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Excretion rids the body of ________.

The organ(s) of excretion is/are _______.

Excretion refers to the elimination of feces from the body.

________ contain(s) nitrogen.

In humans, the liver _________.

________ is/are produced in the liver by a complicated series of reactions.

Crystals of uric acid sometimes collect in the joints, producing a painful ailment called gout.

Creatinine is an end product of ________ metabolism.

Kidney function(s) include ____________.

The urinary system consists of _____.

The kidneys lie above the membranous lining of the abdominal cavity.

The ________ are muscular tubes that convey the urine from the kidneys to the bladder.

The ureters are muscular tubes that convey the urine from the kidneys to the bladder by ________.

The urinary bladder can hold up to 600 ml of urine.

There is a connection between the genital and urinary systems in females.

Only the urinary system, consisting of the kidneys, the urinary bladder, the ureters, and the urethr

On the concave side of each kidney there is a depression where (the) ________ enter(s).

The kidney consists of ____________.

The renal cortex contains cone-shaped tissue masses called renal pyramids.

A kidney contains many collecting ducts, which enter the renal ________.

Microscopically, the kidney is composed of over one million nephrons.

Nephrons are sometimes called __________.

Each nephron in the kidney is made up of several parts, including ____________.

The glomerular capsule and the convoluted tubule lie outside the renal cortex.

The ________ is a capillary knot inside the glomerular capsule.

The peritubular capillary surrounds most of the nephron.

Urine formation consists of ___________.

The pattern of blood flow about the nephron is critical to urine formation.

The filterable components of the blood that move across from the glomerulus are________.

The filterable components form ________.

The nonfilterable components stay inside the glomerular capsule.

The cells lining the proximal convoluted tubule are anatomically adapted for ________ reabsorption.

Reabsorption is called ________ reabsorption because only molecules recognized by carrier molecul

The loop of the nephron is made up of ________ limb(s).

Water cannot leave the ascending limb of the loop of the nephron because the limb is impermeable

Drinking alcohol causes diuresis because it inhibits the secretion of ________.

________ is a hormone that primarily maintains sodium ion balance.

The juxtaglomerular apparatus secretes renin.

If the kidneys fail to function, _________.

Infection of the bladder is called ________.

The accumulation of waste substances in the blood is called ________.

Modern hemodialysis involves ___________.

Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis involves ___________.

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excess food
cellular metabolic wastes
nondigestible ingested material
all of the above

skin
lungs
liver
kidneys
all of the above

Amino acids
Nucleotides
Creatine phosphate
all of the above

removes carbon dioxide from the body

stores creatine phosphate
converts ammonia to urea
regulates the body temperature
all of the above are liver functions

Amino acids
Nucleotides
Creatine phosphate
Ammonia
Urea

lung
nucleotide
muscle
ammonia
anaerobic

water and salt balance

removal of metabolic wastes
acid-base balance
hormone secretion
all of the above

kidneys
ureters
urinary bladder
all of the above

urethras
ureters
urinary bladders
nephrons

beating of cilia
active transport
peristalsis
hypotonic pressure

hra, ever holds urine.

renal artery
ureter
renal vein
all of the above

the renal cortex

the renal medulla
the renal pelvis
all of the above

cortex
medulla
pelvis
loop of the nephron

convoluted tubules
renal or kidney tubules
loops of the nephron
glomerular capsules

the glomerular capsule

the proximal convoluted tubule
the distal convoluted tubule
the loop of the nephron
all of the above

proximal convoluted tubule

peritubular capillary
loop of the nephron
glomerulus
distal convoluted tubule

glomerular filtration
tubular reabsorption
tubular secretion
all of the above

water, nitrogenous wastes, nutrients, and salts

blood cells and platelets and proteins
albumin, fats and other proteins
mainly blood cells

the glomerular filtrate

tubular secretions

large molecular complexes

bile salts

passive
active
both active and passive
no

ules are actively reabsorbed.

general
indiscriminate
selective
reverse

a descending
an ascending
both ascending and descending
convoluted

ble to water.

ANH
ADH
angiotensin
cortisone
aldosterone

ANH
ADH
Angiotensin
Cortisone

Aldosterone

other organs can carry on all the excretion functions for some time
renal failure becomes a life-threatening event
they rapidly regenerate their nephrons
cells store their own metabolic wastes until the kidneys function again

pyelonephritis
urethritis
cystitis
hemodialysis

pyelonephritis
urethritis
cystitis
hemodialysis
uremia

an all day process twice a week

an anticoagulant to prevent the blood from coagulating inside the machine
a complex nutrient solution with substances to be added to the blood
methods to allow regular hookup to the patient's bloodstream
regular blood transfusions from healthy donors

being confined to a hemodialysis machine several times a week

an anticoagulant to prevent the blood from coagulating inside the machine
an ambulance crew to administer the dialysis
methods to allow regular hookup to the patient's bloodstream
placing the dialyzing fluid inside the peritoneal cavity to operate during normal activity