shielding Reflection Point

920
900
Ideal
antenna
height with
adequate
Clearance
880
860
1.33
840
820
800
1.33
780
760
740
720
700
1.33
680
0
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
44.7
Performance Predictions
Link Budget
Antenna
Atmosphere
Feeder
TX
Antenna
Feeder
Transmitter
RX
Tx output power (B)

- Branching loss (B to B)
- Feeder loss (C to D)
+30dBm
-1dB
-3dB
+ Antenna gain
+38dB
- Free space loss
-144.5dB
- Atmospheric attenuation
+ Antenna gain
0dB
+42dB
- Feeder loss (D to C)
= Rx Level ( B)
-3dB
-41.5dBm
- Rx threshold
= FADING MARGIN
-75dBm
33.5dBm
Receiver
(6.7GHz, 60km)
Radio Normal Propagation Conditions
Nominal receiver level
Receiver
Threshold
Radio Transmission - Multipaths Reflections
Reflections cause
multipath fading
Nominal
Level
Applies to all
frequencies
Receiver
Threshold
Radio Transmission - Rain Attenuation
Percipitation
causes fading problems
Nominal
Level
Applies to high
frequencies
Receiver
threshold
Radio Transmission Rain Attenuation

(
h( x ) = a0x + a1
1.1
P = Kd 3.3 f 0.93 1 + E p
1.2 10 F 10
K = 10 5.4 PL1.5
m=
b=2
4ae (h1av + h2av )

m +1
3m
cos
h1av + h2av
d
1 m (1 + b2 )
Psel = 4. 310 1sf m
1
3c
3m
+ Arc cos
3 3
2 ( m + 1)3
k=1
k=1
2
xk hk xk hk
a0 = k=1
xk
xk 2
k=1
n
a1 =
k=1
k =1
n
xk
hk a0
k =1
Prediction of
Link Performance / Availability
Performance Prediction models
ITU-R P.530-7 and P.530-8

The methods are derived from fading data paths with lengths 7 - 95 km,
frequencies 2 - 37 GHz, path inclinations 0 - 24 mrad and grazing angles in the
range 1 - 12 mrad.
Checked up to 273 km and down to 500 MHz.
Ceragon uses a slightly enhanced version of this model in its predictions.
ITU-R P.530-9 and P.530-10

Presented late in the year 2001.
Based on same experience as P.530-7
Data from large scale digital terrain database determine path parameters.
Some of the results obtained using this model are not reliable.
Other Models
Barnett and Vigant based methods (ITU-R rep 338).
Local variances based on experience.
Worst Month Principle
Both ITU prediction models and performance

objectives are based on Worst month
Worst month is the 30 worst consecutive days
during a year
Multipath outage
Non-selective or flat fading
Selective fading
Outage due to clear-air cross-polarization for system co-channel
Pns + Ps + PXP
Ptot = 0.75 0.75 1.33
+ PXP
Pdns + Pds
if diversity is used
where
Pns
Pdns
Ps
Pds
PXP
non-selective (flat) outage

non-selective outage with diversity
selective outage
selective outage with diversity
outage due to clear-air cross-polarization for co-channel systems
Flat Fading
Signal fade attenuating the complete channel
bandwidth: Flat Fading
5
Nominal Input level
Flat fade,- Complete

channel reduced
Attenuation [dB]
-5
-10
For multipath,
complete flat fade
is not possible
-15
-20
-25
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
Flat fade probability P.530-7/8

P + P + PXP
Ptot = ns0.75 s 0.75
1.33
P
P
+
+ PXP
ds
dns
Pns = P0 10
10
[%]
Fading occurrence factor:
P0 = K d 3.6 f 0.89 (1 + p ) 1.4
- Geo-climatic factor
- Path length (km)
- Frequency (GHz)
p =
h1 h2
d
: Path inclination (milliard)
P.530-7/8 Geo-climatic Factor, K

P0 = K d 3.6 f 0.89 (1 + p ) 1.4
Terrain
Path Altitude
Inland Paths
K
Continent
Latitude
Coastal Paths
Refractivity variations
Classification of path types

Inland
Terrain height less than 100m
above mean sea level
Costal, medium
or large size of
water
Large size of water:

English Channel, the
North Sea, the larger
reaches of the Baltic and
Mediterranean Sea,
Hudson Strait, and other
bodies of similar size or
larger.
Distance > 50 km
Terrain
Terrain height 100m
above mean sea level
Distance < 50 km
Path Altitude
Terrain height
less than 100m
above mean sea
level
Inland Paths
Inland
Medium size of water:
The Bay of Fundy (east
coast of Canada) and the
Strait of Georgia (west
coast of Canada), the
Gulf of Finland, and
other bodies of similar
size.
Continent
Distance > 0 km
Latitude
Inland
Entire path profile
above 100m altitude
Distance > 0 km
Coastal Paths
Inland paths
Terrain
Path Altitude
Inland Paths
K
Continent
Latitude
Coastal Paths
K = 5.0 10 7 PL1.5 10 0.1(C0 C Lat C Lon )

C0
- type of terrain and lower antenna altitude
C Lat
- path latitude
C Lon
- path longitude
PL
- percentage of time refractivity

gradient 100( N km )
Terrain coefficients
Type of terrain and lower antenna altitude
Inland plains - Low altitude:
Overland links in inland areas with lower antenna altitude less than 400 m
above mean sea level, located in largely plains areas
Inland hills - Low altitude:
Overland links in inland areas with lower antenna altitude less than 400 m
above mean sea level, located in largely hilly areas
Inland plains - Medium altitude:
Overland links in inland areas with lower antenna altitude in the range 400 700 m above mean sea level, located in largely plains areas
Inland hills - Medium altitude:
Overland links in inland areas with lower antenna altitude in the range 400 700 m above mean sea level, located in largely hilly areas
Inland plains - High altitude:
Overland links in inland areas with lower antenna altitude higher than 700 m
above mean sea level, located in largely plains areas
Inland hills - High altitude:
above mean sea level, located in largely hilly areas
Inland mountains - High altitude:
above mean sea level, located in largely mountainous areas
C0 [dB]
0
3.5
2.5
Terrain
6.0
Path Altitude
Inland Paths
K
Continent
5.5
Latitude
8.0
10.5
Coastal Paths
Geographical Coefficients
Terrain
Path Altitude
Inland Paths
K
Continent
Latitude
C Lat = 0 (dB)
CLat = 53 + (dB)
CLat = 7 (dB)
53 S 53 N
o
53 N or S < < 60 N or S
o
60 N or S
o
CLon = 3 (dB)
Longitudes of Europe and Africa
CLon = 3 (dB)
Longitudes of North and South America
C Lon = 0 (dB)
All other longitudes
Coastal Paths
PL Contour Maps
Terrain
Path Altitude
Inland Paths
K
Continent
Latitude
Coastal Paths
PL Contour Maps, February
PL Contour Maps, May
PL Contour Maps, August
PL Contour Maps, November
Coastal Paths
Terrain
Inland Paths
Path Altitude
Continent
Latitude
Coastal Paths
Medium sized water:
Large water:
(1 rc ) log Ki + rc log Kcm
for K cm K i
K = 10(1rc ) log Ki +rc log Kcl
for Kcl Ki
for Kcm < Ki
K = Ki
for Kcl < Ki
K = 10
K = Ki
K cm = 10 0.5(log K i + log K cl )
Ki - the inland geo-climatic factor
Kcl = 2.3 10 4 10 0.1C0 0.011
rc - fraction of the path profile below 100m

altitude above the mean level of the water
Flat fade probability P.530-9/10

P + P + PXP
Ptot = ns0.75 s 0.75
Pdns + Pds
1.33
+ PXP
Pns = P0 10
10
[%]
Fading occurrence factor:
pw = Kd 3.2 (1 + | p | ) 0.97 10 0.032 f 0.00085 hL A /10 %
p =
- Geo-climatic factor
- Path length (km)
- Frequency (GHz)
h1 h2
d
- Path inclination (milliard)
P.530-9/10 Geo-climatic Factor, K
pw = K x d 3.2 (1 + | p | ) 0.97 10 0.032 f 0.00085 hL A /10 %

dN1
dN1
K
Sa
K = 10 4.2 0.0029dN1
Quick Planning
K = 10 3.9 0.003dN1 sa 0.42

Detailed Planning
dN1 is the point refractivity gradient in the lowest 65 m of the atmosphere not exceeded for 1% of
an average year
Sa is the area terrain roughness.
dN1 factor
dN1: The refractivity gradient not exceeded for 1% of the average year in the lowest 65 m of
the atmosphere.
World wide maps provided by ITU-R P.453-n
Sa (Area Terrain roughness) Factor
Frequency selective fading

Signal fade attenuating parts channel bandwidth:
Dispersive fading always cause some flat loss
Nominal Input level
Down faded signal
Attenuation [dB]
-5
Average power is reduced

(AGC reading)
-10
-15
-20
-25
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
Outage Probability Frequency

selective fading P.530-7/8/9/10/11
Pns + Ps + PXP
Ptot = 0.75 0.75 1.33
+ PXP
Pdns + Pds
m2
Ps = 430 sf
0
[%]
where 0 = 6.3 ns
3/ 4
P0
= 1 exp 0.2

100
d
m = 0.7
50
is often called the fading activity factor
1.5
m is the typical path echo delay
d - is the path length in km

sf - is the equipment signature factor
Signature factor
Notch depth dB
0
60
65
70
1
sf = WM 10 BM / 20 +WNM 10 BNM / 20
2
75Minimum
80
phase
10
B
20
WM :
BM :
WNM :
BNM :
30
40
minimum phase signature width (GHz)

minimum phase signature depth (dB)
non-minimum phase signature width (GHz)
non-minimum phase signature depth (dB)
30
Notch depth dB
0
60
20
65
70
75
10
10
Nonminimum
20
received
spectrum
phase
0
60
65
70
75
80
30
Frequency MHz
Co-Channel Transmission (XPIC)
28/30/40 MHz
V
H
10
Prediction of outage due to clear-air

depolarisation effects
Pns + Ps + PXP
Ptot = 0.75 0.75 1.33
+ PXP
Pdns + Pds
XPD g + 5
=
XPD 0
40
for XPD g 35
for XPD g > 35
= 1 e 0.2 (P0 )
C = XPD0 + Q
0 . 75
2
3
k xp
Q = 10 log
P0
Pxp = P0 10
k xp
M XPD
10
where
XPD
where
0.7
2
=
6 st

1 0.3 exp 4 10
C0
C I
=
C C 0 + XPIF
one transmitting antenna

two transmitting antenna
without XP IC
with XPIC
Diversity
Two (or more) independent

channels carry the same
information (redundancy).
Fading margin
Input level
Nominal input level

channel 1
channel 2
Receiver threshold
Fade depth (dB)
time
Space diversity
Protection from ground reflections
Number of
samples
10000000
Protection from ducting
1000000
100000
10000
1000
100
10
Space diversity
I sd
1.04
4
0.87
0.12
0.48
0
10 (F V ) 10
= 1 exp 3.34 10 S f
d
100
V = Gs1 Gs 2
d
F
f
Gs1, Gs2 P0
S
-
path length (km)

fade depth (dB) for the unprotected path
frequency (GHz)
gains of the two space diversity antennas (dB)
fading occurrence factor in %
vertical separation (centre-to-centre) of receiving antennas (m)
2 GHz < f < 11 GHz

43 km < d < 240 km
3 m < S < 23 m
Reasonable accuracy down to 25km
Frequency diversity
1
Combined
Combined
channels
channels
Frequency diversity
=
fd
f
f
d
F
80
f d
10
10
{I
fd
5}
frequency spacing between rf-channels in GHz

carrier frequency in GHz
distance in km
fading margin in dB
1.7 GHz < f < 13 GHz

20 km < d < 75 km
f / f < 0.05
Performance Parameters
Errored Block, EB:

A block which one or more bits in error.
Errored Second, ES
A one-second period with one or more errored blocks or at least one defect (path alarm).
Severely Errored Second, SES

A one-second period which contains 30 % errored blocks or at least one defect (path alarm).
Background Block Error, BBE

An errored block not occurring as part of an SES
Errored second Ratio (ESR)

The ratio of ES to a total seconds in available time during a fixed measurement interval.
Severely Errored Second Ratio (SESR)

The ratio of SES to total seconds in available time during a fixed measurement interval.
Background Block Error Ratio (BBER)

The ratio of Background Block Errors (BBE) to total blocks in available time during a fixed
measurement interval.
Availability
Example
50 sec.
Time
10 sec.
10 sec.
Unavailability detected
Unavailable period
5 sec.
10 sec.
10 sec.
Availability detected
Available period
Severely Errored Second (SES)

Errored Second (Non SES)
Error free Second
Outline of ITU objectives

G.821
G.826
High grade
Medium grade
Class 1
Class 2
Class 3
Class 4
Local grade
International portion
Terminating country
Intermediate country
National portion
Long haul section
Short haul section
Access section
Scaling the end-to-end objetives G.821
Scaling the end-to-end objetives G.826
Long Haul Objetives National Portion
Basic Sections of National Portion of HRP
National Portion
Summary
Summary
Propagation
Rays are bended in the troposphere and curvatures changes with
medium density
Multipath can be done and a reduction of signal may occur
Terrain Profiles
In normal conditions 0.6F1 is needed for Ke and 1F1 for K=1.33
Terrain reflexion has to be studied
Power Budget
Fading Margin for variation
Prediction Methods
P = Pf + Ps + Pxp
92
Hypotetical Reference Path is used and scaled in any case
Thank You

Point To Point Radio Link Design Final

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Point to Point Radio Link Design

Proprietary and Confidential

Under normal conditions (well mixed air) the atmosphere has

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k-Value Example: Normal Conditions

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k-Value Example: Sub Refraction

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k-Value Example: Super Refraction

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Ducting: Temperature Inversion

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Ducting Example: Normal Conditions

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Multipath: Received Signal

Vector representation of received signal

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Nominal Input level

Flat fade,- Complete

Intermediate frequency [MHz]

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Down faded signal

Average power is reduced

Intermediate frequency [MHz]

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+ (Reflected Signal x reflection co-efficient)

steppes with no vegetation

hills with bushes

Examples of reflection coefficients. Indications only.

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Rain drop shape / Polarisation

Due to the shape of

E field and H field of

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Definition: The Fresnel zone is defined as the locus of points

d1 . d2 m, where d=d1+d2 (in

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Depolarisation: Reduction of the cross polarisation discrimination (XPD).

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The Bristol channel path Topographic Map

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The Bristol channel path Topographic Profile

Obstacles like trees and

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ITU-R Rec. P.530 Clearance Criteria

For space diversity antenna the criteria is:

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B: theoretical knife-edge loss curve

Diffraction loss relative to free space (dB)

Ad : empirical diffraction loss for intermediate terrain

Ref. ITU-R P.530-11

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Drawing Path Profile

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The modif ication of the ter rain heights is give by

Real ground height from map

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Path profile Example: First Clearance Criteria