Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
ENGINEERING
(Approved by AICTE, PCI, Affiliated to DAVV, RGPV recognized by DTE, Govt. of
India)
2015-2016
MAJOR PROJECT WORK
CIVIL DEPARTMENT
Submitted by:
Shravan Mundra
Assistant Professor
Civil Engineering
CERTIFICATE
2015-2016
This is to Certify that this project report Deriving concrete from recycled waste
materialsis submitted by Shravan Mundra who carried out the project work under
my supervision. I approve this project for submission of the Bachelor of Engineering in
the Department of Civil Engineering, affiliated to RGTU, Bhopal (M.P.).
INTERNAL EXAMINER
DATE:
EXTERNAL EXAMINER
DATE:
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
It is our sincere thanks to all enlisted people as well as not enlisted people, whose help
and continuous inspiration leads to get this project done in a pleasant way; however it
will be tough to thank them enough. We will nevertheless try.
We would like to owe my gratitude and deep sense of respect towards my adviser and
guide Ms. Sonu malviya (Assistant professor) whose timing supervision and guidance
has given me the moral boost in doing this work fine and furnished. We would like to
express my thankful to him for giving me a chance to work in the field of Concrete
testing, which is really interesting and wonderful.
We are greatly indebted to his invaluable advice and support in almost every aspect of
my academic life. We are very much indebted to Prof. NIRAJ SONI (HOD, CE) for
his continuous encouragement and support. We wish to thank all the secretarial staff of
the CE Department for their sympathetic cooperation.
DECLARATION
We are the student of Bachelor of Engineering in Civil Engineering discipline, session 2015-2016,
hereby declare that the work presented in this dissertation entitled DERIVING CONCRETE
FROM RECYCLED WASTE MATERIAL is the outcome of my own work, is bonafide and correct
to the best of my knowledge and this work has been carried out taking care of Engineering
Ethics. The work presented here does not infringe any patented work and has not been
submitted to any other university or anywhere else for the award of any degree or any
professional diploma
ABSTRACT
CONTENT
Certificate......ii
Acknowledgement......iii
Declaration..iv
Abstract....v
Content...vi-viii
List of tables...viii
List of figures.................ix
Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION
1-3
2.1 Objective......4
Chapter 3 LITERATURE REVIEW
5-7
3.1 General.......5
3.2 Study of previous research papers...5
9-11
12- 13
5.1 General...........12
5.2 Calculation as per IS standards .........12
5.3 Codes used................13
5.3.1 IS 10262: 2009.....13
5.3.2 IS 456: 2000.....13
Chapter 6 DATA AQUISION AND CALCULATION
14-18
6.1 General.............14
6.1.1 Material required......................14
6.1.2 Equipments required..14
19-20
21-22
Chapter 9 REFRENCES
23
24
LIST OF TABLES
Table no. 1.1:- Strength percentage.....3
Table no. 3.1:- Codes used.5
Table no. 4.1:- Prerequisite knowledge.9
Table no. 4.2:- Test data for materials......9
Table no. 5.2:- Methodology of project12
Table no. 5.2:- Calculation methodology as per IS standard..12
Table no. 6.1:- IS 10262:2009 Table 1...16
Table no. 6.2:- IS 10262:2009 Table 216
Table no.6.3:- IS 10262:2009 Table 5.17
Table no.6.4:- design mix proportion...18
Table no.6.5:- Materials mixed by weight (ceramic replacement)..18
Table no.6.6:- Materials mixed by weight (glass dust replacement)..18
Table no.7.1:- Reference cube results M-25 ............19
Table no.7.2:- Glass powder replacement results.19
Table no.7.3:- Ceramic powder replacement results....20
LIST OF FIGURES
Fig no. 6.1:- Compression testing machine14
Fig no. 6.2:- Concrete cubes moulds..15
Fig no. 6.3:- Mechanical vibrator..15
1.1 GENERAL
Concrete is composed principally of aggregates, Portland cement, and water, and many
contain other cementious materials and/or chemical admixtures. It will contain some
amount of entrapped air and may also contain purposely entrained air obtained by use of
admixture or air-entraining cement. Chemical admixtures are frequently used to
accelerate, retard, improve workability, reduce mixing water requirements, increase
strength, or alter other properties of the concrete. The selection of concrete proportions
involves a balance between economy and requirements of place ability, strength,
durability, density, and appearance.
Page 1
Page 2
- 1:3:6
- 1:2:4
- 1:1.5:3
- 1:1:2
- mix design
Age
1 day
3 days
7 days
14 days
28 days
Strength percent
16%
40%
65%
90%
99%
Page 3
The mix design determines the final strength, the durability, the workability, the cure time,
and the 3,7,14, 28 day strengths (which are very important if you must get high strength
quickly to build on the slab). I've done mix design testing for local ready-mix firms plenty of
times...they want information on breakout strengths, percent air, water, additives, etc so
they cant judge the performance of their concrete.
Good quality concrete as per requirements this means the concrete will have required
strength, workability, impermeability, durability, density and homogeneity.
Nominal mix concrete may suggest more cement than other materials, and a concrete mix
design gives the accurate quantity of cement consumption. Thus it is an economical
solution for large projects.
It is possible to save of cement and sand for M25 grade of concrete with the help of
concrete mix design. In fact higher the grade of concrete more are the savings. Lower
cement content also results in lower heat of hydration and hence reduces shrinkage cracks.
The nominal mix of concrete does not consider the quality of local construction materials.
The concrete mix design is based on the quality of available materials locally. Thus it is also
an economical solution to reduce the transportation cost of materials from long distance.
Desired Concrete Properties: The designed mix concrete will have desired concrete
properties based on project or construction requirements. Requirements such as durability,
strength, setting times, workability etc. can be controlled with the type of construction with
concrete mix design.
Page 4
Page 5
3.2.3 3. M. Iqbal Malik, Muzafar Bashir, Sajad Ahmad, Tabish Tariq, Umar Chowdhary,
Study of Concrete Involving Use of Waste Glass as Partial Replacement of Fine
Aggregates, IOSR Journal of Engineering (IOSRJEN),Vol. 3, Issue 7 (July. 2013).
They have studied on the issues of environmental and economic concern had
addressed by the use of waste glass as partial replacement of fine aggregates in
concrete. Fine aggregates had replaced by waste glass powder as 10%, 20%, 30%
and 40% by weight for M-25 mix. The concrete specimens had tested for
compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, durability (water absorption) and
density at 28 days of age and the results obtained had compared with those of
normal concrete. They have resulted permissibility of using waste glass powder as
partial replacement of fine aggregates up to 30% by weight for particle size of range
0-1.18mm.
Page 6
3.2.4 Amitkumar
D.
Raval,
Indrajit
N.
Patel,
JayeshkumarPitroda,
bco-Efficient Concretes: Use of Ceramic Powder As A Partial Replacement Of
Cement, IJITEE, ISSN: 2278-3075, Volume-3, Issue-2, July 2013.
They have studied about the (OPC) cement has been replaced by ceramic waste
powder accordingly in the range of 0%, 10%, 20%, 30% 40%, & 50% by weight for
M-25 grade concrete. The wastes employed came from ceramic industry which had
been deemed unfit for sale due to a variety of reasons, including dimensional or
mechanical defects, or defects in the firing process. They have resulted
demonstrate that the use ceramic masonry rubble as active addition endows
cement with positive characteristics as major mechanical strength and the economic
advantages. Reuse of this kind of waste has advantages economic and
environmental, reduction in the number of natural spaces employed as refuse
dumps.
3.2.5 Dr. G.Vijayakumar, Ms H. Vishaliny, Dr. D. Govindarajulu, Studies on Glass
Powder as Partial Replacement of Cement in Concrete Production, ISSN 22502459, ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal, Volume 3, Issue 2, February 2013.
They have instigated about the use of cement replacements, using many waste
materials and industrial by products. Efforts have been made in the concrete
industry to use waste glass as partial replacement of coarse or fine aggregates and
cement. They have studied on finely powdered waste glasses are used as a partial
replacement of cement in concrete and compared it with conventional concrete.
Glass powder was partially replaced as 10%, 20%, 30% and 40% and tested for its
compressive, Tensile and flexural strength up to 60 days of age and had compared
with those of conventional concrete; from the results obtained, they have stated that
the glass powder can be used as cement replacement material up to particle size
less than 75m to prevent alkali silica reaction.
3.2.6 Yogendra O Patil, Prof.P.N. Patil, Dr. Arun Kumar Dwived, GGBS As Partial
Replacement of OPC Cement Concrete-An Experimental study, International
Journal Of Scientific Research Volume : 2 | Issue : 11 | November 2013 ISSN No
2277 - 8179
They have investigated on currently focused on use of waste material having
cementing properties, which can be added in cement concrete as partial replacement
of cement, without compromising on its strength and durability, which will result in
decrease of cement production thus reduction in emission in green house gases, in
addition to sustainable management of the waste. They have represented an
experimental study of compressive and flexural strength of concrete prepared with
S.V.C.E (CIVIL ENGINNERING)
Page 7
Page 8
M-25
Type of cement
OPC 53
20mm
300 Kg/m3
0.40
Exposure condition
Severe
Degree of supervision
Good
Type of Aggregate
Chemical admixture
No chemical admixture
OPC 53
3.15
Specific gravity of
Coarse aggregate
2.5
Fine aggregate
1.7
Glass dust
2.66
Ceramic powder
2.33
Water absorption
Coarse aggregate
1.08%
Fine aggregate
3.4%
Ceramic powder
2.44%
Page 9
Page 10
Page 11
5.1 GENERAL
SELECTION OF CONCRETE GRADES.
SERCHING IS CODES AND REFRENCES.
STUDY OF JOURNELS ALREDY WORKED OVER MIX DESIGN.
SELECTION OF RECYCLED WASTE MATERIALS.
SELECTION OF PERCENTAGE RATIO OF CONCRETE INGEDIENTS.
CALCULATIONS AS PER IS STANDARDS.
CONCRETE CUBES MAKING
COMPRESSION TEST AT 7, 14 AND 28 DAYS
DRAWINGS COMPRESSION GRAPHSFROM RESULTS.
Page 12
5.3.2 IS 456:2000
IS 456-2000 Plain and Reinforced Concrete - Code of Practice is an Indian
Standard code of practice for general structural use of plain and reinforced concrete.
The latest revision of this standard was done in year 2000, reaffirmed 2005. This code
uses the limit state design approach as well working stress design approach. It is
written for use in India. It gives extensive information on the various aspects of
concrete.
It contains five sections and eight annexure:
Section 1: General
Section 2: Materials, Workmanship, Inspection and Testing
Section 3: General Design Considerations
Section 4: Special Design Requirements for Structural Members and Systems
Section 5: Structural Design (Limit State Method).
Page 13
Equipments required
15cm x 15cm x15cm Moulds.
Sieves.
Compression testing machine.
Page 14
Page 15
Page 16
.
Table no.6.3:- IS 10262:2009 Table 5
6.2.5 Proportion of volume of coarse aggregate
From Table3 volume of coarse aggregate corresponding to 20mm size aggregate
and fine aggregate for w/c ratio of 0.5=0.62.
Here 0.45 i.e. it is less than 0.05 by 0.50. Therefore coarse aggregate is increase at
the rate of 0.01 for every decrease in w/c ratio of 0.05
(0.010.050 x 0.03= 0.006
Therefore corrected proportion of volume of Coarse aggregate = 0.623
Since it is angular aggregate and concrete is to be pumped , coarse aggregate can
be reduced by 10%
Final volume of coarse aggregate = 0.623 x0.9
= 0.560
Fine aggregate = 0.44
6.2.6 Calculation of mix proportion
Volume of concrete = 1m3
Volume of cement = (Mass of cement sp. Gravity of cement) x (11000)
= 0.137m3
Volume of water = (Mass of water specific gravity of water) x (1 1000)
= (203/ 1) x (1/1000)
Volume of all aggregate = 1-(0.137 + 0.203)
= 0.66 m3
Volume of coarse aggregate = 0.66 x 0.560 x 2.40 x 1000
=887.04 Kg
Volume of fine aggregate = 493.68 Kg
S.V.C.E (CIVIL ENGINNERING)
Page 17
F.A.
C.A.
W/C RATIO
431.91
493.68
887.04
0.47
1.14
2.05
0.47
20%
23%
25%
CEMENT
7.2 Kg
6.93 Kg
6.75 Kg
SAND
10.26 Kg
10.26 Kg
10.26 Kg
COARSE AGGREGATE
18.45 Kg
18.45 Kg
18.45 Kg
CEREMIC POWDER
1.8 Kg
2.07 Kg
2.25 Kg
W/C RATIO
0.47
0.47
0.47
10%
12%
15%
CEMENT
9 Kg
9 Kg
9 Kg
SAND
9.23 Kg
9.03 Kg
8.73 Kg
COARSE AGGREGATE
18.45 Kg
18.45 Kg
18.45 Kg
GLASS DUST
1.03 Kg
1.23 Kg
1.53 Kg
W/C RATIO
0.47
0.47
0.47
Page 18
Days
Compressive strength
(N/mm2)
18.56
14
20.9
28
23
% of glass
powder
Days
Compressive strength
(N/mm2)
1.
10%
20
14
21.51
28
24.93
16.55
14
21.68
28
22.22
13.05
14
15.46
28
21.95
2.
3.
12%
15%
Page 19
S.no.
1.
2.
3.
% of
ceramic
powder
Days
Compressive strength
(N/mm2)
20%
15.31
14
18.02
28
22.13
24.34
14
29.84
28
32.79
11.78
14
13.89
28
15.87
23%
25%
Page 20
compressive
strength
(N/mm2)
7 DAYS
14 DAYS
28 DAYS
Page 21
From the above study, it is concluded that: 10% replacement of sand with glass dust gives maximum strength as compared to 12%
and 15% but is that much effective strength as that of M-25.
15% replacement of glass dust with sand gives minimum strength.
In case of ceramic powder , we started with cement replacement with ceramic powder 20%
of replacement gives good strength but at 23% replacement of cement with sand gives
maximum compressive strength at 328 days i.e. 32.79N/mm2.
Hence from whole project we conclude that replacement of glass dust does create a huge
effect on economy and strength of concrete, further replacing cement with ceramic powder
in appropriate percentage (i.e. 23% in our project) may increase strength of concrete and
within economic cost.
Page 22
1. Sonerbi M., Bartos PJM., ZHU W., Gibbs J., Tamimi A., (2000), Task 4properties of
hardened concrete, Final report, BriteEuRam Project No. BE96-3801/Contact BRPR-CT960366, P 73.
2. Petersson O. (2001), Limestone powder as filler in self-compacting concretefrost
resistance and compressive strength, in: K. Ozawa, M. Ouchi (Eds.), Proceedings of the
Second International Symposium on Self-Compacting Concrete, COMS Engineering
Corporation, Kochi, pp 277-28.
3. HanifiBinici, Hasan Kaplan and SalihYilmaz, (2007), Influence of marble and limestone
dusts as additives on some mechanical properties of concrete, Scientific Research and
Essay, 2(9), pp 372-379.
4. Billberg P. (1999), Fine mortar rheology in mix design of SCC, in: A. Skarendahl, O.
Petersson (Eds.), Proceedings of the first International RILEM Symposium on Self-Compacting
Concrete, RILEM, CachanCedex. pp 47-58.
5. Ali Ergun (2011), Effects of the usage of diatomite and waste marble powder as
partial replacement of cement on the mechanical properties of concrete, Construction
and Building Materials, 25(2), pp 806-812.
6. IS: 383-1970, Specification for Coarse and Fine Aggregate from Natural Sources for
ConcreteBureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi.
7. IS: 10262-1982 Recommended Guidelines for Concrete Mix DesignBureau of Indian
Standards, New Delhi.
8. IS: 456-2000, Plain and Reinforced ConcreteCode of PracticeBureau of Indian
Standards, New Delhi.
9. IS: 516-1959, Methods of Tests for Strength of ConcreteBureau of Indian Standards, New
Delhi.
10. IS: 8112-1989, 43 Grade Ordinary Portland cementSpecification, Bureau of
Indian Standards, New Delhi.
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