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BASIC MECHANISM AND NEED

OF MODULATION

Elements of Communication Systems


Communication- Information Transfer
Electronic/Electrical CommunicationInformation Transfer using Electronic/Electrical
Circuits

Elements of Communication Systems


(contd.)

Elements of Communication Systems


(contd.)
Transmitter- modulation, coding etc
Transmitting Channel- wired channel (wires,
coaxial cable etc), wireless channel. Channel
introduces transmission loss/attenuation
Receiver- demodulation, decoding, filtering,
amplification etc.

Elements of Communication Systems


(contd.)
Distortion-it is due to imperfect response of the system.
Interference- it is due to presence of other external signals
Noise- random in nature

Elements of Communication Systems


(contd.)
Types of Communication Systems
Simplex Communication System

Half Duplex Communication System

Full Duplex Communication System

Elements of Communication Systems


(contd.)
Limitations:
1. Technological Problems
2. Fundamental Physical Problems- bandwidth,
noise etc.
Hartley-Shannon Law
I=Blog2(1+SNR)
I=information capacity (bits per second or bps)
B= bandwidth (Hz)
SNR= signal to noise ratio (unitless)
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Elements of Communication Systems Modulation


Modulation:
It involves two signals i.e. modulating signal
and carrier signal.
In modulation parameter of a carrier signal is
varied
according to the parameters of
modulating signal

Elements of Communication Systems Modulation

Need for Modulation


1)
2)
3)
4)
5)

Frequency Multiplexing.
Practicability of Antennas.
Narrow banding.
Common Processing.
To reduce noise and interference.

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1. Multiplexing
Simultaneous transmission of multiple messages over
a channel is known as Multiplexing.
If transmitted without modulation, different message
signals over a single channel may interfere because
their baseband (spectrum) is identical.
Different message signals can be transmitted over a
single channel without interference using modulation.

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Two types of multiplexing techniques are:


Frequency Division Multiplexing: uses analog
modulation systems.
Time Division Multiplexing: uses pulse
modulation systems

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2. Practicability of Antennas
In broadcast systems, the maximum audio frequency transmitted from
a radio station is of the order of 5 kHz. If this signal were to be
transmitted without modulation, the height of the antenna needed for
an effective radiation would be half of the wavelength given as
c
3108

30,000meters 30 Km
3
2 2 f 2 5 10
It would be impracticable to construct and install such an antenna
The size of the antennas can be reduced by analog modulation
technique, as modulation provides frequency shifting or frequency
translation.

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3. Narrow banding
Let us assume that base band signal in a broadcast
system is radiated directly with the frequency range
extending from 50 Hz to 10KHz, the ratio of highest to
lowest wavelength is 200. If an antenna is designed for
50Hz, it will be too long for 10KHz and vice versa, and
we may require a wide-band antenna which can operate
for band edge of 200, which is practically impossible.
However, suppose the audio signal is translated to
radio range frequency say 1MHz then ratio of lowest to
highest frequency will be
106 50
1

,
6
4
10 10 1.01
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which is approximately unity; and the same antenna


will be suitable for the entire band extending from
(106 + 50) Hz to (106 + 104) Hz. Thus frequency
translation converts a wideband signal to a
narrowband. Here bandwidth is referred to as the
ratio of the edge frequencies of the band. This is
called Narrow banding.

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4. Common Processing
We may need to process a number of signals similar in
general character but occupying different spectral
ranges. As we go from signal to signal, we need to
adjust the frequency range of our processing apparatus
to correspond to the frequency range of the signal to
be processed. Processing apparatus can be operated in
certain fixed range and other frequencies can be
translated corresponding to this fixed frequency.

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5. To reduce noise and interference


Noise can be minimized to a large extent
using certain modulation techniques.
These techniques require bandwidth much
larger than the bandwidth of the signal.
Thus bandwidth is traded for noise reduction,
an important aspect of communication system
design.

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Elements of Communication Systems Coding Methods


Source Coding
Channel Coding
Line Coding

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Electromagnetic Spectrum
(Transmission Frequencies)

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Electromagnetic Spectrum
(Transmission Frequencies)
Extremely Low Frequencies: 30-300 Hzpower
distribution, low frequency telemetry signals.
Voice Frequencies: 300-3000 Hz--- human speech,
telephone channels, voice band channels
Very Low Frequencies: 3-30 kHz--- submarine
communication
Low Frequencies: 30-300 kHz--- marine and aeronautical
applications.
Medium Frequencies: 300 kHz- 3 MHz--- AM radio
broadcasting.
High Frequencies: 3-30 MHz---two way radio
communications.

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Electromagnetic Spectrum
(Transmission Frequencies) contd.
Very High Frequencies: 30-300 MHz--- mobile
radio, marine and aeronautical communication,
FM broadcasting etc.
Ultrahigh frequencies: 300 MHz-3 GHz--- TV
broadcasting, mobile communications etc.
Superhigh Frequencies: 3 GHz-30 GHz---microwave and satellite communications.
Extremely High Frequencies: 30-300 GHz---wireless communication, future applications
Visible Light: 0.3 PHz-3 PHz (Petahertz-10^15):
optical fiber communications
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Electromagnetic Spectrum
(Transmission Frequencies) contd.

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Bandwidth
The range of frequencies a signal occupies is
called the bandwidth of the signal. The
bandwidth is measured in terms of Hertz (Hz).

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Time-limited and frequency-limited signals

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THANK YOU

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