Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Questions On GSM
History Of GSM
1) Describe in short the evolution of GSM?
Year Mobile System
1981 Nordic Mobile Telephone (NMT) 450
1983 American Mobile Phone System (AMPS
1985 Total Access Communications System (TACS)
1986 Nordic Mobile telephony (NMT) 900
1991 American Digital Cellular (ADC)
1991 Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM)
1992 Digital Cellular Systems (DCS) 1800
1994 Personal Digital Cellular (PDC)
1995 PCS-1900 Canada
1996 PCS- United States
2) What are the standard bodies for the development and nurturing of the GSM standard?
CEPT (Conference Europeenne des Postes et Telecommunications)
MoU (Memorandum Of Understanding)
CCITT (Comite Consultatif International Telegraphique et telephonique)
General Characteristics Of GSM Technology
1) What is Time Division Multiple Access?
TDMA is a digital transmission technology, which works by dividing a radio frequency into time
slots and then allocating slots to each user within each channel. In this way, a single frequency
can support multiple, simultaneous data channels.
2) What is FDMA?
Frequency Divison Multiple access is a scheme in which the entire frequency band is divided
into channels, each channel corresponding to a particular frequency range. With FDMA each
channel can be assigned to one user at a time.
3) Give details of the uplink and downlink band of GSM?
The uplink band of GSM is from 890MHz to 915MHz and the downlink band of
is from 935MHz to 960MHz
4) What is the bandgap between the uplink and downlink carrier in GSM?
45 MHz.
5) What is the bandgap between 2 consecutive carriers?
200KHz
6) How many carriers are present in the GSM band and how many channels are there
in each carrier?
124 carriers and 8 channels per carrier
7) What type of modulation is used in GSM?
Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying (GMSK)
8) What is ARFCN?
In cellular mobile communications the radio channels are identified by their
Absolute Radio Frequency Channel Number. In GSM ARFCN 1 to 124 are used.
GSM Network Architecture
9) What are the components of the GSM network? Draw a schematic diagram of the
GSM Network architecture?
B
D
Um BSS Abis A
CH
EF
10) Describe in brief the functionalities of the Base Transceiver Station (BTS)?
The BTS is a part of the Base Station Sub system and is in contact with the MS
through the radio interface. The BTS is in charge of management of transmission and
reception on the radio interface.
11) Describe in brief the functionalities of the Base Station Controller (BSC)?
The BSC is connected on one side to one or several BTSs and on the other side to the
MSC. The main function of the BSC is allocation and release of radio channels and
the handover management.
12) What is the function of the Mobile switching center (MSC)?
The MSC performs the basic function of switching. The main function of the MSC is to coordinate the setting up of calls to and from GSM users and the external network The MSC has
interface with the BSS on one side and the external network on the other side.
13) What is the function of the Home Location Register (HLR)?
The Home Location Register (HLR) together with the MSC, provide the callrouting
and roaming capabilities of GSM. The HLR contains all the
administrative information of each subscriber registered in the corresponding GSM
network, along with the current location of the mobile.
14) What is the function of the Visitor Location Register (VLR)?
The Visitor Location Register contains roaming information. Once the visited system
detects the mobile, the VLR of that system enquires the HLR to make sure you are a
valid subscriber. It temporarily stores the last location area visited by the MS, the
power the mobile uses, the special services the MS is subscribed to and so on.
15) What is the function of the Equipment Identity Register (EIR)?
The Equipment Identity Register (EIR) is a database that stores data related to the
mobile equipment. It contains a list of all valid mobile equipment on the network,
where each mobile station is identified by International Mobile Equipment Identity
(IMEI).This is useful when searching for stolen mobile equipment or when
monitoring misuse of mobile stations.
16) What is the function of the Authentication Center (AuC)?
The Authentication Center is a database that stores a copy of the secret key
stored in each subscriber's SIM card, which is used for authentication and ciphering
of the radio channel.
17) What is the function of the TRAU?
The Broadcast Control Channel broadcasts general information about the cell viz. neighbor cell
information, MS maximum transmit power on CCHs and local area identification.
27) What is the function of the FACCH?
The FACCH is used as a main signaling link for the transmission of data eg. Handover
commands. The FACCH is required for every call set up and release. The FACCH is transmitted
in the burst by pre-empting a portion of the speech/user data information bits during active call.
28) What is the function of the AGCH?
The AGCH is used for sending access grant messages, which assign the MS to an SDCCH or
directly to a TCH in response to a request placed on RACH by MS.
29) What is the function of the RACH?
The RACH is used to transfer uplink messages in response to the call initiation request placed by
the MS or in response to a paging request or automatically as part of a location update.
30) What is the function of the Paging Channel (PCH)?
The PCH is used to page the MS during mobile terminated call setup. Paging messages are sent
to the area where the recipient MS is located.
31) What is the function of the SDCCH?
The SDCCH carries all signaling between the BTS and the MS when no TCH is allocated. It is
used for service requests (eg. SMS), location updates, subscriber authentication, ciphering,
initiation, equipment validation and assignment to a TCH.
32) Draw and explain the protocol layer between the Mobile Station and the BTS?
Um
33) What are the functions of the Radio resource Management Layer in GSM?
The main function of the Radio resource management layer is to establish and release stable
connections between mobile stations and the MSC for the duration of the call and to maintain the
connection despite user movements.
34) What are the functions of the Mobility Management sub layer in GSM?
The mobility Management layer manages the location updating, handovers, and registration
procedures. The machines concerned with mobility management are mainly the MS, the HLR
and VLR. The security function is performed by the AuC.
35) What are the functions of the Communications Management sub layer in GSM?
Communications Management sub layer terminates at the MSC and contains entities that
currently consist of CC including call-related supplementary services, SMS, and
call independent supplementary services support (SS).
the subscriber and is kept internal and transmitted as rarely as possible for security reasons
keeping the identity of the subscriber confidential (in case some one is listening on the air
interface). The IMSI consists of Mobile Country code (MCC) which identifies home country of
the subscriber, the Mobile Network Code (MNC) which identifies the PLMN of the subscriber
and the Mobile Station Identification Number (MSIN) which identifies the subscriber within a
PLMN.
`
The MSC/VLR allocates a TMSI temporarily to a subscriber present in the geographical area
served by the MSC/VLR. Only the VLR stores the TMSI not the HLR. The TMSI serves to
identify the MS when it needs to communicate with the network. It is used instead of the IMSI to
avoid transmitting the IMSI. Several MSC/VLRs can use the same TMSI
40) What is IMSI attach /Detach?
When a MS station is switched off(or when the SIM is removed by the user), call towards that
MS station cannot be completed. Hence important resources are consumed for nothing. To
alleviate this load, the IMSI attach and IMSI detach procedure is used. The subscribers record in
the MSC/VLR contains a binary information indicating whether or not it is useful to try to
complete the call toward the subscriber. The IMSI detach procedure will set the binary bit to
Not Useful To Try whereas the IMSI attach procedure will do the reverse.
41) What is the structure of IMSI?
3 Digits 2 Digits
49) Draw and Explain the Protocol architecture of the GSM Network?
a. RR Management sub layer
Manages the Radio Interface
Terminates at BSS from MS
b. MM sub Layer
Terminated at MSC
Messages from or to the MSC are relayed transparently from BSS
c. Communications Management sub Layer
Terminates at MSC
Contains entities that consist of CC including call related supplementary services, SMS and call
independent Supplementary Services (SS) support.
d. TCAP and MAP
These are the interfaces between the MSC and HLR/VLR
e. BSSAP
Used to implement all procedures between the MSC and the BSS that require interpretation and
processing of information related to single calls and resource management.
f. SCCP and MTP
SCCP and MTP protocols are used to implement the data link layer and layer 3 transport
functions for carrying the call control and mobility management signaling message son the
BSS_MSC link.