IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER DELIVERY, VOL. 21, NO.

1, JANUARY 2006

305

A New Method of Passive Harmonic Filter Planning

for Controlling Voltage Distortion in a Power System
Gary W. Chang, Senior Member, Shou-Yung Chu, Student Member, IEEE, and Hung-Lu Wang, Student Member, IEEE

AbstractThis paper presents a new method for planning singletuned passive harmonic filters to control harmonic voltage and
voltage distortion throughout a power system. Several alternative
objective functions are considered as performance indices in the
filter planning problem while the IEEE-519 individual and total
harmonic voltage distortion limits at each network bus, as well
as filter component limits, are modeled as constraints. The tuned
frequency deviation of the filter caused by component manufacturing errors and environmental changes is also taken into account.
To solve the problem, a two-step procedure is first proposed to
place the filters. Next, the planning problem is formulated as a constrained optimization problem for minimizing the defined network
objective function and is then solved by a genetic algorithm-based
optimizer to obtain the optimal size of each filter component. The
usefulness of the proposed method is tested with an actual distribution network. Results show that the method is effective, computationally robust, and is suitable for the passive filter planning in a
power system.
Index TermsConstrained optimization, genetic algorithm
(GA), harmonic distortion, passive harmonic filter, sensitivity
analysis.

I. INTRODUCTION

MONG various solutions to harmonic problems, passive

filtering is the most economical and effective method.
It has been widely used for large harmonic-generating loads.
However, the planning of passive harmonic filters is mainly
limited to single-bus applications [1][5]. The system-wide
planning of passive filters for mitigating harmonic problems in
the power network is rarely investigated [6][8]. Previously,
the authors presented a useful approach to optimally replace
existent capacitor banks as passive filters at candidate buses
in the power system based on the sensitivity analysis for
controlling harmonic voltage distortions [8]. However, under
circumstances, such as the resonance occurrence or insufficient
existent capacitor buses in the system, the proposed method
may fail to effectively control bus voltage harmonics and
distortion limits imposed by IEEE-519 voltage constraints, as
well as the filter component root mean square (rms) voltage
limits set by IEEE-18 constraints [9], [10].
To have a better control of harmonic voltage distortion in
the power system, the authors propose a new approach to
improve the solution method of [8] and to efficiently locate the
single-tuned passive filter candidate buses. Then, the planning
problem is formulated as a constrained optimization problem
and is solved to find optimal sizes of filter components. In this
Manuscript received July 23, 2004. Paper no. TPWRD-00339-2004.
The authors are with the Department of Electrical Engineering, National Chung Cheng University, Chia-Yi 621, Taiwan, R.O.C. (e-mail:
wchang@ee.ccu.edu.tw).
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TPWRD.2005.852355

Fig. 1. Schematic diagram for a passive filter connecting to bus p of a power

network.

paper, the new approach is based on an equivalent resistance

concept for siting the candidate filter buses in the network,
where the filter buses are not limited to those with existent
capacitor banks. The objective function is also extended to
include the following alternative network- and cost-related
functions: a) total harmonic distortion voltage, b) telephone
influence factor, c) harmonic power loss, and d) total filter
component cost.
Since the passive harmonic filter planning is a mixed integer
nonlinear programming problem, it is extremely difficult to
solve by conventional approaches. Therefore, an optimizer, a
genetic-algorithm optimization toolbox (GAOT), is employed
to search the optimal filter sizes while satisfying all associated
constraints [11]. GAOT is a GA-based optimization tool built
upon the Matlab environment, which is very suitable for solving
nontypical nonlinear programming problems.
This paper is organized as follows. Section II presents the required theory for describing the constraints and objective functions of the passive filter planning problem. Section III shows an
efficient two-step solution procedure to site and then to size the
filters in an optimal way. Next, Section IV reports the usefulness
of the proposed solution method to plan the passive filters in an
actual distribution system with severe harmonic pollutions. It is
followed by the conclusions of the paper.
II. PROBLEM FORMULATION
Consider the Thevnin equivalent of an -bus power network in Fig. 1 that contains harmonic sources, where a singletuned passive filter is connected to bus . For any harmonic order
, the harmonic current flowing through the filter at bus is determined according to

0885-8977/$20.00 2006 IEEE

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(1)

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER DELIVERY, VOL. 21, NO. 1, JANUARY 2006

where the harmonic voltage and the driving point harmonic

impedance at bus before placement of the filter are

(15)

(2)
and
(3)
(16)
and the
Let the internal resistance of the filter inductor be
. The harmonic impedance of the
quality factor be
filter
in (1) is expressed as a function of
at the system
fundamental frequency

(17)
(18)
(19)
(20)

(4)

(21)

where is the tuned harmonic order. Substituting (2)(4) into

(1) yields

(22)

(5)
where
(6)
(7)
and where
through
and
through
are defined in [8].
The th order of harmonic voltage at any bus of the network in Fig. 1 before placing the passive filter is

and where

, and

A. Constraints
The constraints of the problem include IEEE-519 individual
harmonic voltage and total harmonic voltage limits at each
bus, tuned frequency variation limits of the passive filter due
to manufacturing errors and environmental changes, as well as
the IEEE-18 capacitor rms voltage limit of the filter.
1) Voltage Harmonics and Voltage Distortion Constraints: The IEEE-519 voltage constraints imposed on
after the filter placement are individual
any network bus
harmonic voltage distortion constraints

(8)
After placing the filter at bus and regarding the negative filter
current as an injection at that bus, it can be shown that the new
harmonic voltage at bus becomes

(23)
for
constraint

, and the total harmonic voltage distortion

(9)
where
and

(24)

is the harmonic transfer impedance between buses

and is defined as
(10)

If multiple filters for the th harmonic are installed at buses

, throughout the network, (9) becomes

where
is the fundamental voltage at bus
and
is the
highest order of harmonic under considerations. and are
usually 3% and 5%, respectively.
For the multiple-filter placement situation, expressing (23) in
terms of (12) yields

(11)
(25)
Equation (11) can be expressed as its squared function of (12)
in a quadratic form after substituting (6)(8) and (10) into it

Similarly, the constraint of the total harmonic voltage distortion at any network bus of (24) can be written as

(12)

(26)

(13)

.
where
2) RMS Voltage Limit Across the Capacitor of the
Filter: The rms voltage across the capacitor of the filter
at a candidate bus must comply with the IEEE-18 voltage

where

(14)

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CHANG et al.: A NEW METHOD OF PASSIVE HARMONIC FILTER PLANNING

constraint. Therefore, the rms voltage across a filter capacitor

is

307

, and

where
, and where

(27)
where the first term on the right-hand side is the capacitor
fundamental rms voltage, the second term is the harmonic
is the capacitor rated
voltage crossing the capacitor, and
rms voltage. is usually 110%. It is practical to express the
constraint as
(28)

(36)
In (36),

, and

are defined as
(37)
(38)

(29)
where
, and
.
3) Filter Tuned Frequency Variation Constraint: Reference
[3] indicates that manufacturing and the environment caused de% to 3%
viations for inductor and capacitor in the range of
and % to 12% from their nominal values, respectively. Given
variation range of the
the constant system frequency, the
filter is then between 0.902 and 1.154. Therefore, the deviation
limits of any tuned harmonic order become
. Since at the tuned harmonic order of a
, (30) holds
filter at bus
(30)
where
,
is the designed inductor
impedance at fundamental frequency, and and are 0.907
and 1.156, respectively.
B. Objective Functions
In the passive harmonic filter planning problem, the following
four network- and cost-related alternative objective functions
are under consideration: 1) total harmonic voltage distortion
(THDV), 2) telephone influence factor (TIF), 3) harmonic power
loss (HPL), and 4) total filter component cost (TFC). For convenience, the first three network-related objective functions are
expressed as their squared functions. The general problem formulation becomes

(39)
Also, coefficients in (37)(39) of (36) can be written in such
a way as to minimize the following alternative objective
functions.
1) Sum of Squared Total Harmonic Voltage Distortion: The
sum of the squared total harmonic distortion voltage across the
-bus power network is expressed as
(40)
where
(41)
and
are given in (12). In terms
where
of (36), the corresponding coefficients in (37)(39) for (40) are
given in Appendix A.
2) Sum of Squared Telephone Influence Factor: The sum of
the squared telephone influence factor is expressed as
(42)
where

Minimize

(43)

(31)
subject to
(32)

and where
is the TIF weighting for the th harmonic given
, and
is the rms voltage at bus . In terms
in [9],
of (36), the corresponding coefficients in (37)(39) for (42) are
defined in Appendix B.
3) Total Harmonic Power Loss: The harmonic power loss in
the network at harmonic can be expressed as

(33)
(34)
(35)
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(44)

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER DELIVERY, VOL. 21, NO. 1, JANUARY 2006

where
(45)
and
(46)
and
are the
are obtained according to (11). In (44),
resistance and impedance of the branch between buses and
for harmonic order , respectively.
Minimizing the total harmonic power loss then becomes

Fig. 2. Equivalent resistance of a filter at its tuned frequency at the bus p.

(47)
In terms of (36), the corresponding coefficients in (37)(39) for
(44) are shown in Appendix C.
4) Total Filter Component Cost: When considering minimization of the total filter component cost, the objective function of (31) is rewritten as

(48)
where
and
are two
column vectors of cost associated with the inductor and the capacitor of the corresponding
harmonic filter at each installed bus and is the number of filter
buses. It is noted that the capacitor reactance is equal to the
squared-tuned harmonic order multiplying with inductor reactance at the system fundamental frequency. If a filter bus is a bus
with an existent capacitor bank, the corresponding cost term in
for that harmonic order is zero.

Fig. 3. Eighteen-bus test system.

As shown in Fig. 2, at the tuned frequency, the equivalent

resistance for a filter to be installed at a bus with an existent
capacitor bank can be expressed as
(50)

III. PROPOSED SOLUTION PROCEDURE

A. Equivalent Resistance Approach for Placing a Filter
For a single-tuned passive harmonic filter, the equivalent
impedance at the system fundamental frequency is given in (4).
The filter impedance thus can be expressed as (46) in terms of
the capacitor reactance at the fundamental frequency

(49)
At the tuned harmonic order , the filter acts just like a re. Since the value of the quality
sistor with a value of
factor of a single-tuned filter is usually high (in the range of 30
through 60), the filter impedance can be represented by a small
value of equivalent resistance at its tuned frequency. For any
other harmonic order , the filter acts to be either inductive or
capacitive, where the real part is negligible in comparing with
the imaginary part in (49). By observing the foregoing facts, it
can be shown that the change of the real part of (49) in a small
range will not change filter performance. To confirm this statement, it is practical to use an equivalent resistance to replace the
filter and to show its usefulness.

is the reactance of the capacitor at system fundawhere

mental frequency. If the bus selected is not a capacitor bus, then
a new passive filter will be installed to mitigate the harmonic
problems. That is, a capacitor must be added at that bus and is
then turned into a harmonic filter. Since a capacitor size is usually available with standard specifications, the new filter is installed based on the commercially available capacitor units.
To show the effectiveness of using the equivalent resistance
for the placement of a passive filter, five values of the resistance
in the range of 0.01 through 10 for test are sequentially placed
at a selected bus of the 18-bus study system shown in Fig. 3. The
impedance scan results (in percentage and degrees with a base
impedance of 15.625 ) obtained by using the harmonic power
flow program PCFLO [12] at bus 14 when the equivalent resistance is connected at bus 4 are shown in Tables I and II. As
indicated in both tables, it is found that when a small value of
the resistor (i.e., a filter impedance at its tuned harmonic order)
is either connected or disconnected to a network bus, the driving
point harmonic impedance at the other bus corresponding to that
tuned harmonic order remains almost unchanged. This observation also implies that the use of an equivalent resistance can

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CHANG et al.: A NEW METHOD OF PASSIVE HARMONIC FILTER PLANNING

replace an unknown size of filter at its tuned harmonic at a selected bus. Therefore, this resistance can be used to calculate
the filter siting index given in (51) and determine the filter candidate buses for each harmonic order under considerations. In
(51), the equivalent resistance corresponds to the specific filter
and is determined based on the existent capacitor banks or
the smallest commercially available unit

309

TABLE I
MAGNITUDE OF THE DRIVING POINT HARMONIC IMPEDANCE AT BUS 14 OF
THE 18-BUS SYSTEM OBTAINED BY USING PCFLO FOR DIFFERENT VALUES
OF THE EQUIVALENT RESISTANCE CONNECTED AT BUS 4

(51)

where

and

are the index for major

TABLE II
PHASE ANGLE OF THE DRIVING POINT HARMONIC IMPEDANCE AT BUS 14 OF
THE 18-BUS SYSTEM OBTAINED BY USING PCFLO FOR DIFFERENT VALUES
OF THE EQUIVALENT RESISTANCE CONNECTED AT BUS 4

harmonic source locations. The detailed derivation of the siting

index is given in the Appendix of [8].
B. Solution Procedure for the Single-Tuned Filter Planning
The following procedure summarizes major steps of siting
and sizing passive harmonic filters based on the proposed
approach.
1) Input measurements of harmonic voltages at each bus
and network harmonic transfer impedances.
2) Check if the individual harmonic voltage limit is violated at any bus for any specific harmonic order of interest. If no, proceed to the next step. Otherwise, proceed
to step 4.
3) Check if the total voltage distortion limit is violated at
any bus. If no, stop. Otherwise, proceed to the next step.
4) Identify existent capacitor buses.
5) Determine the filter bus locations by calculating the
siting index of (51) for each capacitor bus for a specific
harmonic order of interest one at a time and prioritize
siting indices. The filter candidate bus that yields the
least value of (51) is the most effective bus on controlling the th order of harmonic voltage.
6) Convert the capacitor bus with the top priority of siting
index to a filter bus for each harmonic order under consideration.
7) Solve the sizing problem of (31)(35) and (48) with the
GA-based optimizer GAOT.
8) Check if all constraints are satisfied. If yes, stop and
output. Otherwise, proceed to the next step.
9) Use the equivalent resistance approach to determine the
filter siting index for each harmonic order under considerations and for all network buses one at a time and prioritize the indices. The bus with the least value of (51)
is the best candidate filter bus for that tuned harmonic
order. Proceed to the next step.
10) For the candidate filter bus with an existent capacitor
bank, repeat step 6. Otherwise, for all commercially
available capacitor sizes, sequentially start with the
smallest unit and convert it into a passive filter at the
candidate bus; repeat step 7 for each converted filter
corresponding to a capacitor size.

11) Stop and output after the filter component sizes with the
least objective function value in step 10 are found.
C. Genetic-Algorithm-Based Optimization Procedure for
Sizing the Passive Filters
The constrained problem for passive filter planning of
(31)(35) and (48) is highly nonlinear, nonconvex, and multimodal, which is difficult to solve by conventional nonlinear
programming approaches. The equivalent resistance-based
siting index is used to quickly locate the best candidate filter
buses among all network buses for each harmonic order of
interest. The optimizer, GAOT, is then employed for determining the near-optimal or global optimal filter sizes while
against associated constraints. GAOT is a GA-based optimization tool built upon Matlab environment; it has many
user-friendly functions, such as roulette wheel, normalized
geometric select, tournament, simple crossover, arithmetic
crossover, heuristic crossover, uniform mutation, nonuniform
mutation, and multi-nonuniform mutation. All of these functions are optional by selection of input parameters. Another
important feature is that GAOT can be used in conjunction with
local-improvement heuristics for nonlinear function optimization and to solve the continuous location/allocation problem
[13]. Therefore, GAOT is very suitable for solving nontypical
nonlinear programming problems with relatively high solution
speed. The user only requires less effort in preparing data for
the objective function, termination function, and the initial
population creator. GAOT then begins to search the optimal
solution with computational efficiency. Major steps of solution
procedure for GAOT include creating an initial population,
evaluating all individuals, selecting a new population, creating

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TABLE III
MAXIMUM INDIVIDUAL HARMONIC VOLTAGE DISTORTION
BEFORE PLACEMENT OF PASSIVE FILTERS

Fig. 4.

TABLE IV
MAXIMUM INDIVIDUAL HARMONIC VOLTAGE DISTORTION OBTAINED
AFTER SITING PASSIVE FILTERS BY THE FIRST EIGHT STEPS
OF THE PROPOSED SOLUTION PROCEDURE

THDV at each 12.5-kV bus before placing passive filters.

new solutions by the mutation and crossover, and termination

criteria check [14], [15].
IV. CASE STUDY
The proposed solution algorithm for passive harmonic filter
planning is tested using the actual distribution system shown in
Fig. 3 to demonstrate its usefulness. The objective of the planning is to find the optimal placements and sizes of passive filters to be installed in the test system. The system base power
of the example is 10 MVA, and all buses except 17 and 18 are
12.5-kV buses. Three 2.1-MW six-pulse, line-commutated converters are located at buses 9, 11, and 14, respectively. Before the
placement of passive filters, the maximum individual harmonic
voltage distortion and total harmonic voltage distortion (THDv)
at each bus determined by PCFLO are shown in Table III and
Fig. 4, respectively. Commercially available capacitor unit sizes
on the system base are 1.5% through 12% at an increment of
1.5%. The quality factor of the installed single-tuned filter is
assumed to be 50.
The purpose of this study is to investigate the ability of
planned single-tuned harmonic filters to minimize the selected
objective function while meeting IEEE-519 harmonic voltage
and IEEE-18 filter component limits. Each placement of the
filter for a specific harmonic order is determined based upon
the best candidate bus obtained by the siting index criteria in
the solution procedure. The optimal sizes of the filters are then
computed based on the GAOT optimizer.
According to the first eight steps of the proposed solution procedure in Section III, candidate buses with existent capacitor
banks are quickly located and are converted into passive filters to
control harmonic voltages. Results show that voltage harmonics
and distortion constraints failed to meet IEEE-519 constraints
on bus 12 and buses 1416 for different network objective functions, as shown in Table IV and Fig. 5, respectively. Therefore,
we proceed to steps 9 through 11 of the solution procedure,
where all network buses are tested to site the candidate filter
buses. It is found that buses 11, 13, and 10 are the best locations

Fig. 5. THDV at each 12.5-kV bus before and after siting passive filters with
the objective functions of THDV, TIF, HPL, and TFC based on the first eight
steps of the proposed solution procedure.
TABLE V
FILTER CANDIDATE BUSES AND COMPONENT SIZES OBTAINED
BY THE COMPLETE PROPOSED SOLUTION PROCEDURE

for placing the 5th, 7th, and 13th harmonic filters, respectively,
where bus 13 is without an existent capacitor bank before siting
the filter. The corresponding filter component sizes determined
by GAOT are shown in Table V. Fig. 6 illustrates the total harmonic voltage distortion at each 12.5-kV bus, before and after
placing the passive filter at the best location corresponding to

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CHANG et al.: A NEW METHOD OF PASSIVE HARMONIC FILTER PLANNING

311

while the capacitor voltage of each filter does not exceed the rms
ceiling value recommended by the IEEE-18 standard.
V. CONCLUSION

Fig. 6. THDV at each 12.5-kV bus before and after siting passive filters with
the objective functions of THDV, TIF, HPL, and TFC based on the complete
proposed solution procedure.

In this paper, the authors present the necessary theory and

an efficient siting procedure that adopts the equivalent resistance approach to locate passive filter buses in a harmonics-polluted power system. After determining the best candidate filter
buses, the filter sizing problem is formulated as a nonlinear programming problem. A GA-based approach is then employed to
solve the highly constrained optimization problem with considering several alternative objective functions. The proposed solution procedure is tested with an actual distribution system. As
shown in the results, the proposed method and the solution algorithm are simple and computationally efficient for controlling
harmonic voltage distortion in a power system. The method is
also suitable for passive harmonic filter planning in transmission-level or industrial power networks.
APPENDIX
A. Sum of Squared Total Harmonic Voltage Distortion

(A.1)
Fig. 7. Individual harmonic voltage distortion at each 12.5-kV bus after
siting passive filters for the objective function of THDV based on the complete
proposed solution procedure.

(A.2)
(A.3)

TABLE VI
CAPACITOR RMS VOLTAGE (%) BEFORE AND AFTER PLACING FILTERS
OBTAINED BY THE COMPLETE PROPOSED SOLUTION PROCEDURE

(A.4)
(A.5)
(A.6)
The coefficients on the right-hand sides of (A.1)(A.6) are given
in (17)(22).
B. Sum of Squared Telephone Influence Factor

(A.7)

each alternative objective function. Fig. 7 also shows the individual harmonic voltage distortion at each 12.5-kV bus for the
objective function of THDV after the placements of filters. In
Table VI, the rms voltage across each filter capacitor is given.
Overall, after siting harmonic filters, the maximum individual
harmonic voltage distortion and the total harmonic voltage distortion at each bus are well controlled under IEEE-519 limits,
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(A.8)
(A.9)
(A.10)

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER DELIVERY, VOL. 21, NO. 1, JANUARY 2006

(A.11)
(A.12)

C. Harmonic Power Loss

(A.13)

(A.14)

(A.15)

(A.16)

[2] J. K. Phipps, A transfer function approach to harmonic filter design,

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[4] M. F. McGranaghan and D. R. Mueller, Designing harmonic filters
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Gary W. Chang (M94SM01) received the Ph.D. degree from the University
of Texas at Austin in 1994.
Currently, he is a Professor in the Department of Electrical Engineering, National Chung Cheng University, Taiwan, R.O.C. He was with Siemens Power
T&D, LLC, Brooklyn Park, MN, from 1995 to 1998. His areas of research interest include power systems optimization, harmonics, and power quality.
Dr. Chang is a member of Tau Beta Pi and a registered professional engineer in
the state of Minnesota. He chairs the IEEE Task Force on Harmonics Modeling
and Simulation.

(A.17)
Shou-Yung Chu (S04) received the M.S.E.E. degree in 2002 from National
Chung Cheng University, Chia-Yi, Taiwan, R.O.C., where he is currently pursuing the Ph.D. degree.
His areas of research interests include power systems optimization and power
system harmonics.

(A.18)

REFERENCES
[1] E. B. Makram, E. V. Subramaniam, A. A. Girgis, and R. C. Catoe Jr.,
Harmonic filter design using actual recorded data, IEEE Trans. Ind.
Appl., vol. 29, no. 6, pp. 11761183, Nov./Dec. 1993.

Hung-Lu Wang (S04) received the M.S.E.E. degree in 2002 from National
Chung Cheng University, Chia-Yi, Taiwan, R.O.C., where he is currently pursuing the Ph.D. degree.
His areas of research include power system harmonics and power quality.

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