92-GT-54

THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERS

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Copyright 1992 by ASME

111 1 11 1111111
eREAK1111 1 111
One-Dimensional Methods for Accurate Prediction of
Off-Design Performance Behavior of Axial Turbines
T. SCHNEIRI
Turbomachinery Laboratory
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Texas A8M University
College Station, Texas 77843

ABSTRACT
The turbine component of a gas turbine engine is frequently
subjected to extreme operation conditions associated with
significant changes in mass flow, turbine inlet temperature, pressure
and rotational speed. These off-design operation conditions
significantly affect the flow deflection within the turbine stage,
which consists of individual stator and rotor rows. As a result, the
stage parameters representing the velocity diagram will change and
effect the efficiency and performance of the stage and, thus, the
turbine. A differential and integral method is presented for
predicting the performance behavior of turbines under extreme
off-design conditions. Both methods are applied to a multistage
turbine for which the off-design performance is calculated and
compared with the measurement.

X,A

p,R
0,0

(0,0

Sub- and superscripts

a,e

in
ntu
NOMENCLATURE

erg,
h,H
m,M

U,V,W
IS 43,

11

Blade height
Specific heat at constant pressure, specific heat ratio
Maximum camber thickness
Specific static, total enthalpy
Stage power, specific mechanical energy
Mass flow, mass flow ratio
Static pressure
Power
Degree of reaction
Spacing
Temperature, temperature ratio
Velocities
Absolute flow angle
Relative flow angle, stagger angle
Blade geometry parameter
Blade total deflection
Loss coefficient
Row efficiency

lsentropic, polytropic exponent

Stage load coefficient, stage load coefficient ratio
Ratio of meridional velocities
Ratio of circumferential velocities
Density, density ratio
Stage flow coefficient, stage flow coefficient ratio
Dimensionless isentropic enthalpy coefficients
Turbine angular velocity, angular velocity ratio

1,2,3

Beginning and end of the expansion process

Dissipation
Mechanical energy
Meridional, circumferential direction
Primary (profile)
Isen tropic
Windmilling
Stations shown in Fig I
Design point
Refers to stator, rotor

I. INTRODUCTION
During start-up, shutdown, and load change operations, the
turbine component of a gas turbine engine is subjected to extreme
off-design operation conditions. These conditions are frequently
associated with significant changes in turbine mass flow, inlet
temperature, pressure, and rotational speed. The change in mass
flow alters the velocity diagram for a turbine stage and
consequently the stage parameters such as stage flow and stage
load coefficients, the degree of reaction and stage flow angles.
These parameters determine the efficiency and performance of the
stage and, thus, the entire turbine component. Considerable
departure of the stator and rotor inlet flow angles from the design

Presented at the International Gas Turbine end Aemengine Congress end Exposition
Cologne. Germany June 14. 5092

point affects the corresponding cascade incidence angle and the

total flow deflection of the stage. Based upon individual cascade
blade geometry and particular loss characteristics, a departure from
the design incidence may increase the cascade profile losses and
decrease the cascade efficiency. Substantial reduction of the turbine
mass flow below 50% generates excessive cascade losses
associated with the corresponding temperature increase and entropy
production. This circumstance deteriorates the capability of the
turbine stage and thus the component to generate mechanical
energy. Any further reduction in the mass flow results in
dissipation of mechanical energy into heat. In this case, however,
the turbine stage is not only incapable of producing mechanical
energy but also consumes it to maintain its rotational speed.

To estimate gas turbine starting characteristics, Agrawal and

Yunis (1984) generate a set of steady component characteristics,
where the turbine component is represented by an overall steady
performance map. In order to correctly calculate the off-design
behavior of the turbine component using the above methods a
performance map has to be generated that contains sufficiently
accurate information pertaining to the off-design efficiency and
performance behavior of the turbine component. Such a
performance map may be generated using experimental or
theoretical methods. The experimental method utilizes the data
experimentally obtained either from individual turbine components
or stationary cascades. In this case, the resulting map with the
corresponding information represents the off-design behavior of a
particular type of turbine component with individual cascades and
cannot be transferred to other turbine types. The performance map
also can be generated theoretically by using a calculation method
that accounts for individual stage geometry with the corresponding
characteristics as discussed in the following.

To properly design power generation and aircraft gas turbine

components, the turbine designer first requires methods capable of
precisely predicting the efficiency and performance of components
at the design point. The component reliability, however,
necessitates an accurate prediction of the performance behavior
within a broad off-design operation range.

2. OFF-DESIGN CALCULATION METHODS

Earlier calculation methods by Stodola (1924), Cordes (1963),

and Fliigel (1951) describe the off-design behavior of the turbine
component based on pressure ratio, mass flow, and efficiency
correlation. This method is extended by Bammett and Zehner
(1980) and extensively discussed by Traupel (1977).

Two different one-dimensional methods for the calculation of

off-design behavior of gas turbines are treated in the following
chapters. The first method calculates the expansion process through
multistage turbines using the differential analysis. In the second
method a row by row integral calculation procedure determines the
expansion through turbine stator and rotor cascade.

Comprehensive analytical studies done in the late fifties, and

recently made available to the public, by the National Advisory
Committee for Aeronautics investigates the efficiency
characteristics of single and multistage axial flow turbines. For the
analysis of efficiency characteristics of single stage turbines,
Stewart (1956) , and Wintucky and Stewat (1957), introduce the
Parson's "work-speed" parameter (Stodola 1924) defined as the
ratio of the square of the mean section blade speed to the required
specific work output. The authors assume that the flow at the
mean-section is one-dimensional and that the blade specific losses
are proportional to the required specific work output. The
efficiencies are presented in terms of the work-speed parameter
under the above assumptions. Applying the above concept to
multistage turbines, Stewart (1958) shows that for a given workspeed parameter, increasing the stage number increases the
efficiency with an upper limit being incurred at the work-speed
parameter of unity. Similarly, for a specified efficiency, increasing
the stage number permits the reduction in the overall work-speed
parameter (see Schobeiri 1990 for further information regarding the
influence of different stage parameters on stage efficiency and
performance). Flagg (1967) prepared a report with the NASA
Lewis Research Center that dealt with the analysis of the off-design
performance of axial flow turbines. The off-design performance is
calculated by varying one parameter at a time and repeating the
same overall and interstage calculation used for the design point.

3. DIFFERENTIAL METHOD
Starting from the stage characteristics, a one-dimensional
differential method is developed that accurately predicts the
off-design performance of multistage turbines. The method is
particularly appropriate for application to multistage turbines with
a small ratio of blade height to mean diameter specific for high
pressure steam or gas turbines. The method is applied to a
seven-stage turbine and the results of the calculation are compared
with the measurement.

The off-design performance behavior of a turbine stage is

determined by the stage velocity diagram in connection with the
stage efficiency as shown in Fig. 1. The latter is described
completely by the stage parameters shown by Schobeiri (1990):
sh

Overall performance is widely used for the simulation of

transient behavior of the turbine component of jet engines. Koenig
and Fishbach (1972) and Seidner et al. (1972) utilize the overall
turbine performance map, where the nondimensionalized turbine
enthalpy and efficiency is plotted versus the nondimensionalized
rotational speed. In a report about a hybrid simulation of singleand twin-spool turbofan engines Scuch (1974) also describes the
representation of the turbine component by overall performance
maps.

r= tie Ahl

with Vr, U from the velocity diagram, Fig. I, I L, the specific

mechanical energy of the stage, eh', and ah" the specific static
enthalpy difference in rotor and stator. The dimensionless
parameter p represent the meridional velocity ratio, v the
circumferential velocity ratio, the stage flow coefficient, X the
stage load coefficient, r the degree of reaction, and R the density
ratio. Incorporating these parameters into the equations of
continuity, energy, moment of momentum, and the relation for
degree of reaction, the turbine stage is defined completely by a set
of four equations:
2

where the subscript a refers to the initial state given by the

expansion beginning. Eq. (8) can be written as:

cot; -cotl3 2 =
PO

dC1 Le -' An 2
de'
Cp

cota- cot13, =

Inserting A from Eq. (9), namely:

X = 4,(pvcota,-cot13,) -1
+1

r = 1 + S2 ( 1 +coect. 3 - u2(I +cot2a 2))

d0

de.

AT

Cp

+Li -

Cp

A.

cv

(13)

The above equation contains the relative mass flow coefficient (1)
which can be calculated from the continuity equation: '

cb

= Al

Erwl.

(14)

R.0 EioN

with N = n-1 and 19' = n' - I, where n and n' are the polytropic
exponents pertaining to the design and off-design operation
conditions. The polytropic exponent is related to the isentropic one
by the stage efficiency

As shown by Schobeiri (1987), Pfeil (1975), and Horlock (1973)

the temperature difference of a turbine stage operating under an
off-design condition may be related to its design point temperature
difference by:
X

= e

(6)

X = 0(cota, -cot,) -1

5,

(12)

into (1 1) leads to the differential equation for off-design

performance calculation:

These equations can also be expressed in terms of the flow

angles a2, a,, 132, and p3, which lead to a set of four nonlinear
equations. They reflect the conservation laws of thermo-fluid
mechanics, including nine unknowns. The other five parameters
required to solve the equation set can be defined from the boundary
conditions pertaining to the individual problem under consideration. .
A substantial simplification of the above equation set is achieved
for the case where the mean diameter and meridional velocity
component do not significantly vary from station to station. This is
true for high pressure turbines as stated previously. For this special
case Eq. 4 reduces to the well known relation:

AT

_ 1

U )2

(7)

U.

with U, = U, = U and cp = c(T) as the specific heat at constant

pressure. The quantities with a star (*) pertain to the reference
design point operation state. For a multistage turbine, equation (7)
may be approximated by the differential equation:
dl'
dl''
d'

c, X (u )2

. (8)

cp X* U

If the turbine stage operates in a subsonic Mach range, where no

shock formation at the exit is anticipated, the suitor and rotor flow
angles a, and a, can be assumed as constant as shown among
others, (Zehner 1980). This assumption results in a direct
relationship between the design and off-design operation conditions
given by:
(9)
I +X _ +X'

Introducing dimensionless parameters referring to the design

quantities:

C =

cp

M =

= (1) A = X
43 '
A

P .

(10)
T

.(0 =

of

Fig. I: Meridional view, expansion, and velocity diagram of an

axial turbine stage.
3

In order to introduce the equation of continuity into Eq. (13), Eq.

(14) is first solved for 0 and then is differentiated with respect to
0" regarding the efficiency as a variable. Incorporating these steps
into Eq. (13) leads to:

N -to
le -

NO' N C p

P=

(20)

and the relative power is obtained from:

A. x.

IR sli
m enr

-et
(21)

= M_ 2
P

d)
1 --

N 2 drI)

In

(16)

with r =

Cpa

c =
Cpel s

where c are the mean and

c a,

Pa

reference specific heat capacities. The indices a and e refer to the

beginning and the end of the expansion process.

wi th

dN

(17)

drla

3.2 Results: Differential Method

In the following, the differential method discussed above is

applied to a multistage turbine where its off-design performance is
calculated and the results are compared with the measurement. As
an appropriate application example the seven stage research turbine
of the Technical University of Hannover is chosen, whose
geometry, design and off-design performance behavior were
extensively studied and well documented in numerous publications
by Zehner (1980) and Bammert and Zehner (1980). For this
turbine three different off-design points are calculated and
compared with the measurement. The corresponding mass flow and
speed ratios are given by Zehner (1980) as:

Eq. (16) is a first order nonlinear ordinary differential equation that

determines the off-design behavior of a turbine stage, where the
mean diameter and the meridional velocity component do not
significantly vary from station to station and the stage is operating
within subsonic Mach range. In this differential equation the
relative mass flow coefficient is a function of dimensionless
temperature 0'. As parameters, Eq. (16) includes the relative mass
flow M, the relative rotational speed a, the initial density ratio R.,
and the stage load coefficient at the design point X. The stage
efficiency embodied in Eq. (16) can be theoretically or
experimentally obtained. If for the off-design calculation of a
turbine the row or stage characteristics are experimentally known,
so the experimental data may be described by a cubic spline
function and be implemented into Eq. (17). For the case that such
data are not available to the turbine designer, the new efficiency
correlation given in paragraph 4.2 can be applied to Eq. (17).

The differential equation, (16) has to fulfill the following initial

conditions:

=00 = m

Pa

Ta

=0

rri

= 0.38, 0.5,

0.83,

and S2 =

of

= 1.0

mass flow and density ratios. As shown in Fig. 2, the relative

stage flow coefficients continuously reduce for decreasing mass
flow ratios. This reduction is caused by the increase of the local
density ratio with reference to the design point. In Fig. 3 the course
of the relative stage load coefficients is plotted as a function of
dimensionless reference temperature drop. Similar to the relative
stage flow coefficient, the stage load coefficient exhibits a
continuous declination, whose slope is determined by the mass flow
ratio. Significant reduction in turbine mass flow affects the stage
flow deflection and, thus the expansion process within the rear
stages in such a way that those stages are no longer capable of
generating mechanical energy. The stages operating under such
off-design conditions consume mechanical energy to maintain the
rotational speed.

(18)

Using the above initial conditions Eq. (16) can be solved by

applying numerical methods such as the Runge-Kutta or
Predictor-Corrector integration methods. After obtaining the relative
mass flow coefficient (11) as the solution of Eq. (16), the relative
stage load coefficient A and the dimensionless temperature
distribution 0 are calculated from Eqs. (12) and (14). For the
calculation of the pressure distribution along the expansion path the
polytropic relationship is utilized:

[Tr"
L _
-

A,'

To determine the polytropic exponent in Eqs. (16) and (17)

necessary for the calculation of the expansion process, the
efficiency correlation from Zehner (1980) is applied. Eq. (16) is
solved with the above mass flow ratios, the corresponding
thermodynamic boundary conditions, and the initial conditions (18).
The calculation results are plotted in Figs. 2-5. In Fig. 2, the
relative mass flow coefficients are plotted as a function of
dimensionless reference temperature difference with mass flow
ratio as the parameter. The initial values are determined by the

3.1 Off Design Calculation, Solution of EQ. (16)

T
e . = e =i_
),

(19)

The power of the stage group (diffuser not included):

,.
0.90

-ks 0. 83
m

0.90

I I IIIMMIIb- trIle 0.83

:11=111111

0.80

TP

0.50

IIME
=tarn

0.40

1.11.111011ffla

0.30

in

0.60

0.70
0.5
160

020

0.38

D.10

).50

0.0

Ng

1
D.40
0.0

I In
0.1

0.2

0.0

03

1" - T"

0.1

0.2

03

T" -1

lot

Fig. 3: Relative stage load coefficient as a function of

dimensionless reference temperature difference.

Fig. 2: Relative stage mass flow coefficient as a function of

dimensionless reference temperature difference.

1.00
1.0

0.80

ril

Toe

0.
0.70
0.5

m
,
- ../.00
'

---

0.60
0.5
0.8

0.83

0.50

0.83

0.40

0.7
0.0

DI

0.2

930

03

0.0

T . - T"
Tc:

0.1

02

0.3

Te: - Te

;:g

Fig. 4: Dimensionless temperature distribution as a function of

Fig. 5: Dimensionless pressure distribution

dimensionless reference temperature difference.

dimensionless reference temperature difference.

5

as a function of

the isentropic enthalpy differences in stator and rotor are written as:

Fig. 4 shows the dimensionless temperature distribution along

the expansion path as a function of dimensionless reference
temperature difference, where the calculation results are compared
with the measurement. As shown, temperature increases occur at
the rear stages for mass flow ratio M = 0.38 indicating the
beginning of a dissipation process associated with entropy and
temperature increases. A similar tendency is displayed by the
pressure distribution in Fig. 5. Further reduction of the turbine
mass flow ratio leads to a considerable distortion of the stage
velocity diagram and flow deflection that is associated with
dissipation of mechanical energy. This extreme off-design
operation condition is investigated in the integral analysis. The
good agreement between the calculation and measurements shown
in Figs. 4 and 5 suggests that the differential method discussed
above can be successfully applied to multistage turbines for
off-design calculations, where the mean diameter and the
meridional velocity component do not significantly vary from
station to station and the stage is operating within subsonic Mach
range.

IL

An

(26)

- V 12
2

(27)

All" = I {W32 -W 2 +U2 2 -U

32

The dimensionless isentropic enthalpy differences are introduced by

dividing Eqs. (26) and (27) by the circumferential kinetic energy
at the exit of the turbine stage:
An
=

;
u3

e=

An"
U32

and incorporating the stage parameters, Eqs. (1)-(5). The above

dimensionless row parameters are developed as follows:

4. INTEGRAL METHOD, ROW-BY-ROW OFF-DESIGN

CALCULATION

x,=kfi,spin2.2.2.2 - sin ", ) -2 0c 01 13, - I]

The following integral method is based on a one-dimensional

row-by-row calculation of the expansion process within a
multistage gas or steam turbine component. This method considers
the changes of circumferential and axial velocities along the
expansion path therefore, it is appropriate for the application to the

..1{02[

intermediate pressure turbine components. Starting with the stage

parameters described by Eqs. (I)-(5) representing a general turbine
stage, two methods for calculation of expansion are presented. The
first method deals with the conventional row-by-row expansion
calculation, where the flow alternatively changes the frame of
reference. In this case, the corresponding absolute and relative
quantities are alternatively called upon for the calculation of
expansion through the stator and rotor, respectively. The second
method, a rather unconventional one, uses absolute and relative
quantities for each row. Both methods are equivalent and reflect the
same physical fact. However, for simulation purposes the second
method has proven to be more CPU-time effective.

(28)

_ p2 ] .2iivocota2 i ]

The superscripts ( ,'") refer to stator and rotor row, the subscript(s)
indicates the isentropic state. Eqs. (28) and (29) represent the
dimensionless isentropic enthalpy differences for the expansion
through stator and rotor row, respectively. As the above equations
indicate, the calculation of each row necessitates the knowledge of
the entire stage parameters, which requires few iterations. In order
to reduce the number of iterations, an alternative method is
presented that divides the specific mechanical energy I into two
portions, I, = l,' + 1,;', pertinent to stator and rotor. For the stator
row the polytropic as well as the isentropic portions are:
,,

4.1 Row-by-Row Expansion

As shown in Fig. 1, the polytropic and isentropic enthalpy
difference within a stator are:
Ah = h1 -112 = 4(1/22 -V. 2)

11/22)

(22)

1:,, 4(V2s2 W22)

and for the rotor row:

= hI

(23)

Iib =

4( 1V32 +1122

and within the rotor:

Ah II

t. 4(wir2 _ w22

u22 _ (132)

(24)

n'

V 2/2

W 3212

-U32 - V32

21 (wis2 4-U2 2 -U3 2 -V3 2)

Introducing the efficiency for stator and rotor row respectively:

V22/2

(29)

n" sin 2 [33 sin2a2

Inserting the above relations into the efficiency Eq. (25):

(25)

W33212

n' =

V22/2

W32/2

r" -4; .w7/2

it -C,-,v2/2

is related to its design point value (see Kroon etal. 1971), Emmert
(1950), Bolte (1964), Kochendorfer et al. (1948). In a
comprehensive and systematic study Zehner (1980), Bammert and

(34)

Zehner (1980) investigated the off-design behavior of single and

multistage turbines with different turbine blade geometry. Based on
experimental results Zehner (1980) established a correlation
between the off-design and the design primary loss coefficients c
and Cp. by using the Gaussian distribution function. This correlation
provides a dependency of c, upon the blade geometry parameter y,
the cascade inlet flow angle, and also accounts for different
incidence angles at the blade leading edge. To complete the loss
and efficiency calculation procedure, Zehner uses loss models from
Traupel (1977) to describe the remaining individual losses such as
the secondary and tip clearance losses. With this procedure, Zehner
achieves good global agreement between calculation and
experiment. However, the implementation of his correlation for
calculating the pressure and temperature distribution along the
expansion path displays inconsistencies between the analysis and
the measurement that are particularly significant for lower mass
flow ratios (see paragraph 4.4). These inconsistencies may be
attributed in part to the fact that the loss models from Traupel
(1977) do not correctly reflect the individual off-design loss
conditions. This situation engendered the development of a simple
correlation presented in this paper that directly relates the
off-design efficiency of a turbine cascade to its design point
efficiency.

The polytropic load coefficients A' and X." for stator and rotor row
are introduced with respect to the following appropriate
circumferential kinetic energy:

(35)

= Vcorana 2 -_
2

11,1

v2

- 0" cotanp,

A" =

-1

(36)

The corresponding isentropic load coefficients are calculated from: .

1
2 sin2a2 (if

= I On (

W/ =

U22

/o, =

0 .,2

(37)

`+'" 2 ( I -1)+?"

(38)

sin2c3,

As shown by several authors (see Schobeiri 1990) for detailed

disaission and literature) the primary and secondary flow losses
significantly contribute to the stage efficiency of a multistage
turbine at the design point. These losses are interrelated and their
interrelationship is expressed by Schobeiri (1990) in terms of lift
function that are primarily determined by the flow deflection within
the cascade.

with
th / =

V=3

th//

U3
as the stator and rotor row flow coefficients. Using the absolute
and relative total enthalpy balances for the stator and rotor, the
polytropic and the isentropic enthalpies at the exit of the stator row
are determined as follows:
h2 = h I

h, = h 1

V 11

(39)

(w22 vil

(40)

--Lk,'

= 2

- 7
1

Changes of the flow deflection as a result of an off-design

operation conditions leads to changes of the cascade efficiency.
These facts justify the assumption that the off-design efficiency
may be directly related to the design point efficiency. Adopting the
Gaussian distribution function used by Zehner (1980), the following
new correlation for the calculation of efficiency changes as a
function of cascade inlet and exit flow angles as well as cascade
geometry is suggested:
= (1' -11) = rt:Ra t

, 02

,7)

with f (c ,,a2,Y) = ExPia(acrti

(43)

Similarly, for rotor row:

h, = h2

I ,,

LIV:

14/22)

h, = h 2 -1=" -2-1(V32 W2)

AG' =

(41)

Act

Act = *a l -0 1 and y =

180 where a,. a,, and a: represent the stator/rotor inlet flow angle a 1 ,
c1/2/132, 0 3 at the off-design and ct,', [3 1. at the design point,
respectively. The coefficients a and b are functions of the cascade
geometric parameters y and the exit flow angle and are given as
follows:

(42)

4.2 Off-Design Efficiency Calculation

Accurate prediction of the turbine cascade efficiency is of vital

importance for the calculation of the off-design performance
behavior of a turbine stage and thus the component. Numerous
correlations are given in the literature for off-design efficiency
calculation procedure, where the off-design primary loss coefficient

U = coo +

It
7

ccya,

c 032

with C = riD 2b2p2U2. The experimental results by Zehner (1980)

suggest that for extremely low mass flows the turbine power may
be approximated by a second order polynomial:

with the coefficients:

coo = -7,91, cg, = 0210, c r. 0.292
,2

with 1,w0 the "windmilling" power at zero mass flow rate. For the
calculation of 1_Nvo Traupel (1977) suggests:

= -0.591, c = 4.694, c = 0.1132

cn

A hD
V1 2/2

(50)

two = Cid ).3b,p,U,3

With the procedure described in chapter 4.1 and Eq. (43) it is

possible to accurately predict the off-design efficiency of a turbine
stage provided that the given off-design mass flow permits a
normal turbine operation. Since Eq. (43) does not account for Mach
number effects, corrections are required for off-design performance
calculation of cascades with high subsonic exit Mach numbers. If
the mass flow has been reduced to such an extent that the turbine
stage is no longer able to produce mechanical energy, the
efficiency must be redefined in such a way that it reflects the
dissipative nature of the energy conversion. To evaluate the degree
of dissipation the following loss coefficients and efficiencies are
introduced:
cf

(49)

= Cirit + C22/1

(44)

where the constant C is obtained from the experiment. However, to

consider the blade geometry parameter y, we set:
(51)

= f(A1.122

In accordance with Zehner's experimental investigations on a seven

stage turbine, we assume that the maximum power consumption
occurs at zero mass flow. This assumption leads to the conclusion
that C2 = 0. The constant C, is calculated from the requirement that
1.. must follow the continuous course of L given by Eq. (48) with
the same slope at a common tangent point T. As a consequence,
the mass flow at the tangent point is calculated by:

AhD"
W22/2

rh 2v(pvcota2 -cot133 -C 1 pe,/v 2t/32)

(45)

= 2/(Av2 (52)

Solving Eq. (52) for C, and inserting the results into Eq. (49) leads
to:
and AhD" = hi _hic Following the

= h2 -h

with

rh 2U34

procedure outlined in the previous chapter, we arrive at:

1 11 -

1 /2
4/ 2
1_

-11/) +VII +0(0)

L.
= u2
A t/ 2

I
WI'

=
U3 2

-n" ) -Fen"

+0(0)

thE/311
4v2f(y)(vIcotcz, - L
pi c015 3) - I]
4/..0

(54)

After decomposing Eq. (54) the results are inserted into Eqs. (46)
and (47) that calculate the isentropic enthalpy coefficients and thus
the row-by-row expansion under windmilling condition. The
function f(y) can be deduced from Zehner's experimental results
as:
(55)
f(i) = Cif with C = 0.9721

(47)

2 sin131

For the extreme off-design cases, the previously described

relationships between the stage parameters based on conservation
laws of thermo-fluid dynamics must be modified. A method is
presented in the following chapter that accurately predicts the
off-design behavior of a turbine stage for extreme low mass flows.

4.4 Results: Integral Method, Comparison with Measurement

The integral method discussed above is applied to the seven

stage turbine discussed under 3.2, where its off-design performance
is calculated and the results are compared with the measurement.
For the calculation of the performance behavior at extremely low
mass flows, the method discussed under 4.3 is incorporated into the
calculation procedure. Using the measurement by Zehner (1980),
the corresponding mass flows and speed ratios are given as:

4.3 Off-Design Behavior at Extreme Low Mass Flow

For extreme low mass flows, the rear stages of a multistage

turbine consume mechanical energy and dissipates it into heat that
results in excessive temperature and entropy rise (windmilling). For
the calculation of the stage power a relationship is developed that
reflects the dissipation process. Consider a turbine stage operating
under normal condition. The stage power determined by a second
order polynomial in di:
L = thXU =
th 2V (1V401a2 -001113)U32 -MU32
'

(53)

The stage load coefficient under windmilling condition is then

calculated from

(46)

2 sin2ct2

1.122

[4v2f(y)(v2cota2 - _
v cotl39 - 11 -

4L

M=
In

= 0.13, 0.2, 0.3, 0.38, 0.5, 0.65, 0.83,

(48)
and
8

= 1.0
to'

1.2

1
A 0.13
-

i,

1.0

T.

0.9

III

0.8

Ai.
00

0.20

gil

ii,

1 .0

0.9

001111r Wallin

0.8

tans
0 30
Illa.1
.1
- 6111111E

0 30
0.7

NE

II 1..iiiti

I.

0.6

N.- 0 65

...

IN-_, =Mr
Ns

0.5

- Current Analysis
s a Measurements

0 20

- Current Andra
Measurements

0.4

065

,1/41

0.7
0.3

0.6
1.0

30

5.0

7.0

9.0

110

3.0

0.2
1.0

150

3.0

50

7.0

90

110

130

15.0

Stations

Stations
Fig. 6: Dimensionless temperature distribution at different turbine
stations with mass flow ratio as parameter, measurement from
Zehner (1980)

Fig. 7: Dimensionless pressure distribution at diffeient turbine

stations with mass flow ratio as parameter, measurement forrn
Zehner (1980)

1.2

A 0.13,

0.13

11.Mil
NIII

1.0

;11e
'sQ1
ir

l11111.

..-

'

II

0.9

Emil
NI
&b.

0.8

0.7

0.6

. - -- --- --- - '4SM,

. 1.0

0.38

--0...-38-4

0.9

111Sit
- Current Analysis
4-4 f4ecrarements
-- - Zehner s Analyse

0.8

0.5

- Current Analyse
-MCCIRIPITI10111
- - - Lbw's Analyeis

0.4

.
.

0.83
...,..

0.83

0.7

0.3
0.6

0.2
10

3.0

50

7.0

90

110

130

1.0

15.0

30

50

7.0

9.0

110

13.0

15D

Stations

Stations

Fig. 9: Dimensionless temperature distribution at different turbine

stations with mass flow ratio as parameter. Comparison between
the current analysis and the analysis and the
measurement by Zehner (1980).

Fig. 8: Dimensionless pressure distribution at different turbine

stations with mass flow ratio as parameter. Comparison between
the current analysis and the analysis and the measurement by
Zehner (1980).
9

Fig. 6 exhibits the dimensionless temperature distribution along the

expansion path at different stations with mass flow ratio as
parameter. As shown, temperature increases occur at the rear stages
for mass flow ratios less than 0.4,which indicates the beginning of
a dissipation process associated with entropy and temperature
increases. Decreasing the mass . flow ratio results in strong
dissipation with corresponding temperature rise. A similar tendency
is displayed by the pressure distribution in Fig. 7. The reduction of
the turbine mass flow ratio to 0.13 leads to a considerable
distortion of the stage velocity diagram and flow deflection, which
is associated with dissipation of mechanical energy resulting in
pressure increase along the flow path. A comparison between the
calculation and measurement exhibits good agreement as shown in
Fig. 6 and 7.

Fltigel G., 1951, "Die Dampfturbine bei grossen Anderungen

des Betriebszustandes," VDI-Zeitschrift 93 Nr. 23, S. 721-728.
Horlock J.H., 1973, "Axial Flow Turbines," Robert E. Krieber
Publishing Company.
Kochendorfer F.D., Nettles J.C., 1948, "An Analytical Method
Estimating Turbine Performance," NACA Report 930.
Koenig R.W., Fishbach L.H., 1972, " GENENG- A Program for
Calculating Design and Off-Design Performance for Turbojet and
Turbofan Engines," NASA TN D-6552.
Kroon R.P., Tobiasz H.J., 1971, ."Off-Design Performance of
Multistage Turbines," Trans. ASME, Jou. Eng. Power 93, pp.
21-27.
Pfeil H., 1975, "Zur Frage des Betriebsverhaltens von
Turbinen," VD1-Forsch. Ing.- Wes, Bd.41, Nr. 2, pp.33-36.
Schobeiri T., 1987, "EM einfaches Ntherungsverfahren zur
Berechnung des Betriebsverhaltens von Turbinen," VDI-Forsch.
Ing.- Wes., Bd. 53, Nr. 1.
Schobeiri T., 1990, "Thermo-Fluid Dynamic Design Study of
Single and Double Inflow Radial and Single-Stage Axial Steam
Turbines for Open-Cycle Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion, Net
Power Producing Experiment Facility," ASME Transaction, Journal
of Energy Resources,Vol. 112, pp. 41-50.
Seldner K.. Mihailoew J.R., Blaha R.J., 1972. "Generalized
Simulation Technique for Turbojet Engine System Analysis,"
NASA TN D-6610.
Stewart, W. L., 1956, "Analytical Investigations of Single-Stage
Turbine Efficiency Characteristics in Terms of Work and Speed
Requirements," NACA RM E56G31.
Stewart, W. L., 1958, "Analytical Investigations of Multi-Stage
Turbine Efficiency Characteristics in Terms of Work and Speed
Requirements," NACA RM E57K22b.
Stodola A., 1924, "Dampf- und - Gasturbinen," 6. Auflage,
Springer Verlag Berlin.
Szuch J.R., 1974, "HYDES- A Generalized Hybrid Computer
Program for Studying Turbojet or Turbofan Engine Dynamics."
NASA TM X-3014.
Traupel W., 1977, "Thermische Turbomaschinen," 3. Auflage,
Springer Verlag.
Wintucky, W. T., Stewart, W. L., 1957, "Analysis of Efficiency
Characteristics of a Single-Stage Turbine with Down Stream
Stators in Terms of Work and Speed Requirements," NACA RM
E56519.

In order to compare the calculation results of the current

integral method with those discussed by Winer (1980), temperature
and pressure distributions are plotted in Figs. 8 and 9. The
comparison of the results of the current analysis with those by
Zehner (1980) shows that for moderate mass flow ratios both
analyses are capable of accurately predicting the off-design
expansion behavior as shown in Figs. 8 and 9. For low mass flow
ratios, however, the results of the analysis by (Zehner) exhibit a
considerable deviation from the measurement and the current
results, which are in very good agreement with the experimental
results. This is particularly true for the pressure distribution shown
Fig. 8.
5. CONCLUSION
A differential and integral method are presented for the
prediction of the performance behavior of turbines under extreme
off-design conditions. Both methods are applied to a multistage
turbine, for which the off-design performance is calculated and
compared with the measurement. The good agreement between the
measurement and the calculation shows that both methods are
capable of accurately predicting the off-design behavior of
multistage turbines. For incorporation into a simulation code,
however, the integral method is preferred to reduce the CPU-time.
REFERENCES
Agrawal R.K., Yunis M., 1982, " A Generalized Mathematical
Model to Estimate Gas Turbine Starting Characteristics," Trans.
ASME, Journal of Eng. Power. Vol. 104, pp. 194-201.
Bammert K., Zehner p., 1980,
"Measurement of the
Four-Quadrant Characteristics on a Multistage Turbine," Tran.
ASME, Journal of Eng. Power, 102, No. 2.
Bolte, W., 1964, "Zur Berechnung und Optimierung des
Wirkungsgrades axialer Stromungsmaschinen, VDI-Forschungsheft
501.
Cordes 0., 1963, "StrOmungsmechanik der gasbeafschlagten
Axial-turbine," Springer-Verlag,
Berlin/Gottingen/Heidelberg.
Emmert HD., 1950, " Current Design Practices for Gas
Turbine Power Elements," Trans. ASME 72.
Flagg, E. E., 1967,"Analytical Procedure and Computer
Program for Determining the Off-Design Performance of Axial
Flow Turbines," NASA CR-710..

1980, "Vier-Quadranten Charakteristiken

Zehner P.,
mehrstufiger axialer Turbinen," VDI-Forsch.-Ber. VDI-2. Reihe 6,
Nr. 75.

10