OTHER IMPORTANT

SPOROZOA
SD TESALONA,RMT, MSMT

Kingdom Protista

Phylum APICOMPLEXA

Subclass Piroplasmia

CLASS SPOROZEA/CONOIDASIDA

Genus Babesia
Babesia microti

Subclass Coccidia
Suborder Eimeriina
Genus Isospora (I. belli & I. hominis)
Genus Sarcocystis (S. lindenmanni)
Genus Toxoplasma (T. gondii)
Genus Cryptosporidium (C. parvum)
Genus Cyclospora ( C. cayetanensis)
Suborder Haemosporina
Genus Plasmodium
Plasmodium falciparum
Plasmodium vivax
Plasmodium malariae
Plasmodium ovale

 Cryptosporidium
Cyclospora
Isospora
Sarcocystis
Toxoplasma

Acquired thru Ingestion

Acquired thru
Inoculation by
Vectors
Cryptosporidium parvum
L. donovani
Cryptosporidium hominis
L. tropica
=swimming, infected food handlers,
L. braziliense
Unpasteurized milk, freshly pressed apple
T. gambiense
cider, potato salad, and sausages were found T.
sources of infection, nosocomial infections
rhodesiense
Cyclospora cayetanensis
T. cruzi
Isospora belli
Toxoplasma gondii

Specie

Developmental/
infective stage

Cyclospora cayetanensis

Oocyst

Cryptosporidium parvum

Oocyst

Isospora belli

Oocyst

Toxoplasma gondii

Oocyst in cats feces

Pseudocyst in tissues

General Characteristics of Coccidia

is a subclass of microscopic, spore-forming, singlecelled obligate intracellular protozoan.
infect the intestinal tract of most phyla of invertebrates
and all classes of vertebrates including humans.
Coccidiosis = the dse it cause.

Cryptosporidium hominis
Cryptosporidium parvum
C. parvum the only spp that infects mammals.
C. hominis later discover, found only in humans.

General characteristics: C. hominis

All stages of development are completed in the GIT of
the host.
Oocyst passed out are already infective.
Oocysts contains 4 sporozoites (already present at
the time of passage into the feces).
Infective stage: oocyst

Life Cycle of Cryptosporidium Spp

Pathogenesis and Clinical

Manifestations
Cryptosporidiosis

Diagnosis
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Sheathers Flotation tech.

Formalin Ethyl Acetate Conc. Tech.
Kinyouns Acid Fast Staining
Serologic Tests
IFAT,
EIA

Treatment

There is presently no acceptable treatment for cryptosporidiosis.

Nitazoxanide, however, has been reported effective in
preliminary trials.
Bovine colostrum as well as paromomycin and
clarithromycin have shown promise in treating
severe diarrhea.

Azithromycin may also be of value.

In addition to chemotherapy, body fluid replacement and
symptomatic treatment are recommended for both the
immunocompetent and immunosuppressed patients.

Prevention and Control

synergistic effect of multiple disinfectants and
combined water treatment processes may reduce C.
hominis oocysts in drinking water.
Natural water and swimming pool water should not
be swallowed.
Contamination of drinking water by human and
animal feces should be prevented.

TAKE NOTE:
Chlorination does not affect the parasite.

Cyclospora cayetanensis

Cyclospora cayetanensis
Was originally called cyanobacterium-like body
(CLB)
Infective stage: OOCYSTS

Life Cycle of Cyclospora cayetanensis

Pathogenesis and Clinical Manifestations

D-xylose malabsorption has been found to
develop in some of the patients.
Infections are usually self-limiting and immunity
may result with repeated infections.
No death has been associated with
cyclosporidiosis.

Diagnosis
1.
2.
3.
4.

Direct Fecal Smear

Conc. Tech.
Kinyouns Acid Fast Staining
Polymerase Chain Reaction

Treatment
The disease is self-limiting and treatment is not
necessary if the symptoms are mild.
If pharmacologic treatment is warranted, the only
effective drug is trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole
160/800 mg twice daily for 7 days.

Prevention and Control

Since the direct source of C. cayetanensis is unknown,
good sanitary practices should be practice.
boiling water seems to be the best method since
chlorination is not effective.
Fruits and vegetables should be washed with clean
water, but it would be prudent to avoid eating fruits
and vegetables that have been exposed to natural
untreated water.

ISOSPORA SPP

Isospora belli

Isosporiasis

Ova: Double layered cell wall with 2 sporoblasts or 2 sporocysts

(4 sporozoites)

Specimen: Stool, duodenal contents

Concentration or Flotation method used: Sheathers sugar

flotation procedure

Iodine Wet Preparation

Auramine Rhodamine Permanent stain, Modified Acid Fast

Stain

Isospora belli: Life cycle

Cyst

Sporozoites Merozoites
Gametocytes (Macro and Micro)Immature
oocyst (Stool) Mature Oocyst

Microscopically:
Eosinophilia- Charcot leyden crystals

Isospora belli: Treatment

Treatment: Sulfamethoxazole, Trimethoprim,
Sulfadiazine
Chemotherapy at a lower dosage for a longer
period may be necessary for AIDS patients
infected with Isospora belli.

SARCOCYSTIS SPP

Sarcocystis

Sarcocystis hominis

Sarcocystis suihominis

Sarcocystis lindemanii

Dse: sarcosporidiosis or sarcocystosis

In STOOL: Ruptured sporocysts are most often seen singly or in pairs

cemented together.

Intermediate Host= Pig/ Cattle with sarcocysts

Definitive Host= Man

Sarcocystis spp. : History

Was 1st isolated as white threadlike cysts in striated
muscles of a house mouse.
has been debated whether iSarcocystis spp. Were
protozoa or fungi.
Bradyzoites in the sarcocysts: possess organelles
found in apicomplexan protozoa

Sarcocystis Spp: Life Cycle

Sarcocystis spp. : Lab. Dx

Flotation wet mount: sporocysts
Tissue biopsy : PAS (wall of sarcocyst)
PCR

Treatment:
Because infection is often asymptomatic,
treatment is rarely required. There have been
no published trials, so treatment remains
empirical.

Prevention and Control:

thoroughly cooking or freezing meat to kill bradyzoites
in the sarcocysts. OR
freezing the meat at 5C for several days will kill the
sporocysts.
Where contaminated drinking water is suspected,
boiling should be considered to ensure disinfection.

TOXOPLASMA

Toxoplasma gondii
Toxoplasmosis, Congenital Toxoplasmosis, Cerebral
Toxoplasmosis
Infective stage: OOCYST, TACHYZOITES, BRADYZOITES

 Definitive host: Cat (Felidae)

Life cycle:
Intraintestinal stage: schizogony, gametogony,
and sporogony
Extraintestinal stage: the asexual stages:
tachyzoites and bradyzoites.

Toxoplasma gondii: Life cycle

Toxoplasma gondii: Life cycle

Toxoplasma gondii: Lab. dx

IgM

(double-sandwich ELISA)
IgG and IgM (IFA) Indirect Fluorescent
Antibody
IgG- Indirect Hemagglutination, ELISA
Inoculation of Laboratory Animals

Treatment:
Pyrimethamine and Sulfadiazine
Prophylaxis with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole
may be given for the immunocompromised.

Prevention and Control

Food should be protected from contamination with
cat feces.
Meat and eggs should be well cooked.
Unpasteurized milk should be avoided.
Pregnant women should avoid contact with cats.
Laboratory workers should be very careful in
handling the parasite.