9 III Maths

KDiu
jeho KgUt f Kiw mKfgLaJ vgJ g
fJiw tuyh xU ikfyhF. Kiwah xgjh tF fj

ghlgFf _whf gFfgL, gUtF xU W jfkhf tHFtjh
fj fUJfis khztf v J bfhs aY. Kj kW
ulh gUtfhd ghljff jahJ midJ gfSF
Vfdnt tHfgLsd. Kj gUt fza, bkbaf,
afj, toa, Mabjhiy tot fj kW brKiw toa
nghw af l bgUjd. tW fza kW Mabjhiy
totfj gFf KGikahf mfgoUjd. ulh gUt
afj, Knfhza, a kW brKiw toa nghwit
l bgUjd.

_wh gUtfhd ghlgFfS bkba bjhF, bkbaf
jhd ma FpLf kW kliff, toa, msa, fjf

kW tiuglf nghwit lbgWsd. tW bkba bjhF,
toa kW kw ghlgFf Kj kW ulh gUt bjhlahf
_wh gUt l bgWtjh, Kj kW ulh gUt ghlgFfis
Ma khztfSF idTj aikahjjhwJ.

xnth my WY, tsu kL (m) fhd braghLf
tHfgLsd. Ma xU Fl fUij bjthf sf kW

tYl, bjhlila braghil bj brj ntL. jifa
braghLfisna
tsu
kL
(m)
gagL
bfhsyh.
fj mHa czl fw nehfij mila khztfSnfw

myJ gnfw tif a braghLfis Ma cUth
bfhsyh.
-ghl FG
iii
FpLf
=
rk (equal to)
rkiy (not equal to)
lFiw (less than)
Fiw myJ rk (less than or equal to)
l mf (greater than)
mf myJ rk (greater than or equal to)
rkhdkhd (equivalent to)
nr (union)
btL (intersection)
midJ fz (universal Set)
cW (belongs to)
cWgy(does not belong to)
jF cfz (proper subset of)
cfz (subset of or is contained in)
Y
1
jF cfzky (not a proper subset of)
cfzky (not a subset of or is not contained in)
Al (or) A c A ufz (complement of A)

Q (or) { } btWfz myJ ik fz (empty set or null set or void set)
n(A)
Mv myJ brbt (number of elements in the set A)
P(A)
A mLF fz (power set of A)
|||ly
nj nghW (similarly)
P(A)
A vw f fjf (probability of the event A)
rk ahr (symmetric difference)
a vf (natural numbers)
iv
KGvf (whole numbers)
KGf (integers)
bkbaf (real numbers)
Knfhz (triangle)
nfhz (angle)
brFJ (perpendicular to)
||
iz (parallel to)
czJwJ (implies)
vdnt (therefore)
Vbd (since (or) because)

jk (absolute value)
njhuhakhf rk (approximately equal to)
| (or) :
mjgo myJ vwthW (such that)
/ (or) , rtrk (congruent)

/
KbwhUik (identically equal to)
ig (pi)
if myJ Fiw (plus or minus)
njw Ko (end of the proof)
bghUslf
1.
bkba bjhF
1-18
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5

mKf
1
jKwh _yf
2
jKwh _yf jhd ehF mogil braf6
jKwh _yf gFia jgLJj
10
tFj Kiw
13
2.

bkbaf jhd ma FpLf

kW kliff
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
ma FpL
ma Fpil jrkFpo khWj
kliff
bghJ kliff
mokhdKiw
3.
toa
3.1
3.2
4.
msa
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
5.
fjf
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
6.
tiuglf
6.1 mKf
6.2 nea tiugl
6.3 tiuglf gaghL
19-56
19
22
24
33
41
57-70
mKf
tlf
57
57
71-91
mKf
tlnfhzgF
fdrJuf
fdbrtff
71
72
80
83
92-113
mKf
mogil fUJf kW tiuaiwf
fjf
fjf - X mDgt Kiw (gl Kiw)
92
93
95
95
114-122
vi
114
114
118
bkba bjhF
bkba bjhF
Life is good for only two things, discovering mathematics and
teaching mathematics
- SIMEON POISSON
Kjik Fnfhf
jKwh vf ehF mogil brafis J
bfhSj.
jKwh v gFia jgLJj.
1.1 mKf
m-fZ

vfj
ts
uL
Ka
fhyflf csd. Kjyhtjhf Jg
mayhf gHfhy nuf fj fhy
tsailjJ. ulhtjhf fj gFgh
kW xGFgLJj nghwt 19 M whL
fhy Ka gfhaJ. uL fhyfSF
ilgl fhyfljh vfjij rhj
fj gFf tiljd. jKwh _y (Surds)
vw thij gFas jKW, gFas jKwh
vw uL Ka gFfis bfhLsJ.
m-fZ vw fj mP jKwh _yf
wig jjikia fljh. .K. 825
jKwh vfis nffToa vf vW
jKwh vfis brL vW Fld. ~J
Inuha fjayh fhnjhnlh M~ nuhkh
(1150) jKwh _y (Surds) vw thijia
(y bkh brL myJ Cik vW bghU)
KjKj gagLdh. ijna ~ndh
1202 nj thijia _yFpL mw vf vw
bghU gagLdh. jKwh _y vgJ if
jKW v x vw v n MtJ _y.
F x vw v n MtJ _yij fhzayhJ,
nkY x vgJ xU if jKW v. jKwh
_yij rahf myJ Jakhf kl ayhJ.
_y mokhd vgJ uL vw v tf_y
nghy bgUghY xU kh.
1
#h nea (John Napier)

(780 C.E. - 850 C.E..)
1550 bklh lt
m-fZ vgt
Fl jFj
nghJ
mt mnua
bganyna
gHfhy
fj
nkij
Mth.
mikJs
nea
t nghija
gfiy fHf
<uh cs ghjh
bklh tshf
ef wjt.
ikagF
csJ.
jh m-#g
t Kfhyh
vw
klifia
fLoj
afj Muh
#hnea fjij
fLiu t
bghGJnghfhf
KaJt thj
Muhjt.
fbgw
fLiu
MF. t J
MoUJ
mnua
vfis
nghija
ga Muhfis
fjtYef l
vGsh. t
kW Io tir
J J vw
#h
neaU fhy
l
thiy
mltiz
bgWwh.
btLsh.
vD l wjh. J
maha
1.2 jKwh _yf (Surds)

2,
3,
5 vgd
jKwh
vf
vgij
ehknth.
tiw
vjbthU jKW v tffshf vGj KoahJ. 3 2 , 3 3 , 3 7

vgd jKW vf fd_yf. tiw vjbthU jKW v
fdfshf vGjKoahJ. tif jKwh vf jKwh _yf (surds
or radicals) vdgL.
Ka fUJ jKwh _yf
a xU if jKW v kW n xU ifKG vf.
a xU
jKwh v v, a vgJ jKwh _y vdgL.

Fpil goj
xU jKwh _y bghJ tot
vgJ _yFpL
n vgJ _y tir
a vgJ mokhd vdgL.
a
n
a
mokhd
1.2.1 jKwh _y mLFF tot

n
_yFpL
tir
a vw jKwh _y mLFF tot a n MF.
id TJ ila !
1
a 3 kW a3 uL
btntwhdit V?
1
vLJfhlhf,
y jKwh _yf mLFF tot, tir kW mokhd Mait
8 vgj mLFFtot ^8 h5 MF.
tU mltid bfhLfgLsd.
jKwh
_y
mLFF
tot
52
14
^14h3
74
50
^50h2
11
^11h5
tir
mokhd
14
50
11
bkba bjhF
Fiu
a vgJ xU jKwh _y v
(i) a vgJ xU if jKW vzhF.

(ii)
a vgJ xU jKwh vzhF.
tU mltiz A kW B Ma uL ufY cs vf jKwh

vfshF.
2+ 3
3
3
5+ 7
100
10 - 3 3
12
15 + 5

nkfl mltiz A vw u cs vf j Kwh _yfshF.
B vw u cs vf jKwh vf. Mdh, jKwh _yf my.

Mfnt, xbthU jKwh _yK jKwh vzhF, Mdh, xbthU
jKwh vQ xU jKwh _ykhf Uf ntoa mtaiy.
1.2.2 xU jKwh _yij va to(Simplest Form) vGJj

xU jKwh _yij mj va totkhf RU vGjKo.
vLJfhlhf,
50 vw jKwh _yij vLJbfhnth.

50 =
Mfnt, 5 2 vgJ
25 # 2 =
25
2 =
52
2 =5 2
50 va totkhF.
1.2.3 xj kW xth jKwh _yf (Like and Unlike Surds)

va to cs uL jKwh _yf tir kW mokhd rk
v, mit xj jKwh _yf (like surds) vdgL. mthW iyba,
mit xth jKwh _yfshF.
vLJfhlhf,

(i)
5 , 4 5 , - 6 5 vgd xj jKwh _yf.

(ii)
10 ,
3,
5,
81 vgd xth jKwh _yf.
1.2.4 KGikahd jKwh _yf (Pure Surds)

xU jKwh _y jKW v Fzf myJ bfG 1 v, mJ
KGikahd jKwh _y vdgL.

vLJfhlhf,
3,
5 , 4 12 ,
80 vgd KGikahd jKwh _yfshF.

3
maha
1.2.5 fy jKwh _yf (Mixed Surds)

xU jKwh _y Fzf myJ bfG 1I ju ntW jKW
vzhf U, mJ fy jKwh _y vdgL.
vLJfhlhf, 2 3 , 5 3 5 , 3 4 12 vgd fy jKwh _yfshF.

xU fy jKwh _yij KGikahd jKwh _ykhf khwyh,
Mdh, midJ KGikahd jKwh _yfis fy jKwh _yfshf
khw KoahJ.

(i)
80 = 16 # 5 = 4 5
(iii)
17 xU KGikahd jKwh _y. Mdh, jid fy jKwh
(ii) 3 2 =
32 # 2 =
9 # 2 = 18
_ykhf khw ayhJ.

_yFpL f
m, n vgd if KGf kW a, b vgd if jKW
vf v,
n
(i)
^n ah = a =
(iii)
a=
mn
an
a =
n m
a
2
(i) I gagL ^ a h = a ,
(ii)
a#n b =
(iv)
a =
b
ab
a
b
a3 = ^ 3 a h = a vd bgwyh.
vLJfhL 1.1

tU jKwh _yfis mLFF to vGJf.
(i)
(ii)
bfhLfgl
vGJnwh.

(i)
(iii)
jKwh
7 =7 2
(ii)
_yfis
1
8 = 84
(iii)
(iv) 8 12
mLF
Fto
6 = 63
(iv) 8 12 = ^12h8
vLJfhL 1.2

tU jKwh _yfis va to vGJf.

(i) 3 32

(i) 3 32
(ii)
=
63
8#4 =
(iii)
8#3 4 =
(ii)
63 = 9 # 7 = 9 # 7 = 3 7
(iii)
243 =
(iv)
256 =
81 # 3 =
3
64 # 4 =
23 # 3 4 = 2 3 4
81 # 3 =
3
64 # 3 4 =
4
243
92 # 3 = 9 3
3
43 # 3 4 = 4 3 4
tUkhW
(iv)
256
bkba bjhF
vLJfhL 1.3

tU fy jKwh _yfis KGikahd jKwh _yfshf vGJf.

(i) 16 2

(i)
16 2
162 # 2
27 # 2 =
(iii) 2 4 5
162 # 2 =
(ii) 3 3 2
(ii) 3 3 2
= 4 16 # 5 =
(iv) 6 3
512
33 # 2
â 3 = 3 33 h
54
24 # 5
4
(iv) 6 3
â 16 = 162 h
256 # 2 =
(iii) 2 4 5
â 2 = 4 24 h
80
62 # 3
â 6 = 62 h
36 # 3 = 108
vLJfhL 1.4

32 vgJ jKW vzh myJ jKwh vzh vd fhf.
32 = 16 # 2 = 4 2
4 xU jKW v kW
` 4 2 vgJ xU jKwh v. mjhtJ 32 xU jKwh vzhF.
2 xU jKwh v
vLJfhL 1.5

tU vf jKW vfsh myJ jKwh vfsh vd fhf.
(i) 3 + 3
(ii) ^4 + 2 h - ^4 - 3 h
(v) 2
3
(vi) 12 # 3
(i)
3+ 3
3 xU jKW v kW
jKwh vzhF.
(iii)
18
2 2
(iv) 19 - ^2 + 19 h
3 xU jKwh v. vdnt, 3 + 3 xU
(ii) ^4 + 2 h - ^4 - 3 h
= 4 + 2 - 4 + 3 =
(iii)
18 =
2 2
(iv)
9#2 =
2 2
2 + 3 , xU jKwh v.
9 # 2 = 3 , xU jKW v.
2
2 2
19 - ^2 + 19 h = 19 - 2 - 19 = - 2 , xU jKW v.
5
maha
(v)
(vi)
2 F 2 xU jKW v kW
3
xU jKwh v.
12 # 3 = 12 # 3 =
3 xU jKwh v. Mfnt,
36 = 6, xU jKW v.
1.3 jKwh _yf jhd ehF mogil braf

1.3.1 jKwh _yf TlY fjY

xj jKwh _yfis Tl ff Ko.
vLJfhL 1.6

RUFf :
(i) 10 2 - 2 2 + 4 32
(ii)
(iii) 3 16 + 8 3 54 - 3 128
48 - 3 72 - 27 + 5 18
(i) 10 2 - 2 2 + 4 32
= 10 2 - 2 2 + 4 16 # 2
= 10 2 - 2 2 + 4 # 4 # 2
= ^10 - 2 + 16h 2 = 24 2
(ii)
48 - 3 72 - 27 + 5 18
16 # 3 - 3 36 # 2 - 9 # 3 + 5 9 # 2
16 3 - 3 36 2 - 9 3 + 5 9 2
= 4 3 - 18 2 - 3 3 + 15 2
= ^- 18 + 15h 2 + ^4 - 3h 3 = - 3 2 + 3
(iii)
16 + 8 3 54 - 3 128
8 # 2 + 8 3 27 # 2 - 3 64 # 2
8 3 2 + 8 3 27 3 2 - 3 64 3 2
= 2 3 2 + 8 # 3 # 3 2 - 4 3 2
= 2 3 2 + 24 3 2 - 4 3 2
= ^2 + 24 - 4h 3 2 = 22 3 2
6
2
3
bkba bjhF
1.3.2 jKwh vf bgUf

uL xj jKwh _yf bgUfgyid fhz tU ia
gagLjyh.

a#n b =
vLJfhL 1.7
n
ab
RUFf : (i) 3 13 # 3 5
(ii)
32 # 4 8
(i)
13 # 3 5 = 3 13 # 5 =
(ii)
32 # 4 8 =
32 # 8
2 5 # 23 =
65
28 =
24 # 24 = 2 # 2 = 4
1.3.3 jKwh _yf tFj

xj jKwh _yf tFjiy tU ia gagL
fhzyh.
n
n a = n a
b
b
vLJfhL 1.8
(i) 15 54 ' 3 6

RUFf :

(i)
15 54 ' 3 6
(ii)
(ii) 3 128 ' 3 64
= 15 54 = 5
3 6
54 = 5 9 = 5 # 3 = 15
6
128 ' 3 64
=
3
3
128 =
64
128 =
64
jKwh _yf tirf btntwhf U, mtiw

xnutir bfhl Kwh _yfshf kha d bgUf
myJ tFj braiy nkbfhs ntL.

Ko :
vLJfhlhf,
(i)
a =
3
5 =
a
12
m
n
12
53 =
12
54
(ii) 4 11 =
11 4 =
112
maha
1.3.4 jKwh _yfis xLj

xnu tir bfhl Kwh vfis xl Ko. xnu tir bfhl
jKwh vf fbga mokhd bfhl jKwh v bgaJ MF.

jKwh vf tirf rkiy v, mt tirfis
rkgLa wF mokhdfis xl ntL.
vLJfhL 1.9
3,
4,
5 vw jKwh vf tirfis rkkhFf.
bfhLfgl jKwh vf tirf 2, 3 kW 4.

2, 3 kW 4 . . k 12. vdnt, xbthU jKwh viz tir 12
bfhl jKwh vzhf khWnth.

3 = 12 36 = 12 729
4 = 12 44 =
5 = 12 53 = 12 125
12
256
vLJfhL 1.10

vJ bgaJ?
5 myJ
bfhLfgl jKwh vf tirf 3 kW 4.

bfhLfgl jKwh vf xbthiw rk tir bfhl jKwh
vfshf khw ntL.

3 kW 4 t ..k 12. vdnt, xbthU jKwh viz tir 12
bfhl jKwh vzhf khWnth.

5 = 12 53 = 12 125
4 = 12 44 =
12
256 >
12
12
256
125
&
4 >
vLJfhL 1.11

2,
4,
3 vw jKwh vfis
(i) VWtir vGJf
(ii) wF tir vGJf.
2 , 4 4 and 3 vw jKwh vf tirf Kiwna 3, 4 kW 2.
2, 3 kW 4 ..k 12.
8
bkba bjhF

vdnt, xbthU jKwh viz tir 12 bfhl jKwh vzhf
khWnth.

2 = 12 24 =
12
16
4 = 12 43 =
12
64
3 = 12 36 =
12
729
` VWtir:
2,
4,
wFtir:
3,
4,
2 .
g 1.1
1.
tUtdtW vit jKwh _yf kW vit jKwh _yf

my vgij fhuzJl TWf.
(i)
2.
RUFf.
(i) ^10 + 3 h^2 + 5 h
(iii) ^ 13 - 2 h^ 13 + 2 h
3.
tUtdtiw RUFf.
(i) 5 75 + 8 108 - 1 48
2
(iii) 4 72 - 50 - 7 128
4.
tU jKwh _yfis va to vGJf.
(i) 3 108
5.
tUtdtiw KGikahd jKwh _yfshf vGJf.
(i) 6 5
6.
tUtdtiw RUFf.
(i)
(v) 3 35 ' 2 7 (vi)
7.
tUtdt vJ bgaJ?
(i)
8.
wFtir kW VWtir vGJf.
(i)
8 # 6 (ii)
98
(ii)
3 (ii)
(ii)
7 #3 8
(v)
2, 3 4 , 4 4
4 # 3 16
(ii) 7 3 2 + 6 3 16 - 3 54
(iv) 2 3 40 + 3 3 625 - 4 3 320
(iv)
625
(iii) 3 4 5
(iv) 3 8
4
(iii)
(iv)
8 # 4 12
48 ' 8 72
3 myJ
(ii) ^ 5 + 3 h
(iv) ^8 + 3 h^8 - 3 h
(iii) 192
(ii) 5 3 4
2 myJ
5 , 3,
(iii) 180 # 5 (iv) 4 5 ' 8
(ii)
5 # 18
90
4 (iii)
(iii)
9
3 myJ 4 10
2, 9 4, 6 3
3 #6 5
maha
1.4 jKwh _yf gFia jgLJj

jgLJ fhu
xU nfhit gF cs cW tf_y myJ
_yFpLF cs if vzhf U gFia jKW
vzh rkkhd nfhitahf khW Kiw, gFia jgLJ
Kiw vdgL.

uL jKwh vf bgUf xU jKW v
v, xW kbwh jgLJ fhu (rationalizing factor)
MF.

Fiu
fhufshF.
(ii)
(iii)
a , b vgd KGf kW x , y vgd if KGf vf. wF

(i) â + x h kW â - x h vgd xW bfhW jgLJ
â + b x h
â - b x h
kW
fhufshF.
vgd
xW
bfhW
jgLJ
x + y kW x - y vgd xW bfhW jgLJ fhufshF.
(iv)
a + b vgJ a - b iz myJ Jiza(conjugate) v vd

miHfgL. njngh a - b iz v a + b MF.
(v)
xU v gFia jgLj, mbt bjhF kW gFfis

jgLJ fhuah bgUf ntL.
(vi) xU jKwh _yF xW myJ xWF nkgl jgLJ

fhuf Ufyh.
vLJfhL 1.12
2 gFia jgLJf.

3
bfhLfgl v gF kW bjhFia

3 M bgUf
2 = 2 # 3 = 2 3
3
3
3
3
vLJfhL 1.13
1
gFia jgLJf.

5+ 3
gF cs v 5 + 3 . j iz v myJ jgLJ fhu
5- 3.

1
1
=
#5- 3
5- 3
5+ 3
5+ 3
5 - 3 = 5 - 3
5- 3
2 = 25
22
-3
^
h
5 - 3
2
10
bkba bjhF
vLJfhL 1.14
1
gFia jgL RUFf.

8-2 5
gF cs v 8 - 2 5 . vdnt, j jgLJ fhu 8 + 2 5
MF.

1
1
=
# 8+2 5
8-2 5 8+2 5
8-2 5
= 8+2 5
64 - 20
8+2 5
2
8 - ^2 5 h
2
= 8 + 2 5
44
2^4 + 5 h 4 + 5
=
22
44
vLJfhL 1.15
1
gFia jgL RUFf.

3+ 5
gF cs v
MF.
3 + 5 . vdnt, j jgLJ fhu
1
=
3+ 5
3- 5
3- 5
1
#
3+ 5
3- 5
3-5
3- 5 =
2
2
^ 3h -^ 5h
3 - 5
-2
3- 5
5- 3
2
vLJfhL 1.16

7 -1 +
7 +1
7 + 1 = a + b 7 v, a kW b t kfis fhf.
7 -1
7 -1 +
7 +1
7 +1 =
7 -1
7 -1 #
7 +1
7 -1 +
7 -1
7 +1 #
7 -1
^ 7 - 1h
^ 7 + 1h
+
2
2
^ 7h - 1 ^ 7h - 1
= 7+1-2 7 + 7+1+2 7
7-1
7-1
= 8-2 7 + 8+2 7
6
6
11
7 +1
7 +1
maha
= 8-2 7 +8+2 7
6
= 16 = 8 + 0^ 7 h
6
3
` 8 + 0^ 7 h = a + b 7 ( a = 8 , b = 0.
3
3
vLJfhL 1.17

x = 1 + 2 v, ` x - 1 j kig fhf.
x
x =1+ 2
1
( 1 =
x
1+ 2
1
#1- 2
1+ 2 1- 2
= 1 - 2 = 1 - 2 = -^1 - 2 h
1-2
-1

` x - 1 = ^1 + 2 h - "-^1 - 2 h,
x
= 1 + 2 + 1 - 2 = 2
2
vdnt, ` x - 1 j = 22 = 4.
x
g 1.2
1.
tUtdt jgLJ fhufis fhf.
(i) 3 2
(ii)
(iii)
75
(iv) 2 3 5
(v) 5 - 4 3
(vi)
2 + 3
(vii)
5 - 2
(viii) 2 + 3
2.
tUtdt gFfis jgLJf.
(i) 3
5
3.
gFia jgL RUFf.
(i)
(ii)
2
3 3
(iii)
1
1
(ii)
(iii)
11 + 3
9+3 5
1
12
(iv) 2 7
11
1

11 + 13
12
(iv)
3
(v) 33 5
9
5 + 1 (v) 3 - 3
5 -1
2+5 3
bkba bjhF
4.
2 . 1.414,
3 . 1.732,
5 . 2.236, 10 . 3.162 v, tUtdt
kfis 3 jrk lUjkhf fhf.

(iii) 5 - 3
3
10 - 5
2
(i) 1
2
(ii) 6
3
(v) 3 - 5
3+2 5
(vi)
5.
5 + 6 = a + b 6 v, a kW b t kfis fhf.
5- 6
6.
^ 3 + 1h
7.
5+ 2
5- 2
(vii)
3 + 1
3 -1
(iv)
(viii)
1
10 + 5
4-2 3
= a + b 3 v, a kW b t kfis fhf.
5 +1 +
5 -1
5 - 1 = a + b 5 v, a kW b t kfis fhf.
5 +1
8.
4 + 5 - 4 - 5 = a + b 5 v, a kW b t kfis fhf.
4- 5
4+ 5
9.
x = 2 + 3 v, x2 + 12 k fhf.
x
10.
x = 3 + 1 v, ` x - 2 j k fhf.
x
1.5 tFj Kiw (Division Algorithm)

xU fz fhz gagL eF tiuaWfgl bjhlahd
gof Kiw myJ tKiw (algorithm) vdgL. ghlgF tFj
Kiw vdgL KGf f Kakhd gid fhzyh.

xU KGit akw kbwhU KGth tFF nghJ, xU KGit <thf
kbwhU KGit ahf bgWnwh vgij K tFf mJnsh.
vdnt,

d =
< +
tFv
13 = 2
3
vLJfhlhf,
+
(1)
5
5

j tFjiy, tFj braiy fz bfhshk KGfis
cWfshf bfhL tUkhW kh vGjyh.

13 = 5(2) + 3
nfhitahdJ, (1)I tF v 5M bgUFtj _y ilwJ. kh
vGjgL KGf tFjiy tFj Kiw (Division Algorithm) vnwh.

13
maha
a kW b vgd VnjD uL if KGf v, a = bq + r ,

0 # r 1 b vwthW q kW r vw uL Fiwaw KGf UF.

nkfl T q myJ r akhf Ufyh.
vLJfhL1.18

tFj Kiwia gagL, tU nrhof < kW fhf.
(i) 19, 5
(ii) 3, 13
(iii) 30, 6
(i)
19, 5
bfhLfgl nrhoia a = bq + r , 0 # r 1 b tot tUkhW vGjyh.
19 = 5(3) + 4
[19I 5M tFf < 3, 4 ilwJ]
` < = 3;
= 4
(ii) 3, 13
bfhLfgl nrhoia a = bq + r , 0 # r 1 b tot tUkhW vGjyh.
3 = 13(0) + 3
` < = 0;
= 3
(iii) 30, 6
bfhLfgl nrhoia 30, 6I a = bq + r , 0 # r 1 b tot

tUkhW vGjyh.
30 = 6(5) + 0
[30I 6M tFf < 5, 0 ilwJ]
` < = 5;
= 0
g 1.3
1.
tFj Kiwia gagL tU nrhof < kW fhf.
(i) 10, 3
(ii) 5, 12
(iii) 27, 3
g 1.4
rahd ilia vGJf.
1.
tUtdtW vJ jKwh _y my?
(A)
(B)
30
(C)
14
(D)
bkba bjhF
2.
50 va tot
(A) 5 10
3.
(A) 8 112
(C) 10 5
(D) 25 2
(C) 8 118
(D) 8 116
11 vgjF rkkhdJ
(B) 8 114
2 vgjF rkkhdJ
2
4.

(B) 5 2
(A) 2 2
(B)
(C)
2
2
(D) 2
(D)
5 gFia jgLJ fhu

3
5.
(A)
6.
tUtdtW vJ cikay?
(A)
(B) 17 xU jKwh v
(C) 0.10110011100011110g xU jKwh v
(D) 4 16 xU jKwh v
(B)
(C)
27
2 xU jKwh v
7.
(A) 8,12
8.
mokhd 9 kW tir 3 bfhl jKwh _y
(A)
9.
5 3 3 FF KGikahd jKwh _y
(A) 3 15
10.
tUtdtW vJ cikay?
(A)
(B) a xU jKW v kW b xU jKwh v v, a b xU jKwh
12 vw jKwh _y tir kW mokhd Kiwna
(B) 12,8
(B)
(B)
(C) 16,12
27
(C)
375
(C)
(D) 12,16
(D)
81
75
(D)
45
2 xU jKwh v.
v.
(C) xbthU jKwh _yK xU jKwh vzhF.
(D) xU if KG tf_y vnghJ xU jKwh vzhF.

15
maha
11.
tUtdtW vJ cikay?
(A) x vgJ xU KG tf iyba,

vzhF
(B)
m
(C) ` x n j _yFpL tot
(D) xbthU bkbaQ xU jKwh vzhF
12.
^ 5 - 2h^ 5 + 2h vgjF rkkhdJ
(A) 1
x vgJ xU jKwh
x n mLF F tot x m
1 1
mn
(B) 3
(C) 23
(D) 21
id bfhf...
a xU if jKW v kW n xU ifKG vf. n a xU jKwh
v v, n a vgJ jKwh _y vdgL.
m, n vgd if KGf kW a, b vgd if jKW vf v
n
(i)
^n ah = a =
(iii)
xU
a =
mn
a n
a =
nfhit
n m
a
gF
(ii)
(iv)
a#n b =
n
n
a =
b
cs
ab
a
b
cW
tf_y
myJ
_yFpLF cs if vzhf U gFia jKW

vzh rkkhd nfhitahf khW Kiw, gFia jgLJ Kiw
vdgL.
uL jKwh vf bgUf xU jKW v v, xW
kbwh jgLJ fhu (rationalizing factor) MF.
a kW b vgd VnjD uL if KGf v, a = bq + r , 0 # r 1 b
vwthW q kW r vw uL Fiwaw KGf UF.
16
bkba bjhF
bra 1
fl mltizia u
t.v
1.
2.
tir
3
3.
mokhd
7
8
jKwh _y
6
4.
26
16
bra 2
35 7
19
7
21
3
89
125
8 57
4
31
256
glij gagL fltiw uf.

1.
19 tir kW mokhd ..............., ...............
2.
..............., ............... jKwh _y my.
3.
..............., ............... xj jKwh _y.
4.
3 5 7 kW 8 57 ........... jKwh _y, nkY mit .............. jKwh

_y.
5.
89 mLFF tot ..............

17
maha
g 1.1
1. (i) jKwh _y

(ii) jKwh _y
(iv) jKwh _y
(iii) jKwh _y my
(v) jKwh _y my
2. (i) 20 + 10 5 + 2 3 + 15 (ii) 8 + 2 15
3. (i) 71 3
5. (i)

(iv)
500 (iii)
45 (v) 3 5
2
405
(vi)
8. (i) wF tir :
9
2
(iv)
7. (i)
32
(iv) 61
4. (i) 3 3 4 (ii) 7 2 (iii) 8 3 (iv) 5 3 5
(ii) 16 3 2 (iii)- 37 2 (iv) 3 3 5
180 (ii)
(iii) 11
6. (i) 3 10 (ii) 2 3 7 (iii) 2 4 6
3 2 2 (ii)
3,
4,
5 , VW tir :
5,
3 2 4 4 (iii)
4,
10 2 3
(ii) wF tir :
4,
4,
2 , VW tir :
2,
4,
(iii) wF tir :
2,
3,
4 , VW tir :
4,
3,
g 1.2
1. (i)
2 (ii) 7 (iii)
(iv)
25 (v) 5 + 4 3 (vi)
2 - 3 (vii)
5+ 2
3. (i) 11 - 3
118
2. (i) 3 5 (ii) 2 3 (iii) 3

(iv) 2 77 (v) 3 15
5
9
6
11
(ii) 3 - 5 (iii) 13 - 11
(iv) 3 + 5 (v) 17 3 - 21
12
2
71
2
4. (i) 0.707
(ii) 3.464
(viii) 2 - 3
(vii) 3.732
7. a = 3, b = 0
(iii) 1.887
(iv) 0.655
5. a = 31 , b = 10
19
19
8. a = 0, b = 16
9. 14
11
(viii) 0.185
(v) 0.102
(vi) 4.441
6. a = 7, b = 4
10. 4
g 1.3
1. 3, 1
2. 0, 5
3. 9, 0
g 1.4
1. A 2. B 3. A 4. B
5. C
6. D 7. A 8. C
18
9. B
10. D 11. D 12. A
bkbaf jhd ma
FpLf kW kliff
bkbaf jhd ma
FpLf kW kliff
Seeing there is nothing that is so troublesome to mathematical practice,

nor that doth more molest and hinder calculators, than the multiplications,
divisions, square and cubical extractions of great numbers....I began therefore to consider in my mind by what certain and ready art I might remove
those hindrances
- JOHN NAPIER
Kjik Fnfhf
ma FpL Kiw vfis Fj.
mLFF mikid klif mikid
xiw kbwhwhf khWj.
klif fis J bfhSj.
klif mltiz
gagLJj.
kW
klif
fis
mokhd Kiw
#h nea
(1550 - 1617)
#h nea (John Napier)
1550 bklh lt
vD l wjh. J
nghJ mt bganyna
2.1 ma FpL (Scientific Notation)
mikJs nea

fbga kW fa vfis ifahS
nghJ ma mPf, bghahsf kW
bjh tYef Mnah ma Fpoid
gagLJwd. x ntf dhoF
29,900,000,000 br.., UJ NaDFs
u 92,900,000 ikf, vyuhDila vil
0.000549 mQ vil myFf. thwhd vfis
RUfkhd Kiw Flyh. jid ma
FpL vg. j _y afis mf
vif vGJj kW lkhW iHfis
jfyh.
gfiy fHf
#hnea fjij
vLJfhlhf,
fjtYef l
29,900,000,000 = 299 # 10 = 2.99 # 10

8
10
92,900,000 = 929 # 105 = 9.29 # 107

0 $ 000549 =
549 = 5.49
1000000
10000
= 5.49 # 10- 4
19
bklh tshf
ikagF csJ.
klifia fLoj
bghGJnghfhf
Muhjt.
MoUJ
nghija
kW Io tir
#h neaU l
bgWwh.
maha

mjhtJ, fbga myJ fa viz xU jrk v 1 # a 1 10 kW
10- KG mLF Mat bgUf gydhf vGjyh.
Ka fUJ
maFpL
xU v N I ma Fpo 1 UJ 10-F cs jrk v

kW 10 KG mLF Mat bgUf gydhf vGjyh.
n
mjhtJ, N = a # 10 , F 1 # a 1 10 kW n xU KG.
vfis jrkFpoUJ ma Fpo khw mLFF f
mogilah mikwJ. m, n vgd a vf kW a bkba vf.

mLFF f tUkhW bfhLfgLwd.
(i)
(ii)
am # an = am + n
am = am-n
an
(iii) â mhn = a mn
(bgUf )
(tFj )
(mLF )
(iv) a m # b m = â # bhm (nrif )

a ! 0 -F a- m = 1m vd a0 = 1 vd eh tiuaWnwh.
a
2.1.1 xU viz ma Fpo vGJj

xU viz ma Fpo khWtjfhd gof tUkhW.
go 1: mj v lJgf th akw xnu xU yf csthW

jrkia efJ.
go 2: giHa kW a jrkF ilna cs yffis vQf.
J 10 mLF n I FF.
go 3: jrk lJw khdh mLF n MdJ if v, jrk
tyJw khdh mLF n MdJ Fiw v.
vLJfhL 2.1

9781 I ma Fpo FLf.
bghJthf KGfis vGJ nghJ jrk Fgiy.

9 7 8 1 .
3

jrk lJw _W lf giHa iyUJ efwJ. vdnt
10 mLF 3 MF.

` 9781 = 9.781 # 103

20
bkbaf jhd ma
FpLf kW kliff
vLJfhL 2.2

0 $ 000432078 I ma Fpo FLf.
0 . 0 0 0
1
4 3 2 0 7 8
4
jrk tyJw 4 lf giHa iyUJ efwJ. vdnt 10

mLF -4 MF.
` 0.000432078 = 4.32078 # 10- 4
xU viz ma Fpo kh vGJ nghJ, bfhLfgl

v cs jrkid lJgf th p lf
efdh mij <Lbra 10 p M bgUFnwh. mnjnghW, jrkid
tyJgf th r lf efdh mij <L bra 10- r M bgUFnwh.
Fiu
vLJfhL 2.3

tU vfis ma Fpo vGJf.
(i) 9345
(ii) 205852
(iii) 3449098.96
(iv) 0.0063
(v) 0.00008035
(vi) 0.000108

(i)
5 . = 9.345 # 10 , n = 3 Vbd, jrk lw 3
(ii) 205852 = 2
8 5
9345 = 9 3
lf efwJ.

2 . = 2.05852 # 105 , n = 5 Vbd, jrk
lw 5 lf efwJ.

(iii) 3449098.96 = 3 4 4 9 0 9 8 . 9 6 = 3.44909896 # 106 , n = 6 Vbd,

6
jrk lw 6 lf efwJ.

(iv) 0.0063 = 0 . 0
3 = 6.3 # 10- 3 , n = 3 Vbd, jrk tyw

.
3 lf efwJ.

(v) 0.00008035 = 0 . 0
0 3 5 =8.035 # 10- 5 , n = 5 Vbd,
jrk tyw 5 lf efwJ.

(vi) 0.000108 = 0 . 0 0 0 1 0 8 = 1.08 # 10- 4 , n = 4 Vbd, jrk

1
tyw 4 lf efwJ.
21
maha
2.2 ma Fpil jrkFpo khWj

ma Fpo cs vfis jrk vf tot mofo Ff
ntoajhwJ. ma FpL vfis jrk vfshf khWtjfhd gof
tUkhW.

go 1: jrk viz vGJf.

go 2: jrkia 10 mL cs vF Vg efJ. if v
tywK, Fiw v lwK efJ. njit v afis nrf.

go3: vfis jrk to vGJf.
vLJfhL 2.4

tU vfis jrk to vGJf.
(i) 5.236 # 105
(ii) 1.72 # 109
(iii) 6.415 # 10- 6
(iv) 9.36 # 10- 9
(i)
1 .7
1.72 # 109 = 1720000000
(iii) 6.415
5.2
5.236 # 105 = 523600
(ii) 1.72
5.236
-6
6.415 # 10
= 0.000006415
(iv) 9.36
-9
9.36 # 10
6 . 4 1 5
9 . 3
= 0.00000000936
2.2.1 ma Fpo bgUf kW tFj

fbga (googolplex)myJ fa vf bgUf myJ tFjiy
ma Fpo vjhf brayh.

vLJfhL 2.5

tUtdtiw ma Fpo vGJf.
(i) ^4000000h3
(ii) ^5000h4 # ^200h3
(iii) ^0.00003h5
(iv) ^2000h2 ' ^0.0001h4
(i)
Kj vfis (mil FF csij) ma Fpo vGJf.

4000000 = 4.0 # 106

nghJ, UwK mLF 3-F caj ilgJ,
22
bkbaf jhd ma
FpLf kW kliff
= 64 # 1018

` ^4000000h3 = ^4.0 # 106h = ^4.0h3 # ^106h
= 6.4 # 101 # 1018 = 6.4 # 1019
(ii) ma Fpo,
5000 = 5.0 # 103 kW 200 = 2.0 # 102 vd vGjyh.
` ^5000h4 # ^200h3 = ^5.0 # 103h # (2.0 # 102) 3
= ^5.0h4 # ^103h # ^2.0h3 # ^102h
= 625 # 1012 # 8 # 106 = 5000 # 1018

= 5.0 # 103 # 1018 = 5.0 # 1021

(iii) ma Fpo, 0.00003 = 3.0 # 10- 5 vd vGjyh.

` ^0.00003h5 = ^3.0 # 10- 5h = ^3.0h5 # ^10- 5h
= 243 # 10- 25 = 2.43 # 102 # 10- 25 = 2.43 # 10- 23

(iv) ma Fpo,
2000 = 2.0 # 103 kW 0.0001= 1.0 # 10- 4 vd vGjyh.
` ^2000h2 ' ^0.0001h4 =

^2.0 # 103h
(1.0 # 10- 4) 4
^2.0h2 # (103) 2
4
^1.0h4 # ^10- 4h
6
6 -^- 16h
= 4 #-10
= 4.0 # 1022
16 = 4.0 # 10
10
g 2.1
1.
tU vfis ma Fpo vGj.
(i) 749300000000
(ii) 13000000
(iii) 105003
(iv) 543600000000000
(v) 0.0096
(vi) 0.0000013307
(vii) 0.0000000022
(viii) 0.0000000000009
2.
tU vfis jrk vGj.
(i) 3.25 # 10- 6
(ii) 4.134 # 10- 4
(iii) 4.134 # 104
(iv) 1.86 # 107
(v) 9.87 # 109
(vi) 1.432 # 10- 9
3.
tU vfis ma Fpo Fl.
(i) ^1000h2 # ^20h6
(ii) ^1500h3 # ^0.0001h2
(iii) ^16000h3 ' ^200h4
(iv) ^0.003h7 # ^0.0002h5 ' ^0.001h3
(v) ^11000h3 # (0.003) 2 ' ^30000h

23
maha
2.3 kliff (Logarithms)

f fyhd fzLfis f vikahFtjfhfnt kliff
cik njhWfgld. mit bgUffis Tlfshf khWtjfhf
mikfgld. fghf fLogjF Kng f mf yffis
bfhl vfis bgUFtjF myJ tFgjF kliff cjd. Vbd,
vfis bgUFtij l klif bra mt mLFfis TLnwh.
aa bgUghyhd f midJ mLFF to miktjh mQfU
rgjkhd f R Fiwf, fhkh c kW xU iyahd fhy ms
mQfU ciy r VgL khwf Mat fzLf klif
f aikahjjhwJ.

klifFpil mKfgLJtjF bkbaf mLFFpil
Kj mKfgLJnth.
2.3.1 mLFFpL (Exponential Notation)
a xU if v vf. x xU KG v a x vgij g
Kdnu mJnsh.
1
n
xU if v n MtJ mLF a v mJ a vd ekF bj. p xU
KG kW q xU if KG v, a q vgij vthW tiuaWgJ vgij g F

fhngh.
p

= p # 1 vgij ftf, mLFF cikahf Uf ntLbk,
q
q
1 p
p
q
vdnt, a q = ^ a h vd eh tiuaWngh. vLJfhlhf, 8 5 = ^5 8 h kW
p
a = ` a q j = ^ a hq
-7
3
-7
= ^3 5 h

thW a > 0 v, midJ jKW vf x-F a x bghUis
bfhLJnsh. nkY a > 0 v, midJ jKwh vf x-F a x
tiuaiwia mLFF f bghUJkhW gLj Ko. eh F
a x tiuaiwia jKwh v x-F tiuaWf nghtiy. Vbd, mjF
fj caghlf fhzgL fUjhff njitahwJ.
2.3.2 klifFpL (Logarithmic Notation)

a > 0, b > 0 kW a ! 1 v, a vj mLF b F rkkhwnjh mj
mLfhdJ a I mokhdkhf bfhl b klif MF.
Ka fUJ
klifFpL

a vgJ 1 I jj xU if v kW x xU bkba
(if, Fiw myJ a) vf. a x = b v, mLF x MdJ
mokhd a I bghWj b klif vd miHngh. jid
x = log a b vd vGJnth.
24
bkbaf jhd ma
FpLf kW kliff
x = log a b vgJ b = a x vw mLFF mik klif mik MF.
U mikfY mokhd xnw MF.

vLJfhlhf,
mLFF mik
klif mik
24 = 16
log2 16 = 4
log8 2 = 1
3
1
log4 ` j =- 3
8
2
83 = 2
3
-2
=1
8
vLJfhL 2.6

tU klif mikid mLFF mikghf khw.
(i) log4 64 = 3
(ii) log16 2 = 1
4
(iii) log5 ` 1 j =- 2 iv) log10 0.1 =- 1

25
log4 64 = 3 ( 43 = 64
(i)
(ii) log16 2 = 1 ( (16) 4 = 2

4
1
(iii) log5 ` j =- 2 ( ^5 h- 2 = 1
25
(iv) log10 0.1 =- 1 ( ^10h
-1
25
= 0.1
vLJfhL 2.7

tU mLFF mikid klif mikghf khw.
(i) 3 = 81
(iv) (216) 3 = 6
(ii) 6- =
1
1296
(v) ^13h- 1 = 1
13
(i)
1 ( log
1
=4
6 ` 1296 j
1296
3
(iii) ` 1 j4 = 1 ( log 1 ` 1 j = 3
81
27
4
81 27
1
(vi) (216) 3 = 6 ( log216 6 = 1
3
(v) ^13h- 1 = 1 ( log13 ` 1 j = - 1
13
13
3 = 81 ( log3 81 = 4
4
(ii) 6- =
25
(iii) ` 1 j4 = 1
81
27
maha
vLJfhL 2.8

kLf (i) log8 512 (ii) log27 9 (iii) log16 ` 1 j

32

(i)

x = log8 512 vf.

x
vdnt, 8 = 512
` log8 512 = 3
x = log27 9 vf.
(ii)
(mLFF mik)
8 =8 ( x=3
(mLFF mik)
vdnt, 27 = 9
x
^33h = ^3 h2 (UwK mokhd 3 Mf khWf)
3x
2
3 = 3 ( 3x =2 ( x = 2
3
2

` log27 9 =
3

(iii)
x = log16 ` 1 j vf.
32
x
vdnt, 16 = 1 (mLFF mik)
32
x
^24h = 1 (UwK mokhd 2 Mf khWf)

^2h5
2 = 2- ( 4x = - 5 ( x = - 5
4x
` log16 ` 1 j = - 5
4
32
vLJfhL 2.9

tU rkghLfis f.
1
(i) log5 x =- 3 (ii) x = log 1 64 (iii) log x 8 = 2 (iv) log x 7 6 = 1

3
4

(i)
(ii)
log5 x =- 3
3
(mLFF mik)
5- = x
x = 13 ( x = 1
125
5
x = log 1 64
4
x
` 1 j = 64
(mLFF mik)
4
x
1x = 43 ( 4- = 43 ( x = - 3
4
26
bkbaf jhd ma
FpLf kW kliff
(iii) log x 8
=2
x2
= 8
8 =2 2
log x 7 6 = 1
3
(iv)
1
6
(mLFF mik)
( x 3 = 7 6
1 1
(mLFF mik)
1 1
1
3
3
7 = `7 2 j vd vGJf. d, x 3 = `7 2 j
` x = 72 =
klif f
1. bgUf : xnu mokhdij cila U if vf
bgUfgy klifahdJ, mU vf kliff
TLjYF rkkhF. mjhtJ,
log a (M # N) = log a M + log a N ; a, m, n if vf, a ! 1
2. tFj : xnu mokhdij cila U if vf tFj

klifahdJ, bjhF klifUJ gF klifia
fjYF rkkhF.mjhtJ,
log a ` M j = log a M - log a N ; a, m, n if vf, a ! 1
N
3. mLF : xU v mL klifahdJ mj v
klifid mLfh bgUFtjF rkkhF. mjhtJ,
log a ^ M hn = n log a M ; a, m if vf, a ! 1
4. mokhd khw : M, a, b vgd if vf kW a ! 1 , b ! 1

v,

iu :
log a M = ^log b M h # ^log a bh

(i)
a xU if v kW a ! 1 v, log a a = 1.
(ii) a xU if v kW a ! 1 v, log a 1 = 0.
(iii) a kW b if vf a ! 1 , b ! 1 v, ^log a bh # ^log b ah = 1

kW log a b = 1 .
log b a
(iv) a kW b if vf kW b ! 1 v, blogb a = a .
27
maha
(v) a > 0 v, log a 0 tiuaWfgliy.
(vi) b,x kW y if vf, b ! 1 kW log b x = log b y v, x = y MF.

j kWjiy cik.
(vii) vyh kliffY mokhd 1 Mf yhk ghJ bfhsntL.

Vbd, mokhd 1 cila klifia fUdh, vLJfhlhf,
log1 9 I fUdh, j k x v, x = log1 9 myJ 1 x = 9 vd
ilwJ. Mdh vj bkba x -F 1 x = 9 vd ilfhJ.
vLJfhL 2.10

(ii) log5 4 + log5 ` 1 j

100
RUFf (i) log5 25 + log5 625
(i) log5 25 + log5 625 = log5 ^25 # 625h
(a log a ^ M # N h = log a M + log a N )
= log5 ^52 # 54h = log5 56 = 6 log5 5 (a log a ^ M hn = n log a M )
= 6^1 h = 6
(a log a a = 1)
(ii) log5 4 + log5 ` 1 j = log5 `4 # 1 j

100
100
(a log a ^ M # N h = log a M + log a N )
= log5 ` 1 j = log5 c 12 m = log5 5- 2 = - 2 log5 5

25
5
= - 2^1 h = - 2
(a log a ^ M hn = n log a M )
(a log a a = 1)
vLJfhL 2.11

RUFf log8 128 - log8 16
log8 128 - log8 16 = log8 128

16
(a log a ` M j = log a M - log a N )

N
(a log a a = 1)
= log8 8 = 1
vLJfhL 2.12

log10 125 = 3 - 3 log10 2 vd %.
3 - 3 log10 2 = 3 log10 10 - 3 log10 2 = log10 103 - log10 23

= log10 1000 - log10 8 = log10 1000

8
= log10 125
` log10 125 = 3 - 3 log10 2

28
bkbaf jhd ma
FpLf kW kliff
vLJfhL 2.13
log3 2 # log4 3 # log5 4 # log6 5 # log7 6 # log8 7 = 1 vd %.
3
log3 2 # log4 3 # log5 4 # log6 5 # log7 6 # log8 7

= ^log3 2 # log4 3h # ^log5 4 # log6 5h # ^log7 6 # log8 7h
= log4 2 # log6 4 # log8 6 = ^log4 2 # log6 4h # log8 6 (a log a M = log b M # log a b )
= log6 2 # log8 6 = log8 2 =
1
1
=
3 log2 2
log2 23
= 1
(a log2 2 = 1)
3
1
log2 8
(a log a b =
1 )
log b a
(a log a ^ M hn = n log a M )
vLJfhL 2.14

25- 2 log5 3 kig fhf.
25- 2 log5 3

= ^52h- 2 log5 3 = 5- 4 log5 3

=5
log5 3-4
(a n log a M = log a M n )
= 3- 4 = 14 = 1
81
3
(a blogb a = a)
vLJfhL 2.15

f log16 x + log4 x + log2 x = 7
log16 x + log4 x + log2 x = 7

1
+ 1 + 1 = 7
log x 16 log x 4 log x 2
1 + 1 + 1 =7
log x 24 log x 22 log x 2
1
+ 1
+ 1 = 7
4 log x 2 2 log x 2 log x 2
(a log a b =
1 )
log b a
(a n log a M = log a M n )
1 1
7
1
1
8 4 + 2 + 1 B log 2 = 7 ( 8 4 B log 2 = 7
x
x
1 = 7# 4
log x 2
7
1 )
log b a
(mLFF mik)
log2 x = 4 (a log a b =
24 = x
`
x = 16
29
maha
vLJfhL 2.16

1
= 1
2 + log x 10 3
1
= 1
2 + log x 10
3
FWF bgUf bra, eh bgWtJ
2 + log x 10 = 3

( log x 10 = 3 - 2 = 1
x1 = 10
(mLFF mik)
` x = 10
vLJfhL 2.17

f log3 ^log2 xh = 1
(1)
log2 x = y vf.
wF, log3 y = 1

31 = y
(mLFF mik)
` y = 3
y = 3 vd (1) gl log2 x = 3 vd ilwJ.
vdnt, 23 = x
` x = 8
(mLFF mik)
vLJfhL 2.18

f log2 ^3x - 1h - log2 ^ x - 2h = 3
log2 ^3x - 1h - log2 ^ x - 2h = 3

( a log a ` M j = log a M - log a N )
log2 ` 3x - 1 j = 3
N
x-2

(mLFF mik)
23 = 3x - 1
x-2

8 = 3x - 1
x-2

FWF bgUf bra, eh bgWtJ
8^ x - 2h = 3x - 1 ( 8x - 16 = 3x - 1
8x - 3x = - 1 + 16 ( 5x = 15
` x =3
30
bkbaf jhd ma
FpLf kW kliff
vLJfhL 2.19
log5 1125 = 2 log5 6 - 1 log5 16 + 6 log49 7 vd %.
2
2 log5 6 - 1 log5 16 + 6 log49 7
2
= log5 6 - log5 (16) 2 + 3 # 2 log49 7 = log5 36 - log5 4 + 3 log49 7
= log5 ` 36 j + 3 log49 49 = log5 9 + 3^1 h

4
= log5 9 + 3 log5 5 = log5 9 + log5 ^5h3
= log5 9 + log5 125 = log5 ^9 # 125h = log5 1125
` log5 1125 = 2 log5 6 - 1 log5 16 + 6 log49 7
2
vLJfhL 2.20

f log5 7x - 4 - 1 = log5 x + 2
2
1
log5 7x - 4 -
= log5 x + 2
2

log5 7x - 4 - log5 x + 2 = 1
2
x
7
4
1
- m =

log5 c
2
x+2

log5 ` 7x - 4 j2 =
x+2
1 log 7x - 4 =
2 8 5 ` x + 2 jB
1
2
1
2
( a log a M = n log a M )
log5 ` 7x - 4 j = 1
x+2
1
5 = 7x - 4 (mLFF mik)
x+2
( a log a ` M j = log a M - log a N )

N
7x 4 = 5(x + 2)
FWF bgUf bra,
7x - 4 = 5x + 10 ( 7x - 5x = 10 + 4
2x = 14
` x = 7
g 2.2
1.
tU TWf vit r myJ jtW vd fhf.
(i) log5 125 = 3
(ii)
(iii) log4 ^6 + 3h = log4 6 + log4 3
log2 25
(iv) log2 ` 25 j =

log2 3
3
(v) log 1 3 = - 1
(vi) log a ^ M - N h = log a M ' log a N
log 1 8 = 3
2
31
maha
2.
tUtdtF rkkhd klif mikid fhf.
(i) 24 = 16
= 1
(v) 25 2 = 5
(vi) 12- 2 = 1
4
144
tUtdtF rkkhd mLFF mikid fhf.
3.

4.

(ii) 35 = 243
(iii) 10- 1 = 0.1
-2
3
(iv) 8
(ii) log9 3 = 1
2
1
(v) log64 ` j = - 1
(iv) log 3 9 = 4
2
8
tUtdt kid fhf.
(i) log6 216 = 3
(i) log3 ` 1 j
81
(iv) log 1 8
2
(iii) log5 1 = 0
(vi) log0.5 8 = - 3
5
(ii) log7 343
(iii) log6 6
(v) log10 0.0001
(vi) log 3 9 3
5.
tU rkghLfis f.
(i) log2 x = 1
2
(iv) log x 125 5 = 7
6.
tUtdtiw RUFf.
(i) log10 3 + log10 3
(iii) log7 21 + log7 77 + log7 88 - log7 121 - log7 24 (iv) log8 16 + log 52 -
(v) 5 log10 2 + 2 log10 3 - 6 log64 4
7.
tU xbthU rkghoid f.
(i) log4 ^ x + 4h + log4 8 = 2
(ii) log6 ^ x + 4h - log6 ^ x - 1h =1
(iii) log2 x + log4 x + log8 x = 11

6
(iv) log4 ^8 log2 xh = 2
(v) log10 5 + log10 ^5x + 1h = log10 ^ x + 5h + 1
(vi) 4 log2 x - log2 5 = log2 125
(vii) log3 25 + log3 x = 3 log3 5
(viii) log3 ^ 5x - 2 h - 1 = log3 ^ x + 4 h

2
8.
log a 2 = x , log a 3 = y kW log a 5 = z v, tU xbth kid

x , y kW z t _y fhf.
(i) log a 15
(ii) log a 8
(iii) log a 30
(iv) log a ` 27 j
125
(v) log a `3 1 j
3
(vi) log a 1.5
(ii) log 1 x = 3
(iii) log3 y = - 2
(v) log x 0.001 = 3
(vi) x + 2 log27 9 = 0
(ii) log25 35 - log25 10

1
log13 8
(vi) log10 8 + log10 5 - log10 4
8
32
bkbaf jhd ma
FpLf kW kliff
9.
tUtdtiw %f.
(i) log10 1600 = 2 + 4 log10 2
(ii) log10 12500 = 2 + 3 log10 5
(iii) log10 2500 = 4 - 2 log10 2
(iv) log10 0.16 = 2 log10 4 - 2
(v) log5 0.00125 = 3 - 5 log5 10
(vi) log5 1875 = 1 log5 36 - 1 log5 8 + 20 log32 2

2
2.4 bghJ kliff (Common Logarithms)

fzLfSF jrk vQU mogil vzhd 10 I mokhdF
jf ahd vzhf vLJ bfhsgLwJ. mokhd 10 Mf cs kliff
bghJ kliff vdgL. vdnt, tU fzFf klifahdJ
mokhd yhk gagLjgLwJ. mjhtJ, log N vgJ log10 N vd bghU
bfhsgLwJ. tU mltizia fUJf.
v N
0.0001 0.001 0.01
N mLF
F mik
10-
log N
0.1
10- 3 10- 2 10- 1
10
10
0
100
10
10
1000
10
10000
10

vdnt N vgJ 10 KG v mLF v, log N vgJ xU KG MF.
3.16 myJ 31.6 myJ 316- klif vd?
nghJ, 3.16 = 10
0.4997
1.4997
; 31.6 = 10
; 316 = 10
2.4997
` log 3.16 = 0.4997 ; log 31.6 = 1.4997 ; log 316 = 2.4997 .

1 UJ 10 tiu cs xU v klif 0 UJ 1 tiu cs
xU v MF; 10 UJ 100 tiu cs xU v klif 1 UJ 2
tiu cs xU v MF. Jnghnw kw vf kliffS mik.

xU klif KGv gF neTW (characteristic) vd jrkd
gF gkhdTW (mantissa) vd miHfgLwJ. vLJfhlhf,

log 3.16 = 0.4997 ; neTW 0 kW gkhdTW 0.4997

log 31.6 = 1.4997 ; neTW 1 kW gkhdTW 0.4997

log 316 = 2.4997 ; neTW 2 kW gkhdTW 0.4997

xiw l Fiwthd vf klif xU Fiw v MF. xU v
klif Fiw vzhf Uj nghY, mj gkhdTid vnghJ if
vzhfnt vLJ bfhnwh.

neTid fhgjF ma FpL xU wghd
2
bfhLwJ. ma Fpo, 316 = 3.16 # 10 . vdnt, eh bgWtJ

Kiwia
log 316 = log (3.16 # 10 )

= log 3.16 + log 10
= 0.4997 + 2 = 2.4997 .
vdnt, 10 mLF klif neTid fhgjF gagLwJ.
33
maha
vLJfhL 2.21

tUtdt neTid vGJf.
(i) log 27.91
(ii) log 0.02871
(iii) log 0.000987
(iv) log 2475.

(i)
ma Fpo, 27.91 = 2.791 # 10
` neTW = 1
ma Fpo, 0.02871 = 2.871 # 10-
(ii)
` neTW = 2
(iii) ma Fpo, 0.000987 = 9.87 # 10-
` neTW = 4
(iv) ma Fpo, 2475 = 2.475 # 10
` neTW = 3
tU fgo xU v neTid ghj cl
k h f Ko.

(i)
xW myJ xiw l mfkhd xU v neTW Fiwaw (nonnegative)kilaJ. nkY mJ jrkF K cs yff

vifia l xW Fiwthf UF.
(ii) xiw l Fiwthd xU v neTW Fiw (negative) kilaJ

nkY mJ jrkia mLJ cldoahf bjhlJ tU
af vifia l xW mfkhf UF. neT
Fiw Fia 1, 2, ... vd vGJnth. vLJfhlhf, 0.0316- neTW 2 .
(iii) gkhdTW vnghJ if MF.
vLJfhL 2.22

log 4586 = 3.6615 vd bfhLfgLsJ v, tUtdtiw fhf.

(i) log 45.86
(ii) log 45860
(iii) log 0.4586
(iv) log 0.004586
(v) log 0.04586
(vi) log 4.586
log 4586 gkhdTW 0.6615.

(i)
log 45.86 = 1.6615
(ii) log 45860 = 4.6615
(iii) log 0.4586 = - 1 + 0.6615 = 1 .6615
(v) log 0.04586 = - 2 + 0.6615 = 2 .6615 (vi) log 4.586 = 0.6615

34
(iv) log 0.004586 = - 3 + 0.6615 = 3.6615
bkbaf jhd ma
FpLf kW kliff
2.4.1 klifia fhQ Kiw

xU v neTW Vfdnt TwglJ nghy v ma Ko
vgjh, klif mltiz btW gkhdTWfis kLnk bfhoUF.
rk yffis tir khwhk bfhLs, Mdh jrk kL khWgL
vyh vf kliff gkhdTWfS xnw. gkhdTWf
ehF jrk Ujkhd vzhf bfhLfgLsJ.

klif mltiz tU _W gFfis bfhlJ.
(i)
(ii) mLJ gJ uf 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 vw jiyfis bfhL

gkhdTWfis bfhLsJ.
(iii) j ufSF mLJ ruhr ahr vw jiy L 9

uf csJ. j uf 1, 2, ..., 9 vw vfsh FfgLwJ.
Kj u 1.0, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3,...vd 9.9 tiu cs vfis bfhlJ.

tU vLJfho _y bfhLfgl xU v gkhdTid
vthW fhgJ vW eh sFnth.
1

bfhLfgl v 40.85 vf. jid 40.85 = 4.085 # 10 vd vGjyh.

` neTW 1 MF.

4.0 vw vQF vnu cs iu tUkhW klif mltiz
bfhLfgLsJ.
ruhr ahrf
0
4.0
.6021 .6031
.6042
.6053
.6064
.6075
.6085 .6096 .6107 .6117
10

N = 4.0 F neuhf yf 8 MtJ uYF nH cs viz eh Ff
mj v 0.6107 . wF ruhr ahr 5 MtJ uYF nH cs v 0.0005
I vLJbfhs njitahd gkhdTW 0.6107 + 0.0005 = 0.6112.
` log 40.85 = 1.6112 .

2.4.2 vkliff (Antilogarithms)

xU v klif x v, mj v x vklif vd miHfgL.
ij antilog x vd vGjyh. mjhtJ, log y = x v, y = antilog x MF.
2.4.3 vklifia fhQ Kiw

jf fil bfhLfgLs vklif mltiz _y xU
v vklifia fhzyh. j mltiz vklif k
ehF jrk Ujkhf bfhLfgLsJ.

vklifia fhz, eh gkhdTiw kL fU bfhsntL.
KGv gF vjid yff csJ vd fhz myJ jrkF
mLJ vjid af csJ vd fhz eh neTiw gagLJnwh.

klif mltizia vthW gagLj ntL vW nkny
Fnlhnkh mJ nghynt vklif mltizia gagLj ntL.
35
maha
jf fil bfhLfgLs klif mltizia

ehF yfis bfhl vfSF kLnk gagLj Ko.
vdnt gF fgL vyh klif fzFfY vfis ehF yf
vfshf kh bfhnwh.
F:
vLJfhL 2.23

(i) log 86.76
(ii) log 730.391
(iii) log 0.00421526 fhf.
(i) 86.76 = 8.676 # 10
(ma FpL)
` neTW 1 MF. gkhdTiw fhz 8.676 vw viz

vLJbfhsntL.
mltizUJ, log 8.67
= 0.9380
6- ruhr ahr
= 0.0003
log 8.676 = 0.9380 + 0.0003 = 0.9383
` log 86.76 = 1.9383
(ii) 730.391 = 7.30391 # 102
(ma FpL)

vLJ bfhsntL. ij 7.304 (ehfhtJ jrk yf 9, 5 I
l bgaJ) vd vLJbfhs ntL.
mltizUJ, log 7.30 = 0.8633
4- ruhr ahr
log 7.304 = 0.8633 + 0.0002 = 0.8635
= 0.0002
log 730.391 = 2.8635
(iii) 0.00421526 = 4.21526 # 10- 3
(ma FpL)

vLJbfhs ntL. ij 4.215 vd vLJbfhs ntL.
(ehfhtJ jrk yf 2, 5 I l Fiw).
mltizUJ, log 4.21 = 0.6243
5- ruhr ahr
= 0.0005
log 4.215 = 0.6243 + 0.0005 = 0.6248

` log 0.00421526 = - 3 + 0.6248 = 3.6248
36
bkbaf jhd ma
FpLf kW kliff
vLJfhL 2.24
tUtdt vklifid fhf.
(i) 1.8652
(ii) 0.3269 (iii) 2.6709
(i)
neTW 1 MF. vdnt mj v, KGv gF uL
yffis bfhLsJ. gkhdTW 0.8652.

mltizUJ, antilog 0.865 = 7.328
2- ruhr ahr = 0.003
antilog 0.8652 = 7.328 + 0.003 = 7.331
antilog 1.8652 = 73.31
(ii) neTW 0 MF. vdnt mj v, KGv gF xU yfij
bfhLsJ. gkhdTW 0.3269.

9- ruhr ahr = 0.004
` antilog 0.3269 = 2.118 + 0.004 = 2.122

(iii) neTW - 2 . vdnt mj v KGv gF UfhJ. nkY

jrkia mLJ cldoahf xU a UF. gkhdTW
0.6709.
9- ruhr ahr = 0.010
antilog 0.6709 = 4.677 + 0.010 = 4.687
` antilog 2.6709 = 0.04687
vLJfhL 2.25

(i) 42.6 # 2.163

(i)
x = 42.6 # 2.163 vf. UwK klif vLf, eh bgWtJ
(ii) 23.17 # 0.009321 Mat kid fhf.
log x = log ^42.6 # 2.163h

= log 42.6 + log 2.163

= 1.6294 + 0.3351 = 1.9645

` x = antilog 1.9645 = 92.15
37
maha
(ii) x = 23.17 # 0.009321 vf. UwK klif vLf, eh bgWtJ
log x = log ^23.17 # 0.009321h = log 23.17 + log 0.009321
= 1.3649 + 3.9694 = 1 + 0.3649 - 3 + 0.9694
=- 2 + 1.3343 =- 2 + 1 + 0.3343
=- 1 + 0.3343 = 1.3343
x = antilog 1.3343 = 0.2159
vLJfhL 2.26

(i) ^36.27h6
(ii) ^0.3749h4
(iii)
0.2713 Mat kid fhf.
(i)
x = ^36.27h6 vf. UwK klif vLf, eh bgWtJ
log x = log ^36.27h6 = 6 log 36.27 = 6^1.5595h = 9.3570

` x = antilog 9.3570 = 2275000000

(ii) x = ^0.3749h4 vf. UwK klif vLf, eh bgWtJ
log x = log ^0.3749h4 = 4 log 0.3749 = 4^1.5739h = 4^- 1 + 0.5739h
= - 4 + 2.2956 = - 4 + 2 + 0.2956 = - 2 + 0.2956 = - 2.2956
= 2.2956
` x = antilog 2.2956 = 0.01975

(iii) x =
0.2713 = (0.2713) 5 vf. UwK klif vLf, eh bgWtJ

1
log x = log (0.2713) 5 = 1 log 0.2713

5
= 1 ^1.4335h = - 1 + 0.4335
5
5
^- 1 - 4h + 4 + 0.4335
=
5
= - 5 + 4.4335 = - 5 + 4.4335
5
5
5
=- 1 + 0.8867 = 1.8867
` x = antilog 1.8867 = 0.7703

38
bkbaf jhd ma
FpLf kW kliff
vLJfhL 2.27

RUFf
(i)
(46.7) # 65.2

(2.81) 3 # (4.23)
(ii)
(84.5) # 3 0.0064
2
(72.5) # 62.3
1
(i)
(46.7) # 65.2
x=
=
(2.81) 3 # (4.23)
46.7 # (65.2) 2
3
(2.81) # 4.23
vf.
UwK klif vLf, eh bgWtJ
log x = log >
46.7 # (65.2) 2
3
(2.81) # 4.23
H
1
= log 46.7 + log (65.2) 2 - log (2.81) - log 4.23

= log 46.7 + 1 log 65.2 - 3 log 2.81 - log 4.23
2
= 1.6693 + 1 (1.8142) - 3 (0.4487) - 0.6263
2
= 1.6693 + 0.9071 1.3461 0.6263
= 2.5764 1.9724 = 0.6040
` x = antilog 0.6040 = 4.018
(ii)
(84.5) # 3 0.0064
x =
2
(72.5) # 62.3
(84.5) # (0.0064) 3
=
vf.
1
2
(72.5) # (62.3) 2
UwK klif vLf, eh bgWtJ

1
(84.5) # (0.0064) 3
log x = log >
1 H
2
(72.5) # (62.3) 2
4
= log (84.5) + log (0.0064) 3 - log (72.5) - log (62.3) 2

= 4 log 84.5 + 1 log 0.0064 - 2 log 72.5 - 1 log 62.3
3
2
= 4(1.9269) + 1 (3.8062) - 2 (1.8603) - 1 (1.7945)
3
2
= 7.7076 + 1 (- 3 + 0.8062) - 3.7206 - 0.8973
3
= 3.0897 + (1+0.2687) = 3+0.08971+0.2687
= 2+0.3584 = 2.3584

` x = antilog2.3584 = 228.2
39
maha
vLJfhL 2.28
log4 13.26 - kig fhf.
log4 13.26
= log10 13.26 # log4 10
= log10 13.26 #
1
log10 4
(a log a M = log b M # log a b )

(a log a b =
1 )
log b a
= 1.1225 = x vf.
0.6021

wF x = 1.1225 . UwK klif vLf, eh bgWtJ
0.6021
log x = log ` 1.1225 j
0.6021
= log 1.1225 - log 0.6021 = 0.0503 - 1.7797
= 0.0503 - (- 1 + 0.7797) = 0.0503 + 1 - 0.7797
= 1.0503 - 0.7797 = 0.2706

` x = antilog 0.2706 = 1.865
g 2.3
1.
tUtdtiw ma Fpo vGJf
(i)
92.43
(ii) 0.9243
(iii) 9243
(iv) 924300
(v) 0.009243
(vi) 0.09243
2.
tUtdt neTid fhf.
(i) log 4576

(iv) log 0.0756
3.
log 23750- gkhdTW 0.3756 v, tUtdt kid fhf.
(i) log 23750

(iv) log 0.2375
4.
klif mltizia gagL tUtdt kid fhf.
(i) log 23.17

(iv) log 0.001364
5.
vklif mltizia gagL tUtdt kid fhf.
(i) antilog 3.072
(ii) antilog 1.759
(iii) antilog 1 .3826
(iv) antilog 3.6037
(v) antilog 0.2732
(vi) antilog 2.1798
(ii) log 24.56

(v) log 0.2798
(iii) log 0.00257

(vi) log 6.453
(ii) log 23.75

(v) log 23750000
(ii) log 9.321

(v) log 0.9876
(iii) log 2.375

(vi) log 0.00002375
(iii) log 329.5

(vi) log 6576
40
bkbaf jhd ma
FpLf kW kliff
6.
kLf.
(i) 816.3 # 37.42
(ii) 816.3 ' 37.42
(iii) 0.000645 # 82.3
(iv) 0.3421 ' 0.09782
(v) ^50.49h5
(vi)
(vii) 175.23 # 22.159

1828.56
(viii)
(ix)
^76.25h3 # 3 1.928
^42.75h5 # 0.04623
(x)
0.7214 # 20.37
69.8
28 # 5 729
46.35
(xi) log9 63.28
561.4
(xii) log3 7
2.5 mokhd Kiw

2.5.1 uL mokhd Kiw

eh dK gagLJ jrk vf Kiw gJ yffis bfhlJ.
mJ 0 Kj 9 tiu cs gjokhdKiwahF. kbwhU Kakhd v Kiw vgJ

ulokhd Kiw vdgL. J 0 kW 1 vw yffis bfhlJ. vdnt
ulokhd Kiw mokhd 2 MF.

vyh tifahd jftfis f nrf ulokhd Kiw Ka
gF twJ. W eh thF milfgl midJ bghUfY bghJ

jah FpL (Universal Product Code) csJ. xU x tUo (Optical Scanner)
MdJ m cs fW btis gilfis ulokhd FpLfshf kh
fF mD mjDila rahd jah kW iyia bjJ bfhs
cjwJ.

xU FWjfo iria v FpLfshf kh gagLwJ. mj jfo
nk nyr x gL vbuhF nghJ mJ L ir Fplhf khwgLwJ.

khw vgij 1 vd khw yhjij 0 vd gagLwJ. j U gkhd
bjhlahdJ irahf khwgLwJ.

btntW tifahd v Kiwfis gagLJ nghJ FHg
VgLtij jf xbthU v KiwfY mokhdij FL

vGjgL UwJ.

vLJfhlhf, 156 vw jrk viz 15610 vd 10011100 vw ulokhd
viz 100111002 vd vGj ntL.

ulokhd 0 kW 1 vw U vfis kLnk gagLJnwh.
ulokhd l kf ., 24, 23, 22, 21, 20.

41
maha
F : ulokhd 2 ilahJ

mjhtJ (1, 10, 11, 100, 101, 110, 111, 1000, 1001, 1010, 1011, 1111, ..)
vLJfhlhf v 10011 (mokhd 2)
vgJ: 124+023+022+121+120 = 16+2+1=19(mokhd 10)
(I)
jbghGJ gjokhd vfis ulokhd vfshf khWj
vLJfhL 2.29

3510 I ulokhd vzhf khW.
35
17 - 1
8 - 1
4 - 0
2 - 0
>
eh 2 M tFJ bfhnl brY nghJ ilF
1 - 0
>
` 3510 = 1000112
vLJfhL 2.30
29
14 - 1
7 - 0
3 - 1
1 -1
>
` 2910 = 111012
(II) eh ulokhd vfis gjokhd vfshf khw Ka brnth.

vLJfhL 2.31

11100112 I gjokhd vzhf khW.

42
bkbaf jhd ma
FpLf kW kliff
11100112 = 1 26+ 125+1 24+0 23 + 0 22+ 1 21+1 20
= 64 + 32 +16 + 0 + 0 + 2 + 1 = 11510
` 111000112 = 11510
vLJfhL 2.32

1111112 = 1 25+ 124+1 23+1 22+ 1 21+ 1 20
= 32+16+8+4+2+1 = 6310
` 1111112 = 6310
2.5.2 5 mokhd Kiw

bghah ehoYs y gHFod 5 mokhd v Kiwia gagLd.
Mdh jbghGJ mj d mJlJ.

Ijokhd 0, 1, 2, 3 kW 4 vw vfis kLnk gagLJnwh.
Ijokhd 5 ilahJ.
Ijokhd l kf .54,53, 52, 51, 50
vLJfhlhf 34215 = 3 53+ 452+2 51+1 50

e if cs ufis gagL j Kiwia vjhf J
bfhsyh. 1, 2, 3, 4, xU if, xU if xW, xU if uL, xU if _W, xU if
ehF, uL iff vwthW Mufyh.

[1, 2, 3, 4, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 20,.

34215 ij _W ehF uL xW mokhd 5 vd gofntL.
vLJfhL 2.33

62410 I Ijokhd vzhf khW.
eh 5 M tFJ bfhnl brY nghJ ilF
624
124 - 4
24 - 4
4 - 4
>
` 62410 = 44445
43
maha
vLJfhL 2.34

987510 I Ijokhd vzhf khW.
9875
1975 - 0
395 - 0
79 - 0
15 - 4
>
3 - 0
>
` 987510 = 3040005
vLJfhL 2.35


34215 = 3 53+ 452+2 51+1 50
= 375+100+10+1
= 48610
` 34215 = 48610
vLJfhL 2.36
403245 = 4 54+ 053+3 52+2 51 + 450
= 2500+0 + 75 +10+4
= 258910
` 403245 = 258910
2.5.3 8 mokhd Kiw

vlokhd 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 kW 7 vw vfis kLnk gagLJnwh.
vlokhd 8 ilahJ.
vlokhd l kf ... 87, 86, 85, 84, 83, 82, 81, 80.
vLJfhlhf, 1268 = 1 82+ 281+6 80
= 164 + 28+61
= 64+16 + 6
= 8610
44
bkbaf jhd ma
FpLf kW kliff
vLJfhL 2.37
789310 I vlokhd vzhf khW.
7893
986 - 5
123 - 2
15 - 3
>
1 -7
>
7893
=
17325
`
10
8
vLJfhL 2.38
13478 = 1 83 + 3 82 + 4 81 + 7 80
= 1 512 + 364 + 48 + 71
= 512+192+32+7
= 74310
` 13478 = 74310
g 2.4
1. 4510 I ulokhd vzhf khW.
2. 7310 I ulokhd vzhf khW.
3. 11010112 I gjokhd vzhf khW. 4. 1112 I gjokhd vzhf khW.

5. 98710 I Ijokhd vzhf khW.
6. 123810 I Ijokhd vzhf khW.
7. 102345 I gjokhd vzhf khW. 8. 2114235 I gjokhd vzhf khW.

9. 9856710 I vlokhd vzhf khW.
10. 68810 I vlokhd vzhf khW.
11. 471568 I gjokhd vzhf khW. 12. 58510 I ulokhd, Ijokhd

kW vlokhd vzhf khW.
45
maha
g 2.5
1.
923.4 ma FpL
(A) 9.234 # 10-
2.
0.00036 ma FpL
(A) 3.6 # 10-
3.
2.57 # 10 jrk tot
(A) 257
4.
3.506 # 10- jrk tot
(A) 0.03506
5.
5 = 25 klif tot
(A) log5 2 = 25
6.

7.

8.

9.
(B) 9.234 # 10
(C) 9.234 # 10
(B) 3.6 # 10
(D) 9.234 # 10-
(C) 3.6 # 10-
(D) 3.6 # 10
(C) 25700
(D) 257000
(C) 35.06
(D) 350.6
(C) log5 25 = 2
(D) log25 5 = 2
(B) 2570
2
(B) 0.003506
(B) log2 5 = 25
log2 16 = 4 mLF F tot

4
16
(B) 4 = 16
(A) 2 = 16
log 3 ` 4 j k
3
4
(A) 2
(B) 1
16
(C) 2 = 4
(D) 4 = 2
(C) 2
(D) 1
log49 7 k
(A) 2 (B) 1
2
log 1 4 k
(C) 1
7
(D) 1
(B) 0
(C) 1
2
(D) 2
(C) 1
(D) 1
(A) 2
10.
log10 8 + log10 5 - log10 4 =
(A) log10 9
(B) log10 36
46
bkbaf jhd ma
FpLf kW kliff
id bfhf...
xU v N I ma Fpo 1 # a 1 10 vd cs jrkv kW
10 KG mLF Mat bgUf gydhf vGjyh. mjhtJ,
N = a # 10 n F 1 # a 1 10 kW n xU KG.
x
a = b (a > 0, a ! 1) v, x vgJ mokhd a cila b- klifahF.

ij x = log a b vd vGJnth.
bgUf : log a (M # N) = log a M + log a N ; a, M,N if vf, a ! 1
tFj : log a ` M j = log a M - log a N ; a, M, N if vf, a ! 1

N
n
mLF : log a (M) = n log a M ; a, M if vf, a ! 1
mokhd khw : log a M = log b M # log a b, a ! 1, b ! 1 .
xU klif KGv gF neTW (characteristic) vd

jrkd gF gkhdTW (mantissa) vd miHfgLwJ.
bra 1
log10 2 kW log10 3 I klif mltizia gagLjhk njhuha kig fhf.

eh mtJ
10
2 = 1024
10
2 { 1000 (mUfhik cs 10 mLFF rkkhd v)
2 { 10
2 { 10 10
2 { 10
0.3
log10 2 { 0.3
nj ngh 34 = 81 { 80 = 8 # 10 = 23 # 10
&
10
34 { 23 # 10
UwK klif vLf
&
log10 3 { log10 (2 # 10)

47
maha
&
4 log10 3 { 3 log10 2 + log10 10
&
4 log10 3 { 3 # 0.3 + 1
log10 3 { 1.9
4
log10 3 { 0.475
nj ngh log10 4, log10 8 kW log10 12 njhuhakfis fhf.
bra 2
log12 144 kig fhf.

(i) klif mltizia gagL

(ii) klif mltizia gagLjhk
bra 3
klif mltizia gagL 210, 325, 450, 580 yff
vifia fhf.
bra 4
nH bfhLfgLs mltizia brf.
t.v
vf
ma
FpL
neTW
-2
1.
25.6
2.56 # 10
2.
0.0154
1.54 # 10
3.
4.
5.
375.4
4022
0.234
6.
0.00056
gkhd
TW
0.4082
0.1875
mj v
klif
1.4082
2.1875
0.5745
3
1
3.6044
1.3692
0.7482
48
bkbaf jhd ma
FpLf kW kliff
bra 5

31
taFgl
egf
j
fl mltizia ghf.
mltiz vbjj u mtfSila
A
B
C
D
E
taJ csJ vd Tdh mtfSila
1
2
4
8
16
taij v fhz Ko.
3
3
5
9
17

vLJfhlhf, #h vgt taJ
5
6
6
10
18
A, B kW D Ma uf csJ vd
7
7
7
11
19
Tdh mj uf Kj iu cs
9
10
12
12
20
vfis Todh #h taJ ilF.
11
11
13
13
21

` #h taJ 1+2+8=11.
13
14
14
14
22

uhjh taJ 14 vd bfhlh
15
15
15
15
23
mtUila
taJ vbjj uf UF?
17
18
20
24
24
19
19
21
25
25
21
22
22
26
26

2
14
23
23
23
27
27

2
7 - 0
25
26
28
28
28

2
3 - 1
27
27
29
29
29
29
31
30
31
30
31
30
31
30
31
1 - 1
vdnt, uhjh taJ B,C,D vw uf

UF.
bra 6
X vGij idj

ja brJ 26 vGJf UJ X vGij idJ bfh. f
idj vGJ fl 5 uf csjh vd gh? ja brJ uf

vfis TWf. eh f idj viz TWnw.
49
maha
1
A
C
E
G
I
K
M
O
Q
S
U
W
Y
2
B
C
F
G
J
K
N
O
R
S
V
W
Z
3
D
E
F
G
L
M
N
O
T
U
V
W
-
4
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
X
Y
Z
-
5
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z
-
vLJfhlhf : xUt mt idj vGJ 1,2

kW 5 vw uf csJ vd TWwh.
: 1+2+16=19. mj vGJ 19 MtJ vGJ
S MF.
u 1=1, u 2=2, u 3=4, u 4=8, u 5=16.
vGJf cs X vGij TW eh mj
vGJ vj uf csJ vd TWnw.
vLJfhlhf : xUt mt njbjLfgl
vGJ U vd TWwh.
: U vgJ 21 MtJ vGJ.
2
21
10 - 1
5 - 0
2 - 1
1 - 0

mj vGJ 1, 3 kW 5 vw
uf csJ.
MATHEMATICS IN LIFE
Why do we study Mathematics?
We must study Mathematics.
To ADD noble qualities
To SUBTRACT bad habits
To MULTIPLY love and friendship
To DIVIDE equal thoughts among us
To ROOT-OUT dreadful caste and creed
To EQUATE rich and poor in the society
To ELIMINATE social evils
To DIFFERENTIATE good from bad
To INTEGRATE People of our country
To MINIMISE our ignorance
To MAXIMIZE our IQ and EQ
To EXPAND our unity among the world
To SIMPLIFY our difficulties and
To be RATIONAL and dynamic.
50
bkbaf jhd ma
FpLf kW kliff
g 2.1
11
1. (i) 7.493 # 10

(iii) 1.05003 # 10
(v) 9.6 # 10-
14
(iv) 5.436 # 10
(vi) 1.3307 # 10- (vii) 2.2 # 10- (viii) 9.0 # 10-
2. (i) 0.00000325

(ii) 1.3 # 10
(ii) 0.0004134
(iii) 41340
13
(iv) 18600000
(v) 9870000000 (vi) 0.000000001432

13
28
3. (i) 6.4 # 10 (ii) 3.375 # 10 (iii) 2.56 # 10 (iv) 6.9984 # 10- (v) 3.993 # 10
g 2.2
1. (i) r (ii) jtW (iii) jtW (iv) jtW (v) r
(vi) jtW
(ii) log3 243 = 5 (iii) log10 0.1 =- 1 (iv) log8 ` 1 j =- 2

4
3
(v) log25 5 = 1 (vi) log12 ` 1 j =- 2
2
144
1
-1
4
3
0
3
3. (i) 6 = 216 (ii) 9 2 = 3 (iii) 5 = 1 (iv) ^ 3 h = 9 (v) (64) 2 = 1 (vi) (.5) - = 8
8
2. (i) log2 16 = 4
4. (i) - 4 (ii) 3 (iii) 5 (iv) - 3 (v) - 4 (vi) 5

5. (i) x = 2 (ii) x = 1 (iii) y = 1 (iv) x = 5 (v) x = 10
125
9
6. (i) log10 9
(ii) log25 ` 7 j (iii) 2

2
7. (i) x =- 2 (ii) x = 2

(vi) x =- 4
3
(iv) 2 (v) log10 ` 72 j (vi) 1

25
(iii) x = 2 (iv) x = 4 (v) x = 3 (vi) x = 5 (vii) x = 5
(viii) x = 7 8. (i) y + z (ii) 3x (iii) x + y + z (iv) 3^ y - zh (v) x - y + z (vi) y - x
g 2.3
1
1. (i) 9.243 # 10

(ii) 9.243 # 10- (iii) 9.243 # 10 (iv) 9.243 # 10

3
(v) 9.243 # 10- (vi) 9.243 # 10-
3. (i) 4.3756 (ii) 1.3756 (iii) 0.3756
2. (i) 3 (ii) 1 (iii) 3 (iv) 2 (v) 1 (vi) 0

(iv) 1.3756 (v) 7.3756
51
(vi) 5.3756
maha
4. (i) 1.3649 (ii) 0.9694 (iii) 2.5179
(iv) 3.1348 (v) 1.9946 (vi) 3.8180
5. (i) 1180 (ii) 57.41
(iii) 0.2413
(iv) 0.004015 (v) 1.876
6. (i) 30550 (ii) 21.82
(iii) 0.05309
(iv) 3.497
(vii) 2.122 (viii) 1.666 (ix) 0.08366
(vi) 0.01513
(v) 328100000 (vi) 8.249
(x) 0.5948 (xi) 1.888 (xii) 1.772
g 2.4
1. 1011012
2. 10010012
3. 10710
4. 710
5. 124225
6. 144235
7. 69410
8. 711310
9. 3004078
10. 12608
11. 2003810
12. 10010010012, 43025, 11118.
g 2.5
1. B 2. C 3. B
4. A 5. C
6. A
7. D 8. B
52
9. A 10. C
bkbaf jhd ma
FpLf kW kliff
LOGARITHM TABLE
Mean Difference
0
1.0
0.0000
0.0043
0.0086
0.0128
0.0170
0.0212
0.0253
0.0294
0.0334
0.0374
12
17
21
25
29
33
37
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
0.0414
0.0792
0.1139
0.1461
0.1761
0.0453
0.0828
0.1173
0.1492
0.1790
0.0492
0.0864
0.1206
0.1523
0.1818
0.0531
0.0899
0.1239
0.1553
0.1847
0.0569
0.0934
0.1271
0.1584
0.1875
0.0607
0.0969
0.1303
0.1614
0.1903
0.0645
0.1004
0.1335
0.1644
0.1931
0.0682
0.1038
0.1367
0.1673
0.1959
0.0719
0.1072
0.1399
0.1703
0.1987
0.0755
0.1106
0.1430
0.1732
0.2014
4
3
3
3
3
8
7
6
6
6
11
10
10
9
8
15
14
13
12
11
19
17
16
15
14
23
21
19
18
17
26
24
23
21
20
30
28
26
24
22
34
31
29
27
25
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
2.0
0.2041
0.2304
0.2553
0.2788
0.3010
0.2068
0.2330
0.2577
0.2810
0.3032
0.2095
0.2355
0.2601
0.2833
0.3054
0.2122
0.2380
0.2625
0.2856
0.3075
0.2148
0.2405
0.2648
0.2878
0.3096
0.2175
0.2430
0.2672
0.2900
0.3118
0.2201
0.2455
0.2695
0.2923
0.3139
0.2227
0.2480
0.2718
0.2945
0.3160
0.2253
0.2504
0.2742
0.2967
0.3181
0.2279
0.2529
0.2765
0.2989
0.3201
3
2
2
2
2
5
5
5
4
4
8
7
7
7
6
11
10
9
9
8
13
12
12
11
11
16
15
14
13
13
18
17
16
16
15
21
20
19
18
17
24
22
21
20
19
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
0.3222
0.3424
0.3617
0.3802
0.3979
0.3243
0.3444
0.3636
0.3820
0.3997
0.3263
0.3464
0.3655
0.3838
0.4014
0.3284
0.3483
0.3674
0.3856
0.4031
0.3304
0.3502
0.3692
0.3874
0.4048
0.3324
0.3522
0.3711
0.3892
0.4065
0.3345
0.3541
0.3729
0.3909
0.4082
0.3365
0.3560
0.3747
0.3927
0.4099
0.3385
0.3579
0.3766
0.3945
0.4116
0.3404
0.3598
0.3784
0.3962
0.4133
2
2
2
2
2
4
4
4
4
3
6
6
6
5
5
8
8
7
7
7
10
10
9
9
9
12
12
11
11
10
14
14
13
12
12
16
15
15
14
14
18
17
17
16
15
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9
3.0
0.4150
0.4314
0.4472
0.4624
0.4771
0.4166
0.4330
0.4487
0.4639
0.4786
0.4183
0.4346
0.4502
0.4654
0.4800
0.4200
0.4362
0.4518
0.4669
0.4814
0.4216
0.4378
0.4533
0.4683
0.4829
0.4232
0.4393
0.4548
0.4698
0.4843
0.4249
0.4409
0.4564
0.4713
0.4857
0.4265
0.4425
0.4579
0.4728
0.4871
0.4281
0.4440
0.4594
0.4742
0.4886
0.4298
0.4456
0.4609
0.4757
0.4900
2
2
2
1
1
3
3
3
3
3
5
5
5
4
4
7
6
6
6
6
8
8
8
7
7
10
9
9
9
9
11
11
11
10
10
13
13
12
12
11
15
14
14
13
13
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
0.4914
0.5051
0.5185
0.5315
0.5441
0.4928
0.5065
0.5198
0.5328
0.5453
0.4942
0.5079
0.5211
0.5340
0.5465
0.4955
0.5092
0.5224
0.5353
0.5478
0.4969
0.5105
0.5237
0.5366
0.5490
0.4983
0.5119
0.5250
0.5378
0.5502
0.4997
0.5132
0.5263
0.5391
0.5514
0.5011
0.5145
0.5276
0.5403
0.5527
0.5024
0.5159
0.5289
0.5416
0.5539
0.5038
0.5172
0.5302
0.5428
0.5551
1
1
1
1
1
3
3
3
3
2
4
4
4
4
4
6
5
5
5
5
7
7
6
6
6
8
8
8
8
7
10
9
9
9
9
11
11
10
10
10
12
12
12
11
11
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9
4.0
0.5563
0.5682
0.5798
0.5911
0.6021
0.5575
0.5694
0.5809
0.5922
0.6031
0.5587
0.5705
0.5821
0.5933
0.6042
0.5599
0.5717
0.5832
0.5944
0.6053
0.5611
0.5729
0.5843
0.5955
0.6064
0.5623
0.5740
0.5855
0.5966
0.6075
0.5635
0.5752
0.5866
0.5977
0.6085
0.5647
0.5763
0.5877
0.5988
0.6096
0.5658
0.5775
0.5888
0.5999
0.6107
0.5670
0.5786
0.5899
0.6010
0.6117
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
4
3
3
3
3
5
5
5
4
4
6
6
6
5
5
7
7
7
7
6
8
8
8
8
8
10
9
9
9
9
11
10
10
10
10
4.1
0.6128
0.6138
0.6149
0.6160
0.6170
0.6180
0.6191
0.6201
0.6212
0.6222
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
0.6232
0.6335
0.6435
0.6532
0.6243
0.6345
0.6444
0.6542
0.6253
0.6355
0.6454
0.6551
0.6263
0.6365
0.6464
0.6561
0.6274
0.6375
0.6474
0.6571
0.6284
0.6385
0.6484
0.6580
0.6294
0.6395
0.6493
0.6590
0.6304
0.6405
0.6503
0.6599
0.6314
0.6415
0.6513
0.6609
0.6325
0.6425
0.6522
0.6618
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
5
5
5
5
6
6
6
6
7
7
7
7
8
8
8
8
9
9
9
9
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9
5.0
0.6628
0.6721
0.6812
0.6902
0.6990
0.6637
0.6730
0.6821
0.6911
0.6998
0.6646
0.6739
0.6830
0.6920
0.7007
0.6656
0.6749
0.6839
0.6928
0.7016
0.6665
0.6758
0.6848
0.6937
0.7024
0.6675
0.6767
0.6857
0.6946
0.7033
0.6684
0.6776
0.6866
0.6955
0.7042
0.6693
0.6785
0.6875
0.6964
0.7050
0.6702
0.6794
0.6884
0.6972
0.7059
0.6712
0.6803
0.6893
0.6981
0.7067
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
3
5
5
4
4
4
6
5
5
5
5
7
6
6
6
6
7
7
7
7
7
8
8
8
8
8
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
0.7076
0.7160
0.7243
0.7324
0.7084
0.7168
0.7251
0.7332
0.7093
0.7177
0.7259
0.7340
0.7101
0.7185
0.7267
0.7348
0.7110
0.7193
0.7275
0.7356
0.7118
0.7202
0.7284
0.7364
0.7126
0.7210
0.7292
0.7372
0.7135
0.7218
0.7300
0.7380
0.7143
0.7226
0.7308
0.7388
0.7152
0.7235
0.7316
0.7396
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
3
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
5
5
5
5
6
6
6
6
7
7
6
6
8
7
7
7
53
maha
LOGARITHM TABLE
Mean Difference
1
5.5
0.7404 0.7412 0.7419 0.7427 0.7435 0.7443 0.7451 0.7459 0.7466 0.7474
5.6
0.7482 0.7490 0.7497 0.7505 0.7513 0.7520 0.7528 0.7536 0.7543 0.7551
5.7
5.8
5.9
6.0
0.7559
0.7634
0.7709
0.7782
0.7627
0.7701
0.7774
0.7846
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
5
4
4
4
5
5
5
5
6
6
6
6
7
7
7
6
6.1
0.7853 0.7860 0.7868 0.7875 0.7882 0.7889 0.7896 0.7903 0.7910 0.7917
6.2
6.3
6.4
6.5
0.7924
0.7993
0.8062
0.8129
0.7931
0.8000
0.8069
0.8136
0.7938
0.8007
0.8075
0.8142
0.7945
0.8014
0.8082
0.8149
0.7952
0.8021
0.8089
0.8156
0.7959
0.8028
0.8096
0.8162
0.7966
0.8035
0.8102
0.8169
0.7973 0.7980 0.7987

0.8041 0.8048 0.8055
0.8109 0.8116 0.8122
0.8176 0.8182 0.8189
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
5
5
5
5
6
5
5
5
6
6
6
6
6.6
6.7
6.8
6.9
7.0
0.8195
0.8261
0.8325
0.8388
0.8451
0.8202
0.8267
0.8331
0.8395
0.8457
0.8209
0.8274
0.8338
0.8401
0.8463
0.8215
0.8280
0.8344
0.8407
0.8470
0.8222
0.8287
0.8351
0.8414
0.8476
0.8228
0.8293
0.8357
0.8420
0.8482
0.8235
0.8299
0.8363
0.8426
0.8488
0.8241
0.8306
0.8370
0.8432
0.8494
0.8248
0.8312
0.8376
0.8439
0.8500
0.8254
0.8319
0.8382
0.8445
0.8506
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
5
5
4
4
4
5
5
5
5
5
6
6
6
6
6
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4
7.5
0.8513
0.8573
0.8633
0.8692
0.8751
0.8519
0.8579
0.8639
0.8698
0.8756
0.8525
0.8585
0.8645
0.8704
0.8762
0.8531
0.8591
0.8651
0.8710
0.8768
0.8537
0.8597
0.8657
0.8716
0.8774
0.8543
0.8603
0.8663
0.8722
0.8779
0.8549
0.8609
0.8669
0.8727
0.8785
0.8555
0.8615
0.8675
0.8733
0.8791
0.8561
0.8621
0.8681
0.8739
0.8797
0.8567
0.8627
0.8686
0.8745
0.8802
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
3
4
4
4
4
4
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
7.6
7.7
7.8
7.9
8.0
0.8808
0.8865
0.8921
0.8976
0.9031
0.8814
0.8871
0.8927
0.8982
0.9036
0.8820
0.8876
0.8932
0.8987
0.9042
0.8825
0.8882
0.8938
0.8993
0.9047
0.8831
0.8887
0.8943
0.8998
0.9053
0.8837
0.8893
0.8949
0.9004
0.9058
0.8842
0.8899
0.8954
0.9009
0.9063
0.8848
0.8904
0.8960
0.9015
0.9069
0.8854
0.8910
0.8965
0.9020
0.9074
0.8859
0.8915
0.8971
0.9025
0.9079
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
5
4
4
4
4
5
5
5
5
5
8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4
8.5
0.9085
0.9138
0.9191
0.9243
0.9294
0.9090
0.9143
0.9196
0.9248
0.9299
0.9096
0.9149
0.9201
0.9253
0.9304
0.9101
0.9154
0.9206
0.9258
0.9309
0.9106
0.9159
0.9212
0.9263
0.9315
0.9112
0.9165
0.9217
0.9269
0.9320
0.9117
0.9170
0.9222
0.9274
0.9325
0.9122
0.9175
0.9227
0.9279
0.9330
0.9128
0.9180
0.9232
0.9284
0.9335
0.9133
0.9186
0.9238
0.9289
0.9340
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
5
5
5
5
5
8.6
8.7
8.8
8.9
9.0
0.9345
0.9395
0.9445
0.9494
0.9542
0.9350
0.9400
0.9450
0.9499
0.9547
0.9355
0.9405
0.9455
0.9504
0.9552
0.9360
0.9410
0.9460
0.9509
0.9557
0.9365
0.9415
0.9465
0.9513
0.9562
0.9370
0.9420
0.9469
0.9518
0.9566
0.9375
0.9425
0.9474
0.9523
0.9571
0.9380
0.9430
0.9479
0.9528
0.9576
0.9385
0.9435
0.9484
0.9533
0.9581
0.9390
0.9440
0.9489
0.9538
0.9586
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
3
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
4
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
5
4
4
4
4
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4
9.5
0.9590
0.9638
0.9685
0.9731
0.9777
0.9595
0.9643
0.9689
0.9736
0.9782
0.9600
0.9647
0.9694
0.9741
0.9786
0.9605
0.9652
0.9699
0.9745
0.9791
0.9609
0.9657
0.9703
0.9750
0.9795
0.9614
0.9661
0.9708
0.9754
0.9800
0.9619
0.9666
0.9713
0.9759
0.9805
0.9624
0.9671
0.9717
0.9763
0.9809
0.9628
0.9675
0.9722
0.9768
0.9814
0.9633
0.9680
0.9727
0.9773
0.9818
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
9.6
9.7
9.8
9.9
0.9823
0.9868
0.9912
0.9956
0.9827
0.9872
0.9917
0.9961
0.9832
0.9877
0.9921
0.9965
0.9836
0.9881
0.9926
0.9969
0.9841
0.9886
0.9930
0.9974
0.9845
0.9890
0.9934
0.9978
0.9850
0.9894
0.9939
0.9983
0.9854
0.9899
0.9943
0.9987
0.9859
0.9903
0.9948
0.9991
0.9863
0.9908
0.9952
0.9996
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
3
4
4
4
4
0.7566
0.7642
0.7716
0.7789
0.7574
0.7649
0.7723
0.7796
0.7582
0.7657
0.7731
0.7803
0.7589
0.7664
0.7738
0.7810
0.7597
0.7672
0.7745
0.7818
0.7604
0.7679
0.7752
0.7825
0.7612
0.7686
0.7760
0.7832
54
0.7619
0.7694
0.7767
0.7839
bkbaf jhd ma
FpLf kW kliff
ANTI LOGARITHM TABLE

Mean Difference
0.00
0
1.000
1
1.002
2
1.005
3
1.007
4
1.009
5
1.012
6
1.014
7
1.016
8
1.019
9
1.021
1
0
2
0
3
1
4
1
5
1
6
1
7
2
8
2
9
2
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
1.023
1.047
1.072
1.096
1.122
1.026
1.050
1.074
1.099
1.125
1.028
1.052
1.076
1.102
1.127
1.030
1.054
1.079
1.104
1.130
1.033
1.057
1.081
1.107
1.132
1.035
1.059
1.084
1.109
1.135
1.038
1.062
1.086
1.112
1.138
1.040
1.064
1.089
1.114
1.140
1.042
1.067
1.091
1.117
1.143
1.045
1.069
1.094
1.119
1.146
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09
0.10
1.148
1.175
1.202
1.230
1.259
1.151
1.178
1.205
1.233
1.262
1.153
1.180
1.208
1.236
1.265
1.156
1.183
1.211
1.239
1.268
1.159
1.186
1.213
1.242
1.271
1.161
1.189
1.216
1.245
1.274
1.164
1.191
1.219
1.247
1.276
1.167
1.194
1.222
1.250
1.279
1.169
1.197
1.225
1.253
1.282
1.172
1.199
1.227
1.256
1.285
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
0.11
0.12
0.13
0.14
0.15
1.288
1.318
1.349
1.380
1.413
1.291
1.321
1.352
1.384
1.416
1.294
1.324
1.355
1.387
1.419
1.297
1.327
1.358
1.390
1.422
1.300
1.330
1.361
1.393
1.426
1.303
1.334
1.365
1.396
1.429
1.306
1.337
1.368
1.400
1.432
1.309
1.340
1.371
1.403
1.435
1.312
1.343
1.374
1.406
1.439
1.315
1.346
1.377
1.409
1.442
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
0.16
0.17
0.18
0.19
0.20
1.445
1.479
1.514
1.549
1.585
1.449
1.483
1.517
1.552
1.589
1.452
1.486
1.521
1.556
1.592
1.455
1.489
1.524
1.560
1.596
1.459
1.493
1.528
1.563
1.600
1.462
1.496
1.531
1.567
1.603
1.466
1.500
1.535
1.570
1.607
1.469
1.503
1.538
1.574
1.611
1.472
1.507
1.542
1.578
1.614
1.476
1.510
1.545
1.581
1.618
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
0.21
0.22
0.23
0.24
0.25
1.622
1.660
1.698
1.738
1.778
1.626
1.663
1.702
1.742
1.782
1.629
1.667
1.706
1.746
1.786
1.633
1.671
1.710
1.750
1.791
1.637
1.675
1.714
1.754
1.795
1.641
1.679
1.718
1.758
1.799
1.644
1.683
1.722
1.762
1.803
1.648
1.687
1.726
1.766
1.807
1.652
1.690
1.730
1.770
1.811
1.656
1.694
1.734
1.774
1.816
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
0.26
0.27
0.28
0.29
0.30
1.820
1.862
1.905
1.950
1.995
1.824
1.866
1.910
1.954
2.000
1.828
1.871
1.914
1.959
2.004
1.832
1.875
1.919
1.963
2.009
1.837
1.879
1.923
1.968
2.014
1.841
1.884
1.928
1.972
2.018
1.845
1.888
1.932
1.977
2.023
1.849
1.892
1.936
1.982
2.028
1.854
1.897
1.941
1.986
2.032
1.858
1.901
1.945
1.991
2.037
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
0.31
0.32
0.33
0.34
0.35
2.042
2.089
2.138
2.188
2.239
2.046
2.094
2.143
2.193
2.244
2.051
2.099
2.148
2.198
2.249
2.056
2.104
2.153
2.203
2.254
2.061
2.109
2.158
2.208
2.259
2.065
2.113
2.163
2.213
2.265
2.070
2.118
2.168
2.218
2.270
2.075
2.123
2.173
2.223
2.275
2.080
2.128
2.178
2.228
2.280
2.084
2.133
2.183
2.234
2.286
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
5
5
0.36
0.37
0.38
0.39
0.40
2.291
2.344
2.399
2.455
2.512
2.296
2.350
2.404
2.460
2.518
2.301
2.355
2.410
2.466
2.523
2.307
2.360
2.415
2.472
2.529
2.312
2.366
2.421
2.477
2.535
2.317
2.371
2.427
2.483
2.541
2.323
2.377
2.432
2.489
2.547
2.328
2.382
2.438
2.495
2.553
2.333
2.388
2.443
2.500
2.559
2.339
2.393
2.449
2.506
2.564
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
0.41
0.42
0.43
0.44
0.45
2.570
2.630
2.692
2.754
2.818
2.576
2.636
2.698
2.761
2.825
2.582
2.642
2.704
2.767
2.831
2.588
2.649
2.710
2.773
2.838
2.594
2.655
2.716
2.780
2.844
2.600
2.661
2.723
2.786
2.851
2.606
2.667
2.729
2.793
2.858
2.612
2.673
2.735
2.799
2.864
2.618
2.679
2.742
2.805
2.871
2.624
2.685
2.748
2.812
2.877
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
6
6
6
6
0.46
0.47
0.48
0.49
2.884
2.951
3.020
3.090
2.891
2.958
3.027
3.097
2.897
2.965
3.034
3.105
2.904
2.972
3.041
3.112
2.911
2.979
3.048
3.119
2.917
2.985
3.055
3.126
2.924
2.992
3.062
3.133
2.931
2.999
3.069
3.141
2.938
3.006
3.076
3.148
2.944
3.013
3.083
3.155
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
4
5
5
5
5
5
5
6
6
6
6
6
6
55
maha
ANTI LOGARITHM TABLE

Mean Difference
0.50
0
3.162
1
3.170
2
3.177
3
3.184
4
3.192
5
3.199
6
3.206
7
3.214
8
3.221
9
3.228
1
1
2
1
3
2
4
3
5
4
6
4
7
5
8
6
9
7
0.51
0.52
0.53
0.54
0.55
3.236
3.311
3.388
3.467
3.548
3.243
3.319
3.396
3.475
3.556
3.251
3.327
3.404
3.483
3.565
3.258
3.334
3.412
3.491
3.573
3.266
3.342
3.420
3.499
3.581
3.273
3.350
3.428
3.508
3.589
3.281
3.357
3.436
3.516
3.597
3.289
3.365
3.443
3.524
3.606
3.296
3.373
3.451
3.532
3.614
3.304
3.381
3.459
3.540
3.622
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
7
7
7
7
7
7
0.56
0.57
0.58
0.59
0.60
3.631
3.715
3.802
3.890
3.981
3.639
3.724
3.811
3.899
3.990
3.648
3.733
3.819
3.908
3.999
3.656
3.741
3.828
3.917
4.009
3.664
3.750
3.837
3.926
4.018
3.673
3.758
3.846
3.936
4.027
3.681
3.767
3.855
3.945
4.036
3.690
3.776
3.864
3.954
4.046
3.698
3.784
3.873
3.963
4.055
3.707
3.793
3.882
3.972
4.064
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
4
5
5
5
5
5
5
6
6
6
6
6
6
7
7
7
7
7
8
8
8
8
8
0.61
0.62
0.63
0.64
0.65
4.074
4.169
4.266
4.365
4.467
4.083
4.178
4.276
4.375
4.477
4.093
4.188
4.285
4.385
4.487
4.102
4.198
4.295
4.395
4.498
4.111
4.207
4.305
4.406
4.508
4.121
4.217
4.315
4.416
4.519
4.130
4.227
4.325
4.426
4.529
4.140
4.236
4.335
4.436
4.539
4.150
4.246
4.345
4.446
4.550
4.159
4.256
4.355
4.457
4.560
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
5
5
5
5
5
6
6
6
6
6
7
7
7
7
7
8
8
8
8
8
9
9
9
9
9
0.66
0.67
0.68
0.69
0.70
4.571
4.677
4.786
4.898
5.012
4.581
4.688
4.797
4.909
5.023
4.592
4.699
4.808
4.920
5.035
4.603
4.710
4.819
4.932
5.047
4.613
4.721
4.831
4.943
5.058
4.624
4.732
4.842
4.955
5.070
4.634
4.742
4.853
4.966
5.082
4.645
4.753
4.864
4.977
5.093
4.656
4.764
4.875
4.989
5.105
4.667
4.775
4.887
5.000
5.117
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
5
5
5
5
6
6
6
6
7
7
7
7
7
8
8
8
8
9
9
9
9
9
10
10
10
10
11
0.71
0.72
0.73
0.74
0.75
5.129
5.248
5.370
5.495
5.623
5.140
5.260
5.383
5.508
5.636
5.152
5.272
5.395
5.521
5.649
5.164
5.284
5.408
5.534
5.662
5.176
5.297
5.420
5.546
5.675
5.188
5.309
5.433
5.559
5.689
5.200
5.321
5.445
5.572
5.702
5.212
5.333
5.458
5.585
5.715
5.224
5.346
5.470
5.598
5.728
5.236
5.358
5.483
5.610
5.741
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
5
5
5
5
5
6
6
6
6
7
7
7
8
8
8
8
9
9
9
9
10
10
10
10
10
11
11
11
12
12
0.76
0.77
0.78
0.79
0.80
5.754
5.888
6.026
6.166
6.310
5.768
5.902
6.039
6.180
6.324
5.781
5.916
6.053
6.194
6.339
5.794
5.929
6.067
6.209
6.353
5.808
5.943
6.081
6.223
6.368
5.821
5.957
6.095
6.237
6.383
5.834
5.970
6.109
6.252
6.397
5.848
5.984
6.124
6.266
6.412
5.861
5.998
6.138
6.281
6.427
5.875
6.012
6.152
6.295
6.442
1
1
1
1
1
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
5
5
6
6
6
7
7
7
7
7
8
8
8
9
9
9
10
10
10
10
11
11
11
11
12
12
12
13
13
13
0.81
0.82
0.83
0.84
0.85
6.457
6.607
6.761
6.918
7.079
6.471
6.622
6.776
6.934
7.096
6.486
6.637
6.792
6.950
7.112
6.501
6.653
6.808
6.966
7.129
6.516
6.668
6.823
6.982
7.145
6.531
6.683
6.839
6.998
7.161
6.546
6.699
6.855
7.015
7.178
6.561
6.714
6.871
7.031
7.194
6.577
6.730
6.887
7.047
7.211
6.592
6.745
6.902
7.063
7.228
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
5
5
5
5
5
6
6
6
6
7
8
8
8
8
8
9
9
9
10
10
11
11
11
11
12
12
12
13
13
13
14
14
14
15
15
0.86
0.87
0.88
0.89
0.90
7.244
7.413
7.586
7.762
7.943
7.261
7.430
7.603
7.780
7.962
7.278
7.447
7.621
7.798
7.980
7.295
7.464
7.638
7.816
7.998
7.311
7.482
7.656
7.834
8.017
7.328
7.499
7.674
7.852
8.035
7.345
7.516
7.691
7.870
8.054
7.362
7.534
7.709
7.889
8.072
7.379
7.551
7.727
7.907
8.091
7.396
7.568
7.745
7.925
8.110
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
4
4
4
5
5
5
5
6
7
7
7
7
7
8
9
9
9
9
10
10
11
11
11
12
12
12
13
13
13
14
14
14
15
15
16
16
16
17
0.91
0.92
0.93
0.94
0.95
8.128
8.318
8.511
8.710
8.913
8.147
8.337
8.531
8.730
8.933
8.166
8.356
8.551
8.750
8.954
8.185
8.375
8.570
8.770
8.974
8.204
8.395
8.590
8.790
8.995
8.222
8.414
8.610
8.810
9.016
8.241
8.433
8.630
8.831
9.036
8.260
8.453
8.650
8.851
9.057
8.279
8.472
8.670
8.872
9.078
8.299
8.492
8.690
8.892
9.099
2
2
2
2
2
4
4
4
4
4
6
6
6
6
6
8
8
8
8
8
9
10
10
10
10
11
12
12
12
12
13
14
14
14
15
15
15
16
16
17
17
17
18
18
19
0.96
0.97
0.98
0.99
9.120
9.333
9.550
9.772
9.141
9.354
9.572
9.795
9.162
9.376
9.594
9.817
9.183
9.397
9.616
9.840
9.204
9.419
9.638
9.863
9.226
9.441
9.661
9.886
9.247
9.462
9.683
9.908
9.268
9.484
9.705
9.931
9.290
9.506
9.727
9.954
9.311
9.528
9.750
9.977
2
2
2
2
4
4
4
5
6
7
7
7
8
9
9
9
11
11
11
11
13
13
13
14
15
15
16
16
17
17
18
18
19
20
20
20
56
toa
toa
Truth can never be told so as to be understood,
and not to be believed
- William Blake
Kjik Fnfhf
tl jhd njwfis J bfhSj
(325 - 265 BC)

my[hoah
3.1 mKf

vd magl, nuf fj
cyfs W gagLjgL toa
nkij toa
o toa Unj gagLjgLwJ.
jij vd miHfglh.
ghnyh kW vJ nghw gHfhy ehfff
t, Kjyh lhy (323 - 293
.K.
3000F
.K.) fhy thj fj
vw
mikyhk
KUnj
toa
gagLjgL
ehfffhyf
fj
tUwJ.
gagLjgL
tj
fj mikf UJ toa fUJf

njhUfyh.
gila
ehfff
Tl toa gf bfhoUjd. ntjfhy

Tl gntW thghLf totfis mikg
nkij Mth. fj tuyh

tUila Elements vw
jf f wj gfhaJ.
jf btlgl
fhy Kj ws
fjij ff Toa
gagLjgL tjd.
(Fghf toa) f wj
3.2 tlf (Circles)
jfkhf fwJ. eh
akghij (Locus)
nghJ gagLjToa

akghij
vgJ
y
toa
gjidfSF cgL efU ghijahF.

cjhuzkhf,
uL
fUJ
rk
u efU akghij mfis

izF nfhLJo ikaFJ nfhlhF.
57
oa toa, va
f jf
tUfgLsJ.
maha
tlf (Circles)

iyahd xU UJ rk bjhiy efU akghij xU
tlkhF.

iyahd mj ika vd khwhj ilu Mu vd
miHfgL.

tl mj Rws vdgL.
eh (Chord)
eh
u
l (Diameter)
O ika
l

tl ika tahf brY eh
l vdgL.

tlg jikj U fis
izF nfhLJL eh vdgL.
bjhLnfhL
bt
tl fbga eh l MF.
Lnf
hL
gl 3.1
btLnfhL (Secant)

xU tlij U btntW f btobrY nfhL tl
btLnfhL vdgL.
bjhLnfhL (Tangent)
bg
nfhL tl bjhLnfhL vdgL.

tlij xnubahU kL bjhLbrY
a
tlJL
bjhLnfhlhdJ tlij bjhL , bjhL
vdgL.
tl
nfhzgF
tl (Arc of a circle)

tlg xU gFF tl vW bga.
gl 3.2

xU tlgid uL rkkw fshf jh a a
tl vd, bga bga tl vd miHfL.
bghJika tlf (Concentric circles)

xnu ika Mdh btntW MufS cila
B
R
tlf bghJika tlf vdgL.

bfhLfgLs gl cs uL tlf O-it
O r
ikakhf btntW Muf r kW R cila bghJika

tlf MF.
gl 3.3
58
toa
xUir f (Congruent arcs )

!
!
tlYs uL f AB kW CD Mait
tl ika jhF nfhz msf rkbk, mit
xUir f MF. ij eh

! !
AB / CD thW vGJnth. Mfnt,
! !
! !
AB / CD , mAB = mCD , +AOB = +COD
gl 3.4
3.2.1 tl ehf gf
g

rksKs ehf tl ika rk nfhzfis jhF.

D
mjhtJ, gl 3.5- eh AB = ehCD ( +AOB = +COD

kWjiy

ehfsh tl ika milgL nfhz
rkbk, ehf sf rkkhF.
mjhtJ, +AOB = +COD (eh AB = eh CD
gl 3.5
njw 1

tl ikaUJ ehF tiuagL brFJ ehiz U rk TL.
ju

: O it ikakhf cila tl, lij ju

VnjD xU eh AB kW OC= AB
%f : AC = BC
mik : OA kW OB-I izf
%gz :
gl 3.6
T OAC kW T OBC-
OA = OB
(i)
(ii) OC
(iii) + OCA = + OCB
(iv) T OAC / T OBC
(tl Muf.)
bghJgf

(xbthW 90c, OC = AB-UJ.)

(br-f-g rtrkjik.)
` AC = BC
59
maha
njw 1- kWjiy : xU tl ikaij, eh ikaia

izF nfhL ehF brFjhF.
njw 2

xU tlYs rk ehf tl ikaUJ
rku UF.
ju : xU tl ika O, Mu r nkY eh AB = eh CD.
%f : OL = OM
mik : OL = AB kW OM = CD I tiuf.

OA kW OC I izf.
gl 3.7
%gz :
AL = 1 AB kW CM = 1 CD (tl ikaUJ ehF tiuagL

2
2

brFJ ehiz UrkTL.)
AB = CD ( 1 AB = 1 CD ( AL = CM
2
2
(ii) OA = OC
(Muf)
(i)
(iii)
+ OMC= + OLA
(iv)
T OLA / T OMC
` OL = OM
Mfnt, eh AB kW CD Mait O-UJ rk bjhiy csd.
(xbthW 90c )
(br-f-g rtrkjik.)
njw 2- kWjiy : xU tl tl ikaUJ rku mik

ehf rksKsit MF.
vLJfhL 3.1

10 br. MuKs tl 16 br. sKila eh tl ikaUJ
vts u csJ?
eh AB- s 16 br.
eh AB- ika C.
tl Mu OA- s 10 br.
AB = 16 br.
AC = 1 # 16 = 8 br.
2
10
b
r.
OA = 10 br.
brnfhz Knfhz OAC-,

OC = OA - AC
C
16br.
gl 3.8
60
toa
= 102 - 82 = 100 - 64 = 36 br.
` OC = 6 br.

Mfnt, tl ikaUJ eh 6 br. bjhiy csJ.
vLJfhL 3.2

uL bghJika tlf bttl tiuagl eh AB ahdJ
ctlij C kW D- btLwJ v, AC = BD vd %.
ju : bttl eh AB ctlij C kW D- btLwJ.
%f
: AC = BD
mik
: OM = AB tiuf
%gz :

OM = AB
UJ OM = CD
bttl,
(mik go)
(ACDB xU nenfhL)
gl 3.9
(1) (a eh AB-ia OM Urk TL)
AM = BM
ctl,
CM = DM
(2) (a eh CD-ia OM Urk TL)
(1) kW (2)-UJ, eh bgWtJ

AM - CM = BM - DM
AC = BD
3.2.2 tlD mikj nfhzf
njw 3

xU tl ika jhF nfhz mj iy jJ tl
g VnjD xU VgLJ nfhzij ngh U klfhF.
C
B
A
X
gl 3.10
gl 3.11
61
gl 3.12
maha
ju
: O-it ikakhf cila tl AXB vgJ xU ,!

AXB vw tl
ika jhF nfhz +AOB. +ACB vgJ!
AXB vw iy
jJ tl g VnjD xU VgLJ nfhz.
%f : +AOB = 2 +ACB
mik : CO it izJ D tiu of
%gz :

(i) OA = OC
(Muf)

(ii) + OCA = + OAC
(rkgfF vnu cs nfhzf rk.)

(iii) TAOC-

+AOD = +OCA + +OAC (Knfhz btnfhz

cbs nfhzf TLjYF rk.)

(iv) + AOD = + OCA + + OCA (+ OAC = + OCA vd ul)

(v) + AOD = 2 + OCA
(vi) njnghW T BOC-, + BOD = 2 +
(vii) + AOD + + BOD = 2 + OCA + 2+ OCB
(viii) + AOB = 2 + ACB
(TLj)
= 2(+ OCA + + OCB)

(a +AOD + + BOD = +AOB,
+ OCA + + OCB = +ACB)
(i)
miutl mik nfhz brnfhzkhF.
(ii)
xnu tlJo mik nfhzf rk.
3.2.3 tl ehfu (Cyclic Quadrilateral)

njw 4

tl ehfu v nfhzf TLj 180cMF (myJ) tl
ehfu vnfhzf ifu nfhzf.
A
ju : O-it ikakhf cila tl ABCD xU ehfu.
%f : + BAD + + BCD = 180c, +ABC + +ADC = 180c
mik : OB kW OD-ia izf.
%gz :

(i)
+ BAD = 1 + BOD (tl ika jhF

2
nfhzkhdJ miy jJ tlg
VgLJ nfhzij ngh UklF.)
(ii) + BCD = 1 (tis + BOD)

2
62
B
C
gl 3.13
toa
(iii) ` +BAD + +BCD = 1 +BOD + 1 (tis +BOD) ((i) kW (ii)-I Tl)

2
2

i.e., + BAD + + BCD = 1 (+ BOD + (tis + BOD))
2
1
(tl ika bkhj nfhz 360c)

i.e., +BAD + +BCD = ( 360c)
2
i.e., + BAD + + BCD = 180c
(iv) njnghW,
+ABC + +ADC = 180c
njw 4- kWjiy : ehfu
vnfhzf
TLj
ifu
nfhzf v, mj ehfu tl ehfu MF.

njw 5

tl ehfu xU gfij ogjh VgL btnfhz cbs
nfhzF rk
: tl ehfu ABCD-, gf AB MdJ E tiu lgLsJ.
ju
%f : + CBE = +ADC
%gz :

(i)
+ ABC + + CBE = 180c (nenfhL nrho)

(ii) + ABC + +ADC = 180c (tl ehfu
v nfhzf)
(i) kW (ii)-UJ
(iii) + ABC + + CBE = +ABC + +ADC
(iv) ` + CBE = +ADC
gl 3.14
vLJfhL 3.3
gl 7.27-, x vd Fl nfhz kig fhf.
(ii)
C
xc
xc
O
A
80c
B
gl 3.15
100c
A
B
(iv)
C
xc
O
56c
xc
20c
(iii)
(i)
25
gl 3.17
gl 3.16
63
gl 3.18
maha
xU tl tl ika jhF nfhz, mj iy jJ tl

g VnjD xU VgLJ nfhzij ngh U klfhF vd
C
eh mnth.

(i)
+AOB = 2 +ACB
xc
+ACB = 1 +AOB
2
x = 1 # 80c = 40c
2
O
80c
B
(ii) tis +AOB = 2 +ACB
xc
x = 2 # 100c = 200c
100c
C
(iii) +ABC + +BCA + +CAB = 180c
56c + 90c + +CAB = 180c

( a +BCA = miu tl mik nfhz = 90c)A

56c
+CAB =180c - 146c
OA = OB = OC (Muf)
+OCA = +OAC = 25c
+OBC = +OCB = 20c

+ACB = +OCA + +OCB
= 25c + 20c = 45c
xc
+AOB = 2 +ACB
x = 2 # 45c= 90c

vLJfhL 3.4
gl 7.27- , tlika O, + ADC = 120c v, x- kig fhf.
ABCD xU tl ehfu.

+ABC + +ADC = 180c

+ABC = 180c - 120c = 60c
nkY, +ACB = 90c ( miu tl mikj nfhz )
64
20c
25
x = 34c

(iv)
xc
toa
3ABC-,
+BAC + +ACB + +ABC = 180c
120c
+BAC + 90c + 60c = 180c

+BAC = 180c - 150c
xc
x = 30c
g 3.1
gl 3.19
1.
15 br. MuKs tl 18 br. sKs eh tl ikaUJ

vts bjhiy csJ vd fhf.
2.
17 br. MuKs tl 16 br. sKs eh tl ikaUJ

vts bjhiy csJ vd fhf.
3.
tl ikaJ 24 br. bjhiy cs eh s 20 br. v,

tl Mu fhf.
4.
17 br. MuKs tl ikaUJ 8 br. bjhiy cs eh

sij fhf.
5.
25 br. MuKs tl ikaUJ 15 br. bjhiy cs eh

sij fhf.
6.
gl, O-it ikakhf cila tl izahf

cs ehf AB kW CD. tl Mu 5 br.
m AB = 6 br., CD = 8 br., OP = AB kW CD = OQ
O
C
v, PQ- sij fhf.

7.
Q
P
D
B
tl ika vbunu (UwK) mikj izahd ehf sf

AB = 10 br. kW CD = 24 br.. ehfSF ilna cs bjhiy 17 br.
v, tl Muij fhf.
8.
gl O-it ikakhf cila tl izahd ehf
9.
fl glf x - kig fhf.

65
AB = 8 br. kW CD = 6 br., tl Mu 5 br., OP=AB

kW OQ=CD v, PQ- sij fhf.
maha
A
(i)
(ii)
C
(iii)
xc
35c
O
xc
25
(iv)
130c
(v)
xc
(vi)
48c
O
50c
xc
xc
10.
30c
0
90c
12
O
gl AB kW CD Mait tlika
O tna brY nenfhLf. +AOC = 98c
E
98c
kW + CDE = 35c v (i) + DCE
35c
(ii) + ABC Matiw fhf.

D
S
R
11.
25c
55c
O
50c
O-it
gl
Q
PQ
vgJ
+ SPR
25c
ikakhf
cila
+ PQR
l.
kW
tl
+ PQM
55c,
v,
50c
(i) + QPR, (ii) + QPM kW (iii) + PRS Matiw

M
fhf.
C
D
`12. gl
ABCD
vw
tl
ehfu
_iylf P vw bto bfhwd.

+ DBC = 30c kW + BAC = 50c v, (i) + BCD A
(ii) + CAD Matiw fhf.
66
P
50c
30c
B
toa

13.
gl ABCD vw tl ehfu AB || DC.

+ BAD
=100c
v,
(i)
+ BCD
+ ADC
(ii)
(iii) + ABC Matiw fhf.

100
c
B
C
100c
14.
gl
ABCD
vw
tl
ehfu
+ BCD = 100c kW + ABD = 50c v, + ADB-
50c
B
kig fhf.
15.
gl
O-it
ikakhf
cila
tl
+ AOC = 100c kW mj xUgf AB MdJ D tiu

lgLwJ v, (i) + CBD
100c
(ii) + ABC Matiw
fhf.
g 3.2
1.
O it ikakhf cila tl, eh AB- ika D. CD- A

s 2 br. kW eh s 12 br. v, tl Mu
C
B
D
(A) 10 br.
(B) 12br.
(C) 15 br.
(D) 18br.
2.
tlehfu ABCD- +ADB + +DAB = 120c kW

+ABC + +BDA = 145c v, +CDB- k
B
A
(A) 75c
(B) 115c
( C) 35c
(D) 45c
3.
bfhLfgLs gl AB vgJ tl l. OC vgJ

tl ika O- tna tiuagl brFJnfhL MF. AC
= 7 2 br. v, tl gu (r.br.-)
(A) 24.5
(B) 49
(C) 98
(D) 154
67
C
C
maha
4.
bfhLfgLs gl tl l AB kW + CAD
= 30c, + CBA = 70c vwthW tlg nk cs f

C, D v, + ACD- ms
A

(A) 40c
(B) 50c~
(C) 30c
(D) 90c
5.
miutl mik nfhz
(A) nfhz
6.
a tlJo mik nfhz
(A) FWnfhz (B) nfhz
7.
tlehfu ABCD- +A = 5x, +C = 4x v, x- ms
(A) 12c
8.
bga tlJo mik nfhz
(A) FWnfhz (B) nfhz
9.
tlehfu xU nfhz 70c v, mnfhz vnfhz
(A) 20c
(B) brnfhz
(C) FWnfhz (D) unfhz
(C) brnfhz (D) tisnfhz
(C) 48c
(B) 20c
(D) 36c
(C) brnfhz (D) tisnfhz
(B) 110c
(C) 140c
(D) 160c
id bfhf...
ksKs ehf tl ika rk nfhzfis jhF.

r
ehfsh tl ika milgL nfhz rkbk, ehf
sf rkkhF.
tl ikaUJ ehF tiuagL brFJ ehiz Urk

TL.
xU tlYs rk ehf tl ikaUJ rk u UF.
xU tl ika jhF nfhz mj iy jJ tl

g VnjD xU VgLJ nfhzij ngh U
klfhF.
miutl mik nfhz brnfhzkhF.
xnu tlJoYs nfhzf rk.
tl ehfu v nfhzf TLj 180c MF (myJ) tl

ehfu vnfhzf ifu nfhzf.
tl ehfu xU gfij ogjh VgL btnfhz cbs

nfhzF rk.
68
toa
bra 1
fhj koig gagL tl gntW gfis fhQj.

tl ehf

xU mil tltotij bto vLJbfh.
tltot fhj uL lfis koJ tl ikaij fhf.
lF izahf koJ gntW ehfis fhf.
fbga eh .....................
nfhol lij u.
eh s mff mff tlikaUJ mj bjhiy .............
tlij koJ _W rk ms ehfis tiuf.
mj _W ehf ikaFJ nfhLfis koJ tl ikaij fhf
tl ikaUJ xbthU eh bjhiyit msJ vGJ.
nfhol lij u :
1.
rk ms ehf tl ikaUJ .......................
2.
tl ikaUJ rk bjhiy cs ehf ...........................
3.
eh ikaFJ nfhL tl .......................... tna brY.
4.
eh ikaFJ nfhlhdJ ehF .......................... Mf, tl

.......................... tna brY.
69
maha
bra 2
tlD mikj nfhzf kW ika nfhzf

xU mil tltotij bto vLJbfh
tl uL ehfis koJ tl ika jhF

nfhzij VgLJ. mj nfhzfis msJ vGJ.
nkY uL ehfis mnj tl VgLkhW kof.
cUthfgl tlD mikj nfhzf ..............................
nfhol lij u :

xnu tl Jo mik nfhzf ...........................
tl tot mil xU ehiz koJ mj xU Kid UJ ntW

ir brY kbwhU ehiz kof.
j uL ehfSF ilna cs nfhzij bgyh go vLJ

bfh.
tltot fhj uL lfis koJ ikaij fhf
tl ikanfhzij fhf.
tl Jo mikj nfhzij fhf.
g 3.1
1. 12 br. 2. 15 br. 3. 26 br. 4. 30 br.
5. 40 br. 6. 1 br. 7. 13 br.
(iv) 115c (v) 40c
(vi) 42c
8. 7 br. 9. (i) 75c (ii) 55c (iii) 110c
10. (i) 55c , (ii) 43c
11. (i) 35c
13. (i) 80c (ii) 80c
(iii) 100
(ii) 40c (iii) 30c
12. (i) 100c (ii) 30c
14. 50c 15. (i) 50c (ii) 130c
g 3.2
1. A 2. C 3. D 4. A 5. B
6. B
7. B
70
8. A 9. B
msa
msa
The most beautiful plane figure is the circle and the most
beautiful solid figure the sphere
- PYTHAGORAS
Kjik Fnfhf

tl nfhzgF s, Rws kW
gugs Matiw fhQj
MO
.K. 287 - 212
fd rJu wgu kW fd ms fhQj

fd brtf wgu kW fd ms fhQj
f wj fj
mPf xUtuhd
MO (Archimedes)
vgt
4.1 mKf
Ys nuf efuhd

Knfhzf,
brtff,
rJuf,
tlf kW nfhsf nghw totfis e
mwhl th fhnwh. t yt
gfis g eh Kng mUnwh.

toa totf msfis g TW
fj gF msa vdgL. thif
gntW Jiwf toa xU Kakhd Jiwahf
fUjgLtjh msaY f KakhdjhF.

fola kW jRa Mat
Rws, gugs kW fdms Mait Ka
gF twd. cy cik NHf
gu kW fdms Mad gagLjgLwd.
iwa NH Ugkhz cUtf Rws
kW gugs nkY Kgkhz cUtf wgu
kW fdms Matiw fla gagL
Nufis xbthUtU fgJ f mta.

j maha tlnfhz gFf
s kW gu nkY fdrJu,
fdbrtf Mat wgu kW fdms
Matiw g mnth.
71
uhTi[ rhjt.
mt .K. 287 wjh.
xU tl cns
mikj xGF gynfhz
kW btna mikj
xGF gynfhzij
gagL r - kig
fhz bra Kiwia
MO bjhldh.
nfhs gu kW
fdms fhz rahd
Nufis flj
bgUik mtiuna rhU.
gutisa gF kW
MO RU
vW miHfgL.
RU tlnfhzgF
nghw gy gufis
fzlh. jDila
gilf _y fj
aaYF mojs
mikjh.
maha
4.2 tlnfhzgF (Sector)

O-it
ikakhf
bfhl
xU
tl nk cs P, Q vw
U f, tl (Arc) PQ,
+ POQ kW tlnfhzgF POQ
Matiw cUthFwJ. tl
!
PQ MdJ PQ vd FfgLwJ.
!
!
tl QP
tl PQ
tlnfhzgF
qop
j tl P- bjhl fofhu tlnfhzgF poq
gl 4.1
RW irF vir Q-it
!
neh brwJ. tl PQ ,
Muf OP kW OQ twh milgL gF, tlnfhzgF POQ MF. gl
!
!
4.1 UJ PQ kW QP vw tlf btntwhdit vgij fhnwh.
Ka fUJ
tlnfhzgF
xU tl uL Muf kW j Mufsh btlgL

Matwh milgL gF tlnfhzgF (Sector)
vdgL.
4.2.1 ikanfhz myJ tlnfhz (Central Angle)
Ka fUJ
ikanfhz
xU tlnfhzgF tl, mtlnfhzgF

mikJs tl ika VgLJ nfhz ikanfhz
myJ tlnfhz (Central angle) vdgL.
!

gl 4.2-, PQ vw tl tl ika
VgLJ nfhz i vf. vdnt, tlnfhzgF POQ-
O
ikanfhz i MF.

vLJfhlhf,

1.
2.
miutl vgJ ikanfhz 180c bfhl xU

tlnfhz gFahF.
gl 4.2
tlnfhzgF POQ- s vgJ tl
g nk OP kW OQ vw uL Mufsh btlgL
gF skhF. tlnfhzgF s l vd
FfgL.
72
fhtl vgJ ikanfhz 90c bfhl xU

tlnfhz gFahF.
4.2.2 xU tlnfhzgF s

Q
P
l
gl 4.3
msa
vLJfhlhf,

1.
xU tl s vgJ mtl g skhF.

mjhtJ, l = 2r r myFf. F r vgJ tl MukhF.
2.
3.
xU miu tl s l =2rr # 180c = rr myFf. F

360c
tl Mu r, ikanfhz 180c .
xU fh tl s l = 2rr # 90c = rr myFf. F
2
360c
tl Mu r, ikanfhz 90c .
Ka fUJ
tlnfhzgF s
xU tlnfhzgF ikanfhz i kW Mu r v,
mj s l = i # 2rr myFfshF.
360c
4.2.3 tlnfhzgF gugs (Area of a Sector)

tlnfhzgF gugs vgJ uL MufSF,
Mufsh tl g btlgL YF ilgl gFahF.
O
vLJfhlhf,

1. xU tl gugs = rr2 rJu myFf MF.

2.
3.
2
xU miu tl gugs = rr rJu myFf
2
2
xU fh tl gugs = rr rJu myFf.
4
Ka fUJ
mj
tlnfhzgF gugs
tlnfhzgF gugs = i # rr2 rJu myFfshF.
360c

nghJ, xU tlnfhzgF gugsit mj s l kW
Mu r _ykhf vGJ Kiwia fhngh.

gugs =
i # rr2
360c
i # 2r r # r
360c
2
= 1 # c i # 2rr m # r
2
360c
= 1 # lr
2
tlnfhzgF gugs = lr rJu myFf.
2
73
maha
4.2.4 tlnfhzgF Rws (Perimeter of a Sector)

tlnfhzgF Rws vgJ tlnfhzgF viyf
sfTLjMF.mjhtJtlnfhzgFRws = l + 2r myFfMF.
Ka fUJ
tlnfhzgF Rws
s l, tlnfhzgF Mu r v, mj Rws
P = l + 2r myFf.
vLJfhlhf,

1. miutl Rws = ^r + 2h r myFf

2. fhtl Rws = ` r + 2j r myFf
2

1. s kW tlnfhzgF gu Mad
ikanfhz msF nej UF.
2. r vgJ xU jKwh v, mj njhuha k 22 myJ 3.14
7
vd gagLJnwh.
F
vLJfhL 4.1

xU tlnfhzgF Mu 42 br. kW mj ikanfhz 60c v
mj s, gugs kW Rwsit fhf.
Mu r = 42 br., ikanfhz i = 60cvd bfhLfgLsJ.

s l =
i # 2rr
360c
= 60c # 2 # 22 # 42 = 44 br.
360c
7

gugs = lr = 44 # 42 = 924 r.br.

2
2
Rws = l + 2r
O
60o
42br.
= 44 + 2(42) = 128 br..

vLJfhL 4.2

s 66 br.. kW ikanfhz 30c bfhl tlnfhzgF
Mu fhf.
ikanfhz i = 30c, s l = 66 br.. vd bfhLfgLsJ. vdnt,
O
i # 2rr = l
360c
30c # 2 # 22 # r = 66
360c
7

` r = 66 # 360c # 1 # 7 = 126 br..

30c 2 22
74
30o r
A
66br.
msa
vLJfhL 4.3

s 22 br. kW Mu 10.5 br. bfhl tlnfhzgF
ikanfhz fhf.
Mu r = 10.5 br., s l = 22 br.. vd bfhLfgLsJ. vdnt,
i # 2 rr = l
360c
i. e., i # 2 # 22 # 10.5 = 22
360c
7

` i = 22 # 360c # 1 # 7 # 1 =120c
2 22 10.5
O
10.5br.
Q
22br.
vLJfhL 4.4

xU Cr ika nfhz 30c VgLj 11 br. bjhiy efwJ v,
Cr sij fhf.
Cr miy xU tlnfhzgF MF. Cr s vgJ
tlnfhzgF Mu MF.
O
ikanfhz i = 30c, l = 11 br.. vdnt,

i # 2rr = l

360c
30c # 2 # 22 # r = 11

360c
7

` r = 11 # 360c # 1 # 7 = 21 br.
30c 2 22

r
A
11br.
vLJfhL 4.5

xU tlnfhzgF s 15 br. kW Mu 10 br. v,
mj Rwsit fhf.
O
r = 10 br., l = 15 br. vd bfhLfgLsJ, vdnt,

tlnfhzgF Rws= l + 2r = 15 + 2 (10)
10br.
= 15 + 20 = 35 br.
Q
15br.
vLJfhL 4.6

Mu 18 br. kW ikanfhz 210c vd bfhl tlnfhzgF
Rwsit fhf.
r = 18 br., i = 210c vd bfhLfgLsJ. vdnt,

l = i # 2rr
360c
O
210o
= 210c # 2 # 22 # 18 = 66 br.
360c
7
` tlnfhzgF Rws = l + 2r = 66 + 2(18) = 66 + 36 = 102 br.
75
18br
maha
vLJfhL 4.7

Mu 14 br. kW gugs 77 r.br. bfhLs tlnfhzgF
ikanfhzij fhf.
r = 14 br., gu = 77 r.br. vd bfhLfgLsJ. vdnt,
tlnfhzgF gu =
i # rr2
360c
i # 22 # 14 # 14 = 77
360c
7
` i = 77 # 360c # 7 = 45c
22 # 14 # 14
O
14br.
77r.br. B
vLJfhL 4.8
Mu 6 br., s 20 br. bfhLs tlnfhzgF guig
fhf.
r = 6 br., l = 20 br. vd bfhLfgLsJ. vdnt,
P
gu = lr rJu myFf
2
6 cm
= 20 # 6 = 60 r.br.
2
vLJfhL 4.9
20 cm
Rws 38 br. kW Mu 9 br. vd bfhl tlnfhzgF guig
fhf.

Mu = 9 br., Rws = 38 br. vd bfhLfgLsJ, vdnt,
i.e.,
Rws = l + 2r = 38
20 cm
l + 18 = 38
l = 38 18 = 20 br.
` gu = lr = 20 # 9 = 90 r.br.
2
2
9 cm
vLJfhL 4.10
Mu 28 br. cila miutl Rws kW gugs Matiw
fhf.

Mu 28 br. vd bfhLfgLsJ.
miutl Rws = (r + 2 ) r = ( 22 + 2 ) 28 = 144 br.

7

2
gugs = rr = 22 # 28 # 28 = 1232 r.br.
2
7
2
76
28br.
msa
vLJfhL 4.11

s 27.5 br., gugs 618.75 r.br. bfhl tlnfhzgF
Mu, ikanfhz kW Rws Matiw fhf.
s l = 27.5 br., gugs = 618.75 r.br. vd bfhLfgLsJ.
vdnt,
gugs = lr = 618.75 r.br.
2
27.5 # r
= 618.75
2
= 45 br.
` r
vdnt, Rws l + 2r = 27.5 + 2(45) = 117.5 br.
i # 2rr
360c

mjhtJ, i # 2 # 22 # 45 = 27.5
360c
7

` i = 35c
vLJfhL 4.12

s l =
21 br. MuKs fhtl gF gugs kW Rws Matiw fhf.
21br.
r = 21 br. vd bfhLfgLsJ. nkY i = 90c vdnt,

Rws = ` r + 2j r = ( 22 + 2 ) # 21= 75 br.
2
7#2
2
gugs = rr = 22 # 21 # 21 = 346.5 r.br.
4
7#4
21br.
vLJfhL 4.13

` 9,000 khj rgs bgW xUt bryf gl fhlgLsJ.
(i) czfhf bragl bry
Matiw fzLf.
(ii) mt nr
khj rgs ` 9,000I tl bkhj gu vf.

(i)
i.e., rr2 = 9000

i # rr2
360c
= 120c # 9000 = 3,000
360c
tl AOB- gu =
czfhf bry bragl bjhif ` 3,000.
(ii) tl BOC - gu =
i # rr2
360c
= 30c # 9, 000 = 750

360c
nr cs bjhif ` 750.
77
nr
C
cz
120o
O
kw bryf
maha
vLJfhL 4.14

3 br. MuKs _W tlf xiwbahW bjhLnghJ mtwh
NHgL gF guig fhf.
glUJ, ABC xU rkgf Knfhz kW tlnfhzgFf DAF,
DBE kW ECF Mat guf rk.
tlfsh NHgl gF gu = rkgf Knfhz ABC- gu

- 3 # (tlnfhzgF gu)
3 a2 - 3 # i # rr2
4
360c
r.
3 br
3b
..
E
B 3br.. 3br.. C
.
` tlfsh NHgl gF gu = 1.45 r.br.
r.
3b
3 # 6 # 6 - 3 # 60c # 22 # 3 # 3
4
360c
7
= 9 3 - 99 = 15.59 - 14.14 = 1.45 r.br.
7
=
..
3br
vLJfhL 4.15

gl Hlgl gF gu fh [ r = 3.14 ]
tlnfhzgF COD kW AOB- Muf Kiwna R br.., r br.. vf.
= 58.875 16.747 = 42.128 r.br.
r.
15b
C
.
8br

Hlgl gF gu = tlnfhzgF COD- gu

- tlnfhzgF AOB- gu

= i # rR2 - i # rr2
360c
360c

= 30c # 3.14 # 15 # 15 - 30c # 3.14 # 8 # 8
360c
360c
g 4.1
1.

2.

nH bfhLfgLs mss tlnfhzgF s,

gugs kW Rws fhf.
(i) Mu 21 br., ikanfhz 60c (ii) Mu 4.9 br., ikanfhz 30c
(iii) Mu 14 br., ikanfhz 45c (iv) Mu 15 br., ikanfhz 63c
(v) Mu 21 bl., ikanfhz 240c
(i) s 88 br. kW Mu 42 br. bfhl tlnfhzgF
ikanfhz fhf.
(ii) s 22 br. kW Mu 14 br. bfhl tlnfhzgF
ikanfhz fhf.
(iii) s 44 br. ikanfhz 70c bfhl tlnfhzgF
Muij fhf.
78
msa
3.
nH bfhLfgLs msfSF tlnfhzgF gugs kW

Rws Matiw fhf.
(i)
(ii) Mu 55 br., s 80 br..
(iii) Mu 12 br., s 15.25 br..
(iv) Mu 20 br., s 25 br..
4.
(i)
Mu 10 br., s 33 br..
Mu 14 br. kW gugs 70 r.br. bfhl tlnfhzgF

s fhf.
(ii) gugs
225
r.br.
kW
15
br.
bfhl
tlnfhzgF Mu fhf.

(iii) ikanfhz
140c
kW
gugs
44
r.br.
bfhl
tlnfhzgF Mu fhf.
5.
(i)
xU tlnfhzgF Rws 58 br.. mj l 9 br. v,

mj gu vd?
(ii) Mu kW Rws Kiwna 20 br. kW 110 br. bfhl

tlnfhzgF guig fhf.
6.
nH jugl msf UJ tlnfhzgF ikanfhz fhf.
(i)
(ii) gugs 462 r.br., Mu 21 br.
7.
(i)
(ii) 7 br. MuKs fhtl Rws kW gugsit fhf.
8.
(i)
gugs 352 r.br., Mu 12 br.
Mu 14 br. mss miutl Rws kW gugsit fhf.
tlnfhzgF Rws kW Mu Kiwna 35 br., 8 br.

v, mj sij fhf.
(ii) tlnfhzgF Rws kW s Kiwna 24 br.,

xU khzt xU eh brytj neu (kf)
gl jugLsJ. mt
(i) g (ii) isaho
(iii) w braf bryl neuij fzLf.
L
h
sa
i jhd
k
i
9.
7 br.. v, mj Muij fhf.
225o
105o
O
w braf
79
maha
10.
2 br. lKs _W ehzaf xiw xW bjhLkhW itfglh

mtW milgL gF guig fhf.
11.
21 sK 24 mfyK bfhl bt ehF _iyfY 7

sKs fwh ehF Fiuf flgLsd. v,
(i)
(ii) Fiuf nkahj gF gu Madtiw fhf.
12.
24 br. sKs rJu milUJ xU f bga tlnfhzgF
Fiuf nk mfgr gu
42b
r.
gl Hlgl gF gu fhf.
21b
13.
r.
btobaLfglh jKs mil gu fhf. [ r = 3.14 ]
14.
tlnfhzgF s kW gu Kiwna 4.4 , 9.24 r. v,

mj Mu, ikanfhz kW Rwsit fhf.
8.3 fdrJuf (Cubes)

MW rJu gf msfsh milgl gF fdrJu vd goJf
(cjhuz: gfil). F mj wgu (Lateral Surface Area) kW fdms

(Volume) Matiw fhQ Kiwia fngh.
8.3.1 fdrJu bkhj wgu (Surface Area of a Cube)

MW gff gusf TLj fdrJu
bkhj wgu (Total Surface Area) vdgL.

mU cs gl, fdrJu gf a myF vf.
gfgu a2 rJu myFf. vdnt, bkhj gu 6a2 r.m. MF.

fdrJu nkgu kW moguig fz
bfhshlh ekF gf gu ilF. vdnt, gfgu
4a2 r.m MF.
Ka fUJ
a
a
wgu
a myFf bfhl fdrJu

(i) bkhj gu = 6a2 r.m
(ii) gfgu = 4a2 r.m.

80
msa
4.3.2 fdrJu fdms (Volume of a Cube)
Ka fUJ
fdms
a myFf bfhl fdrJu fdms

V = a3 fdmyFf
F

fdms vgij fdrJu bfhss vW tiuaWfyh.
vLJfhL 4.16

5 br. gf ms bfhl fdrJu bkhj gu, gfgu kW fdms
Matiw fhf.
= 6a2 = 6 (52 ) = 150 r.br.
fdms
= a3 = 53 = 125 f.br.
bkhj wgu
br
5br.
gf gu
5br.
= 4a2 = 4 (52 ) = 100 br.
vLJfhL: 4.17

bkhj wgu 216 r.br. bfhl fdrJu gf msit fhf.
fdrJu gf ms a vf.

bkhj wgu = 216 r.br.
i. e., 6a2 = 216 ( a2 = 216 = 36

6
a=
36 = 6 br.
vLJfhL 4.18

xU fdrJu bkhj wgu 384 r.br. v, mj fdmsit
fhf.
fdrJu gf ms a vf.
bkhj wgu = 384 r.br.
6a2 = 384 ( a2 = 384 = 64
6

` a = 64 = 8 br.

fdms = a3 = 83 = 512 f.br.

81
maha
vLJfhL 4.19

xU fdrJu tot bjho bfhss 27,000 l v, mj gf
msit fhf.
fdrJu tot bjho gf ms a vf.

fdms = 27,000 .
V = a3 =
27, 000
f. = 27 f.
1, 000
` a=
27 = 3
g 4.2
1.
nH bfhLfgLs gf msit bfhl fdrJu bkhj gu,

gfgu kW fdms Matiw fhf.
(i) 5.6 br.
(ii) 6 bl. (iii) 2.5
(iv) 24 br. (v) 31 br.
2.
(i) xU fdrJu gfgu 900 r.br. v, gf msit fhf.
(ii) xU fdrJu bkhj gu 1014 r.br. v, gf msit fhf.
(iii) xU fdrJu fd ms 125 f.bl. v, gf msit fhf.
3.
xU fdrJu bfhfy gf ms 20 br. v, mjid KGtJ ug

njitahd rfiu ms ahJ?
4.
xU fdrJu tot njf bjho fdms 64,000 . v, mj

gf msit fhf.
5.
3 br., 4 br., 5 br. gf msila _W fdrJuf cUfgL xU

bga fdrJukhf khwglh mj bkhj wguig fhf.
6.
15 br. gf mss xU fdrJu cUthf 3 br. gf mss

fdrJuf vjid njit?
7.
40 br. gf mss xU wj fdrJu bgo mikf njitahd

mil gu fhf. nkY, mj fdmsit fhf.
8.
2 gf mss xU fdrJu bfhfy KGtJ vbz csJ.

10 br. gf mss xU fdrJu Ftis vbz iy ` 50 v,
vbz bkhj iyia fhf?
9.
3.5 gf mss xU fdrJu bfhfy cwK btwK tz

rgLwJ. tz r xU rJu lUF MF bry ` 75 v, tz r
glntoa guig mjF MF bkhj bryit fhf.
82
msa
4.4 fdbrtff (Cuboids)

xU fdbrtf vgJ MW brtf gFah csla Kgkhz
gFahF.

cjhuz : brff, jff, ...
4.4.1 fdbrtf wgu (Surface Area of a Cuboid)

xU fdbrtf s, mfy kW cau Kiwna l, b kW h vf.
mj bkhj wgu (Total Surface Area)

(i ) K gff gu lh + lh = 2lh r.m
(ii ) U gf Kff gu bh + bh =2bh r.m
(iii ) nk, gff gu
lb + lb =2lb r.m t TLj MF.

l
fdbrtf gfgu = 2( l + b)h r.m
fdbrtf bkhj wgu (T.S.A) = 2( lb + bh + lh ) r.m

Ka fUJ
fdbrtf wgu
xU fdbrtf s, mfy kW cau Kiwna l, b, h

v,

(i) gf gu = 2( l + b)h r.m.

(ii) bkhj gu = 2( lb + bh + lh ) r.m.

gfgu vgJ mogf Rws kW cau
F

bgUfgydhF.
4.4.2 fdbrtf fdms (Volume of a Cuboid)

Ka fUJ
fdbrtf fdms
xU fdbrtf s, mfy, cau Kiwna l, b, h v,

mj fdms,

V = l # b # h f. myFf
vLJfhL 4.20

xU fdbrtf s, mfy kW cau Kiwna 20 br., 12 br. kW
9 br. v, mj bkhj wguig fhf.
83
maha
l = 20 br., b = 12 br., h = 9 br. vd bfhLfgLsJ. vdnt,

` bkhj wgu = 2 (lb + bh + lh)
T.S.A = 2[(20 # 12 ) + (12 # 9 ) + (20 # 9 )]
9br.
= 2(240 + 108 + 180)
= 2 # 528
= 1056 r.br.
br
12
20br.
vLJfhL 4.21

3 # 5 # 4 mss fdbrtf gf guig fhf.
l = 3 , b = 5 , h = 4 vd bfhLfgLsJ. vdnt,
= 2(l +b)h
= 2 # (3+5) # 4
= 2#8#4
gfgu
= 64 r.
vLJfhL 4.22

11 , 10 , 7 mss fdbrtf fdmsit fhf.
l = 11 , b = 10 , h = 7 vd bfhLfgLsJ. vdnt,
fdms
= lbh
=11 # 10 # 7
=770 f.
11
10
vLJfhL 4.23
fdms 216 f.br. mss U fdrJuf gl fhosthW
izfgLnghJ ilF fdbrtf bkhj guig fhf.

fdrJu gf ms a vf. a3 = 216 f.br.

` a=
U fdrJuf izfgL fdbrtf bgwgLwJ. vdnt,
216 = 6 br.
` l = 6 + 6 = 12 br., b = 6 br., h = 6 br..
` T.S.A = 2 (lb + bh + lh)

84
msa
= 2 [(12 # 6 ) + (6 # 6 ) + (12 # 6 )]
= 2 [72 + 36 + 72]
= 2 # 180 = 360 r.br.
vLJfhL 4.24

s, mfy kW cau Kiwna 20 br., 45 br. kW 50 br. msila xU
C.P.U F ciw ijf #h Udh. ciw iy 1 rJu lUF ` 50 v,

ciw ijf MF bryit fhf.
l = 20 br. = 0.2 , b = 45 br. =0.45 , h = 50 br. = 0.5
` ciw gu = gf gu + nk gu
= 2 (l + b) h + lb
= 2 (0.2 +0.45) 0.5 + (0.2 # 0.45)
= 2 # 0.65 # 0.5 + 0.09
= 0.65 + 0.09
= 0.74 r.
45
br
50 br.
ciw xU gf wj fdbrtf to UF.
20 br.
1 rJu l J iy ` 50
` 0.74 rJu l J iy 50 # 0.74 = ` 37.
vLJfhL: 4.25

5 # 2 # 1 mss xU F kzyh uggLwJ. xU fdlUF kz
ug MF bry ` 270 v, bkhj bryit fhf.

xU F fdbrtf to csJ. mj msf l = 5, b = 2, h = 1
` F fdms = fdbrtf fd ms
= lbh
= 5 # 2 # 1
= 10 f.

1 fdl kz ug ` 270 brythwJ v, 10 fd l kz ug
MF bry = 270 # 10 = ` 2700

85
maha
g 4.3
1.
nH bfhLfgLs fdbrtf s, mfy, caufSF gfgu,

bkhjgu kW fdms fhf.
(i) 5 br., 2 br., 11br. (ii) 15 bl.,10 bl., 8 bl..
(iii) 2 , 3 , 7
2.
fdbrtf s, mfy kW fdms Kiwna 35 br., 15 br.,
(iv) 20 , 12 , 8
kW 14175 f.br. v, cauij fhf.

3.
64 f.br. fd mss U fdrJuf izfglh clhF

cUt gfgu kW bkhj gu fhf.
4.
s, mfy kW cau 35 br., 30 br.. kW 55 br. msila U

x bgUfSF uh#& ciw ijf llh. ciw ijf xU rJu
lUF MF bry ` 75 v, bkhj bryit fhf.
5.
xU Tl ms 20 # 15 # 6 vd csJ. mTlF nkhf tz

mof Udh. 1 rJu lUF tz r MF bry ` 78 v,
bkhj bryit fhf.
6.
s 60 , mfy 0.3 , cau 2 cila Rt vGg 30br. # 15br. # 20br.

ms bfhl brff vjid njit?
7.
10 # 45 # 6 mss xU miw js kW Rtiu Jf xU rJu

lUF MF bry ` 48 v, bkhj bryit fhf.
g 4.4
1.
tl ika jhF nfhz 90c mj Mu 7 br. v, tl s
(A) 22 br.
2.
tlnfhzgF Mu kW s Kiwna 17 br., 27 br. v,
(B) 44 br.
(C) 11 br.
(D) 33 br.
mj Rws
(A) 16 br.
(B) 61 br.
(C) 32 br.
3.
tl ika jhF nfhz 90c v, tlnfhz gF gu
(A) 2rr2
2
(C) rr
4
(B) 4rr2
86
(D) 80 br.
2
(D) rr
2
msa
4.
tlnfhz gF Mu 12 br. kW s 21 br. v, mj gu
(A) 126 r.br.
5.
tlnfhzgF Mu 4 br. ika jhF nfhz 60c v, mj
(B) 252 r.br.
(C) 33 r.br.
(D) 45 r.br.
gu

6.
(A) 2r r.br.
3
(B) 4r r.br.
(C) 8r r.br. (D) 16r r.br.
3
3
3
tlnfhzgF gu 60 r.br. kW s 20 br. v, tl
(A) 6 br.
(B) 12 br.
(C) 24 br.
7.
tlnfhzgF Rws 37 br. mj Mu 7 br. v, s
(A) 23 br.
8.
MW rkrJufis Kffshf bfhl cUt
(A) fdrJu
9.
xU bghUsh wbt milgL gFahdJ mj
(A) gu
10.
1 bl. gf mss xU fdrJu wgu
(A) 16 r.bl.
(B) 5.29 br.
(C) 32 br.
(B) fd brtf
(B) s
(C) rJu
(C) fdms
(B) 4 r.bl.
(C) 2 r.bl.
87
(D) 36 br.
(D) 259 br.
(D) brtf
(D) bkhjgu
(D) 1 r.bl.
maha
id bfhf...

xU tl uL Muf kW Mufsh btlgL

Matwh milgL gF tlnfhzgF vdgL.
xU tlnfhzgF tl, mtlnfhzgF mikJs

tl
ika
VgLJ
nfhz
ikanfhz
myJ
tlnfhz vdgL.

xU tlnfhzgF ikanfhz i kW Mu r v, mj
i
s l= 360 # 2rr myFfshF.
tlnfhzgF gugs i # rr2 rJu myFfshF.
360
l - s, r - tlnfhzgF Mu v, mj Rws
P = l + 2r myFf.
gfms a myFf bfhl fdrJu

(i) bkhj wgu (T.S.A) = 6a2 r.m.
(ii) gfgu = 4a2 r.m.
gfms a myFf bfhl fdrJu fdms,

V = a3 fd myFf
xU fdbrtf s, mfy kW cau Kiwna l, b, h v,
(i) gf gu = 2( l + b)h r.m

(ii) bkhj gu = 2( lb + bh + lh ) r.m
xU fdbrtf s, mfy, cau Kiwna l, b, h myFf v,

mj fdms V = l # b # h f.m.
88
msa
bra 1
tiugl jh flthW bto vLJ fd cUtij brf.
bra 2
flt vtiw fd cUtkhf khw aY?
89
maha
bra 3
tiugl jh flthW bto vLJ fd cUtij brf.
bra 4
64 myF fdrJuij bfhL fbga fdbrtfij cUthF?

mtiw kh mLFnghJ fdbrtf wgu khw milkh?
fdbrtf wgu vd?
64 myF fdrJuij bfhL fdbrtffis cUthfgLnghJ
fdbrtf mfgr, Fiwjgr wgu vd?
90
msa
g 4.1
1. (i) 22 br., 231 r.br., 64 br.

(ii) 2.57 br., 6.3 r.br., 12.37 br.
(iii) 11 br., 77 r.br., 39 br. (iv) 16.5 br., 123.75 r.br., 46.5 br.
(v) 88 bl., 924 r.bl.,130 bl. 2. (i) 120c (ii) 90c (iii) 36 br.
3. (i) 165 r.br., 53 br. (ii) 2200 r.br., 190 br. (iii) 91.5 r.br., 39.25 br.
(iv) 250 r.br., 65 br. 4. (i) 10 br. (ii) 30 br. (iii) 6 br.
5. (i) 110.25 r.br. (ii) 700 r.br. 6. (i) 280c (ii) 120c
7. (i) 72 br., 308 r.br. (ii) 25 br., 38.5 r.br. 8. (i) 19 br. (ii) 8.5 br.
9. (i) 7 kneu (ii) 2 kneu (iii) 15 kneu 10. 0.16 r.br.
11. (i) 154 r. (ii) 350 r. 12. 123.84 r.br. 13. 346.5 r.br. 14. 4.2 , 60c,12.8
g 4.2
1. (i) 125.44 r.br., 188.16 r.br., 175.62 f.br.

(ii) 144 r.bl., 216 r.bl., 216 f.bl.
(iii) 25 r., 37.5 r., 15.625 f. (iv) 2304 r.br., 3456 r.br., 13824 f.br.
(v) 3844 r.br., 5766 r.br., 29791 f.br.
2. (i) 15 br. (ii) 13 br. (iii) 5 bl.

3. 8000 f.br.
4. 4 5. 216 r.br. 6. 125 fdrJuf
7. 8000 r.br., 64000 f.br.
8. ` 4,00,000 9. 147 r., ` 11,025
g 4.3
1. (i) 154 r.br., 174 r.br., 110 f.br.

(ii) 400 r.bl., 700 r.bl., 1200 f.bl.
(iii) 70 r., 82 r., 42 f. (iv) 512 r., 992 r., 1920 f.
2. 27 br.
3. 96 r.br., 160 r.br. 4. ` 123 5. 720 r. , ` 56,160
6. 4000 brff 7. ` 53,280
g 4.4
1. C 2. B 3. C
4. A
5. C
6. B
7. A 8. C
91
9. C
10. B
maha
fjf
All business proceeds on beliefs, or judgments of probabilities,

and not on certainty
- CHARLES ELIOT
Kjik Fnfhf

Ug Ug tU nrhjidf kW XL
fbt fjf Matiw J bfhSj
gl fjfid J bfhSj
5.1 mKf
rL ~gh ikr

xbthUtU mfhiy Kj mrh tiu
y brafyhtJ fH Toa rhaTWfSfhd
thfis itJ KobtLnwh. cjhuzkhf,
eh W ntiyF brY nghJ Fil bfhL
bry ntLkh? vdJ brln g fy
r W u tiu oUFkh? kW eh jhf
mKfgLjgl kof thf ntLkh?

fjf
vgJ
khWglToa
vyh
brafY xU KobtLf ekF xU tKiwia
mwJ. fjf vw fUJ f
mogilyhd NjhlUJ njhUjhY
Tl, mjDila gaghLf aa, tfa,
ca, kUJt, MfhL, KjLJiw,
thiy Kd kW gntW tsU Jiwf
mfkhf gagLjgL tUwJ.
tU thafis ftngh:
vtU bghJnj FHir mnefkhf

Kj kbg bgWth.
xUntis jir W bjhltoia

ogh.
mahta bghUf iy khwyhk

UfTL.
iwa bl ngho yh bt bgw

th csJ.
92
(R. Von Mises)

(1883-1953)
fjfF mDgt
myJ a
mQFKiwia
M.v. ~ kW
M. ~ghikr Mnah
thd.
M. ~ghikr
vgtuh
TWbt fUJ
mKfgLjglJ.
ms bfhifia
mogilahf bfhL
fjf fj
fUaiy clhf
fUJ VJthf
mikjJ. brw
who ggy
gilghf
Ljyh j
mQFKiw J jhf
btglJ. j
ed thfid
FF monfh
tKiw nfhnkhnfhnuh
vgtuh mfglJ.
fjf

mnefkhf, xUntis, UfTL, th nghw brhf cWghlw
jikiana czJwd. cWjik myJ cWghlw jikia
msl rahd msnfh VJ iy. MdhY xU bra ftjfhd
rhaTWfis ff mogil cWghlw jikid fj
to mslyh. thW msL v kig fjf vnwh.
mDgtf kW khwf mogil KobtLgjF fjf xU wj
gaDs KiwahF. vdnt, fjf vgJ xnu xU v kghf yhj nghJ
mJ f gaDsjhF.
5.2 mogil fUJf kW tiuaiwf

fjf fUaiy bjhlFtjF K ekF njitahd y mogil
fUJfis tiuaiw brnth.
nrhjid(Experiment)

rkth nrhjid( Random Experiment)
Ka (Trial)

TWbt (Sample space)
TW (Sample point)

f (Event)
Ka fUJ
nrhjid
eF tiuaWfgl isfis cUthF

xU bra nrhjid vdgL.

nrhjidfis tU U guj Kiwf tifgLjyh.
nrhjid
th nrhjid
cWahd nrhjid
93
maha
1. cWahd nrhjid (m) khdkhd nrhjid (Deterministic experiment) :

xj gjidf mogil Kofis Kdnu
maToa nrhjid khdkhd nrhjid (m) cWahd
nrhjid vdgL.

vLJfhlhf, iu bfhf itF nghJ mJ
Mahf khWj, Frhjd bgo iu itF nghJ
mJ gfoahf ciwj kW UwK jiyiaila
xU khWgl ehzaij RL nghJ jiy ilgJ nghw
nrhjidf Kofis eh Kdnu ma Ko. vdnt
itaidJ cWahd (m) khdkhd nrhjidf MF.
2. rkth nrhjid (Random experiment) : xU nrhjid fHToa midJ
isfS Kdnu bjUjhY mt vj is fHnghwJ vgij
Kdnu rahf brhy KoahJ v, mnrhjid
rkth nrhjid vdgL.
vLJfhlhf, tU nrhjidfis fUJnth:

(i) xU ehzaij RLj

(ii) xU gfilia cULj.
nrhjidf rkth nrhjidf MF. Vbd, t fHnghF

isid Kdnu ma ayhJ.
Ka fUJ
cjhuzkhf,
xW myJ gy
ehzaij RLj gfilia
isfis cUthF
cULj
Mait
Kaf
(Trial)
xU bra Ka vdgL.
MF.
cjhuzkhf,
rk th nrhjid
TWbt
xU ehzaij RL nghJ
vyh isf fz
TWbt S = { jiy, }
(Sample
TWbt vdgL.
xU gfilia cUL nghJ TWbt
Space)
jid S vd Flyh.
S = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
Ka
TW
(Sample
Point)
f
(Event)
nrhjid xbthU
is TW
vdgL.
xU ehzaij RL nghJ
jiy, Mait TWfshF .
xU gfilia cUL nghJ
1, 2, 3, 4, 5 kW 6 Mait
TWfshF.
TWbt vj xU
cfzK f
vdgL.
cjhuzkhf,
xU gfilia cUL nghJ
ilF rhjfkhd ff y
{1, 2, 3}, {1, 3}, {2, 3, 5, 6}.
94
fjf
fjf
yF fjf
gl fjf
mfiy fjf
bjhik fjf
5.3 fjf
fjf gntW fUJfUJ, fjfid _W tiffshf fyh:
(1) mfiy fjf (Subjective probability)
(2) bjhik fjf (Classical probability)
(3) gl fjf (Empirical probability)
5.3.1 mfiy fjf

cWghlw jikia ga xUtUila eif tikia mfiy
fjf btgLJwJ. eh vghF isfSF neuoahd rhWf
f Fiwj msnt cs myJ KGikahf yhj jUzf kiwKfkhd
rhWfisnah, mghgl fnyh, cSz _ynkh kW mfiy
fhuf _ynkh fjfid fzlyh.
5.3.2 bjhik fjf

bjhik fjf vD fUJ th isahLfUJ bgwglJ.
nrhjid isf midJ rkthig bgUF nghJ J
bghUJwJ. xj rkths n ff xU f fH rhjfkhd s thf
U mf fjf s vd bfhLfgLwJ.
n
5.3.3 gl fjf

neuoahd mDgtf _y isf fjfid fhgJ gl
fjf MF
5.4 fjf - X mDgt Kiw (gl Kiw)

jiy eh gl fjfid g kLnk thfnghnwh.
kw U fjffis g nk tFf gongh. gl myJ
nrhjid myJ xL fbt fjf vgJ neuoahd mDgtf
95
maha
_y isf fjfid fhgJ MF. gl fjfid,

nrhjidfis gyKiw brJ mj Kofis flayh. gl fjf
vgJ xU is nrhjid Kof mogil ma tkhf
f rahf gJ MF.

cjhuzkhf, xU Fl Wtd ryitfoid kf U
Koit ma bjhik fjfid gagLj ayhJ. Vbd, nrhjid
Kof rkthig bgUfiy. khahd nrhjid fjfid
ma, eh xU fzbfL elj ntL. jid nrhjid tufis
nrfj vdyh. mfkhd tufis nrfF nghJ eh f wj
kLfis bgwyh.
Ka fUJ
gl fjf
m vgJ E vw f rhjfkhd Kaf vif vW

n vgJ bkhj Kaf vif vW bfhlh, E- gl
fjf vgij tUkhW tiuaWfyh. jid P(E) vd Flyh.
P(E) =
f Vgl Kaf vif

Kaf bkhj vif
(myJ)
P(E) =
flj rhjfkhd ff vif

flj bkhj ff vif
vdnt, P (E) = m
n
F 0 # m # n ( 0 # m # 1 , Mfnt 0 # P (E) # 1 .
n
0 # P (E) # 1
mjhtJ, xU f ftjfhd fjf vbghGJ 0 UJ 1 Koa
cs VnjD xU v MF.
xU f ftjfhd cWjikia ma fjf bgJ gagLwJ.
fjf 1 v, mf cWahf fG vd, fjf 0.9 v, f

bgUghY fG vd, fjf 0.5 v, f ftjF fHhk nghtjF
thL vd, fjf 0 v, f cWahf fHhJ vd mayh.

nkfhQ sfUJ eh mtJ
Fiu

(i) P(E) = 1 v, E vgJ cWahd f
(ii) P(E) = 0 v, E vgJ eilbgw ayhj f.

96
fjf
xU f fjf P (E) v, mf eilbgwhk Ugjfhd
fjfit P (El ) myJ P (E ) vd vGjyh.

P(E ) + P (El ) = 1 vd ekF bj. vdnt, P (El ) = 1 - P (E)

P (El ) = 1 - P (E)

eh y fjffis fzL nghJ fzLfis kL kd
bfhsTlhJ. eKila nehf fjf mogil nfhghLfis,
fis, bfhiffis mJ bfhtjhf Uf ntL.
cjhuz :

xU ehzaij gyKiw RLnghJ, vjid Kiw jiy kW Gwd
vgjF, bkhj RLjfSFkhd jf nH bfhLf gLsd.
RLj
vif
(n)
ilj
jiyf (H)
vif (m1)
50
29
60
34
70
41
80
44
90
48
100
52
P(H) = m1
n
29
50
34
60
41
70
44
80
48
90
52
100
ilj
f (T)
vif (m2)
21
26
29
36
42
48
P(T) = m2
n
21
50
26
60
29
70
36
80
42
90
48
100

nkfl mltizUJ eh RLj vifia mff
mff jiy ilgjfhd fjf, ilgjfhd fjf
xiwbahW beU tUtij fhzyh.
bra (1): xU ehzaij RLj

xbthU khztid xU ehzaij 10 Kiw RlbrJ, vjid Kiw
jiy ilwJ vgij, vjid Kiw ilwJ vgij ftJ
nH cs mltiz csthW Ff brhyyh.
is
10 RLj Gj jiyf/
f vif
nenfhL
Ff
jiy
97
maha

nj nghy xU ehzaij 20, 30, 40, 50 Kiw RlbrJ nkTa
Kiwnyna mltizgLj ntzL. tU df kfis
vGJf.
jiy ilj RLj vif
= d
RLj bkhj vif
d
ilj RLj vif
= d
RLj bkhj vif
d
bra (2): xU gfilia cULj
xU gfilia 20 Kiw cUo mj MW isfSF fjfit fzLf.
is
nenfhL
Ff
20 Kiw cUL
nghJ ilF
isf
vif
ilj bjhlila
isf vif
gfil cULj
bkhj vif
1
2
3
4
5
6

nrhjidia 50, 100 Kiw brJ mt Kofis Kiwnyna
mltizgLjyh.
bra (3): U ehzafis RLj
U ehzafis nrjhngh 10 Kiw Ro mj ffis ftJ
tUkhW mltizgLJf.
is
10 Kiw
ne
RL nghJ
nfhL
ilF
Ff
isf
uL jiyf
xU jiy kW
xU
jiy jJ
98
ilj bjhlila
isf vif
U ehzaf
RLj bkhj vif
fjf

bra (1)- xbthU Kiw xU ehzaij RLtij Ka vnwh.
ij nghynt bra (2)- xbthU Kiw gfilia cULjiy Ka vW,
bra (3)- U ehzafis xnu neu RLjiy Ka vW miHnwh.

bra (1)- xU Fl RLj f jiy ilgij is
vnwh, mij nghynt ilgij mf kbwhU is vnwh.

bra (2)- 5 vw Fl v ilgJ vgij xU is vnwh.
jiy ilj RLj vif
- kig gl fjf myJ nrhjid
RLj bkhj vif
fjf vnwh .
vLJfhL 5.1

xU cgahs cgahd brlngfUJ (Cellphone) 1000
brlngfis rkth Kiw njbjLJ
nrhJ ghj 25
brlngf FiwghLilad vW fLofglJ v, rkth Kiw
njbjLF xU brlng FiwghLilajhf Uf fjf vd.
nrhjid brj brlngf vif = 1000 mjhtJ, n = 1000

E vgJ FiwghLs brilngfis njbjLgjfhd f vf.
n(E) = 25
mjhtJ, m = 25
FiwghLfSila brlngf vif

nrhjid brj brlngf bkhj vif

= m = 25 = 1
n
1000
40
vLJfhL 5.2
P(E) =

T20 kilgJ ngho (cricket) uhR 50 gJfis vbfhL 10 Kiw
MW Xlfis vLjh. mt vbfhl gJf xU gij rkth Kiw
njbjLF nghJ m mt MW Xlf vLfhk Ugjfhd fjf
vd?

uhR vbfhl bkhj gJf vif = 50. mjhtJ, n = 50
E vgJ uhR MW Xlf vLgjfhd f v,

El vgJ uhR MW Xlf vLfhk Ugjfhd f MF.
n(E)
= 10
mjhtJ, m=10
uhR moj MW Xlf vif
P(E) = vbfhl gJf bkhj vif
= m = 10 = 1
n
50
5
P (uhR MW Xlf vLfhk Ugjfhd) = P (El ) = 1 - P (E)
=1- 1 = 4
5
5
99
maha
vLJfhL 5.3

kilgJ FGit njbjLF njFG, ufis nj bra
uf Kija nghof 40 XlfSF nk vjid nghof vLjd

vgij jFahf bfhL nj brjd. Fkh kW Ugh Ma U uf
w flj 30 nghof flthW bfhLfgLsJ.
40-F nkgl Xlf vLj nghof
vif
20
uf bga
Fkh
12
Ugh
uf njbjLfgLtjfhd fjffis fhf.

cWneha nghof vif = 30 mjhtJ, n = 30
E1 vgJ Fkh 40 XlfSF nk vLgjfhd f vf,

n( E1 ) = 20
mjhtJ, m1 = 20
E2 vgJ Ugh 40 XlfSF nk vLgjfhd f vf,

n( E2 ) = 12
m1
= 20
n
30
m2 12
P( E2 ) =
=
n
30
P( E1 ) =
mjhtJ, m2 = 12
Fkh njbjLfgLtjfhd fjf = 20 = 2

30
3
Ugh njbjLfgLtjfhd fjf = 12 = 2
30
5
vLJfhL 5.4

xU Ut rhiy Fl xU eh xU fhty thfdf ntfij
nrhjid brjh. mt nrhjid brj 160 thfdf ntff fbt
goa nH bfhLfgLsJ.
ntf(./k)
thfdf
vif
20-29
30-39
40-49
50-59
60-69
70 mjF
nkY
14
23
28
35
52
xU thfdij rkth Kiw njbjLF nghJ mj ntf

(i) 69 ./k- I l mfkhf (ii) 20 ./kUJ 39 ./k tiu
(iii) 60 ./k-F Fiwthf (iv) 40 ./kUJ 69 ./k tiu
Uf fjf vd?
100
fjf
f E1 vgJ thfd ntf 69 ./k-I l mfkhf

Ugjfhd f vf.

n( E1 ) = 8

mjhtJ, m1 = 8

nrhjid brj bkhj thfdf = 160. mjhtJ, n = 160
m

P( E1 ) = 1 = 8 = 1
n
160
20

(ii) f E2 vgJ thfd ntf 20 ./kUJ 39 ./k
tiu Ugjfhd f vf

n( E2 ) = 14+23 = 37
mjhtJ, m2 = 37
m2
= 37

P( E2 ) =
n
160
(iii) f E3 vgJ thfd ntf kF 60 . Il Fiwthf

Ugjfhd f vf.

n( E3 ) = 14+23+28+35 = 100 mjhtJ, m3 = 100
m

P( E3 ) = 3 = 100 = 5
n
160
8
(iv) f E4 vgJ thfd ntf 40 ./kUJ 69 ./k

tiu Ugjfhd f vf.

n( E4 ) = 28+35+52 = 115
mjhtJ, m4 = 115
m4 115
=
= 23

P( E4 ) =
n
160
32
vLJfhL 5.5

(i)

xU Muhahs khztf fj wikF, a MtF
ilna cs bjhlig fla Udh. nrhjidfhf 200 khztfis
rkth Kiw njbjLJ mtfl fj wik kW a Mt
Matiw Fiw, ruhr, mf vd FLkhW T nrffgl tu
goa nH bfhLfgLsJ.
a
Mt
Fiw
ruhr
mf
fj wik
Fiw
ruhr
mf
60
15
15
15
45
10
5
10
25
xU khztiu rkth Kiw njbjLFnghJ mt

(i) fj mf wik

(ii) a ruhr Mt

(iii) a mf Mt

(iv) fj mf wik kW a mf Mt kW

(v) fj ruhr wik kW a Fiwj Mt,
cilatuhf Uf fjf vd?
101
maha
mjhtJ, n = 200
bkhj khztf vif = 80+70+50=200

(i)
f E1 vgJ fj mf wik cilnah vf.

n( E1 ) = 15+10+25= 50
m1
= 50 = 1
n
200
4
(ii) f E2 vgJ a ruhr Mt cilnah vf.
P( E1 ) =
mjhtJ, m1 = 50
n( E2 ) = 15+45+10 = 70
P( E2 ) =
mjhtJ, m2 = 70
m2
= 70 = 7
n
200
20
(iii) f E3 vgJ a mf Mt cilnah vf.

n( E3 ) = 5+10+25 = 40
P( E3 ) =
mjhtJ, m3 = 40
m3
= 40 = 1
n
200
5
(iv) f E4 vgJ fj mf wik kW a mf

Mt cilnah vf.

n( E4 ) = 25
mjhtJ, m4 = 25
m

P( E4 ) = 4 = 25 = 1
n
200
8
(v) f E5 vgJ fj ruhr wik kW a Fiwj
Mt cilnah vf.

n( E5 ) = 15
mjhtJ, m5 = 15
m

P( E5 ) = 5 = 15 = 3
n
200
40
vLJfhL 5.6

xU kUJtkid gnto kfngfhf kf jUj ehf
tu nH bfhLfgLsJ.
jUj ehf
vif
6 ehfis
l mf
kf vif
15
32
56
19
vtnuD xUtiu rkth Kiw njbjLF nghJ mt
(i) rahf 5 ehf
(ii) 6 ehfSF Fiwthf
(iii) mf gr 4 ehf
(iv) Fiwjgr 5 ehf
jUf fjf vd?

102
fjf
kfngfhf kUJtkid jUjtf vif = 127

mjhtJ, n = 127
(i) E1 vgJ rahf 5 ehf jUgjfhd f vf.

n( E1 ) = 56

mjhtJ, m1 = 56
m1
= 56

P( E1 ) =
n
127
(ii)
E2 vgJ 6 ehfSF Fiwthf jUgjfhd f vf.
n( E2 ) = 15 + 32 + 56 = 103 mjhtJ, m2 = 103

m

P( E2 ) = 2 = 103
n
127
(iii) E3 vgJ mf gr 4 ehf jUgjfhd f vf. (3 kW 4

ehf kL)
n( E3 ) = 15 + 32 = 47

mjhtJ, m3 = 47
m
P( E3 ) = 3 = 47
n
127
(iv) E4 vgJ Fiwjgr 5 ehf jUgjfhd f vf.( 5,6 kW 7

ehf kL)

n( E4 ) = 56 + 19 + 5 = 80 mjhtJ, m4 = 80
m

P( E4 ) = 4 = 80
n
127
g 5.1
1.
fltW vit fjf kghf Uf KoahJ.
i) 1/3
vi) 1.45
ii) - 1/5
vii) 1
2.
tiuaW: i) nrhjid

iv) TWbt
iii) 0.80
viii) 33%
iv) - 0.78
ix) 112%
ii) cWahd nrhjid

v) f
v) 0
iii) rkth nrhjid
vi) Ka
3.
tiuaW : gl fjf
4.
r vgt flj 20 TilgJ nghof yif neh jil

v thf 65 Kiw yif neh vjh kW 35 Kiw jtwlh
v, mt vj gJf xU gij rkth Kiw njbjLjh
mgJ yif miltjfhd nrhjid fjf vd?
5.
thiy Muh ika flj 300 ehf gbragL btlgl

thiy miff 195 Kiw rahf UjJ. bfhLfgl eh
btlgl thiy mif (i) rahf (ii) jtwhf Ugjfhd fjf
vd?
103
maha
6.
xU a ClrJ ghd Ritia g bfs, 25 khztfl

fUJfis nfljh. ilj gf tUkhW
gf
Unth
Ughnjh
KobtLfhnjh
15
bkhj egf

xU khztiu rkth Kiw njbjLF nghJ mt Ritia
(i) Ugtuhf (ii) Ughjtuhf (iii) KobtLfhjtuhf

Uf fjf vd?
7.
njbjLfgl 50 egf 21 ng O tif ujK ,22 ng A tif

ujK, 5 ng B tif ujK, 2 ng AB tif ujK, cilatuhf
Ujd.
xUtiu rkth Kiw njbjLF nghJ mt
(i) O tif uj cilatuhf
(ii) B tif uj yhjtuhf
(iii) A tif uj cilatuhf
(iv) AB tif uj yhjtuhf.
Uf fjf vd?
8.
xU gfilia 500 Kiw cUoa nghJ ilj isf tU

mltiz bfhLfgLsJ.
isf
fbtf
80
75
90
75
85
95
xU is
(i) 4 I l Fiwthf
(ii) 2 I l Fiwthf
(iv) 6 Mf
(v) 6 Mf yhk.
(iii) 2 I l mfkhf
Uf fjf vd?
9.
njbjLfgl 2000 FLgf U FHijf tiu cs FLgf

tu tUkhW
xU FLg cs bg
FHijf vif
FLgf vif
624
900
476
njbjLfgl xU FLg
(i) 2 bg FHijf (ii) xU bg FHij (iii) bg FHij yhk
Uf fjf vd?
104
fjf
10.
500 W FH sFf theh tu nH jugLsd.

9 10 11 12
theh( khjf)
sFf vif 26 71 82 102
13
89
14
77
14 I l mf
53
xU WFH sF njbjLF nghJ, fhQ theh gaghofhd

fjfid fhf.
(i) 12 khjfSF Fiwthf
(ii) 14 khjfSF mfkhf
(iii) mfgr 12 khjf
(iv) Fiwjgr 13 khjf
11.
gugughd xU eh xU Fl neu, k mkUnjh

vif g braglJ. 60 kJf brw egf
vif fl mltiz jugLsJ.
k mkUnjh
vif
kJf vif
22
16
12
Fl fhy ilbtF wF lij xU kjhdJ flJ

brwh, m mkUF egf vif.
(i) 2 kL

(ii) 3-I l Fiwthf
(iii) 2-I l Fiwthf
(iv) Fiwjgr 4 Mf
Uf fjfid fhf.
12.
Rit vw khz fj eljgl myF njf bgw

kbgf tUkhW
myF nj
bgw kbgf
(%)
II
III
IV
VI
VII VIII
IX
89
93
98
99
98
97
96
98
99
90
tufis bfhL myFnj
(i) 95% F mfkhf (ii) 95% F Fiwthf

kbg bgw fjfid fhf.
13.
fl mltizahdJ xU FoU jnsh iyia

fhLwJ
tif
ghd
M
bg
(iii) 98% F mfkhf
f khzt
gahs
5
4
3
8
FoUngh xUtiu rkth Kiw njbjLF nghJ mt

105
maha
(i) bgzhf Uf
(ii) f khztuhf Uf
(iii) f khzahf Uf (iv) M gahsuhf
Uf fjf vd?
14.
xU Fl a myJ gagLjgl kGJfis tha 1000

Efnth fsg tuf fhQ mltiz bfhLfgLsJ.
U iy
tif
aJ
gagLaJ
Uailjt
Uailahjt
300
450
100
150
xU Efnth rkth Kiw njbjLF nghJ, mt
(i) a kGJ thatuhf Uf
(ii) Uailjtuhf Uf
(iii) gagLjgl kGJ th Mdh Uailahjtuhf Uf

fjf vd?
15.
njbjLfgl 1,000 egfl mtf xU tUlF wF

brlngfis thf loUwhfsh vgij g tuf
nrffglJ. xU tUl brw wF mnj egfl L mtf
brlng
tha
tuf
nrffgL
mj
tu
nH
jugLsJ.
thf lnlh
thf llhnjh
thnah
200
100
thfhnjh
50
650
xU egiu njbjLF nghJ mt

(i) brlng thf lL Ujtuhf
(ii) brlng thf loUJ Mdh thfhjtuhf
(iii) thf llhk Mdh thatuhf
Uf fjf vd?
16.
kf FoUF lF thfd itUgjF ilna cs

bjhlig ma xU fzbfL eljglJ. m kGJ cikahsf
200 ng fbga efufUJ, 150 ng wefufUJ, 150 ng
uhkwfUJ rkth Kiw njbjLfgL flthW
mltizgLjglJ.
106
fjf
gF tif
bgUef
wef
uhk
cik cst
90
60
25
cik myhjt
110
90
125
btehL kGJ
njbjLfgL xUt
(i)
(ii) wef tF btehL kGJ cikahsuhf Uf
(iii) bgUefu tJ btehL kGJ cikahsuhf yhk
btehL kGJ cikahsuhf Uf
Uf

(iv) bgUefu cs btehL kGJ cikahsuhf Uf
(v) uhkw tgtuhf yhkY btehL kGJ cikahsuhf

yhkY Ugtuhf

17.
Uf fjf vd?
xU muR nkiy g g 100 Maf f jFf

mltizgLjgLsJ.
f iy Ma iwP KJfiy gl sfiy gl
taJ
30-F
30 - 40 tiu
40-F nk
(M.Phil)
5
15
5
tiu
10
20
5
kL
10
15
15
xU Maiu rkth Kiw njbjLF nghJ mt

(i)
KJfiy gl tiu bgwtuhf Uf
(ii) 30 taF FiwthdtU Ma iwP gl bgwtuhf Uf
(iii) 40 taF nkgltuhf sfiy gl bgwtuhf Uf
(iv) 30 taJ Kj 40 taFgltuhf KJfiy gl bgwtuhf

Uf
(v)
18.
njbjLfgl 1,000 egf taJ kW mtfSF f ojkhd

isahL ga tuf tUkhW
40 taF nkgltuhf Ma iwP (M.Phil) gl bgwtuhf

Uf fjf vd?
107
maha
isahL
taJ
20 F
20 - 29
30 - 39
40 - 49
50 kW mjF nk
ifJ
tisnfh
TilgJ
gJ
Ml
(Basket ball)
(Volleyball)
(Hockey)
26
47
41
38
84
80
72
68
38
96
48
30
134
44
18
fhgJ
(Football)
36
48
22
26
4
mtf xU eg rkth Kiw njbjLF nghJ mt
(i)
(ii) 20 Kj 29 taF cgltuhf
(iii) TilgJ Ugtuhf 20 Kj 29 taFgltuhf
(iv) tisnfh gjhlij Ughjtuhf

ifJ gJ Ml Ugtuhf
(v) mfgr 49 taJilatuhf fhgjhl f ojkhf yhk
Uf fjf vd?
19.
K vgt xU Fl PhWHik, thfdfsh VgL fhW

khRghL ga mtUila ma bralfhf fhiy 7 k Kj
khiy 7 tiu nja beLrhiy v 45- cs Rfrhtoia flJ brY
thfdfis cWnehdh. mnghJ flJ brw thfdf tu nH
mltizgLjgLsJ.
fhy ilbt
thfdf
ngUJ
kGJ
U rfu thfdf
fhiy 7 k
Kj 11 tiu
fhiy 11 k
Kj gf 3
tiu
gf 3 k
Kj khiy 7
tiu
300
200
500
120
130
250
400
250
350
thfd xiw rkth Kiw njbjLF nghJ mthfd
(i) Kgf 7 k Kj 11 k tiu brY ngUjhf Uf
(ii) Kgf 11 k Kj gf7 k tiu brY kGjhf Uf
(iii) Kgf 7 k Kj gf 3 k tiu brY ngUjhf Uf
(iv) Kgf 7 k Kj gf 7 k tiu brY kGjhf Uf
(v) Kgf 7 k Kj gf7 k tiu brY thfdf Urfu

thfdkhf yhk Uf,
fjf vd?
108
fjf
g 5.2
1.
cWahd f fjf
(A) 1
2.
fltW vJ xU f fjfthF
(A) 7
4
3.
ayh f fjf
(A) 1
4.
xU f x- fjf vnghJ
(A) 0 1 x 1 1
5.
P (El ) =
(A) 1 - P (E)
(B) 0
(C) 1
2
(D) 2
(C) 2
3
(D) 2
3
(C) 1
2
(D) 1
(B)0 # x 1 1
(C)0 # x # 1
(D) 1 1 x 1 2
(B) P (E) - 1
(C) 1
(D) 0
(B) 1
(B) 0
109
maha
id bfhf...
cWaw jik (m) fjfit v ms msf aY.
eF tiuaWfgl isfis cUthF xU bra nrhjid

vdgL.
xj gjidf mogil Kof Kdnu maToa nrhjid

khdkhd nrhjid (m) cWahd nrhjid vdgL.
rhjfkhd isf Kdnu bjjhY, ekF njitahd Koit

cWahf brhy ayhj nrhjid th nrhjid MF.
xW myJ gy isfis cUthF bra Ka vdgL.
th nrhjid vyh isfS nrJ cUthd fz TWbt

vdgL. jid S vd Flyh.
nrhjid xbthU is TW vdgL.
TWbt VnjD xU cfz f vdgL.
fjfid _W tiffshf fyh:

(1) mfiy fjf
(2) bjhik fjf
(3) gl fjf
E- gl fjf P(E)-I tUkhW ilfbgwyh.

f Vgl Kaf vif
P(E) =
Kaf bkhj vif
(myJ)
P(E) =
flj rhjfkhd ff vif

flj bkhj ff vif
(myJ)
P (E ) = m
n
0 # P^ E h # 1
P^ Elh = 1 - P^ Eh F El vgJ E - u f MF.
110
fjf
bra 1
3 # 3 cila xU milia gfil isahoF gagLJ.
Ko
Jtf
mj mil Jtf vw fl Kj 1 ilgt Jtf ntL.

gfilia cUo uil v ilF nghJ xU fl nk neh efu
ntL. xiw v ilF nghJ xU fl lJ w efu ntL.
ah Kj Ko flij milwhfnsh mtfns bt bgwtf.
3, 4 vw fl UFnghJ xiw v GjhY, 7, 8 vw fl
UFnghJ uil v GjhY, th mLjtUF brY.
isahil gyKiw isaho f bt bgWtjfhd thig
fLo.
f bt bgWtjF vjid uil v kW xiw v ilf
ntL.
f bt bgWtjfhd fjf vd? isahil 4 # 4, 5 # 5
cila milia gagL isaho ghf.
111
maha
bra 2
MW rJufis vL Knfhzfis cila fl Kgkhz
cUtij brf.
mj cUtij cUL nghJ mjDila Kf gF rJukhf UgjF

fjf vd?
mj cUtij cULnghJ mjDila Kf gF Knfhzkhf
UgjF fjf vd?
mj cUtij Fiwj gr W Kiw cUo fjfit fLo.
112
fjf
g 5.1
1. (ii) - 1 (iv) -0.78 (vi) 1.45 (ix) 112%
5
4. 13
20
5. (i) 13 (ii) 7
20
20
6. (i) 3 (ii) 8
5
25
(iii) 2 7. (i) 21 (ii) 9

25
50
10
(iii) 11
25
(iv) 24
25
8. (i) 49 (ii) 4
100
25
(iii) 69 (iv) 19 (v) 81

100
100
100
9. (i) 39 (ii) 9
125
20
10. (i) 179 (ii) 53 (iii) 281 (iv) 219 11. (i) 4 (ii) 19
500
500
500
15
30
500
(iii) 11
30
12. (i) 7 (ii) 3 (iii) 1

10
10
5
13. (i) 3
5
(ii) 9
20
(iii) 1
5
(iv) 3
20
14. (i) 2 (ii) 3

5
4
(iii) 3
20
15. (i) 1 (ii) 1

4
20
(iii) 1
10
16. (i) 7 (ii) 3

20
25
(iii) 11
50
(iv) 9
50
(v) 3
4
17. (i) 7 (ii) 1

20
20
(iii) 3
20
(iv) 1
5
(v) 1
20
18. (i) 183 (ii) 1

500
4
(iii) 21 (iv) 793

250
1000
19. (i) 3 (ii) 19 (iii) 21 (iv) 29 (v) 14

25
125
125
125
25
g 5.2
1. A 2. D 3. B
4. C
5. A
113
(v) 33
250
(iii) 119
500
(iv) 1
6
maha
tiuglf
A mathematical theory can be regarded as perfect only if you are prepared to
present its contents to the first man in the street
D.HILBERT
Ka Fnfhf

tiugl fUid j
nea rkgho tiugl tiuj
U khfis bfhl nea rkghLf fhz
6.1 mKf

tiugl mogil fUJfis ghlgF sFwJ. eh
xbthU ehS brjhf, giff kW jff nghwt
tiuglfis fhnwh. tiuglf gntW tukfis gl to
sFwJ. j _y tukfis iuthf, vjhf kW
bjthf J bfhs KowJ. ghlgF uL khfSilna
cs bjhlid tiugl Fl, rkghLf id tiugl _y
bgWtij fngh.
6.2 nea tiugl (Linear Graph)
y
7
ms l

x 2y = 2 vw rkghL x, y
x mR : 1 br. = 1 myF
6
vw U khf mikj xU nea
y mR : 1 br. = 1 myF
5
rkghoF
X
vLJfhlhF.
4
x0 2 y0 = 2 vwthW cs x0 , y0 vw
(6, 4)
3
(4, 3)
vf nrho ( x0 , y0 ) MdJ x 2y = 2
2
(2, 2)
vw rkgho xU MF. thW
1 (0, 1)
nrho Kj v x0 kW ulhtJ
(2, 0)
v y0 -F Fl kf bfhLgj xl 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 x
1
(4, 1)
_y rkgho vyh fis
2
(5, 1.5)
vjhf fhzKo. js cs U
3
mRfis bghWJ mik x 2y = 2
4
vw rkgho fshd ( x0 , y0 )
5
Ma f bjhF x 2y = 2
6
tiugl vdgL. gntW x0 kW y0
yl
kfis x 2y = 2 vw rkgho
fshf fL bgwgL gntW nrhof ( x0 , y0 )-I tiugl Fgj _y
tiuglid g eF mJ bfhsyh. cjhuzkhf, nkny bfhLfgLs
114
tiuglf
gl (5,1.5), (4,1), (2, 0), (0, 1), (2, 2), (4, 3) kW (6, 4) Ma fis FF
tiuglkhF.

f x 2y = 2 vw rkgho tiugl xU nenfhlhF vgij
czJwJ.

UJ, Ukhf mikj xUgo rkghL vnghJ xU
nenfhil FF vd mayh. ax + by + c = 0 vw rkghil nenfho
bghJtotkhf vLJbfhsntL. a myJ b VjhtJ xW
ayhk UfntL. tiugljh nenfho tiugl vjhf
tiua nenfho kbwhU va mikghd y = mx + c ia gagLJnwh.
x- xbthU kF y = mx + c vw rkghlhdJ y- kig
bfhLgjh, eh (x, y) vw tirgLjgl nrhoia vjhf bgWnwh.
ax + by + c = 0 vgJ nenfho bghJ totkhF
(i) c = 0 v rkghL ax + by = 0 MF. nfhL M tna brY.
(ii) a = 0 v rkghL by + c = 0 MF. nfhL x mRF
izahf brY.
(iii) b = 0 v rkghL ax + c = 0 MF. nfhL y mRF
izahf brY.
F
6.2.1 nea tiugl tiu Kiw

xU rkgho tiuglij fhz x kW y- kfis mltizgLj
ntL. x- _W kfis bfhL tfhd y- kfis fhngh.
xU nfhL tiua uL fns nghJkhdJ, vD, _W fis
vLJbfhtj _y ekJ tiugl rahdJ vgij cW bra aY.

go1: rkghil bfhL x kW y- kfis mltizgLJf.

go2: tiugljh x mR kW y mid tiuf.

go3: mRf J njitahd mslid Ff.

go4: tiugljh fis Ff.

go5: fis izJ, o nfhoid bgw.
6.2.2 nenfhL tiuj
vLJfhL 6.1

(3, 5) kW (- 5, 1) vw fis
izF nenfhoid tiuf.

1. 1 br. = 1 myF vw msl
x mR kW y mid tiuf.

2. tiugljh (3, 5), (- 5, 1) vw xl

bfhLfgl uL fis Ff.
3. fis izJ nfhLJL

tiuJ mjid uL wK l.
4. eh njitahd
bgWnwh.
nea
tiuglij
115
x
ms l
yl
maha
y = 6x
0
-1
-6
ms l
y = 6x
vLJfhL 6.2

y = 6x - tiugl tiuf.
bfhLfgl nenfhL rkgho
x =- 1, 0,1 vw kfis ul
fhQ y- kfis bgwyh.
xl
(- 1, - 6), (0, 0) kW (1, 6) vw fis

tiugljh FJ mf tbrY
nenfhoid tiua. Jnt njitahd
nenfhL tiuglkhF.
yl
vLJfhL 6.3
ms l
y
x=5

x = 5 - tiugl tiuf.
x = 5 vw nfhL y mRF izahdJ.
j nfho x xU kh. nkY, nfho
vj (5, y) vw to mik. vdnt
y =- 2, 0, 2 vd vLJbfhs eh (5, - 2),
(5, 0) kW (5, 2) vw fis bgWnwh.
x=5
xl
x
5
5
5
y
2
0
2

tiugljh, fis FJ
mf tbrY nenfhoid
tiua. Mfnt eh ekF njitahd nea
tiuglij bgWnwh.
vLJfhL 6.4
vw
nenfho

y =- 5 x + 2
3
tiugl tiuf.
nenfhL rkgho x = - 3, 0, 3
vd ul, flthW y- kfis
eh fhnwh.
-5
-3
ms l
xl
5 x+
- 3
-5 x
3
y =- 5 x + 2
3
y
y=
y =- 5 x + 2
3
0
x
-3
yl
yl
116
tiuglf

(- 3, 7), (0, 2) kW (3, - 3) vw fis tiugljh FJ mf
tbrY nenfhoid tiua. Jnt y =- 5 x + 2 vw rkgho
3
nenfhL tiuglkhF.
y
vLJfhL 6.5
ms l
y = 4x - 1 - tiugl tiuf.
bfhLfgl
nenfhL
y=4
x-1
rkgho x =- 1, 0,1 vd ul,

flthW
y-
kfis
eh
bgWnwh.
x
y = 4x - 1
0
-1
-1
4x
-4
-5
y = 4x- 1
xl

(- 1, - 5), (0, - 1) kW (1, 3)
yl
vw fis tiugljh FJ
mf tbrY nenfhoid tiua. eh bghGJ njitahd
nenfhL tiuglij bgWnwh.
vLJfhL 6.6

2x + 3y = 12 - tiugl tiuf.
Kj eh 2x + 3y = 12 vw
rkghil y = mx + c vw to
vGJnth.

2x + 3y = 12 vw rkghoUJ
2
y = - x + 4 vdilwJ.
3

nkfl rkgho x =- 3, 0, 3
vd ul, flthW y-
kfis eh bgWnwh.
y = -2 x+4
3
0
-3
-2 x
3
y=- 2 x + 4
3
y
2x
3y
ms l
12
xl
-2
yl
tiugljh (- 3, 6), (0, 4) kW (3, 2) vw fis FJ mf tbrY

nenfhoid tiua. eh bghGJ njitahd tiuglij bgWnwh.
117
maha
g 6.1
1.
tU fis izF nenfhL tiugl tiuf.
(i) (2, 3) kW (- 6, - 5)

2.
(iii) (5, - 7) kW (- 1, 5) (iv) (- 3, 9) kW (5, - 6) (v) (4, - 5) kW (6, 10)

tUtdtF tiugl tiuf.
(i) y = 5
(ii) y = - 6
(iii) x = 3
(iv) x = - 5
(v) 2x + 7 = 0
(vi) 6 + 3y = 0
3.
tUtdtF tiugl tiuf.
(i) y = 4x
(ii) 3x + y = 0
(iv) y - 3x = 0
(v) 9y - 3x = 0
4.
tU rkghLfSF nenfhL tiugl tiuf.
(i) y = 3x + 1
(ii) 4y = 8x + 2
(iii) y - 4x + 3 = 0
(iv) x = 3y + 3
(v) x + 2y - 6 = 0
(vi) x - 2y + 1 = 0
(vii) 3x + 2y = 12
5.
tUtdt m kW c- kfis bfhL y = mx + c vw
(ii) (- 2, - 4) kW (- 1, 6)
(iii) x =- 2y
rkghofhd tiugl tiuf.

(i) m = 2 kW c = 3
(iv) m = 3 kW c =- 4
(ii) m =- 2 kW c =- 2 (iii) m =- 4 kW c = 1
(v) m = 1 kW c = 3
(vi) m = - 2 kW c = 2
2
3
6.3 tiuglf gaghL (Application of Graphs)

U khf xU nea rkghL bjhF vgJ U khfshyhd
xWF nkgl xU go rkghLf bjhF MF. mbjhF cs vyh
rkghLfis iw br tirgLjgl nrhof fz mbjhF
MF. ghlgF U khfshyhd U nea rkghLf it
tiuglKiw fhgJ g gongh.
nf thdJ _W tiff fHyh. mit

(i)
(ii) U rkghLf tiuglfS xiwbahW vF rfhk

izahf Ufyh. izahdit vgjh jF bghJthd
f ilahJ. Mfnt, rkghLfSF f ilahJ.
(iii) U rkghLf tiuglfS xnu xU kL bto
uL rkghLf tiuglK x J xW mikJ xnu

nenfhlhfyh. iy rkghLfSF vzw f cL.
bfhsyh. Mfnt, rkghLf xnu xU it kL bfhLsd.

118
tiuglf
vLJfhL 6.7

x + 2y = 4 ; 2x + 4y = 8 vw rkghLfis tiugl _y f.
xbthU rkghoF _W fis fhz, x-F _W kfis

uL mjFa y- kfis bgWnwh. eh bgW kfis
mltizgLJnth.
x + 2y = 4
2 y = -x + 4 ( y = - x + 2
2

nkfhQ rkgho x =- 2, 0, 2 vd ul, eh mjFa y-
kfis bgWnwh.
nfhL 1:

y = -x +2
2
0
-2
y
2
x+
1
0
-x
-1
2
3
2
1
y= - x + 2
2
nfhL 2: 2x + 4y = 8

4 y = - 2x + 8 ( y = - x + 2
2
nkfhQ rkgho x =- 4, 0, 4 vd
ul, eh bgW y kf tUkhW
y = -x +2
2
0
-4
-x
2
y =- x + 2
2
2y
=4
xl
-2
ms l
2x +
x
4y =
8
yl

eh fis tiugljh FJ nenfhLf tiunth. uL
nfhLfS xw J xW miktij fhzyh. xU nfho J cs vj xU
kbwhU nfho J mik. vdnt, U rkghLfSF vzw
bghJthd f cL. mjhtJ, nfho Js xbthU thF.
Mfnt, rkghLfSF vzw f cL.
vLJfhL 6.8

tiugl Kiw : x - 3y = 6 ; x - 3y + 9 = 0

uL mjFa y- kfis bgWnwh. eh bgW kfis
mltizgLJnth.
119
maha
nfhL 1: x - 3y = 6

3y = x -6 ( y = x -2
3

nkfhQ rkgho x = - 3, 0, 3 vd ul, eh bgW y- kf
tUkhW
y= x -2
3
x
-3
x
3
-1
y = x -2
3
-3
-2
-1
nfhL 2: x - 3y + 9 = 0

3 y = x + 9

y = x + 3
3

nkfhQ
rkgho
x = - 3, 0, 3 vd ul, eh bgW y-
kf tUkhW
x
x-
-3
x
3
-1
0
9=
xl
y= x +3
3
y = x +3
3
+
- 3y
6
3y =
ms l
yl

Kj (- 3, - 3) (0, - 2) kW (3, - 1) vw fis tiugljh FJ
mf tahf nenfhL tiuf. (- 3, 2) (0, 3) kW (3, 4) vw fis
mnj tiugljh FJ mf tahf nenfhL tiuf. uL
nfhLfS izahf Ugij fhzyh. uL nfhLfSF bghJthd
f iy. Mfnt, rkghLfSF f VJ iy.
vLJfhL 6.9

2x - y = 1; x + 2y = 8 vw rkghLfis tiuglKiw f.

uL mjFa y- kfis bgWnth. eh bgW kfis
mltizgLJnth.
nfhL 1: 2x - y = 1

y = 2x - 1
120
tiuglf
nkfhQ rkgho x =- 1, 0,1 vd ul, eh bgW y- kf

y = 2x - 1
x
2x
-1
-2
y = 2x - 1
-3
-1
nfhL 2: x + 2y = 8

2 y = -x + 8 ( y = - x + 4
2

nkfhQ rkgho x =- 2, 0, 2
vd ul, eh bgW y- kf
x
y = -2 +4
0
-2
x+
2y
=8
xl
2x
-y
ms l
1
0
-x
-1
2
y
=
5
4
3
- x + 4
yl
2

Kj (- 1, - 3), (0, - 1) kW
(1, 1) vw fis tiugljh FJ mf tahf nenfhL
tiuf. (- 2, 5), (0, 4) kW (2, 3) vw fis mnj tiugljh
FJ mf tahf nenfhL tiuf. uL nfhLfS (2,
3)
vw xnu xU kL btobfhtij fhzyh. Mfnt,
rkghLfSF xnu xU cL. m x=2, y=3. mjhtJ, (2, 3).
g 6.2
tU rkghLfis tiugl Kiw .
1.
3x - y = 0 ; x - 2 = 0
3.
2x = y + 1 ; x + 2y - 8 = 0
5.
x - 2y = 6 ; x - 2y =- 6
7. 3x + 2y = 4 ; 9x + 6y - 12 = 0
9. y - 2x + 2 = 0 ; y = 4x - 4
11. 2x - 4 = 0 ; 4x + y + 4 = 0
2.
4.
6.
8.
10.
12.
2x + y = 4 ; 4x + 2y = 8
x + y = 5; x - y = 1
4x - y - 5 = 0 ; x + y - 5 = 0
y = 2x + 1 ; y + 3x - 6 = 0
x - y = 0; y + 3 = 0
x + y = 1; x + y = 2
2 4
2 4
g 6.2

1. (2, 6) 2. vzw f 3. (2, 3) 4. (3, 2) 5. iy
6. (2, 3) 7. vzw f 8. (1, 3) 9. (1, 0)

11. (2, 12) 12. iy
121
11. (3, 3)
maha
vdh Ko, eh brnj

(I can, I did)
khzt fw braghLf gntL
ghl :
t.
v
eh
ghl v
ghljiy
122
braghLf
Fiu

9 III Maths

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9 III Maths

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Verfügbare Formate

KDiu

jeho KgUt f Kiw mKfgLaJ vgJ g

fJiw tuyh xU ikfyhF. Kiwah xgjh tF fj

_wh gUtfhd ghlgFfS bkba bjhF, bkbaf

jhd ma FpLf kW kliff, toa, msa, fjf

xnth my WY, tsu kL (m) fhd braghLf

tHfgLsd. Ma xU Fl fUij bjthf sf kW

fj mHa czl fw nehfij mila khztfSnfw

rkiy (not equal to)

lFiw (less than)

Fiw myJ rk (less than or equal to)

mf myJ rk (greater than or equal to)

rkhdkhd (equivalent to)

midJ fz (universal Set)

cWgy(does not belong to)

jF cfz (proper subset of)

cfz (subset of or is contained in)

jF cfzky (not a proper subset of)

cfzky (not a subset of or is not contained in)

Al (or) A c A ufz (complement of A)

Mv myJ brbt (number of elements in the set A)

A mLF fz (power set of A)

A vw f fjf (probability of the event A)

rk ahr (symmetric difference)

KGvf (whole numbers)

bkbaf (real numbers)

brFJ (perpendicular to)

Vbd (since (or) because)

njhuhakhf rk (approximately equal to)

mjgo myJ vwthW (such that)

/ (or) , rtrk (congruent)

KbwhUik (identically equal to)

if myJ Fiw (plus or minus)

njw Ko (end of the proof)

bkbaf jhd ma FpLf

#h nea (John Napier)

1.2 jKwh _yf (Surds)

vjbthU jKW v tffshf vGj KoahJ. 3 2 , 3 3 , 3 7

a xU if jKW v kW n xU ifKG vf.

jKwh v v, a vgJ jKwh _y vdgL.

1.2.1 jKwh _y mLFF tot

a vw jKwh _y mLFF tot a n MF.

y jKwh _yf mLFF tot, tir kW mokhd Mait

8 vgj mLFFtot ^8 h5 MF.

(i) a vgJ xU if jKW vzhF.

a vgJ xU jKwh vzhF.

tU mltiz A kW B Ma uL ufY cs vf jKwh

50 vw jKwh _yij vLJbfhnth.

1.2.3 xj kW xth jKwh _yf (Like and Unlike Surds)

81 vgd xth jKwh _yf.

1.2.4 KGikahd jKwh _yf (Pure Surds)

xU jKwh _y jKW v Fzf myJ bfG 1 v, mJ

KGikahd jKwh _y vdgL.

80 vgd KGikahd jKwh _yfshF.

1.2.5 fy jKwh _yf (Mixed Surds)

17 xU KGikahd jKwh _y. Mdh, jid fy jKwh

_ykhf khw ayhJ.

tU jKwh _yfis mLFF to vGJf.

tU jKwh _yfis va to vGJf.

32 vgJ jKW vzh myJ jKwh vzh vd fhf.

` 4 2 vgJ xU jKwh v. mjhtJ 32 xU jKwh vzhF.

tU vf jKW vfsh myJ jKwh vfsh vd fhf.

1.3 jKwh _yf jhd ehF mogil braf