C3 Slope Stability

Geotechnical and Foundation Engineering (CON4342)
Slope Stability
Learning Outcome
acquire the knowledge of stability analysis of soil slope;
Key Contents
factor of safety
Infinite slopes
Finite slopes
method of slices
application of computer software in slope stability analysis
31
Sections
1.
Introduction
2.
Factor of safety of slope
3.
Stability of infinite slope
4.
Stability of slope using mass procedure
5.
Stability of slope using method of slice
6.
Application of computer software in slope analysis
Reference:Das,B.M.(2006).PrinciplesofGeotechnicalEngineering.6thEdition.CengageLearning.
32
1.
Introduction
Gravitational and seepage forces tend to cause instability in natural slopes; excavation;
embankments; earth dams.
Refer to figure 1
rotational slips: circular arc or a non-circular curve.
circular slips are associated with homogeneous soil conditions and non-circular slips
are associated with non-homogeneous conditions.
Translational and compound slips occur where the form of the failure surface is
influenced by the presence of an adjacent stratum of significantly different strength.
Translational slips tend to occur where the adjacent stratum is at a relatively shallow
depth below the surface of the slope. In this case the failure surface tends to be plane
and roughly parallel to the slope.
Figure 1
33
Compound slips usually occur where the adjacent stratum is at greater depth, the failure
surface consisting of curved and plane sections.
In practice, limiting equilibrium methods are used in the analysis of slope stability. The
problem is normally considered in two dimensions and plane strain condition is
assumed..
Figure 2 A shallow slope failure in Hong Kong
Note the circular deep seated failure surface

http://dutcgeo.ct.tudelft.nl/allersma/hgball.htm
34
2.
Factor of Safety for Slopes
In limit equilibrium analysis, the factor of safety of slope (F) is given by the
following relationship:
(shearing resistance of the soil) / (Mobilized shear force)
(1)
In terms of shear strength, F is usually defined as
F= f/m
where
(2)
r = average shear strength along the potential failure surface

m = average shear stress mobilized along the potential failure surface
The factors of safety for Hong Kong slopes recommended by the Geotechnical
Engineering Office are presented in Tables 1 and 2.
Note the following key words in the tables:
-
Ten years return period rainfall
Risk to life
Economic risk
New slopes vs Existing slopes
35
Factor Safety for New Slopes

Table 1 (GEO 1984)
36
Factor Safety for Existing Slopes

Table 2 (GEO 1984)
37
The Stability of Hong Kong Slopes

Both natural slopes and cuttings in Hong Kong are prone to failure. The reasons for this
are:
Topography. The slopes in Hong Kong island are mostly steep and usually greater than
30 degrees. Cut slopes up to 75 degrees also occur. Instability can be triggered by
removing the restraint at the toe of a slope.
Geology. Both the granite and volcanic rocks have been heavily decomposed to clayey
silty sands (residual soils) up to 30 metres thick in places, and the vegetation is sparse.
Shear Strength. The values of c' and ' for the residual soil vary greatly with the degree
of saturation, Sr of the soil. The value of c' can drop to zero at low confining stresses
(shallow depths) in saturated soil.
Rainfall and Groundwater. Summer typhoons result in periods of intense rainfall which
creates a saturated band in the soil. This infiltrates quickly downwards, increasing
pore-water pressures and creating instability. The groundwater level in drier periods is
at rock-head level and suction pressures are created in the residual soil above this level.
The groundwater regime is often the only natural parameter that can be economically
changed to increase the stability of slopes.
38
3. Stability of Infinite Slopes
Figure 3 shows an infinitely long slope of angle .
By considering the equilibrium of forces acting on the soil element abcd and
assuming there is no porewater pressure, it can be shown that the factor of
safety is:
H cos 2 tan
tan
tan
(3)
Analysis of infinite slope (without seepage)
Figure 3
39
For sands, c = 0, and the F = (tan )/(tan )

The value of F is independent of the height H and the dry density of the sand.
It also indicates that the slope is stable as long as < 0. When = , F=1.
The value of in this case is called the limiting angle.
If the soil possesses cohesion and friction, i.e., a c - soil, the depth of the
plane along which critical equilibrium occurs may be determined by
substituting F = 1 and H = Hcr into Eq. 3. Thus
H cr
1
cos (tan tan )
c
(4)
Infinite Slopes With Seepage
Figure 4 shows an infinitely long slope in saturated soil which is subject to

steady state of downhill seepage, with the groundwater level at the surface.
Similarly:
where
' tan
c
2
sat H cos tan sat tan
= submerged density of the soil

sat = saturated density of the soil
310
(5)
Analysis of infinite slope (with seepage)
Figure 4
311
Learning Activity 1 (exercise)

Learning Outcome : To determine the factor of safety of infinite slopes
Complete the following exercise by the students:
For the infinite slope shown in the Figure below, determine:
(a) The factor of safety against sliding along the soil-rock interface given H = 2.5 m
(b) The height, H, that will give a factor of safety of 2 against sliding along the soil-rock
interface.
(i)
H cos tan
2
tan
tan
tan
tan
F=1.18
(ii)
H cos tan
2
H=1.08m
312
4. Stability of slope using mass procedure

(Finite Slopes with Circular Failure Surface)
4.1
General Modes of Slope Failure
In general, slope failure occurs in one of the following modes (Figure 5)
Failure above the toe of the slope is called a slope failure (Figure 5a). The
failure circle is referred to as a toe circle if it passes through the toe of the
slope and as a slope circle if it passes above the toe of the slope.
Failure at way above the toe is called shallow failure (figure 5b).
Failure at some distance below the toe of the slope is called a base failure
(Figure 5c). The failure circle in the case of base failure is called a midpoint
circle.
Figure 5
313
Procedure of Stability Analysis
Mass Procedure,
Method of Slices
Mass Procedure In this case the mass of soil above the surface of sliding is taken as a
unit. This procedure is useful when the soil that forms the slope is assumed to
homogeneous.
Method of Slices. In this procedure, the soil above the surface of sliding is divided into
a number of vertical parallel slices. The stability of each of the slices is calculated
separately. It can consider :
non-homogeneity
porewater pressure
variation of the normal stress
314
Location of the Most Critical Circle
The slip circle with the lowest factor of safety for a given slope will allow the engineer
to decide whether the slope is safe or not.
Trial and error. Various slip circles are considered, as shown in Figure 5.6a The factor
of safety is determined for each circle and the centre plotted with the factor of safety
marked along side it.
The location of the centre of the most critical circle is at the centre of the plot.
Figure 6
More generally, some empirical rules have been formed regarding the locations of the
most critical circles both for cohesive soils and for soils which have some frictional
strength.
These rules are:
315
4.2
Mass Procedure of Stability Analysis (Circular Failure Surface)
(a) Slopes in Homogeneous Clay Soil with =0 (Undrained Condition)

Clay soils slopes are analyzed for stability by a limit equilibrium method under
undrained condition. . The method is called total stress analysis.
The shear strength parameters used include results from the shear vane test, the
unconfined compression test, or the unconsolidated undrained triaxial compression
test on the clay soil. These parameters are cu with u = 0.
Notes
- Porewater pressures in the slope are not taken into account since the undrained
cohesion, cu, is assumed to represent the shear strength of the clay in the undrained
condition.
This total stress analysis covers
fully saturated clay under undrained conditions,
Only moment equilibrium is considered
Figure 7 shows a trial failure surface (centre O, radius r and arc length La). Potential
instability is due to the total weight of the soil mass (W) per unit length above the
failure surface.
316
Figure 7
For equilibrium the shear strength which must be mobilized along the failure surface is
expressed as
m= f /F = c u /F
Equating moments about O:
W d = (c u /F)L a r
and therefore
F = (c u L a r)/(W d)
(6)
The moments of any additional forces must be taken into account.
In the event of a tension crack developed at top of the slope as shown in Figure 8, the
arc length La is shortened and a hydrostatic force will act normal to the crack if it fills
with water.
317
Learning Activity 2 (example)

Learning Outcome : To understand the theory of analysis of finite slopes using mass
procedures.
A 45o slope is excavated to a depth of 8m in a deep layer of saturated clay of unit wight 19
kN/m3. The relevant shear strength parameters are cu = 65 kN/m2 and u =0 . Determine
the factor of safety for the trial failure surface specified below by considering equilibrium of
moments (area of ABCD = 70m2).
Equating Moment about O

W d = (cu/F)Lar
And therefore
F = (cuLar)/W d
W d = (19x70)x4.5 = 5985
CuLr = 65 x (12.1 x 89.5ox/180 ) x 12.1 = 14858.1
F
= CuLr / W d
= 14858.1 / 5985 = 2.48
318

Learning Outcome : To understand the theory of analysis of finite slopes using mass
procedures.
The failure surface of the following slope lies within 2 layers of strata, unit wight of both
layers is 17.6 kN/m3.
The relevant shear strength parameters for the upper and lower layers are cu = 21 and 33.75
kN/m2 respectively with u =0 . Determine the factor of safety for the trial failure surface
specified below by considering equilibrium of moments (area of ABCD = 87m2).
Equating Moment about O

W d = (cu/F)Lar
And therefore
F = (cuLar)/W d
W d =87 x 17.6 x 2.75 = 4210.8
CuLr = [ 33.75 x (11.75 x 71.5ox/180 ) + 21.5 x (11.75 x 37ox/180 )]x11.75
= 7726.8
F = CuLr /W d = 7726.8/4210.8 = 1.83
319
5.
Stability of slope using method of slice
Method of Slices
The above method of analysis, i.e., the mass procedure, assumes the soil is
homogeneous! However, most slopes are not made of homogeneous soils. The mass
procedure also does not take into account the effect of porewater pressure and
non-circular failure surfaces. The classical solution to these problems is the method of
slices first devised by W. Fellenius in Sweden between 1914 and 1922.
Swedish (Fellenius) method of slices

Figure 8
Static forces on one slice

Figure 9
320
The potential failure surface AB is assumed to be a circular arc, centre 0, radius r.

This is found to be the common shape of failure surface.
For any slice the angle of inclination of the failure surface to the horizontal is i The
failure surface is considered to be a plane over the span of the slice, l.
The third dimension, the distance along the slope, is unity.
Usually four to six slices are considered which are not necessarily of equal width.
The static forces on one slice are shown in Figure 9. In Fellenius' method or the
ordinary method of slices, all the interslice forces (the E and X forces) are ignored and
the slices are assumed to offer no support to each other to resist slipping.
c' l (W cos ul ) tan '

W sin
(7)
where c and ' are respectively the cohesion and angle of internal. friction of soil with
respect to effective stress along the slip plane of the slice;
W is bh, the weight of the slice;
is the average angle of the slope of the slip plane in the slice;
l is the span of slice on the slip plane; and
u is the average porewater pressure in the slice on the slip plane.
Summation of all the slices will give the factor of safety for the slope:

W sin
321
(8)

Learning Outcome: To understand the theory of analysis of finite slopes the method of slice.
[The pore pressure distribution may be represented by piezometric head (hw) or
pore pressure ratio ru.]
Shown below are the details of an existing slope. The soil properties are
=1820kg/m3; c = 7 kN/m2; = 20o and no tension cracks have formed. Check the
stability of the bank along the slip surface shown (1.6; 0.93) using Felleniuss Method
a) when there is no pore water pressure
b) When the height of pore water is as shown
c) When ru = 0.35
Slice
1
2
3
4
5
Slice No.
( deg )
h(m)
1
2
3
4
5
-21
-4
14
33
58
1.00
2.60
3.70
3.70
2.00
b ( m ) ( kN/m3 )
1.80
17.84
1.80
17.84
1.80
17.84
1.80
17.84
1.80
17.84
322
hw
hw (m)
0.6
1.8
3
3.7
2

W sin
Slice No.
( deg )
h(m)
b(m)
1
2
3
4
5
-21
-4
14
33
58
1.00
2.60
3.70
3.70
2.00
1.80
1.80
1.80
1.80
1.80
Slice No. (W cos - ub sec ) tan '

10.9115
1
30.3143
2
41.9603
3
36.2682
4
12.3872
5
summation 131.8416
( kN/m3 ) ru or hw c' ( kN/m2 ) ' ( deg ) u ( kN/m2 )

17.84
0
7
20
0
17.84
0
7
20
0
17.84
0
7
20
0
17.84
0
7
20
0
17.84
0
7
20
0
W sin
-11.5079
-5.8241
28.7438
64.7110
54.4650
130.5878
F = (77.92 + 131.84)/ 130.59

= 1.63
323
Cb sec
13.4964
12.6308
12.9857
15.0238
23.7772
77.9139
b) When the height (hw) of pore water is as shown

u = hw w

W sin
Slice No.
( deg )
h(m)
b(m)
1
2
3
4
5
-21
-4
14
33
58
1.00
2.60
3.70
3.70
2.00
1.80
1.80
1.80
1.80
1.80

6.7810
1
18.7175
2
22.0891
3
7.9140
4
-11.8693
5
summation 43.6323
( kN/m3 )
17.84
17.84
17.84
17.84
17.84
0.6
1.8
3
3.7
2
c' ( kN/m2 ) ' ( deg ) u ( kN/m2 )

7
20
5.886
7
20
17.658
7
20
29.43
7
20
36.297
7
20
19.62
Cb sec
13.4964
12.6308
12.9857
15.0238
23.7772
77.9139
W sin
-11.5079
-5.8241
28.7438
64.7110
54.4650
130.5878
F = (77.92 + 43.6)/ 130.59

= 0.93
hw
324
c) When ru = 0.35
ru is the ratio of the pore water pressure to overburden pressure : ru = u / h. It is used
to calculate pore water in an embankment or fill.
u = ru h
F

W sin
Slice No.
( deg )
h(m)
b(m)
1
2
3
4
5
-21
-4
14
33
58
1.00
2.60
3.70
3.70
2.00
1.80
1.80
1.80
1.80
1.80

6.5297
1
19.6524
2
26.3613
3
18.2210
4
-3.0519
5
summation 67.7125
( kN/m3 )
17.84
17.84
17.84
17.84
17.84
0.35
0.35
0.35
0.35
0.35
c' ( kN/m2 ) ' ( deg ) u ( kN/m2 )

7
20
6.244
7
20
16.2344
7
20
23.1028
7
20
23.1028
7
20
12.488
Cb sec
13.4964
12.6308
12.9857
15.0238
23.7772
77.9139
W sin
-11.5079
-5.8241
28.7438
64.7110
54.4650
130.5878
F = (77.92 + 67.71)/ 130.59

= 1.12
ru
325
Other Methods of Slices

Simplified Bishop,
Janbu,
Morganstera & Price
Hoek, Sarma
Table 3 lists the methods of slope stability analysis and recommendations for use in
Hong Kong by the Geotechnical Engineering Office. When choosing a method of
stability analysis for design, the probable mode of failure of the slope must be
considered. The method chosen should model the failure mode.
326
327
Learning Activity 6 (class discussion)

Learning Outcome
-
To appreciate the mechanisms of slope failure
To understand the meaning of factor of safety in soil slope analysis
Identify the causes of failure / landslip for natural and man-made slopes in Hong
Define "Factor of Safety" for slopes in terms of shear strength.
What are the factors that affect the value of Factor of Safety.
Identify the potential causes for the slope stability problems in Hong Kong.
Describe briefly, with the aid of diagrams, the different types of slope movements
according to their motions relative to the adjacent or underlying soil stratum.
Explain briefly, with the aid of sketches, on two methods which can increase the factor
of safety of a circular slip surface on a soil slope.
328
Bishop's Simplified Method
In this method, the interslice shear forces are ignored as they are equal and opposite (i.e.
X1 = X2), but the interslice normal forces are not (i.e., E1 E2) (see Fig. 11). These
assumptions are reasonable if conditions are uniform and ru is constant.
1
W sin
[c' b (W ub) tan ' ] sec

tan tan '
1
F
(8a)
Note : The computation using equation (8a) is commenced by assuming a trial value F.
Janbu's Routine Analysis for the Stability of Slopes with Non-Circular Failure Surface
Whilst the Bishop's simplified method was originally developed for analysis with
assumed circular failure surfaces, the Janbu's Rigorous and Routine methods are
suitable for non-circular slip surfaces.
Non-circular slip surface failures are common forms of landslip because the shape of
the failure surface is often controlled by geological planes of weakness within the soil
mass. For example, in Hong Kong slope failures in extremely decomposed granite may
follow relict joints in this residual soil.
329
6. Application of computer software in slope analysis

e.g. Slope 2000, Slope/W etc
(Any GEO approved slope analysis software will serve the

purpose, the input interface may be different but the
underlying principles are similar)
ThefollowingexampleadoptsSlope/W2012(studentversion)forillustration.
Step 1
Keyin
Analysis
RemembertosetthePWPconditions
330
Set
Scale
Set
Axes
331
Step 2
KeyIn
Materials
332
Step 3
Draw
Region
333
Draw
Materials
Step 4
Draw
Porewaterpressure
334
Step 5
Draw
Slipsurface
Grid
335
Step 6
Draw
Slip surface
Radius
336
Step 7
Solve Manager
successful
unsuccessful
337
Disclaimer- the author has tried his best to indicate all references but there is no guarantee
that all materials cited can be included.
Further References
1. Das, B. M. (2006). Principles of Geotechnical Engineering. 6th Edition. Cengage
Learning.
2. Craig, R. F. (2004). Soil Mechanics. 7th Ed, E & FN Spon.
3. Whitlow,R.(2000) Basic Soil Mechanics, 2nd Edition, Prentice Hall.
6. Barnes, G.E. (2000) Soil Mechanics Principles and Practices, MacMilan.
7. Berry, P.L. & Reid, D.(1987) An Introduction to Soil Mechanics, McGraw-Hill Book
Company
8. Budhu, M. (2000), Soil mechanics & Foundations, 2nd Ed., John Wiley & Sons
9. Smith G.N. (1990), Elements of Soil Mechanics, 6th Ed, BSP Professional Books.
10. Smith M.J. (1988), Soil Mechanics, Longman.
11. Sutton, B.H.C (1993). Solving Problems in Soil Mechanics, 2nd Ed, Longman.
12. ELE International. Catalogue in Laboratory Testing.
13. Geotechnical Engineering Office, (1995), Geoguide 5 - Guide to Slope Maintenance,
CED, The Government of Hong Kong Special Administrative
338
Appendix : Other methods of Slice

Learning Outcome: to understand the theory of analysis of finite slopes using mass
procedures and the method of slice.
Analyse the stability of the slope below using Bishops simplified method. = 2100 kg/m3;
c = 8 kN/m2; = 32o and no tension cracks have formed. (1.095)
Slice No.
( deg )
h(m)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
49.5
44.7
38.2
31.4
25
18.8
13.1
7.3
1.6
-4.1
1.33
3.20
4.62
5.28
5.40
5.10
4.60
3.60
2.40
0.84
hw ( m )
0.4
1.6
3.2
4.5
4.9
5
4.7
4
2.8
1.2
39
b(m)
1.90
1.90
3.10
3.10
3.10
3.10
3.10
3.10
3.10
3.10
Bishop's Method (Berry & Reid page 219)

Slice No.
( deg )
h(m)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
49.5
44.7
38.2
31.4
25
18.8
13.1
7.3
1.6
-4.1
1.33
3.20
4.62
5.28
5.40
5.10
4.60
3.60
2.40
0.84
hw ( m )
0.4
1.6
3.2
4.5
4.9
5
4.7
4
2.8
1.2
b(m)
1.90
1.90
3.10
3.10
3.10
3.10
3.10
3.10
3.10
3.10
( kN/m3 ) c' ( kN/m2 ) ' ( deg ) u ( kN/m2 )

20.58
8
32
3.92
20.58
8
32
15.68
20.58
8
32
31.36
20.58
8
32
44.1
20.58
8
32
48.02
20.58
8
32
49
20.58
8
32
46.06
20.58
8
32
39.2
20.58
8
32
27.44
20.58
8
32
11.76
Try Fs = 1
B= (tan ' tan)/F
Slice No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
0.73
0.62
0.49
0.38
0.29
0.21
0.15
0.08
0.02
-0.04
A
1+B
38.2737
65.0001
126.4465
127.0984
125.6454
116.0220
106.6314
86.2335
66.1940
37.2670
Sum = 894.8121
W sin
39.5454
88.0132
182.2739
175.5039
145.5959
104.8555
66.5155
29.1833
4.2752
-3.8316
Sum = 831.9303
Fc =
1.076
40
A = [ c'b + (w - ub ) tan ' ] sec

66.2758
105.1936
188.6233
175.5765
162.2561
140.7025
122.1368
93.1363
67.3494
35.5978
Learning Activity 8 (exercise)

Repeat learning activity 5 with the Bishops simplified method.
Shown below are the details of an existing slope. The soil properties are
= 1820 kg/m3;
c = 7 kN/m2; = 20o and no tension cracks have formed. Check the stability of the
bank along the slip surface shown (1.6; 0.93)
b) When the height of pore water is as shown
c) When ru = 0.35
1
W sin

tan tan '
1
F
Slice No ( deg ) h ( m ) ru ( m ) b ( m ) ( kN/m 3 )( kN/m ' ( deg )

1
-21
1.00
0.35 1.80
17.84
20
-4
2.60
0.35 1.80
17.84
20
14
3.70
0.35 1.80
17.84
20
33
3.70
0.35 1.80
17.84
20
58
2.00
0.35 1.80
17.84
20
u ( kN/m 2 ) A = [ c'b + (w - ub ) tan ' ] sec
Try F = 1
Slice No.
B= (tan ' tan)/F
W sin
1+B
1
2
3
4
5
Sum =
Sum =
F=
41
Supplementary Notes
Effective Stress Analysis - Method of Slices

A trial slip surface is assumed.
A slip circle is selected with centre O and radius R as shown in Fig. 10
The slip mass above the slip surface is assumed to be in static equilibrium (i.e.,
Fxy= 0 and M0 = 0) and it is divided into a number of vertical slices.
For convenience, it is assumed that the width of each slice is the same and equals to
b (Note this is only assumed for convenience of formulating the stability equations
and is not always necessary).
Figure 10
42
The forces acting on a slice of lm thick are

= weight of slice = bh
= the effective normal reacting force at the base of slice
= the upthrust load acting at the base of slice
T
= the shear force induced along the base = W sin
= resultant forces imposed on the interslice boundaries from
adjacent
slices and may be resolved into
E1 and E2 = interslice normal forces
X1 and X2 = interslice shear forces
W
N
u l ,
R1, R2
Note : If there is any surcharge, force, etc. acting on the surface of a slice, it must be
included in the static equilibrium of that slice.
The factor of safety against slip failure in terms of moment equilibrium is defined as :
Or
M R Moment of shear strength along failure surface
Mb
Moment of weight of failure mass
F
c' ' tan ' l R

W sin R
c' l N ' tan '

W sin
where
(9)
L = length of arc AB = R
T
c' L tan ' N '

W sin
W sin
43
Fellenius' Method
In this method, the interslice normal and shear forces are assumed to be equal and
opposite and cancel each other out, i.e., E1 = E2 and X1 = X2.
These interslice forces are ignored in Fellenius' formulation Considering equilibrium of

force normal to the base of slice :
N
= W cos - ul
= h b cos- ub sec
(see figure 10)

(since l = b sec )
Substitue into (9) :
c' L tan ' hb cos ub sec

W sin
u
c' L tan ' b h cos sec
h
W sin
c' L tan ' b hcos ru sec

W sin
(10)
Usually, the number of slices should not be less than 5. The larger number of slices is,
the better the estimate of F will be.
However, the Fellenius method may be conservative and the computed F will be lower
by as much as 20%.
Error will be more significant if ru is close to 1 and the slip
surface is deep-seated or has a small radius.

preferable.
44
In such cases, Bishop's method is
Bishop's Simplified Method
In this method, the interslice shear forces are ignored as they are equal and opposite (i.e.
X1 = X2), but the interslice normal forces are not (i.e., E1 E2) (see Fig. 11). These
assumptions are reasonable if conditions are uniform and ru is constant.
Figure 11
Considering force equilibrium in the vertical direction :
N ' cos ul cos
Or
l sin W 0
F
c'
N ' tan '
N ' cos ul cos l sin
sin W 0
F
F
solving N gives
N '
c'
l sin ul cos
F
tan '
cos
sin
F
(11)
45
Substituting (11) into (8) and noting that l = b sec
c' b sec
c'
tan ' W F b sec sin ub sec cos
cos
W sin
tan '
sin
F
Simplifying :
F
1
W sin

tan tan '
1
F
(12)
Note : The computation using equation (12) is commenced by assuming a trial value F.
46
Janbu's Routine Method
The factor of safety using the Janbu's Routine method, which is much more simplified
by neglecting the interslice shear forces than the Rigorous method, is expressed as
F fo
[c' b (W ub) tan ' ]

[Q W sin ]
sec
m
(13)
tan ' tan
m cos 1
FS
Where fo
is a correction factor accounting for the interstice shear forces which were
neglected in the method above.
Q is any external horizontal load, e.g., water in a tension crack.
m, is a factor used to allow for the vertical interstice forces neglected in the
formulation.
47
Determination of Correction Factors fo and m Functions
The correction factor f0 depends on the slip plane geometry and shear strength
parameters of the soil at the base. Figure 13 shows a typical section through a sliding
mass of soil with a non-circular slip surface. The value of f0 is a function of d/L as well
as the soil strength properties.
Figure 13
48
Analysis of a Non-circular Slip Surface Using Janbu's Routine Method Steps

1. Check dimension of a selected possible slip surface especially the cord length, L, and
depth, d (see Fig. 13).
2. Divide the soil mass into slices as shown in Fig. 17, Usually about six to eight slices are
sufficient and these need not be of equal width.
3. Assume a value of the factor of safety, Fs, which will be used in the first calculation of
the factor of safety Fc. (Usually the first good estimate is obtained from the Fellenius
Method).
4. Determine values of W, , u, b for each slice and record values of soil parameters c' and
' for each slice.
Refer to Fig. 18 for data.
5. Determine values of f0 and ma using diagrams similar to Fig. 14, 15 and 1S6.
6. Draw up a table of values and relevant calculations to organize the data.
7. Complete 3 trials, if necessary to calculate F using iteration until convergence is
achieved and the correct factor of safety detei mined (Table 1 and Fig S8).
49
Figure 14
50
m
The value of m is given by the equation
tan ' tan
m cos 1
F
S
where
is the average angle of the slope of the slip plane with respect to the horizontal in a
slice.
is the angle of shearing resistance of the soil with respect to effective stress, along
the slip plane.
FS is any selected or assumed factor of safety for the whole slip plane:
Figure 15
51
Figure 17
Figure 18
52
53
Slice No. ( deg )
h(m)
b ( m ) ( kN/m3 ) c' ( kN/m2 ) ' ( deg ) u ( kN/m2 )

4
10
18.7
0
35
45
19.3
45
27
35
344.6786
40
19.9
45
27
50
321.4443
30
20.5
45
27
50
328.7814
10
20.5
45
27
20
348.1434
10
20.5
45
27
10
284.9622
-15
20.5
45
27
190.0287
Fs = 1
Slice No.
tan '
F
d/L = 0.200
sec
sec
A*
W Tan
0.70
1.1064 1.8077
328.0806
1.0740
518.2296
0.51
1.0674 1.3249
456.6715
1.0740
463.2000
0.51
1.09356 1.1937
383.7149
1.0740
400.7540
0.51
1.12079 1.0303
338.7296
1.0740
284.0563
0.51
1.07329 0.9461
329.3755
1.0740
72.2941
0.51
1.07329 0.9461
269.6003
1.0740
43.3764
0.51
0.83405 1.2413
235.8756
1.0740
-32.9578
Sum =
2342.0480
Fc =
Fs = 1.580
Slice No.
tan '
F
Sum = 1748.9527
1.438
d/L = 0.200
m
sec
m
A*
1
n
W Tan
0.44
0.8838 2.2630
410.7143
1.0740
518.2296
0.32
0.93514 1.5123
521.2592
1.0740
463.2000
0.32
0.97333 1.3412
431.1120
1.0740
400.7540
0.32
1.02727 1.1241
369.5669
1.0740
284.0563
0.32
1.04081 0.9756
339.6540
1.0740
72.2941
0.32
1.04081 0.9756
278.0135
1.0740
43.3764
0.32
0.88246 1.1732
222.9360
1.0740
-32.9578
Sum =
2573.2557
Fc =
A = [ c'b + (w - ub ) tan ' ]
60
Sum = 1748.9527
1.580
54
181.4938

C3 Slope Stability

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C3 Slope Stability

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Geotechnical and Foundation Engineering (CON4342)

acquire the knowledge of stability analysis of soil slope;

application of computer software in slope stability analysis

Geotechnical and Foundation Engineering (CON4342)

Factor of safety of slope

Stability of infinite slope

Stability of slope using mass procedure

Stability of slope using method of slice

Application of computer software in slope analysis

Geotechnical and Foundation Engineering (CON4342)

rotational slips: circular arc or a non-circular curve.

Geotechnical and Foundation Engineering (CON4342)

Figure 2 A shallow slope failure in Hong Kong

Note the circular deep seated failure surface

Geotechnical and Foundation Engineering (CON4342)

Factor of Safety for Slopes

In terms of shear strength, F is usually defined as

r = average shear strength along the potential failure surface

Ten years return period rainfall

New slopes vs Existing slopes

Geotechnical and Foundation Engineering (CON4342)

Factor Safety for New Slopes

Geotechnical and Foundation Engineering (CON4342)

Factor Safety for Existing Slopes

Geotechnical and Foundation Engineering (CON4342)

The Stability of Hong Kong Slopes

Geotechnical and Foundation Engineering (CON4342)

3. Stability of Infinite Slopes

Figure 3 shows an infinitely long slope of angle .

Analysis of infinite slope (without seepage)

Geotechnical and Foundation Engineering (CON4342)

For sands, c = 0, and the F = (tan )/(tan )

Infinite Slopes With Seepage

Figure 4 shows an infinitely long slope in saturated soil which is subject to

= submerged density of the soil

Geotechnical and Foundation Engineering (CON4342)

Analysis of infinite slope (with seepage)

Geotechnical and Foundation Engineering (CON4342)

Learning Activity 1 (exercise)

Geotechnical and Foundation Engineering (CON4342)

4. Stability of slope using mass procedure

General Modes of Slope Failure

In general, slope failure occurs in one of the following modes (Figure 5)

Geotechnical and Foundation Engineering (CON4342)

Procedure of Stability Analysis

variation of the normal stress

Geotechnical and Foundation Engineering (CON4342)

Location of the Most Critical Circle

These rules are:

Geotechnical and Foundation Engineering (CON4342)

Mass Procedure of Stability Analysis (Circular Failure Surface)

(a) Slopes in Homogeneous Clay Soil with =0 (Undrained Condition)

fully saturated clay under undrained conditions,

Only moment equilibrium is considered

Geotechnical and Foundation Engineering (CON4342)

The moments of any additional forces must be taken into account.

Geotechnical and Foundation Engineering (CON4342)

Learning Activity 2 (example)

Equating Moment about O

Geotechnical and Foundation Engineering (CON4342)

Learning Activity 3 (example)

Equating Moment about O

Geotechnical and Foundation Engineering (CON4342)