Chapter 3

Chapter 3
Basic Foundations:

Standards, Models, and Language

Chapter 3

Introduction

Standards

Standards organizations
Protocol standards of transport layers
Protocol standards of management
(application) layer
Management Models
Language

Chapter 3
T a b le 3 .1 N e tw o r k M a n a g e m e n t S ta n d a r d s

S ta n d a rd
O S I / C M IP

SN M P /
In te rn e t

TM N

IE E E

W e b -b a s e d
M anagem ent

S a lie n t P o in t s

I n t e r n a tio n a l s t a n d a r d ( I S O / O S I )

M a n a g e m e n t o f d a ta c o m m u n ic a tio n s n e tw o r k - L A N a n d
W AN

D e a ls w ith a ll 7 la y e r s

M o s t c o m p le te

O b je c t o r i e n t e d

W e ll s t r u c t u r e d a n d la y e r e d

C o n s u m e s la r g e re s o u r c e in im p le m e n ta tio n

In d u s tr y s ta n d a r d ( IE T F )

O r ig in a lly in t e n d e d f o r m a n a g e m e n t o f In t e r n e t c o m p o n e n t s ,
c u r r e n tly a d o p te d fo r W A N a n d te le c o m m u n ic a tio n s y s te m s

E a s y to im p le m e n t

M o s t w id e ly im p le m e n te d

I n t e r n a tio n a l s t a n d a r d ( I T U - T )

M a n a g e m e n t o f te le c o m m u n ic a tio n s n e tw o r k

B a s e d o n O S I n e tw o rk m a n a g e m e n t fra m e w o rk

A d d r e s s e s b o th n e tw o r k a n d a d m in is tr a tiv e a s p e c ts o f
m anagem ent

I E E E s t a n d a r d s a d o p t e d in te r n a tio n a lly

A d d re s s e s L A N a n d M A N m a n a g e m e n t

A d o p ts O S I s ta n d a r d s s ig n ific a n tly

D e a ls w ith fir s t tw o la y e r s o f O S I R M

W e b - B a s e d E n te rp ris e M a n a g e m e n t (W B E M )

J a v a M a n a g e m e n t A p p lic a tio n P r o g r a m I n t e r f a c e ( J M A P I )

Chapter 3

OSI Architecture and Model

Network
Mangement

Organization
Model

Information
Model

Communication
Model

Functional
Model

Figure 3.1 OSl Network Management Model

Chapter 3

SNMP Architecture and Model

Network
Mangement

Organization
Model

Information
Model

Communication
Model

Functional
Model

Figure 3.1 OSl Network Management Model

Chapter 3

TMN Architecture
Addresses management of telecommunication
networks
Based on OSI model
Superstructure on OSI network
Addresses network, service, and business
management

Chapter 3

Organizational Model
Manager
Sends requests to agents
Monitors alarms
Houses applications
Provides user interface
Agent
Gathers information from objects
Configures parameters of objects
Responds to managers requests
Generates alarms and sends them to
mangers
Managed object
Network element that is managed
Houses management agent
All objects are not managed / manageable
7

Chapter 3

Two-Tier Model
MDB

Manager

Managed objects
Unmanaged objects
MDB Management Database
Agent process
Figure 3.2 Two-Tier Network Mangement Organization Model

Chapter 3

Three-Tier Model
MDB

Manager

MDB

Agent / Manager

Managed objects
MDB Management Database
Agent process

Figure 3.3 Three-Tier Network Mangement Organization Model

Chapter 3

Manager of Managers
MoM

MDB

Agent

Agent

Agent NMS

Agent NMS

Manager

MDB

Manager

MDB

Managed objects
Managed objects

Agent NMS
MoM
MDB

Manager of Managers
Management Database

Agent

Manager

Agent process
Figure 3.4 Network Mangement Organization Model with MoM

10

Chapter 3

Peer NMSs

Agent NMS

Manager NMS

Manager NMS

Agent NMS

Figure 3.5 Dual Role of Management Process

11

Chapter 3

Information Model: Analogy

Figure in a book uniquely identified by
ISBN, Chapter, and Figure number in that
hierarchical order
ID: {ISBN, chapter, figure}
The three elements above define the syntax
Semantics is the meaning of the three
entities according to Websters dictionary
The information comprises syntax and semantics
about an object

12

Chapter 3

Structure of Management Information (SMI)

SMI defines for a managed object
Syntax
Semantics
plus additional information such as status
Example
sysDescr:
Syntax:
Definition:
Access:
Status:

{ system 1 }
OCTET STRING
"A textual description of the entity. "
read-only
mandatory

13

Chapter 3

Management Information Base (MIB)

Information base contains information about objects
Organized by grouping of related objects
Defines relationship between objects
It is NOT a physical database. It is a virtual
database that is compiled into management module

14

Chapter 3

Information Base View: An Analogy

Fulton County library system has many branches
Each branch has a set of books
The books in each branch is a different set
The information base of the county has the
view (catalog) of all books
The information base of each branch has the
catalog of books that belong to that branch.
That is, each branch has its view (catalog) of
the information base
Let us apply this to MIB view
15

Chapter 3

MIB View and Access of an Object

A managed object has many attributes - its
information base
There are several operations that can be
performed on the objects
A user (manager) can view and perform only
certain operations on the object by invoking
the management agent
The view of the object attributes that the agent
perceives is the MIB view
The operation that a user can perform is the
MIB access
16

Chapter 3

Management Data Base / Information Base

MDB

Manager

MIB
MDB Management Database
MIB Management Information Base
Agent process

Managed objects

Figure 3.6 Network Configuration with Data and Information Base

17

Chapter 3

Managed Object
Managed objects can be
Network elements (hardware, system)
hubs, bridges, routers, transmission facilities
Software (non-physical)
programs, algorithms
Administrative information
contact person, name of group of objects
(IP group)

18

Chapter 3

Management Information Tree

Root
Level 1
Level 2
Level 3

Figure 3.7 Generic Representation of Management Information Tree

19

Chapter 3

OSI Management Information Tree

itu
0

iso
1

iso-itu
2

org
3
dod
6
internet
1

Figure 3.8 OSI Management Information Tree

20

Chapter 3

Object Type and Instance

Type
Name
Syntax
Definition
Status
Access
Instance

21

Chapter 3

Managed Object:
Internet Perspective

Access:
Access
privilege

Object Type:
Object ID and
Descriptor
circle

Status:
Implementaion
requirements
Syntax :
model of object

Defintion:
Semantics textual description

Figure 3.9(a) Internet Perspective

22

Chapter 3

Managed Object:
OSI Perspective

object

Behaviour

Elliptical

Object Class:
Circular
object

Object Class:

Notifications:
Notify changes in
attribute values

Operations:
Push

Attributes:
circle, dimension

Attributes:
ellipse, dimension

Figure 3.9(b) OSI Perspective

23

Chapter 3

Packet Counter Example

C h a r a c te r is tic s

E x a m p le

O b je c t t y p e

P k tC o u n te r

S y n ta x

C o u n te r

A ccess

R e a d - o n ly

S ta tu s

M a n d a to ry

D e s c r ip t io n

C o u n ts n u m b e r o f p a c k e ts
F ig u r e 3 .1 0 (a ) In te r n e t P e r s p e c tiv e

C h a r a c te r is tic s

E x a m p le

O b je c t c la s s

P a c k e t C o u n te r

A t t r ib u t e s

S in g le - v a lu e d

O p e r a t io n s

g e t, s e t

B e h a v io r

R e t r ie v e s o r r e s e t s v a lu e s

N o t if ic a t io n s

G e n e r a t e s n o t if ic a t io n s o n n e w
v a lu e
F ig u r e 3 .1 0 (b ) O S I P e r s p e c tiv e

F ig u r e 3 .1 0 P a c k e t C o u n te r A s E x a m p le o f M a n a g e d O b je c t

24

Chapter 3

Internet Vs OSI Managed Object

Scalar object in Internet Vs Object-oriented
approach in OSI
OSI characteristics of operations, behaviour, and
notification are part of communication model in
Internet: get/set and response/alarm
Internet syntax is absorbed as part of OSI attributes
Internet access is part of OSI security model
Internet status is part of OSI conformance application
OSI permits creation and deletion of objects;
Internet does not: Enhancement in SNMPv2
25

Chapter 3

Mgmt. Communication Model

Operations /
Requests
Manager
Applications

Responses

Agent

Notifications /
Traps

Network Elements /
Managed Objects

Figure 3.11 Management Message Communication Model

26

Chapter 3

Transfer Protocols
Manager
Applications

Operations / Requests / Responses

Traps / Notifications

Agent
Applications

Manager
Communication
Module

SNMP (Internet)
CMIP (OSI)

Agent
Communication
Module

Transport Layers

UDP / IP (Internet)
OSI Lower Layer Profiles (OSI)

Transport Layers

Physical Medium

Figure 3.12 Management Communication Transfer Protocols

27

Chapter 3

Abstract Syntax Notation One

ASN.1 is more than a syntax; its a language
Addresses both syntax and semantics
Two type of syntax
Abstract syntax: set of rules that specify
data type and structure for information storage
Transfer syntax: set of rules for communicating
information between systems
Makes application layer protocols
independent of lower layer protocols
Can generate machine-readable code: Basic
Encoding Rules (BER) is used in management
modules
28

Chapter 3

Backus-Nauer Form (BNF)

Definition:
<name> ::= <definition>
Rules:
<digit> ::= 0|1|2|3|4|5|6|7|8|9
<number> ::= <number> | <digit> <number>
<op> ::= +|-|x|/
<SAE> ::= <number>|<SAE>|<SAE><op><SAE>
Example:
9 is primitive 9
19 is construct of 1 and 9
619 is construct of 6 and 19

29

Chapter 3

Simple Arithmetic Expression

<SAE> ::= <number> | <SAE><op><number>
Example: 26 = 13 x 2
Constructs and primitives

30

Chapter 3

Type and Value

Assignments
<BooleanType> ::= BOOLEAN
<BooleanValue> ::= TRUE | FALSE
ASN.1 module is a group of assignments
person-name Person-Name::=
{
first

"John",

middle "I",
last

"Smith"

31

Chapter 3

Data Type: Example 1

P e rs o n n e lR e c o rd ::= S E T
{
Nam e,
title
G ra p h ic S trin g ,
d iv is io n C H O IC E
m a rk e tin g
[0 ] S E Q U E N C E
{S e c to r,
C o u n try},
re s e a rc h
[1 ] C H O IC E
{p ro d u c t-b a s e d
[0 ] N U L L ,
b a s ic
[1 ] N U L L },
p ro d u c tio n
[2 ] S E Q U E N C E
{P ro d u c t-lin e ,
C o u n try }
}
e tc .
F ig u re 3 .1 3 A S N .1 D a ta T yp e D e fin itio n E x a m p le 1
32

Chapter 3

Data Type: Example 2

T ra d e -m e s s a g e ::= S E Q U E N C E
{ in v o ic e - n o
IN T E G E R
nam e
G r a p h ic S tr in g ,
d e ta ils
SEQUENCE OF
SEQUENCE
{p a rt-n o
IN T E G E R
q u a n tity
IN T E G E R },
c h a rg e
REAL,
a u th e n tic a to r
S e c u r ity - T y p e }
S e c u r ity - T y p e ::= S E T
{

}
F ig u r e 3 .1 4 A S N .1 D a ta T y p e D e fin itio n E x a m p le 2

33

Chapter 3

ASN.1 Symbols
Symbol

Meaning

::=

Defined as

or, alternative, options of a list

Signed number

--

Following the symbol are comments

{}

Start and end of a list

[]

Start and end of a tag

()

Start and end of subtype

..

Range

34

Chapter 3

Keyword Examples
CHOICE

SET
SEQUENCE
OF
NULL

35

Chapter 3

ASN.1 Data Type Conventions

Data Types

Convention

Example

Object name

Initial lowercase letter

sysDescr, etherStatsPkts

Application data type

Initial uppercase letter

Counter, IpAddress

Module

Initial uppercase letter

PersonnelRecord

Macro, MIB module

All uppercase letters

RMON-MIB

Keywords

All uppercase letters

INTEGER, BEGIN

36

Chapter 3

Data Type: Structure & Tag

Data Type

Tag
Structure

Number
Simple

Structured

Tagged

Other

Universal

Class

Application

Contextspecific

Private

Figure 3.15 ASN.1 Data Type Structure and Tag

37

Chapter 3

Structure

Simple
PageNumber ::= INTEGER
ChapterNumber ::= INTEGER
Structure / Construct
BookPageNumber ::=
SEQUENCE
{ChapterNumber, Separator, PageNumber
Example: {1-1, 2-3, 3-39}
Tagged
Derived from another type; given a new ID
In Fig. 3-14, INTEGER is either universal or
application specific
Other types:
CHOICE, ANY
BookPages ::= SEQUENCE OF { BookPageNumber}
or
BookPages ::=
SEQUENCE OF
{
SEQUENCE
{ChapterNumber, Separator, PageNumber}
}
38

Chapter 3

Tag
Tag uniquely identifies a data type
Comprises class and tag number
Class:
Universal - always true
Application - only in the application used
Context-specific - specific context in application
Private - used extensively by commercial
vendors

39

Chapter 3

Enumerated Integer
RainbowColors ::= ENUMERATED
{
violet

(0)

indigo

(1)

blue

(2)

green

(3)

yellow

(4)

orange

(5)

red

(6)

40

Chapter 3

ASN.1 Module Example

IpNetMediaEntry ::=SEQUENCE{
ipNetToMediaIfIndex

INTEGER

ipNetToMediaPhysAddress

PhysAddress

ipNetToMediaNetAddress

IpAddress

ipNetToMediaType

INTEGER}

41

N
T
E
D
N
N
C

a m e :
J o h n P S m ith
itle :
D ir e c to r
m p lo y e e N u m b e r
5 1
a te o f H ir e :
1 7 S e p te m b e r 1 9 7 1
a m e o f S p o u se ;
M a r y T S m ith
u m b e r o f C h ild r e n 2
h ild In fo r m a tio n
N a m e
R a lp h T S m ith
D a te o f B ir th 1 1 N o v e m b e r 1 9 5 7
C h ild In fo r m a tio n
N a m e
S u sa n B Jo n e s
D a te o f B ir th 1 7 J u ly 1 9 5 9
( a ) In fo r m a l d e s c r ip tio n o f p e r s o n n e l r e c o r d
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------P e r s o n n e lR e c o r d ::= [A P P L IC A T IO N 0 ] IM P L IC IT S E T {
N a m e ,
title [0 ] V is ib le S tr in g ,
n u m b e r E m p lo y e e N u m b e r ,
d a te O fH ir e [1 ] D a te ,
n a m e O fS p o u s e [2 ] N a m e ,
c h ild r e n [3 ] IM P L IC IT S E Q U E N C E O F C h ild In fo r m a tio n D E F A U L T { } }
C h ild In fo r m a tio n ::= S E T {
N a m e ,
d a te O fB ir th [0 ] D a te }
N a m e ::= [A P P L IC A T IO N 1 ] IM P L IC IT S E Q U E N C E {
g iv e n N a m e V is ib le S tr in g ,
in itia l V is ib le S tr in g ,
fa m ily N a m e V is ib le S tr in g }
E m p lo y e e N u m b e r ::= [A P P L IC A T IO N

2 ] IM P L IC IT IN T E G E R

D a te ::=

[A P P L IC A T IO N 3 ] IM P L IC IT V is ib le S tr in g - - Y Y Y Y M M D D
( b ) A S N .1 d e s c r ip tio n o f th e r e c o r d s tr u c tu r e
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------{
{ g iv e n N a m e J o h n , in itia l T , fa m ily N a m e S m ith } ,
title
D ir e c to r
n u m b e r
5 1
d a te O fH ir e
1 9 7 1 0 9 1 7
n a m e O fS p o u s e
{ g iv e n N a m e M a r y , in itia l T , fa m ily N a m e S m ith } ,
c h ild r e n
{ {
{ g iv e n N a m e R a lp h , in itia l T , fa m ily N a m e S m ith } ,
d a te O fB ir th
1 9 5 7 1 1 1 1 },
{
{ g iv e n N a m e S u s a n , in itia l B , fa m ily N a m e J o n e s }
d a te O fB ir th
1 9 5 9 0 7 1 7 }}}
( c ) A S N .1 d e s c r ip tio n o f a r e c o r d v a lu e

42

Chapter 3

Object Name

itu
0

iso
1

iso-itu
2

org
3
dod
6
internet
1
private
4
enterprise
1
IBM
2

43

Chapter 3

TLV Encoding
Type

Class
(7-8th bits)

Length

P/C
(6th bit)

Class
Universal
Application
Context-specific
Private

Value

Tag Number
(1-5th bits)

8th bit
0
0
1
1

7th bit
0
1
0
1

44

Chapter 3

Macro
< m a c ro n a m e > M A C R O ::=
B E G IN
T Y P E N O T A T IO N ::= < s y n ta x O fN e w T y p e >
V A L U E N O T A T IO N ::= < s y n ta x O fN e w V a lu e >
< a u x ilia r y A s s ig n m e n ts >
E N D

Example:
C S 8 8 0 3 O B J E C T -ID E N T IT Y
S T A T U S
c u rre n t
D E S C R IP T IO N
" A g r a d u a te - le v e l n e tw o r k
m a n a g e m e n t c o u r s e o ffe r e d e v e r y fa ll b y
C o lle g e o f C o m p u tin g in G e o r g ia In s titu te o f
T e c h n o lo g y ."
::= { c s c la s s e s 5 0 }

45

Chapter 3

Functional Model
OSI
Functional Model

Configuration
Management

Fault
Management

Performance
Management

Security
Management

Accounting
Management

46